From MAILER-DAEMON Mon Mar 20 19:44:41 2006 Date: 20 Mar 2006 19:44:41 -0500 From: Mail System Internal Data Subject: DON'T DELETE THIS MESSAGE -- FOLDER INTERNAL DATA Message-ID: <1142901881@turing.acm.org> X-IMAP: 1138801092 0000000046 Status: RO This text is part of the internal format of your mail folder, and is not a real message. It is created automatically by the mail system software. If deleted, important folder data will be lost, and it will be re-created with the data reset to initial values. From perlman@turing.acm.org Thu Feb 2 19:01:49 2006 -0500 Date: Thu, 2 Feb 2006 19:01:48 -0500 (EST) From: Gary PERLMAN To: Mary Czerwinski cc: codrington@hq.acm.org, Gary perlman Subject: Re: SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award Money Notice In-Reply-To: <55D5C7C5743C314EBDFF102B14446D5B04EB7754@RED-MSG-32.redmond.corp.microsoft.com> Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: O X-Status: X-Keywords: X-UID: 1 Hi Mary and Julie, I guess it's time for to get my award at CHI 2006, which is in my home town of Montreal this year. I'd like to know how to get free registration for the conference. My ACM member number is 2463016. I will also want to add a two day workshop: The Many Faces of Consistency in Cross-Platform Design I do not have the special code for the workshop, but I know that the fee is $225, so that will need to be factored in somehow. Do you want my US SSN or Canadian SIN or both? Gary On Mon, 14 Feb 2005, Mary Czerwinski wrote: > Dear SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award winners: > > We heard that some of you would prefer some flexibility in terms of how > you use your award money. We agree! For that reason, you can use your > 525.00 (the equivalent of the CHI 2005 conference registration) in the > following ways as you see fit. Please email Julie Codrington (cc:'d) > with your full contact information, your SSN and the way in which you > would like your award applied. > > Thanks very much and I hope to see you at the awards banquet! > > Best, > Mary > > Here are options (at your discretion): > > * Free reg at CHI 2005 > > * Free reg (and the award presentation) at any other SIGCHI > conference instead > > * $525 either as a travel reimbursement (so no tax consequences) > or as an award (which has tax consequences). > > From perlman@turing.acm.org Thu Feb 2 19:03:24 2006 -0500 Date: Thu, 2 Feb 2006 19:03:24 -0500 (EST) From: Gary PERLMAN To: Mary Czerwinski cc: codrington@hq.acm.org Subject: Re: SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award Money Notice In-Reply-To: Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: O X-Status: X-Keywords: X-UID: 2 Hi Mary, The email address: codrington@hq.acm.org is not a good one. Gary On Thu, 2 Feb 2006, Gary PERLMAN wrote: > Hi Mary and Julie, > > I guess it's time for to get my award at CHI 2006, > which is in my home town of Montreal this year. > I'd like to know how to get free registration for the conference. > > My ACM member number is 2463016. > I will also want to add a two day workshop: > > The Many Faces of Consistency in Cross-Platform Design > > I do not have the special code for the workshop, > but I know that the fee is $225, so that will > need to be factored in somehow. > > Do you want my US SSN or Canadian SIN or both? > > Gary > > On Mon, 14 Feb 2005, Mary Czerwinski wrote: > > > Dear SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award winners: > > > > We heard that some of you would prefer some flexibility in terms of how > > you use your award money. We agree! For that reason, you can use your > > 525.00 (the equivalent of the CHI 2005 conference registration) in the > > following ways as you see fit. Please email Julie Codrington (cc:'d) > > with your full contact information, your SSN and the way in which you > > would like your award applied. > > > > Thanks very much and I hope to see you at the awards banquet! > > > > Best, > > Mary > > > > Here are options (at your discretion): > > > > * Free reg at CHI 2005 > > > > * Free reg (and the award presentation) at any other SIGCHI > > conference instead > > > > * $525 either as a travel reimbursement (so no tax consequences) > > or as an award (which has tax consequences). > > > > > From perlman@turing.acm.org Thu Feb 2 19:36:05 2006 -0500 Date: Thu, 2 Feb 2006 19:36:05 -0500 (EST) From: Gary PERLMAN To: Mary Czerwinski cc: johnson_e@hq.acm.org, , Subject: RE: SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award Money Notice In-Reply-To: <8626BD1EBFBF114AB3EBA16465A178760182BDAD@RED-MSG-11.redmond.corp.microsoft.com> Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: O X-Status: X-Keywords: X-UID: 3 Thanks Mary. I did get a very nice plaque from SIGCHI, so there is no need for another. http://www.acm.org/~perlman/images/2005-sigchi-service.jpg Gary On Thu, 2 Feb 2006, Mary Czerwinski wrote: > Erica, can you help Gary Perlman? He was awarded the Lifetime Service > Award for CHI 2005 last year but opted to receive it this year, in his > hometown. See his questions below. > > Elizabeth, note that we need another plaque made for Gary, unless we > made it last year. I don't think we did. > > Best, > Mary > > -----Original Message----- > From: Gary PERLMAN [mailto:perlman@turing.acm.org] > Sent: Thursday, February 02, 2006 4:02 PM > To: Mary Czerwinski > Cc: codrington@hq.acm.org; Gary perlman > Subject: Re: SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award Money Notice > > Hi Mary and Julie, > > I guess it's time for to get my award at CHI 2006, > which is in my home town of Montreal this year. > I'd like to know how to get free registration for the conference. > > My ACM member number is 2463016. > I will also want to add a two day workshop: > > The Many Faces of Consistency in Cross-Platform Design > > I do not have the special code for the workshop, > but I know that the fee is $225, so that will > need to be factored in somehow. > > Do you want my US SSN or Canadian SIN or both? > > Gary > > On Mon, 14 Feb 2005, Mary Czerwinski wrote: > > > Dear SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award winners: > > > > We heard that some of you would prefer some flexibility in terms of > how > > you use your award money. We agree! For that reason, you can use > your > > 525.00 (the equivalent of the CHI 2005 conference registration) in the > > following ways as you see fit. Please email Julie Codrington (cc:'d) > > with your full contact information, your SSN and the way in which you > > would like your award applied. > > > > Thanks very much and I hope to see you at the awards banquet! > > > > Best, > > Mary > > > > Here are options (at your discretion): > > > > * Free reg at CHI 2005 > > > > * Free reg (and the award presentation) at any other SIGCHI > > conference instead > > > > * $525 either as a travel reimbursement (so no tax consequences) > > or as an award (which has tax consequences). > > > > > > From perlman@turing.acm.org Thu Feb 2 20:03:44 2006 -0500 Date: Thu, 2 Feb 2006 20:03:43 -0500 (EST) From: Gary PERLMAN To: Mary Czerwinski cc: johnson_e@hq.acm.org, , , Gary Olson Subject: RE: SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award Money Notice In-Reply-To: <8626BD1EBFBF114AB3EBA16465A178760182BDCE@RED-MSG-11.redmond.corp.microsoft.com> Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: O X-Status: X-Keywords: X-UID: 4 I only heard about free conference registration, but I also got a nice plaque, so it's more than my 1997 SIGCHI Distinguished Service Award. Gary On Thu, 2 Feb 2006, Mary Czerwinski wrote: > Ok! Great. > > Elizabeth, I just got Erica's OOF message saying she was on vacation. > Can you work with the conference chair, Gary Olsen, to see that Gary > Perlman gets his service award "perks" taken care of? > > Thanks very much. BTW, Gary, we changed the award policy for service > awards this year at the EC level. So you may have to remind Gary what > you were awarded last year, it could be different from this year's > recipients. > > Cheers, > Mary > > -----Original Message----- > From: Gary PERLMAN [mailto:perlman@turing.acm.org] > Sent: Thursday, February 02, 2006 4:36 PM > To: Mary Czerwinski > Cc: johnson_e@hq.acm.org; grove_e@hq.acm.org; jacko@isye.gatech.edu > Subject: RE: SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award Money Notice > > Thanks Mary. > > I did get a very nice plaque from SIGCHI, so there is no need for > another. > > http://www.acm.org/~perlman/images/2005-sigchi-service.jpg > > Gary > > On Thu, 2 Feb 2006, Mary Czerwinski wrote: > > > Erica, can you help Gary Perlman? He was awarded the Lifetime Service > > Award for CHI 2005 last year but opted to receive it this year, in his > > hometown. See his questions below. > > > > Elizabeth, note that we need another plaque made for Gary, unless we > > made it last year. I don't think we did. > > > > Best, > > Mary > > > > -----Original Message----- > > From: Gary PERLMAN [mailto:perlman@turing.acm.org] > > Sent: Thursday, February 02, 2006 4:02 PM > > To: Mary Czerwinski > > Cc: codrington@hq.acm.org; Gary perlman > > Subject: Re: SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award Money Notice > > > > Hi Mary and Julie, > > > > I guess it's time for to get my award at CHI 2006, > > which is in my home town of Montreal this year. > > I'd like to know how to get free registration for the conference. > > > > My ACM member number is 2463016. > > I will also want to add a two day workshop: > > > > The Many Faces of Consistency in Cross-Platform Design > > > > I do not have the special code for the workshop, > > but I know that the fee is $225, so that will > > need to be factored in somehow. > > > > Do you want my US SSN or Canadian SIN or both? > > > > Gary > > > > On Mon, 14 Feb 2005, Mary Czerwinski wrote: > > > > > Dear SIGCHI Lifetime Service Award winners: > > > > > > We heard that some of you would prefer some flexibility in terms of > > how > > > you use your award money. We agree! For that reason, you can use > > your > > > 525.00 (the equivalent of the CHI 2005 conference registration) in > the > > > following ways as you see fit. Please email Julie Codrington > (cc:'d) > > > with your full contact information, your SSN and the way in which > you > > > would like your award applied. > > > > > > Thanks very much and I hope to see you at the awards banquet! > > > > > > Best, > > > Mary > > > > > > Here are options (at your discretion): > > > > > > * Free reg at CHI 2005 > > > > > > * Free reg (and the award presentation) at any other SIGCHI > > > conference instead > > > > > > * $525 either as a travel reimbursement (so no tax consequences) > > > or as an award (which has tax consequences). > > > > > > > > > > > > From perlman@turing.acm.org Fri Feb 3 12:01:56 2006 -0500 Date: Fri, 3 Feb 2006 12:01:56 -0500 (EST) From: Gary PERLMAN To: Jeff Phillips Subject: Re: |STAT request In-Reply-To: Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: O X-Status: X-Keywords: X-UID: 5 Thank you for your interest in |STAT data manipulation and analysis software. UNIX |STAT for is now (only) available via Web browsers at a secret location. http://www.hcibib.org/stat/xyzzy/ To obtain UNIX |STAT files, please follow the instructions at: http://www.acm.org/~perlman/stat/#access There are installation notes (e.g., for Mac OS X and Linux) at: http://www.acm.org/~perlman/stat/installation.txt DOS |STAT executables and documentation are available as a WinZip file: http://www.acm.org/~perlman/stat/DOS-STAT.ZIP HTML documentation is available from the |STAT home page: http://www.acm.org/~perlman/stat/ On Fri, 3 Feb 2006, Jeff Phillips wrote: > I AGREE TO ADHERE TO THE CONDITIONS OF USING |STAT. > I AGREE NOT TO SHARE THE |STAT LOCATION WITH OTHERS. > > From perlman@turing.acm.org Fri Feb 3 13:04:43 2006 -0500 Date: Fri, 3 Feb 2006 13:04:41 -0500 (EST) From: Gary PERLMAN To: "Gary Perlman @ Yahoo" Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: O X-Status: X-Keywords: X-UID: 6 Listing of files in this pack: INT87e.BA ebooks.B IJHCS56.BA BIT11.BA JOCEC11.BA BIT07.BA DIS00.BA SIGDOC23.BA INTER01.BA BCSHCI03.B BIT21.BA BIT22.BA CHI99-2.BA CSCW04.BA DL97.BA HCII03-1.B HCII03-2.B HCII03-3.B HCII03-4.B HYPER02.BA INT03.B IWC11.BA abooks.B IUI99.BA IJHCS52.BA CHI96-1.BA IJHCS53.BA SIGDOC21.BA CHI94-2d.BA SIGCHI26.BA JCSCW06.BA DL02.BA CHI95-2c.BA HFS93-2a.BA HYPERM05.BA IJHCS43.BA IUI00.BA SIGCHI31.BA INTER03.BA HCII95-1b.BA BCSHCI97.BA ESP93.BA IJHCS51.BA INTER04.BA HCI05.BA ASSETS98.BA CHI01-1.BA CHI01-2.BA CHI02-2.BA CHI03-2.BA CHI00-1.BA CHI00-2.BA CHI93a.BA CHI93b.BA CHI94-2b.BA CHI95-1.BA CHI95-2b.BA CHI96-2b.BA CHI96-2a.BA CHI97-1.BA CHI97-2a.BA CHI97-2c.BA CHI98-2c.BA CHI99-1.BA CSCW00.BA DIS02.BA DIS97.BA DL01.BA DOC97.BA DOC99.BA ECHT92.BA ECSCW89.BA ECSCW99.B EWHCI93.BA HCII93-2c.BA HCII93-3.B HCII95-2a.BA HCII97-1.B HCII99-2.B HCII01.B HFS90-2a.BA HFS92-1c.BA HYPER91.BA HYPER93X.BA HYPER96.BA HYPER98.BA INT01.B IR01.BA IR95a.BA IUI03.BA OCS93.BA OZCHI93.BA OZCHI95.BA UI4ALL97.BA BIT16.BA BIT19.BA IJHCI13.BA IJHCI05.BA IJHCI09.BA IJHCS40.BA IJHCS45.BA IJMMS32.BA TYPOS.TXT INTER09.B IWC03.BA IWC06.BA JCSCW08.BA SIGCHI28.BAC TOCHI10.BA TOCHI07.BA TOCHI07.BA fpack:!@#$%^&*(): INT87e.BA %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.953 8/11/91 pt %P 953-957 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.1 From the User's Point of View %T GIOTTO, An Intelligent User-Assistance %A Grazia Butera %A Francesco Pastore %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X The application of AI techniques to the management of a documentation base is a relatively new domain for AI. This paper outlines the problem of simulating, as far as possible, the human approach when it needs to store or retrieve information according to the semantics, supplying an intelligent help to the user when he is looking for some information, but he don't know exactly what. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.959 8/11/91 pt %P 959-964 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.1 From the User's Point of View %T Catalogues: A Metaphor for Computer Application Delivery %A Stuart K. Card %A D. Austin Henderson, Jr. %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X This paper presents the mail-order catalogue as a metaphor for the delivery of application software in an integrated work environment. It also describes, Catalogue, an adjunct to the Rooms multiple virtual workspace environment, which employs this metaphor. This mechanism can be used (1) to give users "instant starts" by letting the users select a standard setup, (2) to allow users to assemble their own environment from standard components, (3) to parameterize a standard component, and (4) to load applications ready to run. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.965 8/11/91 pt %P 965-971 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.1 From the User's Point of View %T Volunteering Information -- Enhancing the Communication Capabilities of Knowledge-Based Systems %A Gerhard Fischer %A Curt Stevens %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X Cooperative problem solving systems support the solution of tasks which cannot be solved by the human or the computer alone. These systems need to be knowledge-based and require flexible communication paradigms allowing natural communication with both experts and novice users of the system. Natural communication (quite different from natural language) has to support mixed-initiative dialogues where information can be volunteered by the system and the user. In this paper, we present prototypical systems which assist users in rebooting a computer. REBOOTER is a rule-based system which guides the user with a strongly system-directed dialogue through this task. The use of this system has shown that the communication paradigm was too narrow to make it a worthwhile tool (especially for the expert user). The SYSTEMS ASSISTANT tries to overcome the noted shortcomings by allowing the users to interact with the system in a mixed-initiative dialogue, to volunteer information and to deviate from the system generated discourse structure. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.973 8/11/91 pt %P 973-978 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.1 From the User's Point of View %T TaskMapper %A John M. Carroll %A Richard E. Herder %A Don Sawtelle, III %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X This is a description of a prototype office information system called TaskMapper. The key interface idea in TaskMapper is to display the user's activity as a path in a two dimensional map. Thus instead of working with a "messy desk", the user works with a task-oriented layout of recently accessed data. The key system idea in TaskMapper is to represent applications as views on collections of objects drawn from a single database. Instead of working with separate bundles of function and data ("applications") that must communicate constantly to provide even the appearance of integration, the user defines and works with relevant subsets of a single database. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.981 8/11/91 pt %P 981-987 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.2 From the Designer's Point of View %T Application Modelling for the Provision of an Adaptive User Interface: A Knowledge Based Approach %A E. Adhami %A D. P. Browne %A S. K. Mitra %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X In developing interactive computer systems, the logical separation of the user interface from the application software is a well recognised design principle. The building of adaptive user interfaces requires this separation to be maintained during the specification and implementation stages. Maintaining this separation places special requirements on the communication between the user interface and the application software. This paper discusses the role of application modelling and knowledge based system approach for supporting these requirements. The design and implementation of an application model for constructing an exemplar adaptive user interface are presented and conclusions are drawn regarding the potential benefits of application modelling. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.989 8/11/91 pt %P 989-995 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.2 From the Designer's Point of View %T A Formal Design Methodology for End-User Interfaces -- A Small Case Study Based on UNICON %A H. E. Bez %A D. J. Cooke %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X A unified design methodology [3] currently under study is applied to a small system developed some years ago at L.U.T. [7]. Although simple, the system has been exploited commercially and hence provide a realistic test vehicle for the new methodology. We show how a full formal description of the required interface is evolved by graphical and algebraic means and how it can be 'exercised' by logic programming tools in order to permit the specification to be tested by the system designer. The resulting specification can be used to verify implementations or as starting point for the application of transformational techniques aimed at producing a procedural realisation of the system. The relationship between our approach and other methodologies is also considered. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.997 8/11/91 pt %P 997-999 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.2 From the Designer's Point of View %T Computer Aided Ergonomics Design -- A Program for Suitable Control Locations %A Markku Mattila %A Markku Leppanen %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X Computer Aided Design (CAD) has several advantages over the traditional design process. These advantages may be utilized also when ergonomics and safety are designed. The aim of this paper is i) to describe three CAD-programs with respect to ergonomics in the design of work systems and ii) to present some experiences of the new possibilities offered by CAD to ergonomic and safety improvements in design. The CAD-programs developed and tested in this study are concerning recommended location areas for controls, evaluation of control locations and 3-dimensional man-model. CAD-programs for ergonomic analysis are giving to the designer a new tool to insure the high-quality of ergonomic design. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1001 8/11/91 pt %P 1001-1006 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.2 From the Designer's Point of View %T Algorithms to Transform the Formal Specification of a User-Computer Interface %A James D. Foley %A Won Chul Kim %A Christina A. Gibbs %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X N/A %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1007 8/11/91 pt %P 1007-1012 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.2 From the Designer's Point of View %T The Role of the Dialogue System in a User Interface Management System %A J. L. Alty %A J. Mullin %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X The respective roles of the Dialogue Controller and Application Model in a User Interface Management System are discussed in the context of a process control application, and application dependent and independent aspects of the dialogue are identified. A multi-channel dialogue controller is proposed which allows concurrent interaction on the interface and dialogues are implemented as a set of dialogue assistants. Application independent assistants control the transfer of information and application dependent assistants implement the task-orientated conversations. As far as possible the design of an assistant is independent of any other. This eases problems in dialogue design and allows assistants to be defined in a specification language which can be analysed for appropriate properties. Assistants can be constructed using a number of paradigms. An event-driven network approach is given as an example. A possible object-orientated approach is briefly outlined. