Bibliography

Approximately twenty of the following articles and some chapters in
books are reprinted in the collection [Baecker87]; they are so noted.
In the printed SEI Module, abstracts and tables of contents are
available, but in the online version they are omitted because that
and other information are available in the HCI Bibliography.

A topic table has been placed at the end of the bibliography.  The
topics are in columns, and correspond to the topics in the module, with
major topics in uppercase letters.  Subtopics are listed to the right of
their major topics.  The topics are in columns and correspond to the
topics in the module, with major topics emphasized.  Subtopics are
listed to the right of their major topics.  The first two columns
indicate whether the entry is a book (or conference proceedings,
collection, or a large standards document) or a software tool manual. 
The final columns indicate if the entry has a focus on the Macintosh,
IBM PC, or UNIX systems.  To use the table, read down columns of topics
to find references of interest, or read across lines to see what topics
a reference is about.  When a source is general, it may not be listed as
covering more specific topics.  The categorization has not been
validated and is probably not perfectly reliable. 

General          general source on user interface development
Lifecycle        the development process
Design           making decisions about design
Task             task analysis
Psych            psychological foundations
Device           input and output devices
Dialogue         dialogue types
Guidelines       design guidelines and standards
Prototype        rapid prototyping and screen design
Specification    formal specification
Implementation   building systems, producing code, documents
UIMS             user interface management systems
Windows          window systems, libraries
Guidance         online and printed guidance/documentation
Evaluation       usability testing
Empirical        collecting data
Model            formal models for explanation and prediction
Tool             software tools
Mac              Macintosh
IBM              IBM PC and compatibles
UNIX             UNIX systems and some similar workstations

[AERA85]
AERA, APA, and NCEA (1985) Standards
for Educational and Psychological
Testing. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
	Comments: An excellent source of
	information on measurement issues.

[APA82]
APA (1982) Ethical Principles in the
Conduct of Research with Human
Participants. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.

[Apple85]
Apple (1985) Inside Macintosh. Reading,
MA: Addison-Wesley.
	Comments: The "bible" for developers
	of software for the Macintosh, this
	book is too large to use as anything
	but a reference source.  The section
	on user interface conventions is
	useful, but not very deep; most user
	interface conventions on the Mac are
	encoded in the toolbox, which is
	itself an important lesson.
	See [Apple87].

[Apple87]
Apple (1987) Human Interface
Guidelines: The Apple Desktop
Interface. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
	Comments: From the references
	section: "Note that the `User
	Interface Guidelines' chapter in
	Inside Macintosh is superseded by
	Human Interface Guidelines: The
	Apple Desktop Interface."

[Arnold81]
Arnold, K. C. R. C. (1981) Screen
Updating and Cursor Movement
Optimization: A Library Package.
Berkeley, CA: Berkeley UNIX Software
Distribution, University of California,
Berkeley.
	Comments: This document describes a
	library of C functions for painting
	character-based screens on UNIX
	systems, and has been ported to PC
	systems.  It is innovative in that
	it provides a simplified programmer
	interface to the terminal-
	independent screen-handling routines
	(termcap) developed by [Joy80].

[Baecker87]
Baecker, R. A. and W. A. S. Buxton
(Eds.) (1987) Readings in Human-
Computer Interaction: A
Multidisciplinary Approach. Los Altos,
CA: Morgan Kauffman.
	Comments: A collection of important
	papers and chapters in human-
	computer interaction (the research
	field on which user interface
	development is based), with
	commentary by the editors.  The best
	source of readings available.

[Bailey82]
Bailey, R. W. (1982) Human Performance
Engineering: A Guide for System
Designers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.
	Comments: This book is a reasonably
	comprehensive source of information
	on human factors in design.  It has
	a section on computer systems but it
	is not particularly strong in that
	area.  It would make a fair
	supplementary text for a course on
	user interface development, mainly
	because of its coverage of applied
	psychology.

[Bailey83]
Bailey, R. W. (1983) Human Error in
Computer Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.

[Barnard88]
Barnard, P. & Grudin, J. (1988) Command
Names. In M. Helander (Ed.) The
Handbook of Human Computer Interaction.
Amsterdam: North-Holland. 237-255.

[Barth86]
Barth, P. S. (1986) An Object-Oriented
Approach to Graphical Interfaces. ACM
Transactions on Graphics, 5, 2, 142-
172.

[Bass85]
Bass, L. J. (1985) An Approach to User
Specification of Interactive Display
Interfaces. IEEE Transactions on
Software Engineering, 11, 8, 686-698.

[Bass89]
Bass, L. (1989) Serpent Overview.
Report CMU/SEI-89-UG-2, Pittsburgh, PA:
Software Engineering Institute.
	Comments: Serpent is a system for
	developing user interfaces.  It
	manages the dynamic behavior of the
	interfaces.  It consists of a
	language designed for the
	specification of user interfaces as
	well as the run time support for
	that language.  This document
	provides an introduction to the
	Serpent system and includes a
	description of the Serpent system,
	the Serpent language and how Serpent
	is used to construct and manage user
	interfaces.

[Beaudet88]
Beaudet, D. B. & Williges, R. C. (1988)
The Role of Screening Studies in
Sequential Research Designs.
Proceedings of the Human Factors
Society 32nd Annual Meeting. 1174-1178.

[Bennett87]
Bennett, J. L. (1987) Collaboration of
UIMS Designers and Human Factors
Specialists. Computer Graphics, 21, 2,
102-105.

[Berry85]
Berry, R. E. & Meekings, B. A. E.
(1985) A Style Analysis of C Programs.
Communications of the ACM, 28, 1, 80-
88.
	Comments: This article provides a
	focus for discussion of many aspects
	of programming style and the
	construction of measures.

[Borning86]
Borning, A. & Duisberg, R. (1986)
Constraint-Based Tools for Building
User Interfaces. ACM Transactions on
Graphics, 5, 4, 345-374.

[Bricklin86]
Bricklin, D. (1986) Demo Program User
Manual. West Newton, MA: Software
Garden.
	Comments: Dan Bricklin's DEMO
	program is the best-known tool for
	character screen design.  It runs on
	the IBM PC and costs about $75.  As
	a stand-alone tool for designing
	screens, or sequences of screens
	with some conditional switching, it
	is hard to beat, and it is well
	liked by most students.  A new
	version is available from Peter
	Norton Company.

[Brown88]
Brown, C. M. (1988) Human-Computer
Interface Design Guidelines. New York:
Ablex Publishing.

[Buxton83]
Buxton, W. A. S., et al. (1983) Towards
a Comprehensive User Interface
Management System. Computer Graphics,
17, 3, 35-42.
	Comments: Reprinted in [Baecker87],
	p. 576.