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1015 8/11/91 pt %P 1015-1020 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.3 Advances in Design Techniques %T A Requirements Specification for Next-Generation CAD Systems %A Phil John %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X Current CAD systems suffer from a number of deficiencies. They are typically draughting tools, not design systems, and as such are the logical outcome of bottom-up design, based on assumptions that are no longer sufficient for current manufacturing industry. Instead, by starting from the context in which CAD systems will be used, it is possible to derive a requirements specification that reflects the needs of the organisation. The outcome of this approach is that a great extension is needed to the functionality of CAD systems, and some of the resulting research problems that must be solved before viable systems can be built are outlined. These problems include a discussion of the sorts of organisations in which such CAD systems could be embedded with some chance of efficient use. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1021 8/11/91 pt %P 1021-1026 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.3 Advances in Design Techniques %T Human Factors in Computer Vision Systems: Design of an Interactive User Interface %A Volker Haarslev %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X A new approach for engineering the user interfaces of image sequence analysis systems is presented. This approach is based on a cognitive model of potential users and on a systematic evaluation of the man-machine communication aspects of image sequence analysis systems. We developed an adaptive user interface for a class of image sequence analysis systems using a data flow architecture. The user interface offers an object-oriented interaction model and allows the direct manipulation of graphical representations of system components. Finally, a corresponding prototype system is described which has been implemented in the programming language Ada. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1027 8/11/91 pt %P 1027-1032 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.3 Advances in Design Techniques %T The Basis for User-Oriented, Context Sensitive Functions %A James A. Carter, Jr. %A Michael Schweighardt %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X N/A %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1033 8/11/91 pt %P 1033-1038 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.3 Advances in Design Techniques %T A New Model for Separable Interactive Systems %A Gilbert Cockton %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X Separating the user interface from the 'rest of the application' is a key goal in interactive systems design. The required separation goes beyond software modularity and entails user interfaces and application functions which are both unconstrained by each other's design features. Yet two components which know nothing of each other cannot communicate without an intermediary. A two component interactive system must compromise on separability. A new three component model is presented. A linkage component passes user interface information to application functions and returns application function results to the user interface. The second component, the user interface can have a truly generic core. Reconfiguration requires no direct knowledge of application functions. The third component, the non-interactive core, provides the application's functionality. Inter-component relationships are explored to identify user interface features which constrain non-interactive core design and vice-versa. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1041 8/11/91 pt %P 1041-1046 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.4 Advances in Rapid Prototyping %T A Blackboard Architecture for the Realization of Software-Ergonomic Demands %A Helmut Balzert %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X A flexible software architecture is necessary in order to allow the adaptation of the human-computer-interface as well as the application systems to the wishes and abilities of the individual user. The blackboard concept used for the realization of expert systems was modified and extended for the human-computer-interface and the application systems. There is a separate blackboard for the I/O layer, for the dialog layer, for the application systems and for the information & consulting system. The blackboards communicate with each other by tasks. Each blackboard consists of one control part and one domain part. The following knowledge bases have been grouped to the domain part: knowledge about each domain area, user model, user intentions, established conventions, system intentions and self-model. One knowledge source contains local control knowledge, the other contains global control knowledge. The latter controls the strategy to activate one of the existing tasks. The architecture was evaluated in two exemplary implementations. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1047 8/11/91 pt %P 1047-1052 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.4 Advances in Rapid Prototyping %T Constructive Formal Specifications for Rapid Prototyping %A Rainer Gimnich %A Jurgen Ebert %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X The approach presented here suggests a way to translate software specifications into an operational form which can be used as a prototype, for revising the requirements, and for testing purposes by relating it to the actual implementation developed later. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1053 8/11/91 pt %P 1053-1058 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.4 Advances in Rapid Prototyping %T Rapid Prototyping of Man-Machine Interfaces for Telecommunications Equipment Using Interactive Animated Computer Graphics %A D. T. Henskes %A J. C. Tolmie %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X The concept of Rapid Prototyping can be extended from software development support to simulation of man-machine interfaces. This approach will help meeting the challenge imposed on telecommunications engineering by the evolution of an European broadband network system with its subsequent need for highly acceptable user services. Animated computer graphics is a cost effective way for introducing simulation into the earliest possible phase of the design cycle. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1059 8/11/91 pt %P 1059-1063 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.4 Advances in Rapid Prototyping %T Evaluation of Rapid Prototyping Methodology in a Human Interface %A J. R. Harris %A D. W. Parker %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X When designing a custom-built system for a prospective user, they need to understand and relate to the Requirements Specification in sufficient detail to imagine how they will use the system. This has led to the notion of "show don't tell", needing a quick working prototype. Rapid prototyping has been shown to be an essential tool for participative system design. We present experiences in developing a prototype for the human interface for a database containing surveillance records for handicapped children, which will be used by clinicians and administrators in a Health Board Authority. The user requirements were: regular assessment of a child's condition; monitoring of the child's access to, and take up of, certain special services needed; and easy compilation of figures relating to the health of the children. We describe the types of changes required by the user in the early phases of the prototype and the limitations which should be imposed on the extent of the rapid prototyping technique. We also discuss the contributions to understanding of the exact needs of the user and how iterative design methodologies achieve those needs. We highlight the benefits that speed and low investment of effort have on the design process. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1067 8/11/91 pt %P 1067-1073 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.5 Advances in Knowledge Based Systems %T Design and Implementation of Direct Manipulative and Deictic User Interfaces to Knowledge Based Systems %A K. H. Hanne %A A. Grable %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X The basic ideas for the design and the implementation of a direct (graphical) manipulation interface system are described. Architecture and structure are based on layered models. The system allows the inclusion of deictic / natural language references to objects represented on the screen. The system was developed and implemented on Sun workstations in 'C' and 'Prolog' under the operating system Unix, providing a set of modules and a communication layer for combined interfaces. Two applications, a direct manipulative interface to an expert system and a form query system allowing natural language / direct manipulation interaction, are described. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1075 8/11/91 pt %P 1075-1080 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.5 Advances in Knowledge Based Systems %T X-AiD: An Adaptive and Knowledge-Based Human-Computer Interface %A Christoph G. Thomas %A Gert M. Kellermann %A Hans-Werner Hein %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X A system will be introduced which realizes an application independent human-computer interface. Its surface offers the users an integrated and extendable structure of icons, windows, menus, natural text, universal operations, and special services. The system X-AiD is designed using AI techniques. The interface operates based on declarative knowledge. X-AiD represents common sense about "working with a computer" in general, expert knowledge about the supported applications behind it, and collected knowledge about each of its users. Knowledge is described using the representation language HAL. HAL enables comfortable declaration of object schemes with multiple inheritances and extensive default-handling. All HAL objects may contain specialized rulesets related to human-computer interaction topics (e.g. syntax, semantics, display). The system is prepared to work in a "learning by being used"-mode where it memorizes protocols about all occurring actions, including UNDO and REDO operations. Later on it analyses those protocols extracting frequent "plans of action" which the specific user mainly followed. This learned knowledge is applied vice versa to aid this user e.g. by preparing for him situation-dependent menus and objects for him down the mainstream of his work or explaining to him his dialog state and how he got there. The working prototype will be presented on a Symbolics 3620 during the conference. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1081 8/11/91 pt %P 1081-1087 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.5 Advances in Knowledge Based Systems %T Metrics for the Building, Evaluation and Comprehension of Self-Regulating Adaptive Systems %A Dermot P. Browne %A Robert Trevellyan %A Peter Totterdell %A Mike Norman %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X Experiences gained during the production of adaptive systems have demonstrated the need for a set of terms by which elements of the system can be referenced. Among these elements are the data being monitored and generated for purposes of user modelling and the control of system behaviour. These data elements, referred to as metrics, are categorised and described in order to provide a terminology that has proved useful during the design, build and evaluation of adaptive systems. The descriptive power afforded by these metrics is discussed by drawing on an example of building a self-regulating adaptive system. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1089 8/11/91 pt %P 1089-1093 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.5 Advances in Knowledge Based Systems %T The Graphical Representation of Knowledge as an Interface to Knowledge Based Systems %A Ray McAleese %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X This paper reports on a technique for portraying the detail and the extent of knowledge on a graphical interface. Research has centered on concept maps which derive from ideas such as "hypertext". Such maps represent the structure and inter-connections between concept labels in knowledge structures. A "map" is a bounded view of one aspect of the overall knowledge-data structure. A map is a synonym for a browser. Users can decompress (expand) or compress (reduce to a minimal level) concept relationships based on selection criteria. This map metaphor is based on cognitive theory that supports the representation of knowledge. In knowledge elicitation the chosen interface gives the expert a network metaphor of their knowledge. Each concept (concept label) can be seen as a label with a finite set of links. As the knowledge structure grows a variety of browsers allow the user to see all or part of the knowledge base. Users can select a topic label as the starting point for a browser, define its limits and specify the type of links (relationships) to be included. Such an interface is a powerful tool as it uses the human eye, which has under used channel capacity, to process complex data structures. The system has been implemented on a workstation which allows multiple windows in a WIMP environment. Knowledge can be entered at any level, compressed (top to down) or decompressed (bottom to up). The system (called KIM: Knowledge and Information Mapping) keeps integrity between different views. The paper reports on user trials with the system. It suggests that problems can arise when the user can not easily reconcile different views and perspectives. The paper highlights the importance of "terrain knowledge" of knowledge based systems (global views), in addition to "street knowledge" (local views). %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1097 8/17/91 pt %P 1097-1100 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.6 Novel Application Systems %T Computer Aided Architectural Design Work %A Lars Kjelldahl %A Jerker Lundequist %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X This paper deals with the relation between the architect as a professional CAD (Computer Aided Design) system user and the problems of interactive computer graphics. Considerable efforts in R&D are today aimed at looking at how the interaction of professional users with graphic workstations should be designed, to present these users with efficient tools, good working conditions and a choice of ways of using their professional skills. The rapid development of computer graphics has created new conditions for design work. The new technology with single user work stations, high resolution screens, efficient tools of interaction, bitmapping, windowing, video input, laser scanning and so on, entails new possibilities for the design professions. Research efforts in the area of man-machine interaction supported by this new technology, involves by necessity several disciplines: computer science, cognitive psychology, linguistics, graphics, esthetics, and design methodology. In our everyday language the meaning of the term "design" is vague and complex. Here we use the term "design" as a synonym for "artifact determination". Before the actual production of an artifact can start, it is necessary to determine its properties - of function, form, structure, durability, cost of production and maintenance, as well as to estimate the economic or ecological consequences which will follow. The designer and his client have to determine the properties of the artifact (for example, buildings, consumer goods, machinery, abstract or concrete systems, graphics, that is, all kinds of artifacts or systems of artifacts). %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1101 8/17/91 pt %P 1101-1106 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.6 Novel Application Systems %T Research on Model Based Document Processing System DARWIN %A Miwako Doi %A Mika Fukui %A Isamu Iwai %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X This paper describes a newly developed automatic document architecture extraction system with a document entity model. Hierarchical and anaphoric structural knowledge for chapter and anaphora is represented as a grammar in the document entity model. Automatic document architecture extraction is the first phase of a model based document processing system, DARWIN (Document Architecture Realization for Well-Informed INterface). The purpose of DARWIN is to provide a natural and comfortable document processing environment for both authors and readers. Two other models, an author model and a reader model, are going to be embedded. Experimental results have shown that the automatic document architecture extraction system is sufficiently powerful to detect hierarchical and anaphoric structures. This paper is structured and formatted by the current DARWIN system, in which a simple reader model is implemented. %B INTACT87 %D 1987 %M C.INT.87.1107 8/17/81 pt %P 1107-1113 %S 5. Forefront Systems and Techniques: 5.6 Novel Application Systems %T How Do We Distinguish the Hyper from the Hype in Non-Linear Text? %A William P. Jones %* (c) Copyright 1987 IFIP %X The good news is that non-linear or hypertext systems may dramatically increase the accessibility of information. The bad news is that this increased accessibility may magnify further an already severe problem of selection. Whether we are sending or receiving a body of information, we must take steps to distinguish its components on the basis of their potential importance or relevance. Current hypertext efforts have focused on the development of tools giving users direct control over the formation and traversal of links connecting units of information in a network structure. Such tools place considerable power and a considerable burden in the hands of the users. Information must be initially organized in ways that prove useful later on; links leading to relevant information must subsequently be distinguished from a potentially large number of others. These activities may be very difficult to accomplish in an expanding knowledge base. In this article we look at potential selection in hypertext and we examine some of the ways in which these problems may be remedied. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): ebooks.B %M E.Ackerman.90 1/1/93 lo %0 EDITED BOOK %T Mental Models and Human-Computer Interaction 1 %E D. Ackermann %E M. J. Tauber %D 1990 %C Amsterdam, The Netherlands %I North-Holland %G ISBN 0-444-88453-X %Y THEORY (1-70) Limited Theories as a Framework for Human-Computer Interaction (3-40) + Thomas R. G. Green Mental Models and the Control of Action in Complex Environments (41-70) + Jens Rasmussen MENTAL MODELS AND PSYCHOLOGY (71-130) On the Dynamics of Mental Models (73-94) + Yvonne Waern Problem-Solving Research and Human-Computer Interaction (95-112) + Uta Gumm + Herbert Hagendorf Styles, Skills and Strategies: Cognitive Variability and its Implications for the Role of Mental Models in HCI (113-129) + G. Robert J. Hockey EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATIONS (131-192) Empirical Investigations and Simulations of Mental Models (133-150) + David Ackermann + Thomas Greutmann Mental Models and Strategies in the Control of a Complex System (151-164) + Olaf J. Ringelband + Carlo Misiak + Rainer H. Kluwe An Experimental Study on Mental Models in Database Search (165-176) + Lena Linde + Monica Bergstrom Empirical Study on the Reference Interview in Bibliographic Online Retrieval (177-192) + Manfred Wettler + Angelika Glockner-Rist LEARNING (193-228) The Role of the User Model in Learning as an Internally and Externally Directed Activity (195-208) + Pamela Briggs On the Relationship between a User's Self-Teaching and his Knowledge (209-228) + Raimund Schindler + Alwin Schuster INTERDISCIPLINARY DESIGN (229-334) Toward Adaptive User Interfaces (231-252) + Elke Wetzenstein-Ollenschlager + Hardtmut Wandke Designing for the Mental Model: An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Definition of a User Interface for Electronic Mail Systems (253-288) + Gerrit C. van der Veer + Steve Guest + Pim Haselager + Peter innocent + Eddy McDaid + Lars Oestreicher + Michael J. Tauber + Ulfert Vos + Yvonne Waern GNEWS: Results of an Experiment on the Reinforcement of a Mental Communication Model by a Visual Interface (289-304) + Michael L. Begeman Mental Concepts and Direct Manipulation: Drafting a Direct Manipulation Query Language (305-320) + Gabriele Rohr Mental Models and the Design of User Models + Walter Rupietta FORMAL MODELLING (335-374) User Modelling for a Text-Editor Coach (337-353) + Michel C. Desmarais + Luc Giroux + Serge Larochelle A Grammar-Based Approach to Unifying Task-Oriented and System-Oriented Interface Descriptions (353-374) + Heinz Ulrich Hoppe %M E.Adler.92 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Usability: Turning Technologies into Tools %E Paul S. Adler %E Terry A. Winograd %P 208 %D 1992 %I Oxford Univ Press %G ISBN 0-19507510-2 %Y 1. The Usability Challenge + Paul S. Adler + Terry Winograd 2. Design for Usability: Crafting a Strategy for the Design of a New Generation of Xerox Copiers + John J. Rheinfrank + William R. Hartman + Arnold Wasserman 3. Designing Effective Systems: A Tool Approach + Charles D. Kukla + Elizabeth Anne Clemens + Robert S. Morse + Debra Cash 4. Skill-Based Design: Productivity, Learning, and Organizational Effectiveness + Harold Salzman 5. Scandinavian Design: On Participation and Skill + Pelle Ehn 6. Work at the Interface: Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Job Design + J. Martin Corbett 7. Enacting Design for the Workplace + John Seely Brown + Paul Duguid %M E.Ardissono.04 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Personalized Digital Television - Targeting Programs to Individual Viewers %S Human-Computer Interaction Series, Vol. 6 %I Springer-Verlag %E Ardissono, Liliana %E Alfred Kobsa %E Mark T. Maybury %D 2004 %P 331 %G ISBN 1-4020-2163-1 %Y I: ELECTRONIC PROGRAM GUIDES 1. User Modeling and Recommendation Techniques for Personalized Electronic Program Guides + L. Ardissono et al 2. TV Personalization System. Design of a TV Show Recommender Engine and Interface + J. Zimmerman et al 3. Case-Studies on the Evolution of the Personalized Electronic Program Guide + B. Smyth + P. Cotter 4. Interactive Television Personalization. From Guides to Programs + D. O'Sullivan et al 5. Group Modeling: Selecting a Sequence of Television Items to Suit a Group of Viewers + J. Masthoff 6. Categorization of Japanese TV Viewers Based on Program Genres They Watch + Y. Hara et al. II: BROADCAST NEWS AND PERSONALIZED CONTENT 7. Personalcasting: Tailored Broadcast News + M. Maybury et al 8. Media Augmentation and Personalization through Multimedia Processing and Information Extraction + M. Dimitrova et al 9. Contentmorphing: A Novel System for Broadcast Delivery of Personalized Content + A. Rambhia et al. III: ITV USER INTERFACES 10. Designing Usable Interfaces for TV Recommender Systems + J. van Barneveld + M. Setten 11. The Time-Pillar World. A 3-D Paradigm for the New Enlarged TV Information Domain + F. Pittarello. %M E.Badre.80 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Directions in Human-Computer Interaction %E Albert Badre %E Ben Shneiderman %G ISBN 0-89391144-5 %D 1980 %P 225 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %M E.Badre.82 4/27/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %T Directions in Human/Computer Interaction %E Albert Badre %E Ben Shneiderman %D 1982 %P 240 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %G ISBN 0-89391-144-5 %M E.Baecker.87 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: A Multidisciplinary Approach %E Ronald M. Baecker %E William A. S. Buxton %D 1987 %P 738 %C Los Altos, CA %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %W http://www.hcibib.org/ftp/baeck87.bib %G ISBN 0-934613-24-9; QA 76.9.I58R43 %K GENERAL Lifecycle DESIGN Dialogue Psych Prototype Device Social Specification IMPLEMENTATION UIMS Windows Guidance EVALUATION Model Empirical tools %Y INTRODUCTION Case Study A: The Design of a Voice Messaging System I: THE CONTEXT OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 1 A Historical and Intellectual Perspective 2 The Socio/Political Environment 3 The Physical Environment II: THE USER AND THE USAGE OF INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SYSTEMS 4 Empirical Evaluation of User Interfaces Case Study B: The Psychology of Computer Programming 5 Models of Computer User and Usage 6 Cognition and Human Information Processing Case Study C: Text Editors and Word Processors 7 The Visual Channel 8 The Haptic Channel 9 The Audio Channel III: THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SYSTEMS 10 Interaction Styles and Techniques 11 Design Principles and Methodologies 12 Programming Techniques and Tools 13 Enhancing System Usability Case Study D: The Star, the Lisa, and the Macintosh 14 Research Frontiers and Unsolved Problems Guide to Further Reading %M E.Baecker.93 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Readings in Groupware and Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Assisting Human-Human Collaboration %E Ronald M. Baecker %D 1993 %P 882 %C Mountain View, CA %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 1-55860-241-0; OCLC 27108433 %Y PART I: INTRODUCTION (1) 1. Introduction to Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (7) 2. The Adoption, Deployment, and Use of Groupware (67) PART II: BEHAVIORAL FOUNDATIONS AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES (107) 3. Human Behavior in Groups and Organizations (109) 4. Groupware Design and Evaluation Methodologies (187) 5. Case Studies of Cooperative Work (235) 6. Enabling Technologies and Theories (329) PART III: ASYNCHRONOUS GROUPWARE (397) 7. Electronic Mail and Computer Conferencing (399) 8. Structured Messages, Agents, and Workflows (457) 9. Cooperative Hypertext and Organizational Memory (519) PART IV: SYNCHRONOUS GROUPWARE (581) 10. Desktop Conferencing (583) 11. System and Language Support for Desktop Conferencing (633) 12. Electronic Meeting and Decision Rooms (691) 13. Media Spaces (775) PART V: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS (849) 14. The Future of Groupware for CSCW (851) REFERENCES (855) INDEX (873) %M E.Baecker.95 9/25/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: Toward the Year 2000 %E Ronald M. Baecker %E Jonathan Grudin %E William A. S. Buxton %E Saul Greenberg %D 1995 %P 900 %G ISBN 1-55860-246-1; OCLC 32235999 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %O Second Edition %Y I. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION Case A Iterative Design of an Information Kiosk 1. A Historical and Intellectual Perspective Case B The Emergence of Graphical User Interfaces II. THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS 2. Design and Evaluation 3. Considering Work Contexts in Design 4. Software Development Contexts 5. Development Tools III. INTERACTING WITH COMPUTERS 6. Vision, Graphic Design, and Visual Display 7. Touch, Gesture, and Marking 8. Speech, Language, and Audition IV. PSYCHOLOGY AND HUMAN FACTORS 9. Human Information Processing 10. Designing to Fit Human Capabilities V. RESEARCH FRONTIERS IN HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 11. Groupware and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 12. From Customizable Systems to Intelligent Agents 13. Hypertext and Multimedia Case C A Multimedia Communication System 14. Cyberspace %M B.Bajaj.99 %0 BOOK %T Interactive Data Visualization Techniques %S Trends in Software %E Chandrajit Bajaj %E Bala Krishnamurthy %D 1999 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-96356-9 %Y Visualization Paradigms + C. L. Bajaj Introduction Volume Rendering Isocontouring Flow Visualization Quantification Data Reduction Topology Functions on Surfaces Efficient Techniques for Volume Rendering of Scalar Fields + R. Yagel Introduction Algorithm Optimization Parallel and Distributed Architectures Commercial Graphics Hardware Future Accelerated Isocontouring of Scalar Fields + C. L. Bajaj + V. Pascucci + D. R. Schikore Introduction Cell Triangulation Cell Search Cell Traversal Hierarchical and Out-of-core Processing Summary Future Directions Surface Interrogation: Visualization Techniques for Surface Analysis + S. Hahmann Introduction Review of Differential Geometry Surface Interrogation Methods Vector Field Visualization Techniques + R. Crawfis + N. Max Particle Advection Techniques Global Techniques via Texture Generation Classification Techniques Applications of Texture Mapping to Volume and Flow Visualization + N. Max B. Becker + R. Crawfis Introduction Texture Mapping Volume Rendering Flow Visualization Texture Advection Acknowledgments Continuous Bayesian Tissue Classification for Visualization + D. H. Laidlaw Introduction A Framework for Classification Solutions A Family of Solutions Results Discussion Conclusions %M E.Balka.2000 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Women, Work and Computerization: Charting a Course to the Future %E Ellen Balka %E Richard Smith %D 2000 %P 320 %G ISBN 0-7923-7864-4 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-7864-4 %S International Federation for Information Processing : Volume 172 %O contains selected papers from the Seventh International Conference on Women, Work and Computerization (WWC 2000) %Y Introduction; E. Balka. 1: The Absence of Women in Computing Making the Computer Masculine + E. Van Oost Do Computers Transform People Into Women and Men? + B. Torpel Net Gains + R. Pringle + S. Nielsen + L. Von Hellens + A. Greenhill + L. Parfitt Women And Computing + D. Ramanee Peiris + P. Gregor Indigo V 2: Training and Careers The Globalization Of Gender in IT + M. Suriya + A. Panteli Women in Computer Science + I. Miliszewska + J. Horwood Gender Differences in Vancouver Secondary Students + V. Chan + K. Stafford + M. Klawe + G. Chen Why I.T. Doesn't Appeal to Young Women + J. Symonds Computer Self Efficacy and Gender + A. Durndell + Z. Haag + D. Asenova + H. Laithwaite Where Are They At With IT? + A. Craig + A. Stein ARC + M. Klawe + I. Cavers + F. Popowich + G. Chen 3: The Nuts and Bolts of System Design Information Systems + A. Adam Constructing Common Sense + C. Sherron Masculine World Disguised as Gender Neutral + T. Kuosa Doubting the Object World + C. K. M. Crutzen + J. F. Gerrissen Gendered User-Representations + E. Rommes Information System Development Methodologies + H. Abimbola Soriyan + A. Mursu + M. Korpela Will ETs Understand Us If They Make Contact? + E. Turner + L. Stepulevage 4: Gender Differences in Computer Use Considering the Gender of Your Web Audience + J. Fisher + A. Craig Gender Differences in Web Navigation + S. Mcdonald + L. Spencer Women in Computer-Mediated Discussions + C. Owen. 5: Citizenship Electronic Democracy + P. Roberts Discourses and Cracks + A. Ekelin + P. Elovaara Local Interpretations of Information Technology + S. Tuuva Courting Women @ E-Com + L. Regan Shade 6: Computers in Everyday Life Negotiating Time and Space for Every-Day Pleasure + E. Green Young Girls On the Internet + T. Hapnes + B. Rasmussen New Technology Increasing Old Inequality? + T. Hapnes + B. Rasmussen 7: Women and Work Squeezing Librarians Out Of The Middle + R. Harris Sleep in a Sleepless Age? + A. Pugh `My Home Workplace is My Castle' + C. Fulton The Cottage or the Sweatshop? + S. Bryant Small Business Use of Electronic Networks + L. Wood 8: The Use of Computers in Education Feminist Pedagogy and the Lap Top Computer + P. Chegwidden Education On-Line: What's In It For Women? + H. J. Richardson + S. French %M E.Baumann.01 2001-12-25 %0 BOOK %E Konrad Baumann %E Bruce Thomas %T User Interface Design for Electronic Appliances %O foreword by Brenda Laurel %I Taylor & Francis %D 2001 %G ISBN 0-415-24335-1 %P 424 %Y Foreword + Brenda Laurel Part One: Introduction 1. Background + Bruce Thomas 2. Introduction + Konrad Baumann 3. The Interaction Design Process + Georg Rakers Part Two: User Interface Design 4. Creativity Techniques + Irene Mavrommati 5. Design Principals + Irene Mavrommati + Adrian Martel 6. Design of On-Screen Interfaces + Irene Mavrommati Part Three: Input Devices 7. Controls + Konrad Baumann 8. Keyboards + Konrad Baumann 9. Advanced Interaction Techniques + Christopher Baber + Konrad Baumann 10. Speech Control + Christopher Baber + Jan Noyes 11. Wearable Computers + Christopher Baber Part Four: Output Devices 12. Visual Displays + Konrad Baumann 13. Auditory Displays + Othmar Schimmel 14. Tactile Displays and Speech Output + Leo Poll Part Five: Important Issues 15. Standards in User Interface Design + Jennifer Weston 16. Usability Evaluation + Bruce Thomas 17. Pleasure with Products - the New Human Factors + Patrick E. Jordan 18. National Cultures and Design + Patrick W. Jordan Appendix Summary of Guidelines + Konrad Baumann Guide to Further Reading + Susan Coles %M E.Beaudouin-Lafon.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Computer Supported Co-operative Work %E M. Beaudouin-Lafon %I John Wiley & Sons %P 258 %D 1999 %S Trends in Software %V 7 %W http://www.daimi.au.dk/~mbl/Trends-CSCW/ %G ISBN 0-471-96736-X %Y Designing Groupware Applications: A Work-Centered Design Approach + Kate Ehrlich Workflow Technology + Clarence A. Ellis Media Spaces: Environments for Informal Multimedia Interaction + Wendy E. Mackay Integration of Shared Workspace and Interpersonal Space for Remote Collaboration + Hiroshi Ishii Group Editors + Atul Prakash Groupware Toolkits for Synchronous Work + Saul Greenberg + Mark Roseman Architectures for Collaborative Applications + Prasun Dewan Software Infrastructures + Paul Dourish Expanding the Role of Formal Methods in CSCW + Chris Johnson %M E.Bias.94 9/25/93 5/18/94 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Cost-Justifying Usability %E Randolph G. Bias %E Deborah J. Mayhew %D 1994 %N 14 %P 334 %C Boston, MA %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12-095810-4, OCLC %Y I. A FRAMEWORK 1. Wherefore Cost Justification of Usability: Pay Me Now or Pay Me Later -- But How Much? (3) + Randolph G. Bias 2. A Basic Framework for Cost-Justifying Usability Engineering (9) + Deborah J. Mayhew + Marilyn Mantei 3. A Business Case Approach to Usability Cost Justification (45) + Clare-Marie Karat II. APPROACHES TO COST-JUSTIFYING USABILITY (71) 4. Cost Justification of Usability Engineering: A Vendor's Perspective (73) + Kate Ehrlich + Janice Anne Rohn 5. Human Factors Cost Justification of an Internal Development Project (111) + Susan M. Dray + Clare-Marie Karat 6. Cost-Justifying Usability in a Contractor Company (123) + Charles L. Mauro PART III. CASE STUDIES (143) 7. UPAR Analysis: Dollar Measurement of a Usability Indicator for Software Products (145) + Mary E. Cox + Paige O'Neal + Wayne L. Pendley 8. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Upgrading Computer Hardware (159) + Deborah J. Mayhew 9. Reuse: A Case Study on Cost-Benefit of Adopting a Common Software Development Tool (177) + Nuray Aykin 10. Design of a Human Factors Cost-Justification Tool (203) + Mary C. Harrison + Richard L. Henneman + Louis A. Blatt IV. SPECIAL ISSUES (243) 11. Guerrilla HCI: Using Discount Usability Engineering to Penetrate the Intimidation Barrier (245) + Jakob Nielsen 12. Justifying Prepaid Human Factors for User Interfaces (273) + Ruven Brooks 13. Organizational Inhibitors and Facilitators (287) + Deborah J. Mayhew + Randolph G. Bias 14. Summary: A Place at the Table (319) + Randolph G. Bias + Deborah J. Mayhew Index (327-334) %M E.Bergman.00 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Information Appliances and Beyond %E Eric Bergman %D 2000 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %P 384 %G ISBN 1-55860-600-9 %Y Introduction + Eric Bergman A Conversation with Don Norman + Eric Bergman + Don Norman Design Considerations for Information Appliances + Mike Mohageg + Annette Wagner Designing Information Appliances at Netpliance + Scott Isensee + Ken Kalinoski + Karl Vochatzer Designing the Palm Pilot: A Conversation with Robert Haitani + Eric Bergman + Robert Haitani Interaction Design and Usability of Microsoft Windows CE + Sarah Zuberec The EPOC User Interface in the Psion Series 5 + Nick Healey Designing Mobile Phones and Communicators at Nokia + Kaisa Vaananen-Vainio-Mattila + Satu Ruuska Designing the User Interface for a Vehicle Navigation System: A Case Study + Aaron Marcus Interactive plush characters as social interfaces + Erik Strommen Design Lessons from Interactive Games + Chuck Clanton Interactive Persuasion with Netsmart Devices + B. J. Fogg %M E.Blackwell.01 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Thinking with Diagrams %E Alan F. Blackwell %D 2001 %P 140 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %G ISBN 0-7923-6944-0 %O Reprinted from Artificial Intelligence Review, 15:1-2 %Y Thinking with Diagrams The Graphic-Linguistic Distinction: Exploring Alternatives + A. Shimojima Aligning Logical and Psychological Perspectives on Diagrammatic Reasoning + K. Stenning + O. Lemon Diagrammatic Reasoning: An Artificial Intelligence Perspective + P. Olivier Cognitive Science Approaches To Understanding Diagrammatic Representations + P. C.-H. Cheng et al Cognitive Factors in Programming with Diagrams + A. F. Blackwell et al Learning to Think and Communicate with Diagrams: 14 Questions to Consider + P. Brna et al Thinking with Diagrams in Architectural Design + E. Y.-L. Do + M. D. Gross %M E.Blaser.83 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Enduser Systems and Their Human Factors %E A. Blaser %E M. Zoeppritz %D 1983 %P 138 %G ISBN 0-38712273-7 %C Berlin %I Springer-Verlag %O proceedings of the scientific symposium conducted on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the Science Center Heidelberg of IBM Germany, Heidelberg, March 18, 1983 %M E.Blattner.92 4/26/92 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Multimedia Interface Design %E Meera Blattner %E Roger Dannenberg %D 1992 %P 512 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %I ACM Press %G ISBN 0-201-54981-6, OCLC 24913195; ACM Order number 704920 %Y Preface (vii-xii) + Meera M. Blattner + Roger B. Dannenberg 0. Introduction: The Trend Toward Multimedia Interfaces (xvii-xxv) + Roger Dannenberg + Meera Blattner PART I. MODELS, METAPHORS, AND PARADIGMS Introduction to Part I (3-6) + David M. Weimer 1. Issues in the Usability of Time-Varying Multimedia (7-38) + Michael J. Muller + Robert F. Farrell + Kathleen D. Cebulka + John G. Smith 2. Toward a Model for Active Multimedia Documents (39-52) + Polle T. Zellweger 3. Issues in Multimedia Interface Design: Media Integration and Interface Agents (53-64) + Brenda Laurel + Tim Oren + Abbe Don 4. Human Computer Interaction in the Piano Tutor (65-78) + Roger B. Dannenberg + Robert L. Joseph 5. Multimedia and the Art of Linking Reality (79-86) + Joseph Nolthuis 6. Listening to Turbulence: An Example of Scientific Audiolization (87-102) + Meera M. Blattner + Robert M. Greenberg + Minao Kamegai PART II. COMPOSITION AND COMBINATION Introduction to Part II (105-107) + Alexander I. Rudnicky 7. Interaction Techniques Using Hand Tracking and Speech Recognition (109-126) + David Weimer + S. K. Ganapathy 8. Multimodal Communication: Integrating Text and Gestures (127-138) + Karl-Heinz Hanne + Hans-Jorg Bullinger 9. Application-Independent Object Selection from Inaccurate Multimodal Input (139-145) + Randy Pausch + Rich Gossweiler 10. Multimodal Interaction in Speech Systems (147-171) + Alexander I. Rudnicky + Alexander Hauptmann 11. Stereophonic and Surface Sound Generation for Exploratory Data Analysis (173-182) + Stuart Smith + Georges G. Grinstein + R. Daniel Bergeron PART III. PREREQUISITES AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGY Introduction to Part III (185-188) + Elizabeth M. Wenzel 12. The Inferential Appropriateness of a Manipulable Inter-Medium Encoding (189-216) + Alan P. Parkes 13. The Design Space of Input Devices (217-232) + Stuart K. Card + Jock D. Mackinlay + George G. Robertson 14. Integration of Understanding and Synthesis Functions for Multimedia Interfaces (233-256) + Yoichi Takebayashi 15. Three-Dimensional Virtual Acoustic Displays (257-288) + Elizabeth M. Wenzel 16. Feeling and Seeing: Issues in Force Display (289-306) + Margaret Minsky + Ming Ouh-Young + Oliver Steele + Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. + Max Behensky PART IV. ARCHITECTURES Introduction to Part IV (309-310) + Lillian Ruston + R. Douglas Riecken 17. Architectural Qualities and Principles for Multimodal and Multimedia Interfaces (311-318) + Will Hill + David Wroblewski + Tim McCandless + Rich Cohen 18. Human-Machine Interaction and Perception (319-338) + R. Douglas Riecken 19. Toward an "Operating System" for User Interface Components (339-355) + Andrew J. Palay 20. Highly Iconic Interfaces (357-372) + Brian Michon 21. A Compositional Model of Human-Computer Dialogues (373-404) + Srdjan Kovacevic %M E.Bloom.98 %0 EDITED BOOK %E Charles P. Bloom %E R. Bowen Loftin %T Facilitating the Development and Use of Interactive Learning Environments %D 1998 %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-8058-1850-2 [cloth] 0-8058-1851-0 [paper] %P 304 %Y Part I: Tools of the Trade Developing Learning Technology in Practice + W. J. Clancey Using Quasi-Experimentation to Gather Design Information for Intelligent Tutoring Systems + A. S. Wolff + C. P. Bloom + A. Shahidi + K. Shahidi + R. E. Rehder Cost-Benefits Analysis for Computer-Based Tutoring Systems + A. S. Wolff Part II: Case Studies From Industry Introducing Advanced Technology Applications Into Corporate Environments + C. P. Bloom + A. S. Wolff + B. Bell An Observational Study of ITS Knowledge-Base Development by Non Technical Subject-Matter Experts + A. McClard Supporting Development of Online Task Guidance for Software System Users: Lessons From the WITS Project + R. Farrell + L. S. Lefkowitz Transferring Learning Systems Technology to Corporate Training Organizations: An Examination of Acceptance Issues + P. T. Bullemer + C. P. Bloom Augmenting Intelligent Tutoring Systems With Intelligent Tutors + R. Radlinski + M. E. Atwood Part III: Case Studies From Government "A Prophet Without Honor..." Case Histories of ITS Technology at NASA/Johnson Space Center + R. B. Loftin Sherlock 2: An Intelligent Tutoring System Built on the LRDC Tutor Framework + S. Katz + A. Lesgold + E. Hughes + D. Peters + G. Eggan + M. Gordin + L Greenberg Are Intelligent Tutoring Systems Ready for the Commercial Market? + J. E. Norton + J. A. Jones + W. B. Johnson + B. J. Wiederholt %M E.Blythe.03 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Funology - From Usability to Enjoyment %S Human-Computer Interaction Series, Vol. 3 %I Springer-Verlag %E M. A. Blythe %E K. Overbeeke %E A. F. Monk %A P. C. Wright %D 2003 %P 320 %G ISBN 1-4020-1252-7 %M E.Bolc.86 1/31/91 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Cooperative Interfaces to Information Systems %E L. Bolc %E M. Jarke %D 1986 %P 328 %C New York %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN 0-387-16599-1 %M E.Boff.86 7/5/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Handbook of Perception and Human Performance %G ISBN 0-471-88544-4 (v. 1) 0-471-82957-9 (v. 2) 0-471-82956-0 (set) %E K. R. Boff %E L. Kaufman %E J. P. Thomas %D 1986 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %O in two volumes %M E.Bostrom.92 poltrock/grudin ?? %0 EDITED BOOK %T Computer Augmented Teamwork: A Guided Tour %G ISBN 0-44200277-7 %E R. P. Bostrom %E R. T. Watson %E S. T. Kinney %D 1992 %C New York %I Van Nostrand-Reinhold %M E.Browne.93 9/25/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Adaptive User Interfaces %E D. Browne %E P. Totterdell %E M. Norman %D 1990 %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12-137755-5 %M E.Bewster.01 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Haptic human-computer interaction : first international workshop, Glasgow, UK, August 31-September 1, 2000 %E Stephen Brewster %E Roderick Murray-Smith %D 2001 %P 217 %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN: 3-54042356-7 %M E.Brusilovsky.98 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Adaptive Hypertext and Hypermedia %E Peter Brusilovsky %E Alfred Kobsa %E Julita Vassileva %D 1998 %P 252 %G ISBN 0-7923-4843-5 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-4843-5 %O Reprinted from User Modeling and User-Adapted InteractioN %Y 1. Methods and Techniques of Adaptive Hypermedia + P. Brusilovsky 2. Adaptive Hypertext Navigation Based on User Goals and Context + C. Kaplan et al 3. Metadoc: An Adaptive Hypertext Reading System + C. Boyle + A. O. Encarnacion 4. User Modelling in the Interactive Anatomy Tutoring System ANATOM-TUTOR; I.H. Beaumont. 