[Buxton86]
Buxton, W. A. S. There's More to
Interaction than Meets the Eye: Some
Issues in Manual Input. (1986) In D. A.
Norman and S. W. Draper (Eds.) User
Centered System Design: New
Perspectives in Human-Computer
Interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
	Comments: In this paper, the author
	argues convincingly that
	functionally equivalent input
	devices are not equally well suited
	to different tasks.  While
	discussing this paper, it is useful
	to have access to a variety of input
	devices, some of which can be
	purchased in toy stores (Etch-a-
	Sketch, Magnadoodle), and some not,
	because they are discontinued
	(Skeedoodle).  Input devices to run
	on computers cost substantially
	more, over $100 each, but you may be
	able to find a variety you can
	borrow.
	Reprinted in [Baecker87], p. 366.

[Campbell74]
Campbell, S. K. (1974) Flaws and
Fallacies in Statistical Thinking.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
	Comments: This is a popular, lively,
	and critical introduction to
	statistical reasoning.  Students
	find it easy to read and useful for
	thinking about evaluation.

[Card78]
Card, S. K., English, W., & Burr, B.
(1978) Evaluation of Mouse, Rate-
Controlled Isometric Joystick, Step
Keys, and Text Keys for Text Selection
on a CRT. Ergonomics, 21, 8, 601-613.
	Comments: This is a good paper,
	which shows that the mouse input
	device is better than others for
	many tasks.
	Reprinted in [Baecker87], p. 386.

[Card80]
Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., & Newell, A.
(1980) The Keystroke Model for User
Performance Time with Interactive
Systems. Communications of the ACM, 23,
7, 396-410.
	Comments: This paper describes a
	simple but powerful model for
	predicting task completion times
	based on the number of simple
	events, such as keystrokes.  As a
	good example, it also provides
	detailed information about how to
	construct and interpret predictive
	models of human performance. 
	Reprinted in [Baecker87], p. 192.

[Card83]
Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., & Newell, A.
(1983) The Psychology of Human Computer
Interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
	Comments: This book summarizes the
	influential work of the authors in
	basic research in human computer
	interaction.  It begins with an
	excellent general chapter on a model
	of the human information processor;
	however, the material in it is
	probably beyond the interest of most
	software engineering students.

[Card85]
Card, S. K., Pavel, M., & Farrell, J.
E. (1985) Window-Based Computer
Dialogues. In B. Shackel (Ed.) Human-
Computer Interaction: INTERACT '84.
Amsterdam: North-Holland.
	Comments: A good source of
	information about the design issues,
	but not implementation issues, in
	using windows in user interfaces.
	Reprinted in [Baecker87], p. 456.

[Carroll85]
Carroll, J. M. (1985) Minimalist Design
for Active Users. In B. Shackel (Ed.)
Human-Computer Interaction: INTERACT
'84. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 39-44.
	Comments: Reprinted in [Baecker87],
	p. 621.

[Carroll87a]
Carroll, J. M. & McKendree, J. (1987)
Interface Design Issues for Advice-
Giving Expert Systems. Communications
of the ACM, 30, 1, 14-31.
	Comments: This paper discusses the
	use of intelligent tutors that would
	monitor usage and give advice about
	how to accomplish tasks.

[Carroll87b]
Carroll, J. M. (Ed.) (1987) Interfacing
Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-
Computer Interaction. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.
	Comments: This is a collection of
	invited papers by leading
	researchers in the field of human-
	computer interaction.  Many papers
	summarize the work of the authors,
	and so serve as a good starting
	point for learning about the
	research in the field.

[Chi85]
Chi, U. H. (1985) Formal Specification
of User Interfaces: A Comparison and
Evaluation of Four Axiomatic
Approaches. IEEE Transactions on
Software Engineering, 11, 8, 671-685.

[Chin88]
Chin, J. P., Diehl, V. A., & Norman, K.
L. (1988) Development of an Instrument
Measuring User Satisfaction of the
Human-Computer Interface. CHI '88: 
Human Factors in Computing Systems.
213-218.

[Cleveland85]
Cleveland, W. S. (1985) The Elements of
Graphing Data. Monterey, California:
Wadsworth.
	Comments: This book has a chapter
	that covers good graphing practices.

[Conklin87]
Conklin, J. (1987) Hypertext: An
Introduction and Survey. IEEE Computer,
20, 17-41.
	Comments: This paper provides a
	broad and detailed overview of
	several research and commercial
	hypertext systems.

[Coutaz84a]
Coutaz, J. (1984) The Box, A Layout
Abstraction for User Interface
Toolkits. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie
Mellon University, Department of
Computer Science.

[Coutaz84b]
Coutaz, J. (1984) A Paradigm for User
Interface Architecture. Pittsburgh, PA:
Carnegie Mellon University, Department
of Computer Science.

[Coutaz87]
Coutaz, J. (1987) The Construction of
User Interfaces and the Object
Paradigm. Poster paper for the ACM
Conference on Human Factors in
Computing Systems, Toronto, Canada
(Published in ECOOP '87).

[Cox86]
Cox, B. & Hunt, W. (1986) Objects,
Icons, and Software IC's. BYTE, 11, 8.

[DeSoi89]
DeSoi, J. F., Lively, W. M., &
Sheppard, S. V. (1989) Graphical
Specification of User Interfaces with
Behavior Abstraction. CHI '89:
Proceedings of Human Factors in
Computing Systems. 139-144.

[DOD83]
DOD (Department of Defense) (1983) MIL-
STD-1472C Military Standard: Human
Engineering Design Criteria for
Military Systems, Equipment and
Facilities. Washington, DC: Department
of Defense.

[DOD85]
DOD (Department of Defense) (1985) DOD-
HDBK-761 Military Handbook: Human
Engineering Guidelines for Management
Information Systems. Washington, DC:
Department of Defense.
	Comments: This document provides
	fundamental information on human
	factors engineering guidelines for
	automated data systems.  It contains
	guidelines regarding general design
	considerations; dialogue and
	display; language considerations;
	working in the file; forms, manuals
	and fiche; keyboard and input
	devices; screens and printers; and
	work stations.  It should provide
	valuable information and guidance to
	personnel responsible for
	integrating human factors
	engineering considerations into the
	design of automated data systems.

[DOD89]
Department of Defense (1989) MIL-STD-
1472D, Human Engineering Design
Criteria for Military Systems,
Equipment and Facilities. Washington,
DC: Department of Defense.
	Comments: This is an updated version
	of [DOD83] with substantially the
	same structure.  Although it
	supersedes [DOD83] and intermediate
	updates, the old standard will be
	used under current contracts for
	years.