5. Hypadapter: An Adaptive Hypertext System for Exploratory Learning and Programming + H. Hohl et al 6. A Glass Box Approach to Adaptive Hypermedia + K. Hook et al 7. User-Centered Indexing for Adaptive Information Access + N. Mathe + J. R. Chen 8. A Task-Centred Approach for User Modeling a Hypermedia Office Documentation System + J. Vassileva %M E.Bullinger.91a 9/12/92 ss %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Aspects in Computing: Design and Use of Interactive Systems and Work with Terminals %S Advances in Human/Factors/Ergonomics, 18A %E Hans-Jorg Bullinger %D 1991 %V 1 %P 1-788 %C Amsterdam %I Elsevier Science Publishers %G ISBN 0-444-88775-X; ISSN 0921-2647 %O Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Stuttgart, F.R.Germany, September 1-6, 1991 %Y Plenary Sessions CONGRESS I: WORK WITH TERMINALS Input and Display Devices (73) Work Place and Work Environment (129) Health Aspects: Workload, Stress and Strain and Irregular Working Hours (173) Psychological and Physiological Measurement (215) CONGRESS II: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS Dialogue Management/UIMS (251) Hypertext and Hypermedia (315) Distributed Information Systems (357) Cognitive Engineering (401) Speech Research and Technology (461) Standardisation (531) Software Engineering -- Methods, Techniques and Tools (549) Usability Evaluation (607) Interface Design (671) Computerized Work and the Improvement of Working Conditions (739) %M E.Bullinger.91b 9/12/92 ss %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Aspects in Computing: Design and Use of Interactive Systems and Information Management %S Advances in Human/Factors/Ergonomics, 18B %E Hans-Jorg Bullinger %D 1991 %V 2 %P 789-1367 %C Amsterdam %I Elsevier Science Publishers %G ISBN 0-444-88775-X; ISSN 0921-2647 %O Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Stuttgart, F.R.Germany, September 1-6, 1991 %Y CONGRESS II: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS (Cont'd) Intelligent Front Ends (789) Knowledge Engineering for Expert Systems (849) Intelligent Support and Help Systems (887) Intelligent Training (951) HCI -- The Future (989) CONGRESS III: MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS Strategic Planning of IT Systems (1019) Uptake Strategies and User Involvement (1057) Cooperative Work and Desktop Integration (1091) Methods and Tools for Improving Information Systems (1133) Application of IT Systems in Business Environments (1173) Training and Qualification (1217) Application of IT for the Quality of Life (1247) Workshops Customer-Computer Interaction -- A Challenge for HCI (1283) VDT -- A Tool for a More Healthy Life (1305) Poster Sessions (1311) Supplement (1341) %M E.Card.98 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think %E Stuart Card %E Jock MacKinlay %E Ben Shneiderman %P 576 %G ISBN 1-55860-533-9 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %D 1998 %Y 1. Information Visualization 2. Space 3. Interaction 4. Focus + Context 5. Data Mapping: Text 6. Higher-Level Visualization 7. Using Vision to Think 8. Applications and Innovations 9. Conclusion Bibliography %M E.Carey.88 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %T Human Factors in Management Information Systems %E Jane M. Carey %D 1988 %P 289 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %G ISBN 0-89391-448-7; LC T58.6 %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/carey/manage.htm %Y General Introduction A Taxonomy for the Study of Human Factors in Management Information Systems (MIS) SECTION I THE MACHINE Verification of User Identity via Keyboard Characteristics User Computer Interfact (UCI) Guidelines Research for Keyboards and Function Keys SECTION II HUMAN-MACHINE INTERACTION Adaptive General Audience Models: A Research Framework SmartSLIM: A DSS for Controlling Biases during Problem Formulation SECTION III USER INTERFACE SPECIFICATION TOOLS Applying Software Engineering Principles to the User Application Interface FORMFLEX: A User Interface Tool for Forms Definition and Management SECTION IV THE SYSTEM ANALYST Cognitive Styles, Project Structure, and Project Attributes: Considerations in Project Team Design SECTION V INFORMATION PRESENTATION Factors Affecting Opinion and Knowledge Responses to Paper and Online Presentation of Questionaires SECTION VI SYSTEM USER DOCUMENTATION Theories of Explanation: Expert Systems and Simulation SECTION VII END USER INVOLVEMENT The Darkside of Office Automation: How People Resist the Introduction of Office Automation Technology Understanding Resistance to System Change: An Empirical Study A Plan for Evaluating Usability of Software Products End-User Computing: A Research Framework for Investigating the Training/Learning Process SECTION VIII THE END USER A Human Information Processing Model of the Manegerial Mind: Some MIS Implications %M E.Carey.91 4/27/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %T Human Factors in Information Systems: An Organizational Perspective %E Jane M. Carey %D 1991 %P 352 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %G ISBN 0-89391-633-1; LC QA76.9.H85 %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/carey/inform2.htm %Y Human/Computer interaction Interface specification tools and design issues The is professional Information presentation System/user communication End-user training and involvement The end user The human factor is in %O Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium, 1989-02-9/10, Sacramento, California %M E.Carey.93 4/27/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %T Human Factors in Information Systems: Emerging Theoretical Bases %E Jane M. Carey %D 1993 %P 320 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %G ISBN 0-89391-940-3 (cloth); 1-56750-027-7 (paper); LC QA76.9.H85 %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/carey/inform1.htm %Y Human Factors Information Systems: A Position Treatise Human Factors in Management Information Systems: A Taxonomy Transactional Use Interfaces User Interface Design: A Methodology for the Comparative Study of Spreadsheet and Financial Modeling Programs An Empirical Evaluation of Word Processing Task Performance Using Different Menu Styles The Supplanting Function of Color in Human Information Processing A Cognitive Approach to the Influence of Graphics on Information Presentation Program Structure vs. Knowledge Structure: The Impact of Education on Program Debugging Skill Integrating Human Factors into the Information Systems Curriculum A User-Based Approach to Online Help for Word Processing Integrating Related Documentation Manuals Through Hypertext An Evaluation of Human Factors Research in Decision Support: Observations and Recommendations The Evaluation of Usability in Interactive Information Systems User Satisfaction with Information Systems: A Research Framework User Learning and Decision Making: An Evaluation of Expert System Explanation Facilities Experimental Analysis of Database Record Formats: Some Effects of Format Complexity and Grouping on User Performance Development of a Tool for Measuring the User Friendliness of Software: The Case of Managers Learning to Use Lotus 123 Flow in Human-Computer Interactions: Test of a Model Organizational Implications of Local Area Network Systems: A Sociotechnical Perspective Towards a Social Engineering of Social Technologies Human Values and the Future of Technology %O Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium, 1991-10-17/18, Norman, Oklahoma %M E.Carey.97 %0 EDITED BOOK %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %T Human Factors in Information Systems: The Relationship between User Interface Design and Human Performance %E Jane M. Carey %D 1997 %P 254 %C Grenwich, CT %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %G ISBN 1-56750-285-7; LC QA76.9.H85 %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/carey/inform3.htm %O Proceedings of the 4th Symposium, 1992-02-27-28, Phoenix, AZ %Y HUMAN/COMPUTER INTERACTION: A Synergy of Theories on Human Information Processing in the User Interface An Empirical Evaluation of Spreadsheet and Database Task Performance Using Different Menu Styles Group Interface Issues An Evaluation of Icon Performance Based on User Preference INFORMATION PRESENTATION: Design Implications of Children's Successes and Failures in Information Retrieval: A Case Analysis Assessing the Value of Information in a Decision Support System (DSS) Contest: A Simulation Study SYSTEM/USER COMMUNICATION: Specifying Functionality and Usability Assessing the Use of an SQL Minimal Manual in Self-Instruction THE ANALYST: The Impact of Production Emphasis on Programmer Productivity Groupware, Teamwork, and Performance: Establishing the Links Conceptual Framework and Research Strategy Considerations: The Study of MIS Professional Ideology END USER INVOLVEMENT: Importance of Familiarization for System Acceptance: The Case of Voice Mail A Task for Examining Information Channeling Under Time Pressure The Effects of Individual Differences on User Satisfaction The Role of User Cognitive Skills in Information Display: A Follow Up Study METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES: Measurement Issues in the Study of Human Factors in Management Information Systems %M E.Carroll.87 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction %E John M. Carroll %D 1987 %P 324 %G ISBN 0-26203125-6 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262031256 %C Cambridge, MA %I MIT Press %K DESIGN EVALUATION %Y 1 Relations Between Cognitive Psychology and Computer System Design 2 Learning About Computers and Learning About Mathematics 3 Goal and Plan Knowledge Representations from Stories to Text Editors and Programs 4 Cognitive Aspects of Learning and Using a Programming Language 5 Paradox of the Active User 6 Cognitive Resources and the Learning of Human-Computer Dialogs 7 Technology Transfer: On Learning a New Computer-Based System 8 A Quantitative Theory of Human-Computer Interaction 9 Effect of Practice on Knowledge and Use of Basic Lisp 10 Cognitive Analysis of Peoples Use of Software 11 Computer Support for Organizations: Toward an Organizational Science 12 Cognitive Engineering -- Cognitive Science A1 HCI, What is it and What Research is Needed? A2 Improving Human-Computer Interaction -- a Quest for Cognitive Science %M E.Carroll.91 5/14/92 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Designing Interaction: Psychology at the Human-Computer Interface %S Cambridge Series on Human-Computer Interaction %E John M. Carroll %D 1991 %P 333 %C Cambridge, UK %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-521-40056-2 (hardcover), OCLC 22119741; 0-521-40921-7 (paperback); QA 76.9 H85 D48 %Y 1 Introduction: The Kittle House Manifesto (1-16) + John M. Carroll 2 Cognitive Artifacts (17-38) + Donald A. Norman 3 Some Remarks on the Theory-Practice Gap (39-49) + Zenon W. Plyshyn 4 Comparative Task Analysis: An Alternative Direction for Human-Computer Interaction Science (50-59) + Ruven Brooks 5 Let's Get Real: A Position Paper on the Role of Cognitive Psychology in the Design of Humanly Useful and Usable Systems (60-73) + Thomas K. Landauer 6 The Task-Artifact Cycle (74-102) + John M. Carroll + Wendy A. Kellogg + Mary Beth Rosson 7 Bridging between Basic Theories and the Artifacts of Human-Computer Interaction (103-127) + Philip Barnard 8 Interface Problems and Interface Resources (128-153) + Stephen J. Payne 9 Inner and Outer Theory in Human-Computer Interaction (154-162) + Clayton Lewis 10 Local Sciences: Viewing the Design of Human-Computer Systems as Cognitive Science (163-202) + Andrea A. diSessa 11 The Role of German Work Psychology in the Design of Artifacts (203-226) + Siegfried Greif 12 Beyond the Interface: Encountering Artifacts in Use (227-253) + Liam J. Bannon + Susanne Bodker 13 A Development Perspective on Interface, Design, and Theory (254-268) + Austin Henderson 14 Working within the Design Process: Supporting Effective and Efficient Design (269-285) + John Karat + John L. Bennett 15 Discussion: Perspectives on Methodology in HCI Research and Practice (286-314) + Linda Tetzlaff + Robert L. Mack Index (315-333) %M E.Carroll.95 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Scenario-Based Design: Envisioning Work and Technology in System Development %E John M. Carroll %I John Wiley & Sons %D 1995 %P 408 %G ISBN 0-471-07659-7 %Y Itroduction: The Scenario Perspective on System Development + John M. Carroll 1. Work Processes: Scenarios as a Preliminary Vocabulary + K. Kuutti 2. Notes on Design Practice: Stories and Prototypes as Catalysts for Communication + Tom Erickson 3. Scenarios in Discount Usability Engineering + Jakob Nielsen 4. Creating Contexts for Design + M. Kyng 5. Scenario Use in the Design of a Speech Recognition System + John Karat 6. Bifocal Tools for Scenarios and Representations in Participatory Activities with Users + Michael Muller + L. G. Tudor + D. M. Wildman + E. A. White + Robert W. Root + T. Dayton + R. Carr + B. Diekmann + E. Dykstra-Erickson 7. Usage Representations for Reuse of Design Insights: A Case Study of Access to On-Line Books + T. Carey + M. Rusli 8. Design Space Analysis and Use Representations + Allan MacLean + D. McKerlie 9. Rapid Prototyping of User Interfaces Driven by Task Models + P. Johnson + H. Johnson + S. Wilson 10. Narrowing the Specification-Implementation Gap in Scenario-Based Design + Mary Beth Rosson + John M. Carroll 11. Generating Object-Oriented Design Representations via Scenario Queries + S. P. Robertson 12. The Use-Case Construct in Object-Oriented Software Engineering + I. Jacobson 13. Designing Objects and Their Interactions: A Brief Look at Responsibility-Driven Design + R. Wirfs-Brock 14. Discussion: Scenarios as Engines of Design + Robert L. Mack 15. Some Reflections on Scenarios + Bonnie A. Nardi %M E.Carroll.98 %0 EDITED BOOK %S Technical Communication, Multimedia, and Information Systems Series %T Minimalism Beyond the Nurnberg Funnel %E John M. Carroll %D 1998 %P 350 %C Cambridge, Massachusetts %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-03249-X %K minimal manual %O Published in association with the Society for Technical Communication %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=026203249X %X Minimalism is an action- and task-oriented approach to instruction and documentation that emphasizes the importance of realistic activities and experiences for effective learning and information seeking. Since 1990, when the approach was defined in John Carroll's The Nurnberg Funnel, much work has been done to apply, refine, and broaden the minimalist approach to technical communication. This volume presents fourteen major contributions to the current theory and practice of minimalism. Contributors evaluate the development of minimalism up to now, analyze the acceptance of minimalism by the mainstream technical communications community, report on specific innovations and investigations, and discuss future challenges and directions. The book also includes an appendix containing a bibliography of published research and development work on minimalism since 1990. %Y Preface 1 Reconstructing Minimalism + John M. Carroll 1.1 Less Is More 1.2 Iterative Design 1.3 The Human Need for Sense Making 1.4 Managing Design 1.5 Scaling Up: The "Simple Domain" Challenge 1.6 Design Rationale 1.7 Reflections on the Future 2 Principles and Heuristics for Designing Minimalist Instruction + Hans van der Meij + John M. Carroll 2.1 Principle 1: Choose an Action-Oriented Approach 2.2 Principle 2: Anchor the Tool in the Task Domain 2.3 Principle 3: Support Error Recognition and Recovery 2.4 Principle 4: Support Reading to Do, Study, and Locate 2.5 Conclusion 3 Ten Misconceptions about Minimalism + John M. Carroll + Hans van der Meij 3.1 Minimalism Means Brevity 3.2 Minimalism Means Incomplete Instructional Analyses 3.3 Minimalism Means Trial-and-Error Learning 3.4 Minimalism Does Not Support People Who Learn by Reading 3.5 Minimalism Overemphasizes Errors 3.6 Minimalism Is Just Another Word for Job Aids 3.7 Minimalism Works Only for Simple Domains 3.8 Minimalism Merely Reflects the Preconceptions of Users 3.9 Minimalism Offers a Complete Documentation Solution 3.10 Minimalism Has No Theoretical Foundation 3.11 Conceptions of Minimalism 4 Exploring Minimalism Today: A View from the Practitioner's Window + Patricia A. H. Anson 4.1 Why Now? What Is Driving the Minimalist Initiative? 4.2 Applying Minimalism to Meet Industry Trends 4.3 A Minimalist Methodology for Facilitating Content and Delivery System Definition 4.4 The Alignment Between Minimalist Methodology and Minimalist Document Design 4.5 How Hewlett-Packard Incorporated Minimalist Methodology with Minimalist Document Design 4.6 What Is the Future of Minimalism? 5 Follow-up on Training in Minimalism: How Are Technical Communicators Using Minimalism? + Stephanie Rosenbaum 5.1 Description of the Minimalist Design Course 5.2 Problems People Encountered Studying Minimalism 5.3 The Follow-up Study 5.4 In-Depth Interviews with Participants 5.5 Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix: Details of Course Topics 6 Choosing a Minimalist Approach for Expert Users + JoAnn T. Hackos 6.1 Characteristics of Expert Users in the Light of Minimalist Design 6.2 The PVI Case Study 6.3 A Minimalist Approach to Software Design 6.4 Categories of Minimalist Information Design 7 Minimalism for Complex Tasks + Barbara Mirel 7.1 Representing Complex Tasks at the Appropriate Instructional Level 7.2 Commonsense or Pragmatic Knowledge 7.3 Cognitive Flexibility 7.4 Advanced Learning Objectives and Obstacles to Achieving Them 7.5 Summarizing the Relevance of Minimalism for Complex Tasks 7.6 Complex Tasks and Minimalist Directions for the Future 8 Minimalism in Technical Communication: Some Issues to Consider + Janice Redish 8.1 Expanding the Minimalist Model of the User 8.2 Developing User-Oriented Documentation 8.3 Conclusion: What Now for Minimalism? 9 Layering as a Safety Net for Minimalist Documentation + David K. Farkas 9.1 The Risk in Minimalist Documentation 9.2 Layering in Print and Electronic Documents 9.3 Procedures 9.4 Layering Minimalist Procedures 9.5 Tutorials 9.6 Performance Support Help 9.7 Task-Based versus Interface-Based Documentation 9.8 Ghosted Topics: A Hybrid Help Design 10 Optimizing the Joint Handling of Manual and Screen + Hans van der Meij 10.1 Coordinative Information 10.2 Coordinative Information as Text 10.3 Coordinative Information as Text and Picture 10.4 Empirical Study 10.5 Conclusion and Discussion 11 Minimalism: A Quality Strategy for Success + Karl L. Smart 11.1 Approaches to Quality and to Documentation 11.2 Documentation as a Quality Issue 11.3 Minimalism as a Quality Response 11.4 Implementing Quality and Minimalism in Documentation 12 The Art of Minimalism: Constructing a Rhetorical Theory of Computer Documentation + Robert R. Johnson 12.1 Discovering Minimalism: Promises and Problems for User Documentation 12.2 Refiguring Minimalism as a Rhetorical Art: A Theoretical Rationale 12.3 The Rhetorical Complex of Technology: A Conceptual Framework for the Art of Minimalist Documentation 12.4 A Minimalist-Aided Art of User-Centered Computer Documentation 12.5 Potential Pitfalls and Places for Growth 12.6 Conclusion 13 Practical Problems and Proposed Solutions in Designing Action-Centered Documentation + Stephen W. Draper 13.1 Practical Problems 13.2 Identifying Underlying Principles for Minimalism 13.3 Extending Minimalism to More Difficult Cases 13.4 The Key Design Decisions for Action-Centered Documentation 13.5 Conclusion 14 Minimalism: A Case of Information Transfer in Technical Communication + R. John Brockmann 14.1 Some Factors Suggesting How Minimalism Gained Entree into Technical Communication 14.2 Problems in How the Profession Has Digested the Outside Information of Minimalism 14.3 In Conclusion 15 Minimalism: An Agenda for Research and Practice + Greg Kearsley 15.1 The Theoretical Gaps 15.2 Practical Concerns 15.3 Further Questions 15.4 Research Needed Appendix: Reviews, General Discussions, and Applications of Minimalism Since + Faith A. McCreary + John M. Carroll %M E.Carroll.2002 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human-Computer Interaction in the New Millennium %E John M. Carroll %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-70447-1 %D 2002 %P 752 %W http://www.aw.com/catalog/academic/product/1,4096,0201704471,00.html %X The ways in which humans interact with computers will change dramatically in the coming years. In this book, the field's leading experts preview that future, focusing on critical technical challenges and opportunities that will define Human-Computer Interaction research for years and decades to come. Editor John M. Carroll, a leader of the HCI community, has assembled essays that anticipate tomorrow's state-of-the-art -- and its implications for users, professionals, and society. These essays cover every area of research, including models, theories, and frameworks; usability engineering; user interface software and tools; HCI for collaborative applications; HCI for multimedia and hypermedia; integrating real and virtual worlds; and HCI's impact on society. Discover advanced cognitive models for evaluating user interfaces; preview the future of user interface software tools; and learn how user interfaces can support innovation. Preview tomorrow's intelligent interfaces, recommender systems, and tangible user interfaces; as well as interface solutions for digital libraries and ubiquitous computing systems. Carroll provides cogent introductions to each essay, as well as a detailed preface offering an overview of the entire field. %Y I. MODELS, THEORIES, AND FRAMEWORKS 1. On the Effective Use and Reuse of HCI Knowledge + Alistair Sutcliffe 2. Systems, Interactions, and Macrotheory + Philip Barnard + Jon May + David Duke + David Duce 3. Design in the MoRAS + George W. Furnas 4. Distributed Cognition: A New Foundation for Human-Computer Interaction + James D. Hollan + Edwin Hutchins + Davis Kirsh II. USABILITY ENGINEERING METHODS AND CONCEPTS 5. The Efficient Use of Complex Computer Systems + Suresh K. Bhavnani + Bonnie E. John 6. User Interface Evaluation: How Cognitive Models Can Help + Frank E. Ritter + Gordon D. Baxter + Gary Jones + Richard M. Young 7. HCI in the Global Knowledge-Based Economy: Designing to Support Worker Adaptation + Kim J. Vicente 8. Let's Stop Pushing the Envelope and Start Addressing It: The Reference Task Agenda for HCI + Steve Whittaker + Loren Terveen + Bonnie A. Nardi 9. The Maturation of HCI: Moving Beyond Usability Toward Holistic Interaction + Kenneth Maxwell III. USER INTERFACE SOFTWARE AND TOOLS 10. Past, Present, and Future of User Interface Software Tools + Brad Myers + Scott E. Hudson + Randy Pausch 11. Creating Creativity: User Interfaces for Supporting Innovation + Ben Shneiderman 12. Towards a Human-Centered Interaction Architecture + Terry Winograd IV. GROUPWARE AND COOPERATIVE ACTIVITY 13. Computer Mediated Communications: Past and Future + Murray Turoff + Starr Roxanne Hiltz + Michael Bieber + Brian Whitworth + Jerry Fjermestad 14. The Intellectual Challenge of CSCW: The Gap between Social Requirements and Technical Feasibility + Mark S. Ackerman 15. Social Translucence: An Approach to Designing Systems That Support Social Processes + Thomas Erickson + Wendy A. Kellogg 16. Transcending the Individual Human Mind: Creating Shared Understanding Through Collaborative Design + Ernesto Arias + Hal Eden + Gerhard Fischer + Andrew Gorman + Eric Scharff 17. The Development of Cooperation: Five Years of Participatory Design in the Virtual School + John M. Carroll + George Chin + Mary Beth Rosson + Dennis C. Neale 18. Distance Matters + Gary M. Olson + Judith S. Olson V. MEDIA AND INFORMATION 19. Designing the User Interface for Multimodal Speech and Gesture Applications: State-of-the-Art Systems and Research Directions for 2000 and Beyond + Sharon Oviatt + Phil Cohen + Bernhard Suhm + John Bers + Lizhong Wu + Thomas Holzman + Terry Winograd + John Vergo + Lisbeth Duncan + James Landay + Jim Larson + David Ferro 20. Technologies of Information: HCI and the Digital Library + Andrew Dillon 21. Intelligent Interfaces + Henry Lieberman 22. Human-Computer Collaboration in Recommended Systems + Loren Terveen + Will Hill VI. INTEGRATING COMPUTATION AND REAL ENVIRONMENTS 23. Ubiquitous Computing: Past, Present, and Future + Gregory Abowd + Elizabeth Mynatt 24. Situated Computing: The Next Frontier for HCI Research + Kevin Mills + Jean Scholtz 25. Roomware: Towards the Next Generation of Human-Computer Interactions Based on an Integrated Design of Real and Virtual Worlds + Norbert A. Streitz + Peter Tandler + Christian Muller-Tomfelde + Shin'ichi Konomi 26. Emerging Frameworks for Tangible User Interfaces + Brygg Ullmer + Hiroshi Ishii VII. HCI AND SOCIETY 27. Learner-Centered Design: Reflections and New Directions + Chris Quintana + Andrew Carra + Joseph Krajcik + Elliot Soloway 28. HCI Meets the "Real World": Designing Technologies for Civic Sector Use + Doug Schuler 29. Beyond Bowling Together: SocioTechnical Capital + Paul Resnick %M E.Carroll.2003 %E John M. Carroll %T HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks: Toward a multidisciplinary science %C San Francisco %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 1-55860-808-7 %D 2003 %P 576 %Y 1. Introduction: Toward a Multidisciplinary Science of Human-Computer Interaction + John M. Carroll 2. Design as Applied Perception + Colin Ware 3. Motor Behavior Models for Human-Computer Interaction + I. Scott MacKenzie 4. Information Processing and Skilled Behavior + Bonnie E. John 5. Notational Systems--The Cognitive Dimensions of Notations Framework + Alan Blackwell + Thomas Green 6. Users' Mental Models: The Very Ideas + Stephen J. Payne 7. Exploring and Finding Information + Peter Pirolli 8. Distributed Cognition + Mark Perry 9. Cognitive Work Analysis + Penelope M. Sanderson 10. Common Ground in Electronically Mediated Communication: Clark's Theory of Language Use + Andrew Monk 11. Activity Theory + Olav W. Bertelsen + Susanne Bodker 12. Applying Social Psychological Theory to the Problems of Group Work + Robert E. Kraut 13. Studies of Work in Human-Computer Interaction + Graham Button 14. Upside-Down Vs and Algorithms--Computational Formalisms and Theory + Alan Dix 15. Design Rationale as Theory + John M. Carroll + Mary Beth Rosson %M E.Cassell.98 %0 EDITED BOOK %T From Barbie to Mortal Kombat %E Justine Cassell %E Henry Jenkins %D 1998 %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-03258-9 %P 360 %Y PART ONE: THE GIRLS' GAMES MOVEMENT 1 Chess for Girls? Feminism and Computer Games + Justine Cassell + Henry Jenkins 2 Computer Games for Girls: What Makes Them Play? + Kaveri Subrahmanyam + Patricia M. Greenfield 3 Girl Games and Technological Desire + Cornelia Brunner + Dorothy Bennett + Margaret Honey 4 Video Game Designs by Girls and Boys: Variability and Consistency of Gender Differences + Yasmin B. Kafai PART TWO: INTERVIEWS + Jennifer Glos + Shari Goldin 5 An Interview with Brenda Laurel (Purple Moon) 6 An Interview with Nancie S. Martin (Mattel) 7 An Interview with Heather Kelley (Girl Games) 8 Interviews with Theresa Duncan and Monica Gesue (Chop Suey) 9 An Interview with Lee McEnany Caraher (Sega) 10 An Interview with Marsha Kinder (Intertexts Multimedia) PART THREE: RETHINKING THE GIRLS' GAMES MOVEMENT 11 Retooling Play: Dystopia, Dysphoria, and Difference + Suzanne de Castell + Mary Bryson 12 "Complete Freedom of Movement": Video Games as Gendered Play Spaces + Henry Jenkins 13 Storytelling as a Nexus of Change in the Relationship between Gender and Technology: A Feminist Approach to Software Design + Justine Cassell 14 Voices from the Combat Zone: Game Grrlz Talk Back %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262032589 %M E.Cassell.00 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Embodied Conversational Agents %E Justine Cassell %E Joseph Sullivan %E Scott Prevost %E Elizabeth Churchill %D 2000 %P 352 %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-03278-3 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262032783 %Y I Introduction 1 Nudge Nudge Wink Wink: Elements of Face-to-Face Conversation for Embodied Conversational Agents + Justine Cassell II Systems 2 Human Conversation as a System Framework: Designing Embodied Conversational Agents + Justine Cassell + Tim Bickmore + Lee Campbell + Hannes Vilhjalmsson + Hao Yan 3 "May I Help You?": Designing Embodied Conversational Agent Allies + Elizabeth F. Churchill + Linda Cook + Peter Hodgson + Scott Prevost + Joseph W. Sullivan 4 Task-Oriented Collaboration with Embodied Agents in Virtual Worlds + Jeff Rickel + W. Lewis Johnson 5 Deictic and Emotive Communication in Animated Pedagogical Agents + James C. Lester + Stuart G. Towns + Charles B. Callaway + Jennifer L. Voerman + Patrick J. FitzGerald 6 Performative Facial Expressions in Animated Faces + Isabella Poggi + Catherine Pelachaud 7 Emotion and Personality in a Conversational Agent + Gene Ball + Jack Bresse 8 The Automated Design of Believable Dialogues for Animated Presentation Teams + Elisabeth Andre + Thomas Rist + Susanne van Mulken + Martin Klesen + Stephen Baldes 9 Parameterized Action Representation for Virtual Human Agents + Norman I. Badler + Rama Bindiganavale + Jan Allbeck + William Schuler + Liwei Zhao + Martha Palmer III Evaluation 10 Developing and Evaluating Conversational Agents + Dominic W. Massaro + Michael M. Cohen + Jonas Beskow + Ronald A. Cole 11 Designing and Evaluating Conversational Interfaces with Animated Characters + Sharon Oviatt + Bridget Adams 12 Measurement and Evaluation of Embodied Conversational Agents + Gregory A. Sanders + Jean Scholtz 13 Truth Is Beauty: Researching Embodied Conversational Agents + Clifford Nass + Katherine Isbister + Eun-Ju Lee %X Embodied conversational agents are computer-generated cartoonlike characters that demonstrate many of the same properties as humans in face-to-face conversation, including the ability to produce and respond to verbal and nonverbal communication. They constitute a type of (a) multimodal interface where the modalities are those natural to human conversation: speech, facial displays, hand gestures, and body stance; (b) software agent, insofar as they represent the computer in an interaction with a human or represent their human users in a computational environment (as avatars, for example); and (c) dialogue system where both verbal and nonverbal devices advance and regulate the dialogue between the user and the computer. With an embodied conversational agent, the visual dimension of interacting with an animated character on a screen plays an intrinsic role. Not just pretty pictures, the graphics display visual features of conversation in the same way that the face and hands do in face-to-face conversation among humans. This book describes research in all aspects of the design, implementation, and evaluation of embodied conversational agents as well as details of specific working systems. Many of the chapters are written by multidisciplinary teams of psychologists, linguists, computer scientists, artists, and researchers in interface design. The authors include Elisabeth Andre, Norm Badler, Gene Ball, Justine Cassell, Elizabeth Churchill, James Lester, Dominic Massaro, Cliff Nass, Sharon Oviatt, Isabella Poggi, Jeff Rickel, and Greg Sanders. %M E.Chatty.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %W http://www.wkap.nl/book.htm/0-412-83520-7 %T Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction %E Stephane Chatty %E Prasun Dewan %D 1999 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %S Seventh IFIP Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction %P 392 %C Heraklion, Greece %G ISBN 0-412-83520-7 %Y 1: Interaction Techniques 2: Applications 3: Formal Specification 4: CSCW 5: Task Based Design 6: Evaluation 7: Software Architecture 8: Development Process 9: Tools for Design 10: Workshops %M E.Chen.2001 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Computer Interaction: Issues and Challenges %E Qiyang Chen %D 2001 %I Idea Group Publishing %P 300 %G ISBN 1-878289-91-8 %Y Introduction: Designing Effective Human-Computer Interaction 1. Interface Design: an Embedded Process 2. User Interface Development Throughout the System Development Lifecycle 3. From HCI to Interaction Design 4. Intelligent Agents Supporting the Social Construction of Knowledge in a Learning Environment 5. A Modeling Methodology for Intelligent Agents: An Electronic Commerce Application 6. Courseware and its Possible Evolution Through the Use of Agent Technology 7. Intelligent Software Agents in Electronic Commerce: A Socio-Technical Perspective 8. Knowledge Engineering in Adaptive Interface and User Modeling 9. Application of a Cognitive Model of Collaboration to a User Interface 10. Structure- and Content-Based Retrieval for XML documents 11. MESH: A Model-Based Approach to Hypermedia Design 12. User Considerations in Electronic Commerce Transactions 13. Computer Supported Social Networking Based on Email Exchange 14. The Cultural Aesthetic of Virtual Reality: Simulation or Transparency? 15. HCI: the Next Step Towards Optimization of Computer Assisted Surgical Planning, Intervention and Training (CASPIT) %M E.Chidambaram.2001 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Our Virtual World: The Transformation of Work, Play and Life via Technology %E Laku Chidambaram %E Ilze Igurs %D 2001 %I Idea Group Publishing %P 264 %G ISBN 1-878289-92-6 %Y 1. Introduction 2. Going Virtual: The Driving Forces and Arrangements WORK IN THE VIRTUAL WORLD 3. Am I Doing What's Expected? New Member Socialization in Virtual Groups 4. How Are You Going to Keep Them in the Classroom After They've Seen MTV? Online Education in a Virtual World 5. Meeting Current Challenges for Virtually Collocated Teams: Participation, Culture, and Integration 6. Succeeding in the Virtual World: How Relationships Add Value on the Web PLAY IN THE VIRTUAL WORLD 7. Online Poker and the Individuals Who Play It 8. Online Recreation and Play in Organizational Life: The Internet as Virtual Contested Terrain 9. Play's the Thing...on the Web! LIFE IN THE VIRTUAL WORLD 10. Citizens and Spokesmen: Politics and Personal Impression on the Web 11. The Virtual Community: Building on Social Structure, Relations and Trust to Achieve Value 12. Sloan 2001: A Virtual Odyssey 13. The Search for a New Identity: Post-organ Transplant Recipients and the Internet 14. Conclusion %M E.Christie.85 11/7/90 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Factors of the User-System Interface: a report on an ESPRIT preparatory study %E Bruce Christie %P 272 %G ISBN 0-44487832-7 %D 1985 %C Amsterdam %I North-Holland %M E.Churchill.2001 %0 EDITED BOOK %G ISBN 1-85233-244-1 %I Springer-Verlag %D 2001 %T Collaborative Virtual Environments %E Elizabeth F. Churchill %E David N. Snowdon %E Alan J. Munro %P 304 %Y Section 1: Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs): Histories, Perspectives and Issues Collaborative Virtual Environments: Digital Places and Spaces for Interaction Section 2: Technical Issues and System Challenges Extending the Limits of Collaborative Virtual Environments System Challenges for Collaborative Virtual Environments Understanding the Network Requirements of Collaborative Virtual Environments Section 3: Bodies, Presences and Interactions "He's Behind You": The Experience of Presence in Shared Virtual Environments All that is Solid Melts into Software: Collaborative Virtual Environments Using Symbolic Acting Virtually Missing the Point: Configuring CVEs for Workplace Interaction Section 4: Sharing Context in CVEs - Or "I Know What I See, but What Do You See?" How Not to be Objective Supporting Flexible Roles in a Shared Space Section 5: So, Now We're in a CVE, What do we Do? Designing Interactive Collaborative Environments Collaborative Scientific Research Across Distances: The Nanomanipulator Environment Tele-Immersive Collaboration in the CAVE Research Network Section 6: The Emerging and Existing Cultures of CVE Communities Designing an Emergent Culture of Negotiation in Collaborative Virtual Communities: The Case of the DomeCity Simulation Waterfall Glen: Social Virtual Reality at Work The Role of the Personal in Social Workspaces: Experiences from Working in AlphaWorld %M E.Cipolla.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %D 1999 %T Computer Vision for Human-Computer Interaction %E Roberto Cipolla %E Alexander Pentland %P 300 %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-521-62253-0 %Y Foreword: Out of Sight, Out of Mind + N. Negroponte Preface 1. Smart Rooms: Machine Understanding of Human Behavior + A. P. Pentland 2. GestureComputer -- History, Design and Applications + C. Maggioni + B. Kammerer 3. Human Reader: A Vision-Based Man-Machine Interface + K. Mase 4. Visual Sensing of Humans for Active Public Interfaces + K. Waters + J. Rehg + M. Loughlin et al 5. A Human-Robot Interface using Pointing with Uncalibrated Stereo Vision + R. Cipolla + N. J. Hollinghurst 6. Tracking Faces + A. H. Gee + R. Cipolla 7. Towards Automated, Real-time, Facial Animation + B. Bascle + A. Blake + J. Morris 8. Interfacing through Visual Pointers + C. Colombo + A. Del Bimbo + S. De Magistris 9. Monocular Tracking of the Human Arm in 3D + E. Di Bernardo + L. Goncalves + P. Perona 10. Looking at People in Action An Overview + Y. Yacoob + L. Davis + M. Black et al 11. A Framework for Gesture Generation and Interpretation + J. Cassell 12. Model-Based Interpretation of Faces and Hand Gestures + C. J. Taylor + A. Lanitis + T. F. Cootes et al 13. Recognition of Hand Signs from Complex Backgrounds + J. J. Weng + Y. Cui 14. Probabilistic Models of Verbal and Body Gestures + C. Bregler + S. M. Omohundro + M. Covell et al 15. Looking at Human Gestures + M. Yachida + Y. Iwai Acknowledgements Bibliography List of contributors %M E.Collis.96 ?? duplicate in abooks %0 EDITED BOOK %T Children and Computers in School %E Betty Collis %E Gerald Knezek %E Kwok-Wing Lai %E Keiko Miyashita %D 1996 %P 149 %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-80582073-6 %M E.Coombs.81 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Computing Skills and the User Interface %P 499 %G ISBN 0-12186520-7 %E M. J. Coombs %E J. L. Alty %D 1981 %C New York, NY %I Academic Press %M E.Curtis.81 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Tutorial: Human Factors in Software Development %E Bill Curtis %D 1981 %P 641 %C Los Angeles, CA %I IEEE Computer Society Press %M E.Curtis.85 4/27/92 gp/rmb %0 EDITED BOOK %T Tutorial: Human Factors in Software Development %O Second Edition %E Bill Curtis %G ISBN 0-81860577-4 %P 730 %D 1985 %C Los Angeles, CA %I IEEE Computer Society Press %M E.Cypher.93 9/25/93 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration %E Allen Cypher %E Daniel C. Halbert %E David Kurlander %E Henry Lieberman %E David Maulsby %E Brad A. Myers %E Alan Turransky %D 1993 %P 672 %C Cambridge, MA %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-03213-9 %W http://lieber.www.media.mit.edu/people/lieber/PBE/ %Y Foreword by Alan Kay Introduction: Bringing Programming to End Users + Allen Cypher I. SYSTEMS 1. Pygmalion: An Executable Electronic Blackboard + David Canfield Smith 2. Tinker: A Programming by Demonstration System for Beginning Programmers + Henry Lieberman 3. A Predictive Calculator + Ian H. Witten 4. Rehearsal World: Programming by Rehearsal + William F. Finzer + Laura Gould 5. SmallStar: Programming by Demonstration in the Desktop Metaphor + Daniel C. Halbert 6. Peridot: Creating User Interfaces by Demonstration + Brad A. Myers 7. Metamouse: An Instructible Agent for Programming by Demonstration + David Maulsby + Ian H. Witten 8. TELS: Learning Text Editing Tasks from Examples + Ian H. Witten + Dan Mo 9. Eager: Programming Repetitive Tasks by Demonstration + Allen Cypher 10. Garnet: Uses of Demonstrational Techniques + Brad A. Myers 11. The Turvy Experience: Simulating an Instructible Interface + David Maulsby 12. Chimera: Example-Based Graphical Editing + David Kurlander 13. The Geometer's Sketchpad: Programming by Geometry + R. Nicholas Jackiw + William F. Finzer 14. Tourmaline:Text Formatting by Demonstration + Brad A. Myers 15. A History-Based Macro by Example System + David Kurlander + Steven Feiner 16. Mondrian: A Teachable Graphical Editor + Henry Lieberman 17. Triggers: Guiding Automation with Pixels to Achieve Data Access + Richard Potter 18. The AIDE Project: An Application-Independent Demonstrational Environment + Philippe P. Piernot + Marc P. Yvon II. COMPONENTS 19. A History of Editable Graphical Histories + David Kurlander + Steven Feiner 20. Graphical Representation and Feedback in a PBD System + Francesmary Modugno + Brad A. Myers 21. PBD Invocation Techniques: A Review and Proposal + David S. Kosbie + Brad A. Myers 22. A System-Wide Macro Facility Based on Aggregate Events: A Proposal + David S. Kosbie + Brad A. Myers 23. Making Programming Accessible to Visual Problem Solvers + Henry Lieberman 24. Using Voice Input to Disambiguate Intent + Alan Turransky III. PERSPECTIVES 25. Characterizing PBD Systems + Allen Cypher + David S. Kosbie + David Maulsby 26. Demonstrational Interfaces: A Step Beyond Direct Manipulation + Brad A. Myers 27. Just-in-time Programming + Richard Potter IV. APPENDICES A. A Programming by Demonstration Chronology: 23 Years of Examples + David Maulsby + Alan Turransky B. A Test Suite for Programming by Demonstration + Richard Potter + David Maulsby C. Glossary + Brad A. Myers + David Maulsby Bibliography Contributors Index %M E.Day.96 %0 BOOK %T Computer, Communication and Mental Models %E Donald L. Day %E Diane K. Kovacs %D 1996 %P 96 %G ISBN 0-7484-0543-7 %I Taylor & Francis %Y Preface: Computerised tools as intermediaries in the communication of mental maps 1: The Communication