[Drury87]
Drury, C. G., et al. (1987) Task
Analysis. In G. Salvendy (Ed.) Handbook
of Human Factors. New York: Wiley. 370-
401.

[Ehrich86]
Ehrich R. W. and R. C. Williges (Eds.)
(1986) Human-Computer Dialogue Design.
Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics,
2. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science
Publishers B. V..

[Ericsson84]
Ericsson, K. A. & Simon, H. A. (1984)
Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as
Data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
	Comments: This book is the
	definitive source on analyzing
	verbal protocols.

[Fairley85]
Fairley, R. E. (1985) Software
Engineering Concepts. New York: McGraw-
Hill.
	Comments: This popular source of
	general software engineering
	instruction devotes some, but little
	space to user interface issues.

[Felker81]
Felker, D. B., et al. (1981) Guidelines
for Document Designers. Washington, DC:
American Institutes for Research.

[Fischer89]
Fischer, G. (1989) Human-Computer
Interaction Software: Lessons Learned,
Challenges Ahead. IEEE Software, 6, 1,
44-52.

[Fisher88]
Fisher, S. S., Wenzel, E. M. Coler, C.,
& McGreevy, M. W. (1988) Virtual
Interface Environment Workstations.
Proceedings of the Human Factors
Society 32nd Annual Meeting. 91-96.

[Fitts67]
Fitts, P. & Posner, M. I. (1967) Human
Performance. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole
Publishing.
	Comments: This book presents
	summaries of many experiments on
	human performance.

[Fleishman84]
Fleishman, E. A. & Quaintance, M. K.
(1984) Taxonomies of Human Performance:
The Description of Human Tasks. New
York: Academic Press.

[Foley82]
Foley, J. D. & van Dam, A. (1982)
Fundamentals of Computer Graphics.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
	Comments: This is an excellent
	source of information about
	graphical user interfaces.  See Ch.
	3 on graphics hardware, and Ch. 5 on
	devices and techniques.

[Foley86a]
Foley, J. D. (1986) Guest Editor's
Introduction: Special Issue on User
Interface Software. ACM Transactions on
Graphics, 5, 2-4, 75-78, 175-178, or
279-282.

[Foley86b]
Foley, J. D. (1986) Managing the Design
of User-Computer Interfaces.
Washington, DC: Computer Graphics
Consultants, Inc.

[Foley88a]
Foley, J. D., van Dam, A., Feiner, S. &
Hughes (1988) Fundamentals of Computer
Graphics (2nd Edition). Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley.
	Comments: The new edition will
	feature a chapter on user interface
	software, with sections on
	interaction handling software,
	window systems, and user interface
	management systems.

[Foley88b]
Foley, J., Gibbs, C., Kim, W. C., &
Kovacevic, S. (1988) A Knowledge-Based
User Interface Management System. CHI
'88 Conference Proceedings, Human
Factors in Computing Systems. 67-72.

[Foley89]
Foley, J., Kim W. C., Kovacevic S., &
Murray K. (1989) Defining Interfaces at
a High Level of Abstraction. IEEE
Software, 6, 1, 25-32.

[Fox89]
Fox, J. A. & Smith, S. L. (1989)
Dynamic Rules for User Interface
Design. M89-22, Bedford, MA: The MITRE
Corporation.
	Comments: This report includes a
	HyperCard stack of the [Smith86a]
	user interface design guidelines. 
	It is available free of charge with
	liberal distribution rights for non-
	profit use.

[Galitz81]
Galitz, W. O. (1981) Handbook of Screen
Format Design. Wellesley, MA: QED
Information Sciences.

[Goodman87]
Goodman, D. (1987) The Complete
HyperCard Handbook. New York: Bantam.
	Comments: HyperCard combines the
	best aspects of the direct
	manipulation user interface style
	with hypertext information
	processing. HyperCard differs from
	many systems in that it incorporates
	enticing visual effects that
	motivate users.  Underlying
	HyperCard is the HyperTalk language,
	and an authoring system that makes
	it easy to prototype interesting
	applications.  HyperCard comes with
	all new Macintoshes and costs $50
	for old Mac users.  It requires 700K
	memory.

[Gould85]
Gould, J. D. & Lewis, C. (1985)
Designing for Usability: Key Principles
and What Designers Think.
Communications of the ACM, 28, 3, 300-
311.
	Comments: Reprinted in [Baecker87],
	p. 528.

[Gould87]
Gould, J. D., et al. (1987) Why Reading
was Slower from CRT Displays than from
Paper. CHI '87 Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems. New York:
Association for Computing Machinery. 7-
11.

[Greenberg89]
Greenberg, R. M. (1989) Faces of Unix.
PC Magazine, 8, 15, 143-157.
	Comments: Long considered an
	operating system only an engineer
	could love, UNIX will need a
	friendlier interface to woo
	corporate America.

[GreenM85a]
Green, M. (1985) Design Notations and
User Interface Management Systems. In
G. E. Pfaff (Ed.) User Interface
Management Systems. Berlin: Springer-
Verlag. 89-107.

[GreenM85b]
Green, M. (1985) The University of
Alberta User Interface Management
System. Computer Graphics, 19. New
York: ACM SIGGRAPH. 205-213.

[GreenM86]
Green, M. (1986) A Survey of Three
Dialogue Models. ACM Transactions on
Graphics, 5, 3, 244-275.

[GreenP85]
Green, P. & Wei-Haas, L. (1985) The
Rapid Development of User Interfaces:
Experience with the Wizard of Oz
Method. Proceedings of the Human
Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting.
Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors
Society. 470-474.

[Grudin87]
Grudin, J. T., Ehrlich, S. F., &
Shriner, R. (1987) Positioning Human
Factors in the User Interface
Development Chain. CHI '87 Conference
on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
New York: Association for Computing
Machinery. 125-131.

[Grudin89]
Grudin, J., Poltrock, S. E. (1989) User
Interface Design in Large Corporations:
Coordination and Communication Across
Disciplines. CHI '89: Proceedings of
Human Factors in Computing Systems.
197-203.

[Guilford78]
Guilford, J. P. & Fruchter, B. (1978)
Fundamental Statistics in Psychology
and Education (6e). New York: McGraw-
Hill.
	Comments: This is a good
	introductory statistics text for the
	sorts of data collection and
	analysis activities used in
	empirical evaluations of system
	usability.

[Hartson86a]
Hartson, H. R., et al. (1986) Dialogue
Management as Part of Software
Engineering Methodology. In R. W.
Ehrich and R. C. Williges (Eds.) Human-
Computer Dialogue Design. Amsterdam:
Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.. 35-
107.