Process 1. Human-computer-human interaction: how computers affect interpersonal communication + Rodney Fuller 2. Designing for cognitive communication: epistemic fidelity or mediating collaborative inquiry? + Jeremy Roschelle 3. Computer-mediated interpersonal communication: the HCHI approach + Lajos Balint 2: Knowledge Representation 4. Mapping the mapper John Wood + Paul Taylor 5. Mapping spatial cognition with computers + Phil Moose + Teri Stueland + Krista Kern + Tom Gentry 3: Cooperative Work 6. The world view of collaborative tools + Munir Mandviwalla 7. Computer-based simulation models for problem-solving: communicating problem understandings + Ray Paul + Peter Thomas 8. The effects of combining interactive graphics and text in computer-mediated small group decision-making + Jozsef Toth Postscript: A convergence of disciplines %M E.Druin.98 %0 BOOK %T The Design of Children's Technology; How We Design, What We Design and Why %E Allison Druin %D 1998 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 1-55860-507-X %P 270 %Y Preface: Beginning a Discussion about Kids, Technology, and Design + Allison Druin I: The Design Process 1: The Role of Usability Research in Designing Children's Computer Products + Libby Hanna + Kirsten Risden + Mary Czerwinski + Kristin J. Alexander 2: Kids as Informants: Telling us What We Didn't Know or Confirming What We Already Knew + Mike Scaife + Yvonne Rogers 3: Children as Our Technology Design Partners + Allison Druin + Ben Bederson + Angela Boltman + Adrian Miura + Debby Knotts-Callahan + Mark Platt 4: Designing Collaborative Applications for Classroom Use: The LiNC Project + Jurgen Koenemann + John M. Carroll + Clifford A. Shaffer + Mary Beth Rosson + Marc Abrams 5: The Role of the Media Researcher in the Design of Children's Media + Debra Lieberman 6: Children as Designers, Testers, and Evaluators of Educational Software: HCI From a Different Perspective + Yasmine B. Kafai II: The Technology of Children 7: Constructional Design: Creating New Constructions Kits for Kids + Mitchel Resnick + Amy Bruckman + Fred Martin 8: Children as Digital Motion Picture Authors + Ronald Baecker + Ilona Posner 9: Making Programming Easier for Children + David Canfield Smith + Allen Cypher 10: Helping Children Learn Hard Things: Computer Programming with Familiar Objects and Actions + Ken Kahn 11: Middle Tech: Blurring the Division Between High and Low Tech in Education + Mike Eisenberg + Ann Eisenberg %M E.Druin.2000 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Robots for Kids: Exploring New Technologies for Learning %E Allison Druin %E James Hendler %D 2000 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %P 350 %G ISBN 1-55860-597-5 %Y I - NEW ROBOT TECHNOLOGIES FOR KIDS 1 - To Mindstorms and Beyond: Evolution of a Construction Kit for Magical Machines 2 - Robot Entertainment 3 - PETS: A Personal Electronic Teller of Stories 4 - Bolts from the Blue: How Large Dreams Can Become Real Products II - INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO USING ROBOTS FOR EDUCATION 5 - Teaching Diverse Learners Using Robotics 6 - Technological Prayers: Parents and Children Exploring Robotics and Values 7 - "So That'S what Pi is for!" and Other Epiphanies from Hands-on Robotics 8 - Eat, Sleep, Robotics 9 - RoboCamp: One Hands-On Week of Exploring Science Through Robotics III - FUTURE VISIONS 10 - The Landscape of Robots for Kids %M E.Dunlop.91 5/6/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Computerization and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social Choices %E Charles Dunlop %E Rob Kling %D 1991 %C San Diego, California %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12-224-356-0; QA 76.9 C66 C6377 %M E.Durrett.87 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Color and the Computer %E H. John Durrett %D 1987 %P 299 %G ISBN 0-12225210-1 %C New York %I Academic Press %M E.Durso.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %G ISBN 0-471-97765-9, OCLC 40142976 %T Handbook of Applied Cognition %E Francis T. Durso %E Raymond S. Nickerson %E Roger W. Schvaneveldt %E Susan T. Dumais %E D. Stephen Lindsay %E Michelene T. H. Chi %I John Wiley & Sons %P 881 %D 1999 %N 27 %Y 1. OVERVIEWS 2. BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY 3. COMPUTERS AND TECHNOLOGY 4. INFORMATION AND INSTRUCTION 5. HEALTH AND LAW %M E.Earnshaw.01 %0 EDITED BOOK %G ISBN 1-85233-238-7 %T Frontiers in Human-Centred Computing, Online Communities and Virtual Environment %E Rae Earnshaw %E Richard Guedj %E Andries van Dam %E John Vince %I Springer-Verlag %D 2001 %P 504 %Y VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS: A Review + John Vince The Role of Virtual Humans in Virtual Environment Technology and Interfaces + Daniel Thalmann Perceptual User Interfaces + Matthew Turk Guidelines for Telepresence and Shared Virtual Environments + Rae Earnshaw AUGMENTED REALITY AND MOBILE COMPUTING: Mobile Augmented Reality as an Example of a Complex and Demanding Human-Centred System + Simon Julier + Steven Feiner + Larry Rosenblum Toward Tightly-Coupled Human Interfaces + Thomas Furness Situation-Aware Mobile Assistance + Thomas Kirste DEVICES FOR DISPLAY AND INTERACTION: Devices for Display and Interaction + Turner Wittted Technologies for Virtual Reality/Tele-Immersion Applications: Issues of Research in Image Display and Global Networking + Tom DeFanti + Dan Sandin + Maxine Brown + Dave Pape + Josephine Anstey + Mike Bogucki et al FUTURE INTERFACES: Post-Wimp User Interfaces: The Human Connection + Andries van Dam Supporting Creativity with Advanced Information-Abundant User Interfaces + Ben Shneiderman Virtual Spaces Revive Real World Interaction + Luc Julia + Jehan Bing + Adam Cheyer An HCI Agenda for the Next Millennium: Emergent Global Intelligence + John Thomas APPLICATIONS AND TOOLS: \ The Impossible 'Killer App': Catalyst for Change + David Arnold 3D Data Visualization Components on the Web -- Results from AVS'involvement in several EC ESPRIT Research Projects + Mikael Jern Creating a Shared Reality for Research and Education through Networked Virtual Reality + Judith Brown ONLINE COMMUNITIES: Usability, Sociability, Theory and Methods + Jenny Preece Collaboration and Shared Virtual Environments -- From Metaphor to Reality + David Leevers On the Need for Cultural Representation in Interactive Systems + Sudhir Mudur Internet Security from Diverse Viewpoints + Christoph Busch FOUNDATIONS FOR INTERACTION: Why Performance Always Comes Last in Interactive Systems Design and What to do about it + William Newman %M E.Edmonds.92 1/1/93 lo %0 EDITED BOOK %T The Separable User Interface %E Ernest Edmonds %D 1992 %P 371 %C London, England %I Academic Press %S Computers and People Series %G ISBN 0-12-232150-2 %Y PART 1 INTRODUCTION (5-18) The Emergence of the Separable User Interface (5-18) + E. A. Edmonds PART 2 EARLY WORK (19-72) A Graphical Technique for Numerical Input (21-28) (1968) + W. M. Newman A System for Interactive Graphical Programming (29-44) (1968) + W. M. Newman On the Use of Transition Diagrams in the Design of a User Interface for an Interactive Computer System (45-58) (1969) + D. L. Parnas Specification and Design of Dialogue Systems with State Diagrams (59-72) (1977) + E. Denert PART 3 FIRST GENERATION USER INTERFACE SYSTEMS (73-128) BRIDGE: An Interactive Dialogue-Generation Facility (75-86) (1975) + W. Stallings The Man-Machine Interface -- A New Approach (87-96) (1977) + P. K. C. Maher + H. V. Bell Language Facilities for Programming User-Computer Dialogues (97-128) (1978) + J. M. Lafuente + D. Gries PART 4 USER INTERFACE SPECIFICATION FOR SEPARABILITY (129-182) Adaptive Man-Computer Interfaces (131-148) (1981) + E. A. Edmonds Modelling User Interface-Application Interactions (149-166) (1989) + W. D. Hurley + J. L. Sibert Propositional Production Systems for Dialogue Description (167-182) (1990) + D. R. Olsen, Jr. PART 5 ARCHITECTURES (183-280) The Man-Machine Interface: A Note on Concept and Design (185-194) (1982) + E. A. Edmonds A Report on Dialogue Specification Tools (195-210) (1985) + M. Green The Run-Time Structure of UIMS-Supported Applications (211-226) (1987) + J. R. Dance + T. E. Granor + R. D. Hill + S. E. Hudson + J. D. Meads + B. A. Myers + A. Schulert Localization of Application Knowledge in Incremental Development of User Interfaces (227-238) (1990) + P. D. Gray + C. A. Wood + A. C. Kilgour The User interface Management System DIAMANT (239-260) (1990) + B. Trefz + J. Ziegler An Architecture for Knowledge-Based Front Ends (261-270) (1990) + E. A. Edmonds + E. McDaid Back-End Manager: An Interface Between a Knowledge-Based Front End and its Application Subsystem (271-280) PART 6 PRACTICAL ISSUES OF SEPARABILITY (281-343) Report on the Interface of the UIMS to the Application (283-294) (1985) + G. Enderle Application Modelling in a User Interface Management System (295-312) (1986) + J. L. Alty + P. Mckell Implementation of a Program's Designer Model (313-330) + P. Szekely (1988) A Case Study of User Interface Management System Development and Application (331-343) (1989) + J. M. Mannheimer + R. C. Burnett + J. A. Wallers PART 7 LOOKING BACKWARDS (AND FORWARDS) (345-356) The Separable User Interface: A Conversation + W. M. Newman + E. A. Edmonds Bibliography Index %M E.Ehrich.86 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %S Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics %T Human-Computer Dialogue Design %E R. W. Ehrich %E R. C. Williges %D 1986 %V 2 %C Amsterdam %I Elsevier Science Publishers %G ISBN 0-444-42567-5 %K DESIGN Specification IMPLEMENTATION %Y 1 Multidisciplinary Research in Human-Computer Dialogue Design 2 Introducing Dialogue Management 3 Dialogue Management as Part of Software Engineering Methodology 4 The Dialogue Author 5 Role of Language in Human-Computer Interfaces 6 Integrated Tools for Program Construction 7 Using Speech in the Human-Computer Interface 8 Using Models of Editing Command Selection 9 User Assistance in Human-Computer Interfaces 10 Human-Computer Communication for Dynamic Task Allocation 11 Human-Computer Dialogue Design and Research Issues %M E.Engestrom.96 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Cognition and Communication at Work %E Yrjo Engestrom %E David Middleton %D 1996 %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-521-44104-8 %Y 1. Introduction: Studying work as mindful practice + Yrjo Engestrom + David Middleton 2. Distributed cognition in an airline cockpit + Edwin Hutchins + Tove Klausen 3. Constituting shared workspaces + Lucy Suchman 4. Seeing as situated activity: Formulating planes + Charles Goodwin + Marjorie Harness Goodwin 5. Convergent activities: Line control and passenger information on the London Underground + Christian Heath + Paul Luff 6. Users and designers in mutual activity: An analysis of cooperative activities in systems design + Susanne Bodker + Kaj Gronboek 7. System disturbances as springboard for development of operators' expertise + Leena Norros 8. Expert and novice differences in cognition and activity: A practical work activity + Edith A. Laufer + Joseph Glick 9. The tensions of judging: Handling cases of driving under the influence of alcohol in Finland and California + Yrjo Engestrom 10. Talking work: Argument, common knowledge, and improvisation in teamwork + David Middleton 11. The collective construction of scientific genius + Chandra Mukerji 12. Experience and the collective nature of skill + Harley Shaiken 13. Working together: Symbolic interactionism, activity theory, and information systems + Susan Leigh Star 14. On the ethnography of cooperative work + Arne Raeithel %M E.Engestrom.99 todo find end of contents %0 EDITED BOOK %T Perspectives on Activity Theory (Learning in Doing Social, Cognitive and Computational Perspectives) %E Yrjo Engestrom %E Reijo Miettinen %E Raij Punamaki %D 1999 %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-52143730-X %Y PART 1: THEORETICAL ISSUES 1. Activity Theory and Individual and Social Transformation + Yrjo Engestrom 2. The Content and Unsolved Problems of Activity Theory + Vassily V. Davydov 3. Knowledge as Shared Procedures + Stephen Toulmin 4. Activity Theory in a New Era + Vladimir A. Letkorsky 5. Society Versus Context in Individual Development: Does Theory Make a Difference + Charles W. Tolman 6. Cultural Psychology: Some General Principles and a Concrete Example + Michael Cole 7. Laws, Logics and Human Activity + Antti Eskola 8. Collapse, Creation and Continuity in Europe -- How Do People Change + Yrjo-Paavo Hayrynen 9. Activity Theory and the Concept of Integrative Levels + Ethel Tobach 10 The Relevance to Psychology of Antonio Gramsci's Ideas on Activity and Common Sense + Francesco Paolo Colucci PART II: LANGUAGE AND ITS ACQUISITION 11. The Expanded Dialogic Sphere: Writing Activity and Authoring of Self in Japanese Classrooms + Yuji Moro 12. Improvement of School Ch %M E.Finn.97 %0 EDITED BOOK %E Kathleen E. Finn %E Abigail J. Sellen %E Sylvia B. Wilbur %T Video-Mediated Communication %S Computers, Cognition, and Work %D 1997 %G ISBN 0-8058-2288-7 [cloth] %P 584 %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %Y Part I: Foundations Introduction: An Overview of Video-Mediated Communication + K. E. Finn The Role of Vision in Face-to-Face and Mediated Communication + S. Whittaker + B. O'Conaill Technology Constraints of Video-Mediated Communication + J. S. Angiolillo + H. E. Blanchard + E. W. Israelski + A. Man'e Making Sense of the Findings: Common Vocabulary Leads to the Synthesis Necessary for Theory Building + G. M. Olson + J. S. Olson Part II: Findings Assessing Video-Mediated Communication: A Comparison of Different Analytic Approaches + A. J. Sellen Characterizing, Predicting, and Measuring Video-Mediated Communication: A Conversational Approach + B. O'Conaill + S. Whittaker The Impact of VMC on Collaborative Problem Solving: An Analysis of Task Performance, Communicative Process, and User Satisfaction + A. H. Anderson + C. O'Malley + G. Doherty-Sneddon + S. Langton + A. Newlands + J Mullin + A. M. Fleming + J. Van der Velden Face-to-Face Group Work Compared to Remote Group Work With and Without Video + J. S. Olson + G. M. Olson + D. Meader Studying Video-Based Collaboration in Context: From Small Workgroups to Large Organizations + E. A. Isaacs + J. C. Tang Channel Overload as a Driver for Adoption of Desktop Video for Distributed Group Work + C. Rudman + R. Hertz + C. Marshall + E. Dykstra-Erickson Video in Support of Organizational Talk + A. J. Sellen + R. Harper Rant and RAVE: Experimental and Experiential Accounts of a Media Space + V. Bellotti + P. Dourish The Media Space + S. Harrison + S. Bly + S. Anderson + S. Minneman Sharing Faces, Places, and Spaces: The Ontario Telepresence Project Field Studies + G. Moore Reconfiguring Media Space: Supporting Collaborative Work + C. Heath + P. Luff + A. J. Sellen Part III: Design Models and Metaphors for Video-Mediated Communication + S. B. Wilbur Living in Augmented Reality: Ubiquitous Media and Reactive Environments + W. A. S. Buxton Interfaces for Multiparty Videoconferences + W. A. S. Buxton + A. J. Sellen + M. C. Sheasby Group Space: The Role of Video in Multipoint Videoconferencing and Its Implications for Design + A. Man'e Virtual Meeting Rooms + J. R. Ensor Iterative Design of Seamless Collaboration Media + H. Ishii + M. Kobayashi + K. Arita + T. Yagi Part IV: The Future Informal Communications Reexamined: New Functions for Video in Supporting Opportunistic Encounters + E. A. Isaacs + S. Whittaker + D. Frohlich + B. O'Conaill Video-As-Data: Technical and Social Aspects of a Collaborative Multimedia Application + B. A. Nardi + A. Kuchinsky + S. Whittaker + R. Leichner + H. Schwarz Supporting Videoconferencing on the Internet + J. Crowcroft Prospects for Videotelephony + R. E. Kraut + R. S. Fish %M E.Forsyth.97 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Factors and Web Development %G ISBN 0-8058-2823-0 [cloth] 0-8058-2824-9 [paper] %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %D 1997 %P 288 %E Chris Forsythe %E Eric Grose %E Julie Ratner %Y Introduction + Deborah J. Mayhew Part I: Perspectives From Psychology The Use of Investigatory Responses as a Measure of Learning and Memory + C. P. Seltzer Visual Information Processing on the World Wide Web + W. Marks + C. L. Dulaney Discourse Process and Its Relevance to the Web + J. P. Magliano + M. C. Schleich + K. K. Millis Human Navigation + Leslie A. Whitaker Part II: Web User Populations Children's Online Environments + Allison Druin + M. Platt Designing Web Pages and Applications for People With Disabilities + Lila Laux The World Wide Web as a Teaching Resource + P. Burden + J. Davies Easing the Learning Curve for Novice Web Users + Julie Ratner Part III: Web Design Guidelines and Development Processes Using Web and Traditional Style Guides to Design Web Interfaces + Eric Grose + Chris Forsythe + Julie Ratner Page Design Guidelines Developed Through Usability Testing + Jose A. Borges + Israel Morales + Nestor J. Rodriguez Human Factors Methodology for Designing Web Sites + Pawan R. Vora Part IV: Web Research and Development Web User Interface Development at Oracle Corporation + Anna M. Wichansky + Geroge Hackman, Jr. Web Usability Research at Microsoft Corporation + A. Kanerva + K. Keeker + K. Risden + E. Schuh + Mary Czerwinski Creating Content for Both Paper and the Web + Gavin S. Lew + Robert M. Schumacher + Richard C. Omanson The Ten Golden Rules for Providing Video Over the Web or 0% of 2.4M (at 270k/sec, 340 sec remaining) + C. Johnson Part V: Collaboration and Visualization Graphics Design on the Web + E. N. Wiebe + J. E. Howe Collaborative Interfaces for the Web + Saul Greenberg A Zooming Web Browser + Ben B. Bederson + James D. Hollan + J. Stewart + D. Rogers + D. Vick + L. Ring + Eric Grose + Chris Forsythe %M E.Frakes.92 3/22/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Information Retrieval: Data Structures and Algorithms %E William B. Frakes %E Ricardo Baeza-Yates %D 1992 %P 504 %C Englewood-Cliffs, New Jersey %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-463837-9; QA 76.9 D351543 1992 %Y INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction to Information Storage and Retrieval Systems (1) 2. Introduction to Data Structures and Algorithms Related to Information Retrieval (13) FILE STRUCTURES 3. Inverted Files (28) 4. Signature Files (44) 5. New Indices for Text: PAT Tree and PAT Arrays (66) 6. File Organization for Optical Disks (83) TERM AND QUERY OPERATIONS 7. Lexical Analysis and Stoplists (102) 8. Stemming Algorithms (131) 9. Thesaurus Construction (161) 10. String Search Algorithms (219) 11. Relevance Feedback and Other Query Modification Techniques (241) DOCUMENT OPERATIONS 12. Boolean Operations (264) 13. Hashing Algorithms (293) 14. Ranking Algorithms (363) 15. Extended Boolean Models (393) 16. Clustering Algorithms (419) HARDWARE 17. Special-Purpose Hardware for Information Retrieval (443) 18. Parallel Information Retrieval Algorithms (459) Index (498-504) %M E.Galeg.90 ?? dup in abooks %0 EDITED BOOK %T Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work %G ISBN 0-80580533-8; 0-80580534-6 (pbk.) %P 542 %E Jolene Rae Galegher %E Robert E. Kraut %E Carmen Egido %D 1990 %C Hillsdale, NJ %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M E.Galer.92 9/12/92 ss %0 EDITED BOOK %T Methods and Tools in User-Centred Design for Information Technology %S Human Factors in Information Technology, 9 %E Margaret Galer %E Susan Harker %E Jurgen Ziegler %D 1992 %N 14 %P 437 %C Amsterdam %I North-Holland %I Elsevier Science Publishers %G ISBN 0-444-89301-6; QA 76.9 S88M44 1992 %Y 1. Introduction (1-10) + Margaret Galer + Susan Harker SECTION 1 -- SUPPORTING THE DESIGN PROCESS FROM CONCEPTION TO USE 2. Human Factors Tools for Designers of Information Technology Products (13-42) + Gordon Allison + Bernard Cattarall + Marc Dowd + Margaret Galer + Martin Maguire + Bronwen Taylor 3. An Ergonomics Framework for User Activity Centred Software Design (43-92) + Francois Jeffroy + Isabelle Lambert 4. The SANE Toolkit for Cognitive Modelling and User-Centred Design (93-125) + Tom Bosser + Elke-Maria Melchior 5. Product Usability (127-175) + Nadia Bertaggia + Gianni Montagnini + Francesco Novara + Oronzo Parlangeli 6. The Computer Human Factors Database (177-200) + Kathryn Phillips + Margaret Galer SECTION 2 -- DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERFACE DESIGN 7. Design of Dialogues for Human-Computer Interaction (203-236) + Peter Haubner 8. Direct Manipulation User Interface (237-279) + Claus Gorner + Paulus Vossen + Jurgen Ziegler 9. Design and Evaluation of Applications with Speech Interfaces -- Experimental Results and Practical Guidelines (281-297) + Floris van Nes 10. Multimedia Interfaces (299-315) + Franz Koller SECTION 3 -- SOFTWARE TOOLS TO SUPPORT USER-CENTRED DESIGN 11. DIAMANT -- A User Interface Management System for Object-Oriented Interfaces (319-343) + Bernhard Trefz 12. INTUIT: A Computer Assisted Software Engineering Support for User-Centred Design (345-370) + Fred Russell + Phil Pettit + Simon Elder SECTION 4 -- EXEMPLAR OF THE APPLICATION OF USER-CENTRED DESIGN 13. Developing Intelligent Decision Support Systems Through User-Centred Design: A Managerial Planning Application (373-412) + Lambros Laios + Nikos Marmaras + Maria Giannacourou SECTION 5 -- CONCLUSIONS 14. Human Factors in the I.T. Software Design Process -- The Way Forward (415-426) + Susan Harker + Ken Eason + Jurgen Ziegler List of Abbreviations and Acronyms (427) Author Index (431) Subject Index (435) %M E.Gardner.87 11/7/90 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Applying Cognitive Psychology to User-Interface Design %E Margaret M. Gardner %E Bruce Christie %P 372 %G ISBN 0-471-91184-4 %D 1987 %C Chichester, England %I John Wiley & Sons %M E.Gardner-Bonneau.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Factors and Voice Interactive Systems %E Daryle Gardner-Bonneau %G ISBN 0-7923-8467-9 %P 336 %D 1999 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %S Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science %W http://www.wkap.nl/book.htm/0-7923-8467-9 %Y 1. Speech User Interface Evolution + J. Karat et al 2. Spoken Natural Language Dialogue Systems: User Interface Issues for the Future + S. J. Boyce 3. Evaluating the Quality of Synthetic Speech + A. L. Francis + H. C. Nusbaum 4. Phonological Rules for Speech Synthesis + M. Divay 5. Synthesized Speech for Evaluation of Children's Hearing and Acoustic-Phonetic Perception + M. Gosy 6. Universal Access and Assistive Technology + J. C. Thomas et al 7. Guidelines for Speech-Enabled IVR Application Design + D. Gardner-Bonneau 8. Limiting Factors of Automated Telephone Dialogues + D. G. Novick et al 9. Why Do People Dial Wrong Numbers? + A. M. Lund 10. Re-Engineering the Speech Menu + B. Balentine 11. IVR for Banking and Residential Telephone Subscribers Using Stored Messages Combined with a New Number-to-Speech Synthesis Method + G. Olaszy + G. Nemeth 12. Voice Messaging User Interface + H. E. Blanchard + S. H. Lewis 13. A New Design Framework for Computer-Telephony Integration (CTI) + M. J. Lindeman 14. The Future of Voice Interactive Applications + D. Gardner-Bonneau %M E.Giagnocavo.97 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Child Safety on the Internet %E Gregory Giagnocavo %E Vince Distefano %Q Staff of Classroom Connect %D 1997 %P 296 %I Prentice Hall %S Computer Books %G ISBN 0-13-569468-X %Y Intro: Making the Net Safe 1. The Internet's Dark Side 2. Dangerous Minds 3. Common Sense Protection 4. Netiquette 5. Acceptable Use Policies 6. Commercial Online Services 7. Information Literacy 8. Internet Town Watch 9. Become a Computer Detective 10. Police the Net A. Acceptable Use Policies B. Information Literacy C. Electronic Frontier Foundation D. Protecting Children with Surfwatch Directory Glossary %M E.Gibbs.90 poltrock/grudin ?? see page 102 of Poltrock/Grudin CHI'94 tutorial %D 1990 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Multi-User Interfaces and Applications %E S. Gibbs %G ISBN 0-44488760-1 %P 389 %E A. A. Verrijn-Stuart %C Amsterdam %I North-Holland %O IFIP WG8.4 Conference Proceedings %M E.Goldberg.00 %0 EDITED BOOK %T The Robot in the Garden -- Telerobotics and Telepistemology in the Age of the Internet %S Leonardo Books %E Ken Goldberg %D 2000 %P 330 %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-07203-3 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262072033 %Y 1. Introduction: The Unique Phenomenon of a Distance + Ken Goldberg 2. Eden by Wire: Webcameras and the Telepresent Landscape + Thomas J. Campanella I Philosophy 3. Telepistemology: Descartes's Last Stand + Hubert Dreyfus 4. Vicariousness and Authenticity + Catherine Wilson 5. Information, Nearness, and Farness + Albert Borgmann 6. Acting at a Distance and Knowing from Afar: Agency and Knowledge on the Internet + Jeff Malpas 7. Telerobotic Knowledge: A Reliabilist Approach + Alvin Goldman II Art, History, and Critical Theory 8. The Speed of Light and the Virtualization of Reality + Martin Jay 9. To Lie and to Act: Potemkin's Villages, Cinema, and Telepresence + Lev Manovich 10. Dialogical Telepresence and Net Ecology + Eduardo Kac 11. Presence, Absence, and Knowledge in Telerobotic Art + Machiko Kusahara 12. Exposure Time, the Aura, and Telerobotics + Marina Grzinic 13. The History of Telepresence: Automata, Illusion, and the Rejection of the Body + Oliver Grau III Engineering, Interface, and System Design 14. Feeling Is Believing: A History of Telerobotics + Blake Hannaford 15. Tele-Embodiment and Shattered Presence: Reconstructing the Body for Online Interaction + John Canny + Eric Paulos 16. Being Real: Questions of Tele-Identity + Judith Donath 17. Telepistemology, Mediation, and the Design of Transparent Interfaces + Michael Idinopulos IV Postscript 18. The Film and the New Psychology (1945) + Maurice Merleau-Ponty %X The Robot in the Garden initiates a critical theory of telerobotics and introduces telepistemology, the study of knowledge acquired at a distance. Many of our most influential technologies, the telescope, telephone, and television, were developed to provide knowledge at a distance. Telerobots, remotely controlled robots, facilitate action at a distance. Specialists use telerobots to explore actively environments such as Mars, the Titanic, and Chernobyl. Military personnel increasingly employ reconnaissance drones and telerobotic missiles. At home, we have remote controls for the garage door, car alarm, and television (the latter a remote for the remote). The Internet dramatically extends our scope and reach. Thousands of cameras and robots are now accessible online. Although the role of technical mediation has been of interest to philosophers since the seventeenth century, the Internet forces a reconsideration. As the public gains access to telerobotic instruments previously restricted to scientists and soldiers, questions of mediation, knowledge, and trust take on new significance for everyday life. Telerobotics is a mode of representation. But representations can misrepresent. If Orson Welles's "War of the Worlds" was the defining moment for radio, what will be the defining moment for the Internet? As artists have always been concerned with how representations provide us with knowledge, the book also looks at telerobotics' potential as an artistic medium. The seventeen essays, by leading figures in philosophy, art, history, and engineering, are organized into three sections: Philosophy; Art, History, and Critical Theory; and Engineering, Interface, and System Design. %M E.Gram.96 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Design Principles for Interactive Software %E Christian Gram %E Gilbert Cockton %I Chapman & Hall %G ISBN 0-41272470-7 %D 1996 %P 248 %Y Preface 1. The Context of Interactive Systems Development 2. External Properties: the User's Perspective 3. Internal Properties: The Software Developer's Perspective 4. Software Architecture Models 5. Tools and Materials 6. Example: Interface for Air Traffic Controllers 7. Conclusions Appendix A Glossary Appendix B Summary Tables %M E.GreenE.93 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Gendered by Design? Information Technology and Office Systems %D 1996 %E Eileen Green %E Jenny Owes %E Den Pain %P 224 %I Taylor & Francis %G ISBN 0-7484-0092-3 (paper) 0-7484-0091-5 (cloth) %M E.Green.93 1/1/93 lo %0 EDITED BOOK %T The Psychology of Computer Use %E T. R. G. Green %E S. J. Payne %E G. C. van der Veer %D 1983 %P 225 %C London, England %I Academic Press %S Computers and People Series %G ISBN 0-12-297420-4 %Y Introduction (1-16) + T. R. G. Green + S. J. Payne + G. C. van der Veer PSYCHOLOGY OF USING COMPUTERS (17-88) Why Systems Transparency? (19-28) + S. Maass What Kind of "Dialogue" is it When Working with a Computer? (29-40) + L. Pinsky Graphs are Not Straightforward (41-56) + J. Preece Computer-Aided Problem Solving with Graphical Display of Information (57-68) + B. Senach Naming Commands: An Analysis of Designers' Naming Behaviour (69-88) + A. H. Joergensen + P. Barnard + N. Hammond + I. Clark PSYCHOLOGY OF PROGRAMMING (89-214) A Model of the Understanding of a Program and its Impact on the Design of the Programming Language GRADE (91-106) + H. E. Sengler Individual Differences and Aspects of Control Flow Notations (107-120) + G. C. van der Veer + G. J. E. van de Wolde Problem Solving by Novice Programmers (121-142) + H. Kahney Analysis of Beginners' Problem-Solving Strategies in Programming (143-158) + J.-M. Hoc Program Development Studies Based on Diaries (159-170) + P. Naur Multi-Style Dialogues and Control Independence in Interactive Software (171-190) + S. Hagglund + R. Tibell The Evaluation of a Programming Support Environment (191-214) + A. T. Arblasser %M E.Greenberg.91 poltrock/grudin ?? %0 EDITED BOOK %T Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Groupware %E Saul Greenberg %P 423 %D 1991 %G ISBN 0-12299220-2 %C London %I Academic Press %M E.Grefenstette.98 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Cross-Language Information Retrieval %E Gregory Grefenstette %S Kluwer International Series on Information Retrieval %P 200 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %G ISBN 0-7923-8122-X %D 1998 %Y 1. The Problem of Cross-Language Information Retrieval + G. Grefenstette 2. On the Effective Use of Large Parallel Corpora in Cross-Language Text Retrieval + M. W. Davis 3. Statistical Methods for Cross-Language Information Retrieval + L. Ballesteros + W .B. Croft 4. Distributed Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval + C. Fluhr et al 5. Automatic Cross-Language Information Retrieval Using Latent Semantic Indexing + M. L. Littman et al 6. Mapping Vocabularies Using Latent Semantics + D. A. Evans et al 7. Cross-Language Information Retrieval: A System for Comparable Corpus Querying + E. Picchi + C. Peters 8. A Language Conversion Front-End for Cross-Language Information Retrieval + Y. Kiyoshi et al 9. The SYSTRAN NLP Browser: An Application of Machine Translation Technology in Cross-Language Information Retrieval + D. A. Gachot et al 10. A Weighted Boolean Model for Cross-Language Text Retrieval + D. Hull 11. Building a Large Multilingual Test Collection from Comparable News Documents + P. Sheridan et al 12. Evaluating Cross-Language Text Filtering Effectiveness + D. W. Oard + B. J. Dorr %M E.Greif.88 4/27/92 gp/rmb %0 EDITED BOOK %T Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: A Book of Readings %E Irene Greif %D 1988 %P 793 %C San Mateo, California %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 0-934613-57-5, OCLC 17842050 %O Reviewed in SIGCHI Bulletin, 21:2, 1989, 125-128 %Y Early Visions Early Research Projects Related Technologies Domain-Specific Coordination Support Support for Meetings Technology Recent Theoretical Approaches Empirical Studies %M E.Guedj.80 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Methodology of Interaction: Seillac II %E Richard A. Guedj %E P. J. W. Hagen %E F. R. A. Hopgood %E H. A. Tucker %E D. A. Duce %D 1980 %P 408 %G ISBN 0-44485479-7 %C Amsterdam %I North-Holland %M E.Haller.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Computational Models of Mixed-Initiative Interaction %E Susan Haller %E Susan McRoy %E Alfred Kobsa %D 1999 %P 404 %G ISBN 0-7923-5572-5 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-5572-5 %Y What is Initiative? + R. Cohen et al An Evidential Model for Tracking Initiative in Collaborative Dialogue Interactions + J. Chu-Carroll + M. K. Brown An Analysis of Initiative Selection in Collaborative Task-Oriented Discourse + C. I. Guinn COLLAGEN: A Collaboration Manager for Software Interface Agents + C. Rich + C. Sidner Lifelike Pedagogical Agents for Mixed-initiative Problem Solving in Constructivist Learning Environments + J. C. Lester et al Mixed-Initiative Issues in an Agent-Based Meeting Scheduler + A. Cesta + D. d'Aloisi Exploring Mixed-Initiative Dialogue Using Computer Dialogue Simulation + M. Ishizaki et al A Computational Mechanism for Initiative in Answer Generation + N. Green + S. Carberry User-Tailored Planning of Mixed Initiative Information-Seeking Dialogues + A. Stein et al An Approach to Mixed Initiative Spoken Information Retrieval Dialogue + E. Hagen %O Reprinted from User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 8:3-4; 9:1-2 %M E.Hamilton.90 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Simulation and the User Interface %E Ian Hamilton %E Andrew Life %D 1990 %I Taylor & Francis %P 272 %G ISBN 0-85066-803-4 %M E.Harrison.90 5/14/92 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Formal Methods in Human-Computer Interaction %S Cambridge Series on Human-Computer Interaction %E Michael Harrison %E Harold Thimbleby %D 1990 %P 323 %C Cambridge, UK %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-521-37202-X %Y 1 The Role of Formal Methods in Human-Computer Interaction (1-8) + Michael Harrison + Harold Thimbleby 2 HCI Formalisms and Cognitive Psychology: The Case of Task-Action Grammar (9-62) + Franz Schiele + Thomas Green 3 Putting Design into Practice: Formal Specification and The User Interface (63-96) + Roger Took 4 Non Determinism as a Paradigm for Understanding the User Interface (97-127) + Alan Dix 5 A State Model of Direct Manipulation in Interactive Systems (129-151) + Michael Harrison + Alan Dix 6 Specification, Analysis and Refinement of Interactive Processes (153-200) + Bernard Sufrin + Jifeng He 7 From Abstract Models to Functional Prototypes (201-232) + Colin Runciman 8 Designing Abstractions for Communication Control (233-271) + Gilbert Cockton 9 Structuring Dialogues using CSP (273-295) + Heather Alexander Bibliography (297-316) Index (317-323) %M E.Hartson.85 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %T Advances in Human-Computer Interaction %E H. Rex Hartson %D 1985 %V 1 %N 9 %P 296 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %G ISBN 0-89391-244-1; ISSN 0748-8602 %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/hartson/hci1.htm %Y 1 Usability Specifications as a Tool in Iterative Development (1-28) + John M. Carroll + Mary Beth Rosson 2 Developmental Theory as a Framework for Studying Human-Computer Interaction (29-48) + John Whiteside + Dennis Wixon 3 Human Factors: An Exploration of the Psychology of Human-Computer Dialogues (49-104) + Daniel K. Simes + Patricia A. Sirsky 4 A Model Programming Environment (105-132) + Ben Shneiderman 5 Voice Communication with Computers (133-160) + Christopher Schmandt 6 Executable Interface Definitions Using Form-Based Interface Abstractions (161-190) + Philip J. Hayes 7 The Role of Prototypes in the User Software Engineering (USE) Methodology (191-210) + Anthony I. Wasserman + David T. Shewmake 8 An Executable Specification Technique for Describing Human-Computer Interaction (211-242) + Robert J. K. Jacob 9 A SUPERvisory Methodology And Notation (SUPERMAN) for Human-Computer System Development (243-282) + Tamer Yunten + H. Rex Hartson %M E.Hartson.88 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %T Advances in Human-Computer Interaction %E H. Rex Hartson %E Deborah Hix %D 1988 %V 2 %N 9 %P 384 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %G ISBN 0-89391-428-2; ISSN 0748-8602 %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/hartson/hci2.htm %Y 1 Human Factors and Artificial Intelligence (1-44) + John C. Thomas 2 Interface Design and Evaluation -- Semiotic Implications (45-100) + Mihai Nadin 3 The Problem of Levels and Automatic Response Generation in a "Let's Talk About It" Strategy (101-127) + Kemal Efe 4 Measuring the Utility of Application Software (128-158) + Andrew M. Cohill + David M. Gilfoil + John V. Pilitsis 5 The Gift of Good Design Tools (159-174) + Tom Carey 6 Design and Implementation of an Object-Oriented User Interface Management System (175-213) + John L. Sibert + William D. Hurley + Teresa W. Bleser 7 A System for Evaluating Screen Formats: Research and Application (214-286) + Thomas S. Tullis 8 User Performance with Command, Menu, and Iconic Interfaces (287-315) + John Whiteside + Dennis Wixon + Sandy Jones 9 An Examination of the Research Evidence for Computer-Based Instruction (316-367) + Theodore M. Shlechter %M E.Hartson.93 4/27/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %T Advances in Human-Computer Interaction %E H. Rex Hartson %E Deborah Hix %D 1993 %V 3 %N 8 %P 304 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %G ISBN 0-89391-751-6; ISSN 0748-8602 %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/hartson/hci3.htm %Y 1 A New Era for High Precision Touchscreens (1-33) + Andrew Sears + Catherine Plaisant + Ben Shneiderman 2 The User Interface: The Poor Relation in Structured Methods (34-68) + Dermot P. Browne + Robert Summersgill + Phil Stradling 3 Evaluating the Thinking Aloud Technique for Use by Computer Scientists (69-82) + Jakob Nielsen 4 Where East Meets West: Bridging the Gap between Anthropology and Computer Science (83-104) + Richard A. Wagner + David Levinson + David Jank 5 Designing a Scholars' Electronic Library: The Interaction of Human Factors and Computer Science Tasks (105-142) + Martha J. Lindeman + J. Charles Crabb + John R. Bonneau + Vera Fosnot Wehrli 6 Hypermedia: Design for Browsing (143-183) + Bernice T. Glenn + Mark H. Chignell 7 User Support: Considerations, Features, and Issues (184-228) + Alison Lee 8 ITS Tools for Application Development (229-276) + Stephen J. Boies + William E. Bennett + John D. Gould + Sharon L. Greene + Charles Wiecha %M E.Hartson.93 4/27/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %T Advances in Human-Computer Interaction %E H. Rex Hartson %E Deborah Hix %D 1993 %V 4 %N 8 %P 304 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/hartson/hci4.htm %G ISBN 0-89391-934-9; ISSN 0748-8602 %Y 1 Sequential Experimentation in Human-Computer Interface Design (1-30) + Robert C. Williges + Beverly H. Williges + Sung H. Han 2 Extending the Task-Artifact Framework: Scenario-Based Design of Smalltalk Applications (31-57) + Mary Beth Rosson + John M. Carroll 3 User Modeling as Machine Identification: New Design Methods for HCI (58-86) + Harold Thimbleby + Ian H. Witten 4 Supporting Design Rationales in User Interface Toolkits (87-109) + Tom Carey + Roger Spall 5 State of the Art in User Interface Software Tools (110-150) + Brad A. Myers 6 Eye-Movement-Based Human-Computer Interaction Techniques: Toward Non-Command Interfaces (151-190) + Robert J. K. Jacob 7 Recognition-Based User Interfaces (191-250) + James R. Rhyne + Catherine G. Wolf 8 From Desktop Audio to Mobile Access: Opportunities for Voice in Computing (251-284) + Christopher Schmandt %M E.Hegner.01 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Intelligent Help Systems for UNIX %E Stephen J. Hegner %E Paul Mc Kevitt %E Peter Norvig %E Robert L. Wilensky %D 2001 %P 424 %G ISBN 0-7923-6641-7 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-6641-7 %O Reprinted from Artificial Intelligence Review, 14:1-5 %Y Part I: Intelligent Help Systems for UNIX: Computational Models and Systems An Intelligent Human-Computer Interface for Provision of On-Line Help + J. Jerrams-Smith Virtues and Problems of an Active Help System for UNIX + M. Virvou et al The Berkeley UNIX Consultant Project + R. Wilensky et al The OSCON Operating System Consultant + P. McKevitt USCSH: An Active Intelligent Assistance System + M. Matthews et al Part II: Intelligent Help Systems for UNIX: Planning and Knowledge Representation The SINIX Consultant - Towards a Theoretical Treatment of Plan Recognition + M. Hecking Plan Realization for Complex Command Interaction in the UNIX Help Domain + S. J. Hegner An Assumption-based Truth Maintenance System in Active Aid for UNIX Users + J. Jones et al What Do You Know about Mail? Knowledge Representation in the SINIX Consultant + C. Kemke Part III: Intelligent Help Systems for UNIX: Natural Language Dialogue Planning Intelligent Responses in a Natural Language System + D. N. Chin Strategies for Expressing Concise, Helpful Answers + D. N. Chin Evaluating Plan Recognition Systems: Three Properties of a Good Explanation + J. Mayfield Representing UNIX Domain Metaphors + J. H. Martin Using Justification Patterns to Advise Novice UNIX Users + A. Quilici %M E.Helander.88 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction %E Martin Helander %D 1988 %P 1167 %C Amsterdam %I North-Holland %G ISBN 0-444-70536-8, OCLC 18415785; ISBN 0-444-88673-7 (paper); QA 76.9.H85H36 %W http://www.hcibib.org/ftp/helander.bib %K Task Dialogue Device Adaptive Screen Display GENERAL Lifecycle DESIGN Psych Guidelines Prototype Specification IMPLEMENTATION Guidance Windows EVALUATION Empirical Model %Y I Models and Theories of Human-Computer Interaction II User Interface Design III Individual Differences and Training IV Applications of Computer Technology V Tools for Design and Evaluation VI Artificial Intelligence VII Psychological and Organizational Issues Author Index Subject Index %M E.Helander.97 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction %E Martin Helander %E Thomas K. Landauer %E Prasad V. Prabhu %D 1997 %N 62 %P 1582 %C Amsterdam %I North-Holland %I Elsevier Science Publishers %G ISBN 0-444-81862-6 (cloth), OCLC 36900878; 0-444-81876-6 (paper); LC: QA76.9.H85; Dewey: 004/.01/9 %O Second Edition %Y I Issues, Theories, Models and Methods in HCI 1 Human-Computer Interaction: Background and Issues + Raymond S. Nickerson + Thomas K. Landauer 2 Information Visualization + James D. Hollan + Benjamin B. Bederson + Jonathan I. Helfman 3 Mental Models and User Models + Robert B. Allen 4 Model-Based Optimization of Display Systems + Misha Pavel + Albert J. Ahumada, Jr. 5 Task Analysis, Task Allocation and Supervisory Control + Thomas B. Sheridan 6 Models of Graphical Perception + Gerald Lee Lohse 7 Using Natural Language Interfaces + William C. Ogden + Philip Bernick 8 Virtual Environments as Human-Computer Interfaces + Stephen R. Ellis + Durand R. Begault + Elizabeth M. Wenzel 9 Behavioral Research Methods in Human-Computer Interaction + Thomas K. Landauer II Design and Development of Software Systems 10 How To Design Usable Systems + John D. Gould + Stephen J. Boies + Jacob Ukelson 11 Participatory Practices in the Software Lifecycle + Michael J. Muller + Jean Hallewell Haslwanter + Tom Dayton 12 Design for Quality-in-use: Human-Computer Interaction Meets Information Systems Development + Pelle Ehn + Jonas Lowgren 13 Ecological Information Systems and Support of Learning: Coupling Work Domain