[Hartson86b]
Hartson, H. R., Ehrich, R. W., &
Johnson, D. H. (1986) Introducing
Dialogue Management. In R. W. Ehrich
and R. C. Williges (Eds.) Human-
Computer Dialogue Design. Amsterdam:
Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.. 11-
34.

[Hartson89]
Hartson, R. (1989) User-Interface
Management Control and Communication.
IEEE Software, 6, 1, 62-70.

[HayesF89]
Hayes, F. & Baran, N. (1989) A Guide to
GUIs. BYTE, 14, 7, 250-257.
	Comments: This article introduces
	several others on GUI's (Graphical
	User Interfaces).  There is some
	discussion of the Macintosh, work on
	GUI's for IBM machines, and the UNIX
	and workstation-based interfaces.

[HayesP85]
Hayes, P. J., Szekely, P. A., & Lerner,
R. A. (1985) Design Alternatives for
User Interface Management Systems Based
on Experience with COUSIN. In L. Borman
and B. Curtis (Eds.) Human Factors in
Computing Systems. New York:
Association for Computing Machinery.
169-175.

[Helander88]
Helander, M. (Ed.) (1988) The Handbook
of Human Computer Interaction.
Amsterdam: North-Holland.
	Comments: This is a large
	comprehensive reference source with
	dozens of papers written by subject
	areas.  The handbook should be
	consulted for relevant material on
	any topic on user interfaces.  At
	$250, it is well out of the range of
	a textbook or even a desktop
	reference.  A table of which
	chapters cover which topics can be
	found at the end of the
	bibliography.

[Henderson86a]
Henderson, D. A. Jr. & Card, S. K.
(1986) Rooms: The Use of Multiple
Virtual Workspaces to Reduce Space
Contention in a Window-Based Graphical
User Interface. ACM Transactions on
Graphics, 5, 3, 211-243.

[Henderson86b]
Henderson, D. A. Jr. (1986) The
Trillium User Interface Design
Environment. In M. Mantei and P.
Orbeton (Eds.) Human Factors in
Computing Systems. New York:
Association for Computing Machinery.
221-227.
	Comments: Reprinted in [Baecker87],
	p. 584.

[Hill86]
Hill, R. D. (1986) Supporting
Concurrency, Communication, and
Synchronization in Human-Computer
Interaction -- The Sassafras UIMS. ACM
Transactions on Graphics, 5, 3, 179-
210.

[Hill87]
Hill, R. D. (1987) Event Response
Systems - A Technique for Specifying
Multi-Threaded Dialogues. CHI '87
Conference on Human Factors in
Computing Systems. New York:
Association for Computing Machinery.
241-248.

[Hix86]
Hix, D. & Hartson, H. R. (1986) An
Interactive Environment for Dialogue
Development: Its Design, Use, and
Evaluation. In M. Mantei and P. Orbeton
(Eds.) Human Factors in Computing
Systems. New York: Association for
Computing Machinery. 228-234.

[Hopgood86]
Hopgood F. and A. Robert (Eds.) (1986)
Methodology of Window Management.
(Proceedings of the April 1985 Alvey
Workshop at Cosener's House, U.K.)
Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

[Houghton84]
Houghton, R. C. (1984) Online Help
Systems: A Conspectus. Communications
of the ACM, 27, 3, 126-133.

[Huff54]
Huff, D. (1954) How to Lie with
Statistics. New York: Norton.
	Comments: This classic little book
	takes humorous stabs at meaningless
	statistics, and teaches students
	about evaluating empirical research.

[Hutchins86]
Hutchins, E. L., Hollan, J. D., &
Norman, D. A. (1986) Direct
Manipulation Interfaces. In D. A.
Norman and S. W. Draper (Eds.) User
Centered System Design: New
Perspectives in Human-Computer
Interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
	Comments: Reprinted, in part, in
	[Baecker87], p. 468.

[Jacob83a]
Jacob, R. J. K. (1983) Using Formal
Specifications in the Design of a Human
Computer Interface. Communications of
the ACM, 26, 4, 259-264.

[Jacob83b]
Jacob, R. J. K. (1983) Executable
Specifications for a Human-Computer
Interface. CHI '83 Human Factors in
Computing Systems. New York:
Association for Computing Machinery.
28-34.

[Jacob86]
Jacob, R. J. K. (1986) A Specification
Language for Direct-Manipulation User
Interfaces. ACM Transactions on
Graphics, 5, 4, 283-317.

[John89]
John, B. E. & Newell, A. (1989)
Cumulating the Science of HCI: From S-R
Compatibility to Transcription Typing.
CHI '89: Proceedings of Human Factors
in Computing Systems. 109-114.

[Johnson86]
Johnson, D. H., et al. (1986) The
Dialogue Author. 109-163. In R. W.
Ehrich and R. C. Williges (Eds.) Human-
Computer Dialogue Design. Amsterdam:
Elsevier Science Publishers B. V..

[Joy80]
Joy, W. (1980) termcap: Terminal
Independent Operation Routines.
Berkeley, CA: Berkeley UNIX Software
Distribution, University of California,
Berkeley.
	Comments: This small library of
	routines works off a database of
	several hundred descriptions of
	terminal capabilities and allows the
	development of terminal-independent
	applications.  It is surprisingly
	difficult to use and serves as an
	example of the importance of the
	human factors in the design of
	programming tools.

[Kantowitz83]
Kantowitz, B. H. & Sorkin, R. D. (1983)
Human Factors: Understanding People-
System Relationships. New York: Wiley.

[Kieras85]
Kieras, D. E. & Polson, P. G. (1985) An
Approach to the Formal Analysis of User
Complexity. International Journal of
Man-Machine Studies, 22, 4, 365-394.

[Kiger84]
Kiger, J. I. (1984) The Depth/Breadth
Trade-Off in the Design of Menu-Driven
User Interfaces. International Journal
of Man-Machine Studies, 20, 201-213.

[Knox89]
Knox, S. T., Bailey, W. A., & Lynch, E.
F. (1989) Directed Dialogue Protocols:
Verbal Data for User Interface Design.
CHI '89: Proceedings of Human Factors
in Computing Systems. 283-287.

[Lantz87]
Lantz, K. A., et al. (1987) Reference
Models, Window Systems, and
Concurrency. Computer Graphics, 21, 2,
87-97.
	Comments: Applications should have
	access to all levels of tools in
	UIMS; layering is not important, but
	modularity is.  Thus, the
	application can access the dialogue
	manager, and each of those can
	access the workstation agent, and
	all of them can access device
	drivers.

[Lincoln88]
Lincoln, J. E. & Boff, K. R. (1988)
Making Behavioral Data Useful for
System Design Application: Development
of the Engineering Data Compendium.
Proceedings of the Human Factors
Society 32nd Annual Meeting. 1021-1025.

[Lindsay77]
Lindsay, P. H. & Norman, D. A. (1977)
Human Information Processing: An
Introduction to Psychology (2e). New
York: Academic Press.
	Comments: This lively introduction
	to information processing psychology
	makes a good supplementary text for
	user interface design. It is
	especially good at covering the
	perceptual and cognitive abilities
	of the human information processor. 
	It has an experimental and
	theoretical orientation, so the
	instructor of a course on user
	interface development must make the
	material more concrete with
	examples.

[Linton89]
Linton, M. A., Vlissides J. M., &
Calder P. R. (1989) Composing User
Interfaces with InterViews. IEEE
Computer, 22, 1, 8-22.

[Litvin87]
Litvin, Y. (1987) SKYLIGHTS 3.0.
Bedford, MA: Skylights Software.
	Comments: This is a comprehensive
	toolkit for design and
	implementation, showing a good level
	of device independence.

[Mackay89]
Mackay, W. (1989) Video as a Research
and Design Tool. SIGCHI Bulletin, 21,
2, 48-50.
	Comments: This article introduces a
	special issue with several papers on
	the uses of video for design and
	evaluation of human-computer
	interaction.

[Mackinlay86]
Mackinlay, J. (1986) Automating the
Design of Graphical Presentations of
Relational Information. ACM
Transactions on Graphics, 5, 2, 110-
141.

[Mantei88]
Mantei, M. M. & Teorey, T. J. (1988)
Cost/Benefit Analysis for Incorporating
Human Factors in the Software
Lifecycle. Communications of the ACM,
31, 4, 428-439.

[McCormick85]
McCormick, K. A. & Bleser, T.
(1985)
Developing a User Interface Styleguide.
Washington, DC:
Computer Graphics Consultants, Inc.

[Melkus88]
Melkus, L. A. & Torres, J. (1988)
Guidelines for the Use of a Prototype
in User Interface Design. Proceedings
of the Human Factors Society 32nd
Annual Meeting. 370-374.

[MillerD88]
Miller, D. P. (1988) Instant
Prototyping Using HyperCard on the
Macintosh. Proceedings of the Human
Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting.
362-369.

[MillerG56]
Miller, G. (1956) The Magical Number
Seven Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on
Our Capacity for Processing
Information. Psychological Review, 63,
81-97.
	Comments: This is one of the ten
	best-known papers in cognitive
	psychology.  It shows the meaning of
	the limits of human short-term
	memory. The instructor must supply
	the implications for applied work.

[Molesworth86]
Molesworth, L. (1986) User Interface
Management Systems. Wang Institute
Software Engineering Review, 1, 2, 46-
65.
	Comments: This is a good survey of
	what goes into user interface
	management systems.  As part of the
	survey of features, it goes into
	depth about a few systems.

[Monk84]
Monk, A. (1984) Fundamentals of Human-
Computer Interaction. New York:
Academic Press.
	Comments: Chapters 5 and 6 reprinted
	in [Baecker87], p. 138 and 143.

[Morris86]
Morris, J. H., et al. (1986) Andrew: A
Distributed Personal Computing
Environment. Communications of the ACM,
29, 3, 184-201.

[Mosier86]
Mosier, J. N. & Smith, S. L. (1986)
Application of Guidelines for Designing
User Interface Software. Behaviour and
Information Technology, 5, 39-46.
	Comments: This paper reports on the
	results of a survey of the users of
	a comprehensive source of user
	interface design guidelines.

[Myers86]
Myers, B. A. & Buxton, W. A. S. (1986)
Creating Highly-Interactive and
Graphical User Interfaces by
Demonstration. Computer Graphics, 20,
4, 249-258.
	Comments: Reprinted in [Baecker87],
	p. 595.

[Myers87]
Myers, B. A. (1987) Creating Dynamic
Interaction Techniques by
Demonstration. In J. M. Carroll and P.
P. Tanner (Eds.) Human Factors in
Computing Systems. New York:
Association for Computing Machinery.
271-278.

[Myers89a]
Myers, B. A. (1989) User-Interface
Tools: Introduction and Survey. IEEE
Software, 6, 1, 15-23.

[Myers89b]
Myers, B. A. (1989) Encapsulating
Interactive Behaviors. CHI '89:
Proceedings of Human Factors in
Computing Systems. 319-324.

[NASA87]
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space
Administration) (1987) Man-System
Integration Standards. NASA-STD-3000,
Houston, TX: NASA Johnson Space Center.
	Comments: This document contains
	design considerations and example
	solutions to manned space programs.

[Nickerson86]
Nickerson, R. S. (1986) Computers: The
Human Factors of Information Systems.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

[Nievergelt80]
Nievergelt, J. & Weydert, J. (1980)
Sites, Modes, and Trails: Telling the
User of and Interactive System Where He
Is, What He Can Do, and How to Get
Places. In R. A. Guedj, P. J. W. ten
Hagen, F. R. A. Hopgood, H. A. Tucker,
and D. A. Duce (Eds.) Methodology of
Interaction. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
	Comments: Reprinted in [Baecker87],
	p. 438.

[Norman81]
Norman, D. A. (1981) Theory of Action
Slips. Psychological Review, 88, 1, 1-
15.

[Norman86]
Norman D. A. and S. W. Draper (Eds.)
(1986) User Centered System Design: New
Perspectives in Human-Computer
Interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.

[Norman88]
Norman, D. A. (1988) The Psychology of
Everyday Things. New York: Basic Books.
	Comments: This book is a thoughtful
	and easy-to-read survey about how
	devices are and should be designed.

[Olsen83]
Olsen, D. R. Jr. & Dempsey, E. P.
(1983) Syngraph: A Graphical User
Interface Generator. Computer Graphics,
17, 43-50.

[Olsen86]
Olsen, D. R. Jr. (1986) MIKE: A Menu
Interaction Kontrol Environment. ACM
Transactions on Graphics, 5, 4, 318-
344.

[Perlman84]
Perlman, G. (1984) Natural Artificial
Languages: Low Level Processes.
International Journal of Man-Machine
Studies, 20, 373-419.
	Comments: This article shows the
	application of basic cognitive
	psychological experiments to the
	design of a user interface.

[Perlman85a]
Perlman, G. (1985) Electronic Surveys.
Behavior Research Methods, Instruments,
and Computers, 17, 2, 203-205.

[Perlman85b]
Perlman, G. (1985) Making the Right
Choices with Menus. In B. Shackel (Ed.)
Human-Computer Interaction: INTERACT
'84. Amsterdam: North-Holland. 317-321.
	Comments: This paper shows how
	experimental evidence can be
	gathered and applied to the design
	of user interfaces.
	Reprinted in [Baecker87], p. 451.

[Perlman85c]
Perlman, G. (1985) An Overview of the
SETOPT Command Line Option Parser
Generator. Winter USENIX Conference. El
Cerito, CA: Usenix Association. 160-
164.
	Comments: This paper describes a
	system that makes it easy for
	programmers to make their programs
	easy for people to use.  It
	generates user interface handling
	code and documentation extracted
	from the same database, thus
	ensuring consistency and
	completeness of the user interface.

[Perlman86]
Perlman, G. (1986) Multilingual
Programming: Coordinating Programs,
User Interfaces, On-Line Help, and
Documentation. ACM SIGDOC Fourth
International Conference on Systems
Documentation. New York: ACM Special
Interest Group on Documentation. 123-
129.
	Comments: This paper presents a
	method based on using a central
	database from which all shared
	information about a user interface
	is drawn.

[Perlman87a]
Perlman, G. (1987) An Axiomatic Model
of Information Presentation.
Proceedings of the 1987 Human Factors
Society Meeting. Santa Monica, CA:
Human Factors Society. 1229-1233.
	Comments: This paper discusses a
	model of information presentation in
	which the structure of the
	information is represented, rules
	map differences in structure to
	differences in presentation
	attributes, and presentation
	attributes are mapped onto device-
	specific attributes.  The paper
	discusses the limitations of
	approaches that ignore information
	structure.

[Perlman87b]
Perlman, G. (1987) The |STAT Handbook
(3e). Columbus, OH: |STAT Software.
	Comments: This compact set of data
	manipulation and analysis programs
	is a reasonable data analysis
	package for educational purposes
	because it is easy to use and
	inexpensive.  The software runs on
	the IBM PC ($15) and UNIX ($20)
	systems, and the handbook costs $10. 
	Copying of the software, for non-
	profit purposes, is allowed.
	Available from |STAT Software, 2036
	Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1277

[Perlman88a]
Perlman, G. & Moorhead, A. J. (1988)
Applying Hypertext Methods for the
Effective Utilization of Standards.
Proceedings of the IEEE COMPSTAN '88
Conference on Computer Standards. New
York: IEEE Computer Society. 55-59.
	Comments: This paper discusses a
	system for accessing the Smith &
	Mosier (1986) user interface design
	guidelines online.

[Perlman88b]
Perlman, G. & Moorhead, A. J. (1988)
NaviText SAM 1.0 User Manual. Westford,
MA: Northern Lights Software
Corporation.
	Comments: NaviText SAM is an online
	interface to the Smith & Mosier
	(1986) user interface design
	guidelines.  It supports a
	particular design and evaluation
	method: that of finding relevant
	guidelines, setting priorities for
	them, defining rules in terms of
	important guidelines, and evaluating
	designs with respect to important
	guidelines.  It is a reasonable
	system for a design and evaluation
	assignment.  It runs on IBM PC's and
	costs $295 ($147.50 with 50%
	educational discount).
	Available from Northern Lights
	Software, Box 1599, Westford, MA
	01886

[Perlman88c]
Perlman, G. (1988) Software Tools for
User Interface Development. In M.
Helander (Ed.) The Handbook of Human
Computer Interaction. Amsterdam: North-
Holland. 819-833.
	Comments: This paper surveys the
	tools for user interface
	development, but does not go into
	much detail about any particular
	tool.

[Perlman88d]
Perlman, G. (1988) Teaching User
Interface Development to Software
Engineers. Proceedings of the Human
Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting.
391-394.

[Perlman89a]
Perlman, G. (1989) The Checklist Method
for Applying Guidelines to Design and
Evaluation. Proceedings of INTERFACE
89. 271-276.

[Perlman89b]
Perlman, G. (1989) Coordinating
Consistency of User Interfaces, Code,
Online Help, and Documentation with
Multilingual/Multitarget Software
Specification. In J. Nielsen (Ed.)
Coordinating User Interfaces for
Consistency. Academic Press. 35-55.

[Perlman89c]
Perlman, G. (1989) Asynchronous
Design/Evaluation Methods for Hypertext
Technology Development. Proceedings of
Hypertext '89: The Second ACM
Conference on Hypertext. 61-81.
	Comments: This paper introduces the
	method of specific advantages that
	allows more plausible comparisons
	among complex systems.

[Petzold89]
Petzold, C., Simone, L., & Peterson, T.
D. (1989) GUIs for DOS and OS/2. PC
Magazine, 8, 15, 111-131.
	Comments: Microsoft Windows is the
	right interface for PC users today,
	but the Presentation Manager will be
	tomorrow's GUI of choice.

[Pfaff85]
Pfaff, G. E. (Ed.) (1985) User
Interface Management Systems:
Proceedings of the Seeheim Workshop.
Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
	Comments: A report of the Seeheim
	conference on user interface
	management systems.

[Polson87]
Polson, P. G. (1987) A Quantitative
Theory of Human-Computer Interaction.
In J. M. Carroll (Ed.) Interfacing
Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-
Computer Interaction. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press. 184-235.

[Poltrock88]
Poltrock, S. E. & Foltz, G. S. (1988)
APT PC and APT II: Experiment
Development Systems for the IBM PC and
Apple II. Behavior Research Methods,
Instruments, and Computers, 20, 2.
	Comments: The APT systems are
	particularly good for doing classic
	memory experiments such as Peterson
	and Peterson, free-recall, paired-
	associate, recognition, etc.  They
	are also good for doing reading
	comprehension studies or
	questionnaires.
	Costs $100.  Source code available
	for an additional $100. Order from:
	1423D Bellevue Way N.E., Bellevue,
	WA 98004

[Radin84]
Radin, D. I. (1984) Effects of Command
Language Punctuation on Human
Performance. Tenth International
Symposium on Human Factors in
Telecommunications.

[Reisner81]
Reisner, P. (1981) Formal Grammar and
Human Factors Design of an Interactive
Graphics System. IEEE Transactions on
Software Engineering, 7, 2, 229-240.
	Comments: This paper is a good
	example of how a formal model can be
	used to generate predictions about
	the usability of a system.  It has
	some problems for practical use
	because of its flexibility; with so
	many ways to write a grammar
	describing a system, the model can
	adapt to almost any data.

[Rich84]
Rich, E. (1984) Natural-Language
Interfaces. IEEE Computer, 17, 39-47.
	Comments: Reprinted in [Baecker87],
	p. 442.

[Rose89]
Rose, P. F. H. (1989) The Macintosh
Finder: Pure GUI. PC Magazine, 8, 32,
133-140.
  What you've heard is true:
Macintosh's Finder is indeed easy to
use. But as Apple's developers get
more innovative, will Finder stay
the same?

[Rubinstein84]
Rubinstein, R. & Hersh, H. (1984) The
Human Factor: Designing Computer
Systems for People. Maynard, MA:
Digital Press.

[Rumelhart78]
Rumelhart, D. E. & Norman, D. A. (1978)
Accretion, Tuning, and Restructuring:
Three Modes of Learning. In J. W.
Cotton and R. L. Klatsky (Eds.)
Semantic Factors in Cognition.
Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates.

[Rumelhart81]
Rumelhart, D. E. & Norman, D. A. (1981)
Analogical Processes in Learning. In J.
R. Anderson (Ed.) Cognitive Skills and
Their Acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

[Rushinek86]
Rushinek, A. & Rushinek, S. F. (1986)
What Makes Users Happy?. Communications
of the ACM, 29, 7, 594-598.

[Salvendy87]
Salvendy, G. (Ed.) (1987) Handbook of
Human Factors. New York: Wiley.
	Comments: This is a detailed
	handbook written by topic experts
	covering all aspects of human
	factors.  Some chapters (each with
	several papers) deal specifically
	with computer systems.  A table of
	which chapters cover which topics
	can be found at the end of the
	bibliography.

[Samuelson89a]
Samuelson, P. (1989) Why the Look and
Feel of Software User Interfaces Should
Not Be Protected by Copyright Law.
Communications of the ACM, 32, 5, 563-
572.
	Comments: An attorney looks at how
	copyright law is applied to the
	protection of software user
	interfaces and makes a strong case
	for reevaluating the way the law
	views software.

[Samuelson89b]
Samuelson, P. (1989) Protecting User
Interfaces Through Copyright: The
Debate. CHI '89: Proceedings of Human
Factors in Computing Systems. 97-103.

[Scheifler86]
Scheifler, R. W. & Gettys, J. (1986)
The X Window System. ACM Transactions
on Graphics, 5, 2, 79-109.
	Comments: This paper contains a
	high-level description of the
	influential X windows system.

[Schmucker86a]
Schmucker, K. (1986) MacApp: An
Application Framework. BYTE, 11, 8,
189-193.
	Comments: Reprinted in [Baecker87],
	p. 591.

[Schmucker86b]
Schmucker, K. (1986) Object-Oriented
Languages for the Macintosh. BYTE, 11,
8, 177-188.

[Schneider88]
Schneider, W. (1988) Micro Experimental
Laboratory: An Integrated System for
IBM PC Compatibles. Behavior Research
Methods, Instruments, and Computers,
20, 2.
	Comments: Costs $495 for
	professional use, $295 for
	instructional use, $49 for
	additional versions to run
	experiments (without program
	development or analysis parts)).
	Order from: Psychology Software
	Tools, Inc., 511 Bevington Road,
	Pittsburgh, PA 15221, (412) 244-1908

[Seymour89]
Seymour, J. (1989) The GUI: An
Interface You Won't Outgrow. PC
Magazine, 8, 15, 97-109.
	Comments: Graphical user interfaces
	are popping up all over the PC
	industry.  This guide will help you
	make the move from today's command
	line interface to tomorrow's GUI.

[Sherwin86]
Sherwin, L. C. & Perlman, G. (1986)
Designing Menu Format to Match Input
Device Format. Wang Institute Software
Engineering Review, 1, 2, 78-83.

[Shneiderman80]
Shneiderman, B. (1980) Software
Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop.
	Comments: This book presents issues
	about software data collection and
	the best-known models of software
	complexity.  It was the first such
	survey and has been the most cited
	source in the area of user
	interfaces; but it is now dated
	material and is superseded by
	Shneiderman (1986).

[Shneiderman83]
Shneiderman, B. (1983) Direct
Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming
Languages. IEEE Computer, 16, 57-69.
	Comments: Reprinted (in part) in
	[Baecker87], p. 461.

[Shneiderman87]
Shneiderman, B. (1987) Designing the
User Interface: Strategies for
Effective Human-Computer Interaction.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
	Comments: This is probably the best
	text book on user interface design,
	although I would be tempted to also
	use Smith & Mosier (1986).

[Shulert85]
Schulert, A. J., Rogers, G. T., &
Hamilton, J. A. (1985) ADM - A Dialog
Manager. In L. Borman and B. Curtis
(Eds.) Human Factors in Computing
Systems. New York: Association for
Computing Machinery. 177-183.

[Sibert86]
Sibert, J. L., Hurley, W. D., & Bleser,
T. W. (1986) An Object Oriented User
Interface Management System. Computer
Graphics, 20, 4, 259-268.

[SIGGRAPH87]
Seattle UIMS Workshop (1987) Special
Issue on the Seattle UIMS Workshop.
Computer Graphics, 21, 2, New York:
Association for Computing Machinery.
	Comments: In November of 1986, the
	ACM SIGGRAPH Workshop on Software
	Tools for User Interface Management
	was held at the Battelle Conference
	Center in Seattle, Washington.  The
	purpose was to synthesize new ideas
	and direction for future research
	through discussion and interchange.

[SmethersBarnes88]
SmethersBarnes (1988) Prototyper 1.0.
Portland, OR: SmethersBarnes.
	Comments: A Macintosh tool for
	interactive prototyping with Pascal
	code generation.  The 2.0 version
	also generates C.

[Smith86a]
Smith, S. L. & Mosier, J. N. (1986)
Guidelines for Designing User Interface
Software. Report #MTR-10090, ESD-TR-86-
278, Bedford, MA: The MITRE
Corporation.
	Comments: A monumental work that is
	a required reference for any user
	interface designer.  It is a
	reasonable textbook because of its
	thoughtful introductions.  It
	contains 944 guidelines in six
	sections.

[Smith86b]
Smith, S. L. (1986) Standards Versus
Guidelines for Designing User Interface
Software. Behaviour and Information
Technology, 5, 47-61.

[Solso84]
Solso, R. L. & Johnson, H. H. (1984) An
Introduction to Experimental Design in
Psychology: A Case Approach (3e). New
York: Harper & Row.
	Comments: This is a great
	introduction to experimental design. 
	It is very good at explaining the
	terminology and subtle logic.

[Streveler85]
Streveler, D. J. & Wasserman, A. I.
(1985) Quantitative Measures of the
Spatial Properties of Screen Designs.
In B. Shackel (Ed.) Human-Computer
Interaction: INTERACT '84. Amsterdam:
North-Holland. 81-89.

[Strunk79]
Strunk, W. & White, E. B. (1979) The
Elements of Style. (3e) New York:
Macmillan Publishing Company.

[Tennant83]
Tennant, H. R., Ross, K. M., &
Thompson, C. W. (1983) Usable Natural
Language Interfaces Through Menu-Based
Natural Language Understanding. CHI '83
Human Factors in Computing Systems. New
York: Association for Computing
Machinery. 154-160.

[Thakkar90]
Thakkar, U., Perlman, G., & Miller, D.
(1990) Evaluation of the NeXT Interface
Builder for Prototyping a Smart
Telephone. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 21, 3,
80-85.

[Thomas87]
Thomas, J. and M. Schneider (Eds.)
(1987) Human Factors in Computer
Systems. New York: Ablex Publishing.

[Thomas89]
Thomas, J. C. & Kellogg, W. A. (1989)
Minimizing Ecological Gaps in Interface
Design. IEEE Software, 6, 1, 78-86.

[Tufte83]
Tufte, E. R. (1983) The Visual Display
of Quantitative Information. Cheshire,
CT: Graphics Press.
	Comments: This is a great book on
	making graphs.

[Tullis81]
Tullis, T. S. (1981) An Evaluation of
Alphanumeric, Graphic, and Color
Information Displays. Human Factors,
23, 541-550.

[Tullis83a]
Tullis, T. S. (1983) Predicting the
Usability of Alphanumeric Displays.
UCLA Dissertation.

[Tullis83b]
Tullis, T. S. (1983) The Formatting of
Alphanumeric Displays: A Review and
Analysis. Human Factors, 25, 6, 657.

[Tullis85]
Tullis, T. S. (1985) A Computer-Based
Tool for Evaluating Alphanumeric
Displays. In B. Shackel (Ed.) Human-
Computer Interaction: INTERACT '84.
Amsterdam: North-Holland. 719-723.

[Tullis86]
Tullis, T. S. (1986) Display Analysis
Program User Manual. Lawrence, KS:
Report Store.
	Comments: Tom Tullis's display
	analysis program runs on the IBM PC
	and costs about $90.  It has more
	advanced capabilities than those
	described in Tullis' influential
	thesis, but it still lacks the
	intelligence software developers
	would want.  It is useful for class
	demonstrations, but don't expect
	students to want it.

[Tullis87]
Tullis, T. S.
An Evaluation of Screen-Building
Systems for the IBM PC.
	Comments: Available from the author
	at: McDonnell Douglas Astronautics
	Company, 5301 Bolsa Avenue,
	Huntington Beach, CA 92647.

[USC89]
Usability Sciences Corporation (1989)
TestLogr. Irving, Texas: Usability
Sciences Corporation.
	Comments: This PC tool allows you to
	code, edit, and analyze temporal
	data such as that seen in video
	protocols.

[Vo85]
Vo, K.-P. (1985) IFS - A Tool to Build
Integrated, Interactive Application
Software. AT&T Technical Journal, 64,
9, 2097-2117.

[Walker88]
Walker, J. H. (1988) Supporting
Document Development with Concordia.
IEEE Computer, 21, 1, 48-59.

[Wasserman79]
Wasserman, A. I. (1979) USE: A
Methodology for the Design and
Development of Interactive Information
Systems. In H. J. Schneider (Ed.)
Formal Models and Practical Tools for
Information System Design. Amsterdam:
North-Holland. 31-50.

[Wasserman85]
Wasserman, A. I. (1985) Extending State
Transition Diagrams for the
Specification of Human-Computer
Interaction. IEEE Transactions on
Software Engineering, 11, 8, 699-713.
	Comments: Reprinted in [Baecker87],
	p. 561.

[Wasserman86]
Wasserman, A. I., et al. (1986)
Developing Interactive Systems with the
User Software Engineering Methodology.
IEEE Transactions on Software
Engineering, 12, 2, 326-345.
	Comments: Reprinted in [Baecker87],
	p. 508.

[Webster89]
Webster, B. F. (1989) The NeXT Book.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
	Comments: This book provides a
	tutorial overview of the NeXT
	machine and its programming
	environment, notably NeXTStep and
	the Interface Builder.

[Wickens84]
Wickens, C. D. (1984) Engineering
Psychology and Human Performance.
Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill
Publishing.
	Comments: This book attempts to
	"bridge the gap between the problems
	of systems design and much of the
	excellent theoretical research in
	cognitive experimental psychology
	and human performance."

[Wiecha89]
Wiecha, C., Bennett, W. Boies, S. &
Gould, J. (1989) Generating Highly
Interactive User Interfaces. CHI '89:
Proceedings of Human Factors in
Computing Systems. 277-282.

[Williams82]
Williams, M. & Tou, F. (1982) RABBIT:
An Interface for Database Access.
Proceedings of the 1982 ACM Conference.
New York: Association for Computing
Machinery.
	Comments: This system is reminiscent
	of the QBE (Query by Example) method
	of database access.  Rabbit differs
	in that it always presents the user
	with an example of a record that
	matches the current query.  The user
	can look at the possibilities for
	any field and require that
	attributes be present or absent, and
	during this process, Rabbit composes
	a query.

[WilligesB84]
Williges, B. H. & Williges, R. C.
(1984) Dialogue Design Considerations
for Interactive Computer Systems. In F.
A. Muckler (Ed.) Human Factors Review:
1984. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors
Society. 167-208.

[WilligesB86]
Williges, B. H., et al. (1986) Using
Speech in the Human-Computer Interface.
In R. W. Ehrich and R. C. Williges
(Eds.) Human-Computer Dialogue Design.
Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers
B. V.. 241-271.

[WilligesR86a]
Williges, R. C. & Hartson, H. Rex
(1986) Human-Computer Dialogue Design
and Research Issues. In R. W. Ehrich
and R. C. Williges (Eds.) Human-
Computer Dialogue Design. Amsterdam:
Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.. 367-
376.

[WilligesR86b]
Williges, R. C., et al. (1986) User
Assistance in Human-Computer
Interfaces. In R. W. Ehrich and R. C.
Williges (Eds.) Human-Computer Dialogue
Design. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science
Publishers B. V.. 291-317.

[Wong82]
Wong, P. C. S. & Reid, E. R. (1982)
Flair: User Interface Design Tool.
Computer Graphics, 16, 3, 87-98.

[Woodson87]
Woodson, W. E. (1987) Human Factors
Reference Guide for Electronics and
Computer Professionals. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
	Comments: This book is primarily
	concerned with physical operator
	interfaces, but there it does
	contain useful information about
	designing visual displays.

[Wright83]
Wright, P. (1983) Manual Dexterity: A
User-Oriented Approach to Creating
Computer Documentation. CHI '83
Conference on Human Factors in
Computing Systems. New York:
Association for Computing Machinery.
	Comments: Reprinted in [Baecker87],
	p. 613.


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