Information to User Characteristics + Annelise Mark Pejtersen + Jens Rasmussen 14 The Role of Task Analysis in the Design of Software + Robin Jeffries 15 The Use of Ethnographic Methods in Design and Evaluation + Bonnie A. Nardi 16 What do Prototypes Prototype? + Stephanie Houde + Charles Hill 17 Scenario-Based Design + John M. Carroll 18 International Ergonomic HCI Standards + Ahmet Cakir + Wolfgang Dzida III User Interface Design 19 Graphical User Interfaces + Aaron Marcus 20 The Role of Metaphors in User Interface Design + Dennis C. Neale + John M. Carroll 21 Direct Manipulation and Other Lessons + David M. Frohlich 22 Human Error and User-Interface Design + Prasad V. Prabhu + Girish V. Prabhu 23 Screen Design + Thomas S. Tullis 24 Design of Menus + Kenneth R. Paap + Nancy J. Cooke 25 Color and Human-Computer Interaction + David L. Post 26 How Not to Have to Navigate Through Too Many Displays + David D. Woods + Jennifer C. Watts IV Evaluation of HCI 27 The Usability Engineering Framework for Product Design and Evaluation + Dennis Wixon + Chauncey Wilson 28 User-Centered Software Evaluation Methodologies + John Karat 29 Usability Inspection Methods + Robert A. Virzi 30 Cognitive Walkthroughs + Clayton Lewis + Cathleen Wharton 31 A Guide to GOMS Model Usability Evaluation using NGOMSL + David Kieras 32 Cost-Justifying Usability Engineering in the Software Life Cycle + Clare-Marie Karat V Individual Differences and Training 33 From Novice to Expert + Richard E. Mayer 34 Computer Technology and the Older Adult + Sara J. Czaja 35 Human Computer Interfaces for People with Disabilities + Alan F. Newell + Peter Gregor 36 Computer-Based Instruction + Ray E. Eberts 37 Intelligent Tutoring Systems + Albert T. Corbett + Kenneth R. Koedinger + John R. Anderson VI Multimedia, Video and Voice 38 Hypertext and its Implications for the Internet + Pawan R. Vora + Martin G. Helander 39 Multimedia Interaction + John A. Waterworth + Mark H. Chignell 40 A Practical Guide to Working with Edited Video + Wendy A. Kellogg + Rachel K. E. Bellamy + Mary Van Deusen 41 Desktop Video Conferencing: A Systems Approach + Jonathan K. Kies + Robert C. Williges + Beverly H. Williges 42 Auditory Interfaces + William W. Gaver 43 Design Issues for Interfaces using Voice Input + Candace Kamm + Martin Helander 44 Applying Speech Synthesis to User Interfaces + Murray F. Spiegel + Lynn Streeter 45 Designing Voice Menu Applications for Telephones + Monica A. Marics + George Engelbeck VII Programming, Intelligent Interface Design and Knowledge-Based Systems 46 Expertise and Instruction in Software Development + Mary Beth Rosson + John M. Carroll 47 End-User Programming + Michael Eisenberg 48 Interactive Software Architecture + Dan R. Olsen, Jr. 49 User Aspects Of Knowledge-Based Systems + Yvonne Waern + Sture Hagglund 50 Paradigms for Intelligent Interface Design + Emilie M. Roth + Jane T. Malin + Debra L. Schreckenghost 51 Knowledge Elicitation for the Design of Software Agents + Guy A. Boy 52 Decision Support Systems: Integrating Decision Aiding And Decision Training + Wayne W. Zachary + Joan M. Ryder 53 Human Computer Interaction Applications for Intelligent Transportation Systems + Thomas A. Dingus + Andrew W. Gellatly + Stephen J. Reinach VIII Input Devices and Design of Work Stations 54 Keys and Keyboards + James R. Lewis + Kathleen M. Potosnak + Regis L. Magyar 55 Pointing Devices + Joel S. Greenstein 56 Ergonomics of CAD Systems + Holger Luczak + Johannes Springer 57 Design of the Computer Workstation + Karl H. E. Kroemer 58 Work-related Disorders and the Operation of Computer VDT's + Mats Hagberg + David Rempel IX CSCW and Organizational Issues in HCI 59 Research on Computer Supported Cooperative Work + Gary M. Olson + Judith S. Olson 60 Organizational Issues in Development and Implementation of Interactive Systems + Jonathan Grudin + M. Lynne Markus 61 Understanding the Organisational Ramifications of Implementing Information Technology Systems + Ken Eason 62 Psychosocial Aspects of Computerized Office Work + Michael J. Smith + Frank T. Conway %M E.Hopgood.86 11/4/90 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Methodology of Window Management %G ISBN 0-38716116-3 %P 250 %O proceedings of an Alvey workshop at Cosener's House, Abingdon, UK, April 1985 %E F. Hopgood %E A. Robert %D 1986 %C Berlin %I Springer-Verlag %K IMPLEMENTATION Windows Dialogue %M E.Huhns.97 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Readings in Agents %E Michael N. Huhns %E Munindar P. Singh %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %D 1997 %G ISBN 1-55860-495-2 %P 520 %Y Chapter 1 Agents and Multiagent Systems: Themes, Approaches, and Challenges Chapter 2 Applications Chapter 3 Architectures and Infrastructure Chapter 4 Models of Agency %M E.Jacobson.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Information Design %E Robert Jacobson %D 1999 %G ISBN 0-262-10069-X %I MIT Press %P 373 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=026210069X %Y Foreword + Richard Saul Wurman 1 Introduction: Why Information Design Matters + Robert Jacobson I Theoretical Foundations of Information Design 2 Information Design: The Emergence of a New Profession + Robert E. Horn 3 Chaos, Order, and Sense-Making: A Proposed Theory for Information Design + Brenda Dervin 4 Human-Centered Design + Mike Cooley 5 Sign-Posting Information Design + Romedi Passini II The Practice of Information Design 6 The Uniqueness of Individual Perception + Roger Whitehouse 7 Information Design in Informal Settings: Museums and Other Public Spaces + C. G. Screven 8 Graphic Tools for Thinking, Planning, and Problem Solving + Yvonne M. Hansen 9 Visual Design in Three Dimensions + Hal Thwaites 10 Collaborative Informaiton Design: Seattle's Modern Odyssey + Judy Anderson III Designing for the Technologies of Information 11 Information Interaction Design: A Unified Field Theory of Design + Nathan Shedroff 12 Interactivity and Meaning + Sheryl Macy + Elizabeth Anderson + John Krygier 13 The Role of Ambiguity in Multimedia Experience + Jim Gasperini 14 Sculpting in Zeros and Ones + Steve Holtzman 15 Personal Reflections on the Development of Cyberspace + Simon Birrell Epilogue 16 Rationalizing Information Representation + Jef Raskin %M E.Jordon.96 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Usablity Evaluation in Industry %E Patrick W. Jordan %E Bruce Thomas %E Bernard A. Weerdmeester %E Ian McClelland %D 1996 %I Taylor & Francis %G ISBN 0-7484-0460-0 (paper) 0-7484-0314-0 (cloth) %W http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/BOOKS/Ergonomics/ueii.htm %P 224 %Y Introduction. Part One: Elements of Usability. A Combined Effort in the Standardization to User Interface. Combining Data in the Evaluation of Product Usability. Part Two: Selecting Evaluation Methods. Factors Affecting Methods and Techniques of Usability Evaluation. Information Ecologies, Experience and Ergonomics. Part Three: Field Studies. Service Introduction and Evaluation. Observation as a Technique for Usability Evaluation. Field Based Prototyping. Part Four: Informal Methods. Quick and Dirty Usability Tests. Effective Informal Methods. Part Five: New Evaluation Methods. A Cost-Effective Methods for the "In the Field" Usability Evaluation. Private Camera Conversation: A New Methods for Eliciting User Responses. Part Six: "Off the Shelf" Evaluation Methods. The Usability Checklist Approach Revisited. FACE: A Rapid Method for Evaluation User Interfaces. Part Seven: Task Analysis. Hierarchical Task Analysis: An Overview. Task Analysis for Error Identification. Part Eight: Issues Relating to Usability Evaluation. Performance Measurement and Ecological Evaluation. Seminar Discussions: Issues for Usability Evaluation in Industry. %M E.Karat.91 2/17/94 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Taking Software Design Seriously: Practical Techniques for Human-Computer Interaction Design %E John Karat %D 1991 %C New York %I Academic Press %P 357 %G ISBN 0-12397710-X %M E.Karat.04 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Designing Personalized User Experiences in eCommerce %S Human-Computer Interaction Series, Vol. 5 %I Springer-Verlag %E Clare-Marie Karat %E Jan O. Blom %E John Karat %D 2004 %P 360 %G ISBN 1-4020-2147-X %Y 1: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1. Introduction and Overview 2: THEORETICAL, CONCEPTUAL AND ARCHITECTURAL FRAMEWORKS OF PERSONALIZATION 2. Personalizing Interaction 3. Towards Psychological Customization of Information for Individuals and Some Groups 4. Personalization and Trust 5. "I Didn't Buy it for Myself" 6. An Information Architecture Perspective on Personalization 7. E-Commerce Personalization and Real-Time Site Monitoring 3: RESEARCH ON THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF PERSONALIZED USER EXPERIENCES IN DIFFERENT DOMAINS 8. Personalized Electronic Banking Services 9. Personalized Ubiquitous Commerce 10. Self-Service, Personalization and Electronic Government 11. Creating an E-Commerce Environment where Consumers are Willing to Share Personal Information 12. Buyer Behavior in Personalized Shopping Environments 4: APPROACHES TO PERSONALIZATION THROUGH RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS 13. Supporting Travel Decision Making through Personalized Recommendation 14. Improving Collaborative Recommender Systems by Means of User Profiles 15. Personalized Presentation of Policies and Processes 16. Recommending as Personalized Teaching 5: LESSONS LEARNED AND FUTURE RESEARCH QUESTIONS 17. Impacts of User Privacy Preferences on Personalized Systems 18. Challenges for User-Centric Personalization research %M E.Kiesler.97 %0 EDITED BOOK %P 480 %D 1997 %T Culture of the Internet %E Sara Kiesler %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-8058-1635-6 [cloth] 0-8058-1636-4 [paper] %Y Part I: The Net As It Was and Might Become The Rise and Fall of Netville: The Saga of a Cyberspace Construction Boomtown in the Great Divide + J. King + R. E. Grinter + J. M. Pickering Atheism, Sex, and Databases: The Net as a Social Technology + L. Sproull + S. Faraj Pornography in Cyberspace: An Exploration of What's in USENET + M. D. Mehta + D. E. Plaza BOX: Erotica on the Internet: Early Evidence From the HomeNet Trial + J. Manning + W. Scherlis + S. Kiesler + R. Kraut + T. Mukhopadhyay From the Couch to the Keyboard: Psychotherapy in Cyberspace + Y. M. Binik + J. Cantor + E. Ochs + M. Meana Part II: Electronic Groups Interpreting Soap Operas and Creating Community: Inside an Electronic Fan Culture + N. K. Baym Mudding: Social Phenomena in Text-Based Virtual Realities + P. Curtis Constructions and Reconstructions of Self in Virtual Reality: Playing in the MUDs + S. Turkle Seeking Social Support: Parents in Electronic Support Group + K. D. Mickelson An Electronic Group Is Virtually a Social Network + B. Wellman Part III: Power and Influence A Brave New World or a New World Order? + C. R. Kedzie Conflict on the Internet + P. J. Carnevale + T. M. Probst BOX: Coordination, Control, and the Intranet + R. Kling Part IV: Computer-Supported Cooperative Work Electronic Brainstorming: Science Meets Technology in the Group Meeting Room + T. Connolly Email Overload: Exploring Personal Information Management of Email + S. Whittaker + C. Sidner BOX: More That We Can Know: The Attentional Economics of Internet Use + W. Thorngate Part V: Networked Organizations The Kindness of Strangers: On the Usefulness of Electronic Weak Ties for Technical Advice + D. Constant + L. Sproull + S. Kiesler Media Use in a Global Corporation: Electronic Mail and Organizational Knowledge + R. E. Kraut + P. Attewell Organizational Dimensions of Effective Digital Library Use: Closed Rational and Open Natural Systems Models + L. Covi + R. Kling The Internet in School: A Case Study of Educator Demand and Its Precursors + J. W. Schofield + A. Davidson + J. E. Stocks + G. Futoran Part VI: Differences in Access and Usage Computer Networks and Scientific Work + J. P. Walsh + T. Bayma Computers and Connectivity: Current Trends + T. K. Bikson + C. W. A. Panis %M E.Klemmer.89 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %T Ergonomics: Harness the Power of Human Factors in Your Business %E Edmund T. Klemmer %D 1989 %P 224 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/klemmer/harness.htm %I Intellect %G ISBN 0-89391-559-9 %M E.Kyng.97 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Computers and Design in Context %E Morten Kyng %E Lars Mathiassen %E Kristin Braa %D 1997 %P 464 %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-11223-X %Y http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=026211223X %Y Introduction: Design in Context + Morten Kyng + Lars Mathiassen 1. Evolution, Not Revolution: Participatory Design in the Toolbelt Era + Tamara Sumner + Markus Stolze 2. Computer Use by Artists and Designers: Some Perspectives on Two Design Traditions + Colin Beardon + Sue Gollifer + Christopher Rose et al 3. Three Levels of End-User Tailoring: Customization, Integration, and Extension + Anders Morch 4. Design for Heterogeneity + Kari Thoresen 5. What Kind of Car Is This Sales Support System? On Styles, Artifacts, and Quality-in-Use + Pelle Ehn + Theis Meggerle + Odd Steen et al 6. Accounting for System Behavior: Representation, Reflection, and Resourceful Action + Paul Dourish 7. Computers in Context -- But in Which Context? + Torbjorn Naslund 8. Toward a Cooperative Experimental System Development Approach + Kaj Gronbaek + Morten Kyng + Preben Mogensen 9. Designing Stakeholder Expectations in the Implementation of New Technology: Can We Ever Learn Our Lessons? + Tom McMaster + Mark C. Jones + Trevor Wood-Harper 10. Back to Work: Renewing Old Agendas for Cooperative Design + Jeanette Blomberg + Lucy Suchman + Randall Trigg 11. Design in Groups -- And All That Jazz + Tone Bratteteig + Erik Stolterman 12. Speech Acts On Trial + Jan Ljungberg + Peter Holm 13. Ethnocritical Heuristics for Reflecting on Work with Users and Other Interested Parties + Michael J. Muller 14. An Information Systems Research Framework for the Organizational Laboratory + Kristin Braa + Richard Vidgen %M E.Landow.93 %0 EDITED BOOK %T The Digital Word: Text-Based Computing in the Humanities %E George P. Landow %E Paul Delany %I MIT Press %D 1993 %G ISBN 0-262-12176-X %P 374 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=026212176X %M E.Larson.82 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Tutorial: End User Facilities in the 1980's %O initially presented at November 8-12, 1982 COMPSAC 82, the IEEE Computer Society's Sixth International Computer Software & Applications Conference %P 503 %E James A. Larson %D 1982 %C New York, NY %I IEEE Computer Society Press %O EHO 198-2 %M E.Laurel.90 4/26/92 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design %E Brenda Laurel %D 1990 %P 496 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-51797-3; OCLC 21332677 %Y Interface Agents: Metaphors with Character + Brenda Laurel Working with Interface Metaphors + Tom Erickson Through the Looking Glass + John Walker Conversation as Direct Manipulation: An Iconoclastic View + Susan E. Brennan The Cyber-Punk: The Individual as Reality Pilot + Timothy Leary The Interpersonal, Interactive, Interdimensional Interface + Timothy Leary What's the Big Deal About Cyberspace? + Howard Rheingold Virtual Interface Environments + Scott S. Fisher Virtual Reality Systems + Scott S. Fisher The Right Way to Think About Software Design + Theodore Holm Nelson Managing the Mundane + Allen Cypher Lessons from Computer Game Design + Chris Crawford The 'Natural' Language of Interaction: A Perspective on Non-Verbal Dialogues + William Buxton User Interface: A Personal View + Alan Kay Hospital Corners + Nicholas Negroponte VIDEOPLACE and the Interface of the Future + Myron Krueger Narrative and the Interface + Abbe Don Gestures in Human-Computer Interaction + Gordon Kurtenbach + Eric Hulteen %M E.Lieberman.06 %0 EDITED BOOK %T End-User Development %S Human-Computer Interaction Series, Vol. 9 %E Henry Lieberman %E Fabio Paterno %E Volker Wulf %I Springer-Verlag %P 495 %D 2006 %G ISBN 1-4020-4220-5 %Y 1. End-User Development: an Emerging Paradigm + H. Lieberman + F. Paterno + V. Wulf 2. Psychological Issues in End User Programming + A. Blackwell 3. More Natural Programming Languages and Environments + J. F. Pane et al 4. What makes End-User development tick? 13 Design Guidelines + A. Repenning et al 5. An Integrated Software Enmgineering Approach for End-User Programmers + M. Burnett et al. %M E.Little.01 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Engineering for human-computer interaction : 8th IFIP International Conference, EHCI 2001, Toronto, Canada, May 11-13, 2001 %O revised papers %E Murray Reed Little %E Laurence Nigay %D 2001 %P 358 %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN: 3-54043044-X %M E.Long.89 5/14/92 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Cognitive Ergonomics and Human-Computer Interaction %S Cambridge Series on Human-Computer Interaction %E J. Long %E A. Whitefield %D 1989 %P 259 %C Cambridge, UK %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-521-37179-1 %Y 1 Cognitive Ergonomics and Human-Computer Interaction: An Introduction (1-3) + John Long 2 Interfacing the Laboratory with the Real World: A Cognitive Approach to Colour Assignment in Visual Displays (35-65) + John Campion 3 Constructing Appropriate Models of Computer Users: The Case of Engineering Designers (66-94) + Andy Whitefield 4 Developing a Science Base for the Naming of Computer Commands (95-133) + Phil Barnard + Jonathan Grudin + Allan MacLean 5 A Notation for Reasoning about Learning (134-165) + Stephen J. Payne 6 Expressing research Findings to have a Practical Influence on Design (166-190) + Paul Buckley 7 Task Analysis for Knowledge Descriptions: Theory and Application in Training (191-224) + Dan Diaper + Peter Johnson 8 The Life and Times of ded, Text Display Editor (225-255) + Richard Bornat + Harold Thimbleby Index (256-259) %M E.Magnenat-Thalmann.01 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Deformable Avatars %E Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann %E Daniel Thalmann %D 2001 %P 264 %G ISBN 0-7923-7446-0 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %S International Federation for Information Processing : Volume 196 %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-7446-0 %Y 1. Animated Heads: From 3D Motion Fields to Action Descriptions + J. Neumann et al 2. A Muscle-based 3D Parametric Lip Model for Speech- Synchronized Facial Animation + S. A. King et al 3. Feature Point Based Mesh Deformation Applied to MPEG-4 Facial Animation + S. Kshirsagar et al 4. A Feature-based Deformable Model for Photo-Realistic Head Modelling + Yong-Jin Liu et al 5. Multiresolution Modeling and Interactive Deformation of Large 3D Meshes + J. Vorsatz + H.-P. Seidel 6. Locally Interpolating Subdivision Surfaces Supporting Free-Form 2D Deformations + J. Claes et al 7. Object-Oriented Reformulation and Extension of Implicit Free-Form Deformations + O. Parisy + C. Schlick 8. Soft Tissue Modeling from 3D Scanned Data + J.-C. Nebel 9. Contextually Embodied Agents + C. Pelachaud 10. On Implicit Modelling for Fitting Purposes + R. Plankers + P. Fua 11. Interactive Modelling of MPEG-4 Deformable Human Body Models + Hyewon Seo et al 12. Efficient Muscle Shape Deformation + A. Aubel + D. Thalmann 13. Towards the Ultimate Motion Capture Technology + B. Stuart et al 14. Delaunay Triangles Model for Image-Based Motion Retargeting + Dong Hoon Lee + Soonn Ki Jung 15. A Vector-Space Representation of Motion Data for Example-based Motion Synthesis + Ik Soo Lim + D. Thalmann 16. Parametrization and Range of Motion of the Ball-and-Socket Joint + P. Baerlocher + R. Boulic 17. Towards Behavioral Consistency in Animated Agents + J. M. Allbeck + N. I. Badler 18. PECS: A Reference Model for Human-Like Agents + C. Urban 19. Communicative Autonomous Agents + A. Caicedo et al 20. Design Issues for Conversational User Interfaces: Animating and Controlling 3D Faces + W. Muller et al 21. Constructing Virtual Human Life Simulations + M. Kallmann et al %M E.Marca.92 poltrock/grudin ?? %0 EDITED BOOK %T Groupware: Software for Computer-Supported Cooperative Work %E David Marca %E Geoffrey Bock %P 575 %G ISBN 0-81862637-2 (case) 0-81862636-4 (fiche) %D 1992 %C Los Alamitos, CA %I IEEE Computer Society Press %M E.Marsh.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Humane Interfaces: Questions of Method and Practice in Cognitive Technology %S Human Factors in Information Technology %V 13 %E Jonathon P. Marsh %E Barbara Gorayska %E Jacob L. Mey %D 1999 %I Elsevier Science Publishers %G ISBN 0-444-82874-5 %Y Introduction Methods and Practice in Cognitive Technology: A question of questions + B. Gorayska + J. Marsh + J. Mey Theoretical Perspectives. Mind Change or changed minds? Investigations in Cognitive Technology: Questioning perspective + B. Gorayska + J. Marsh Can We Change Our Minds? The Impact of Computer Technology on Human Cognition + R. Lindsay Computers and Psychosis + R. Janney The Natural and the Artificial in Language and Technology + H. Haberland Understanding Users: The knowledge-level of analysis + A. Vera Augmentation, Mediation, Integration? The Cyborg's Dilemma: Progressive embodiment in virtual environments + F. Biocca Cognitive Tools Reconsidered: From augmentation to mediation + K. Kuutti The Meeting Place of Cognition and Technology + B. Karpatschof Honesty of Affordance + W. Fitzgerald + E. Goldstein The Design of Cognitive Tools + S. D. Tripp Cyberspace Bionics + J. Vidal Cognitive Space + M. Krueger Applied Methods. How do we convert principles into valid and validated applied methods? On Why the Blind Leading the Blind is a Good Idea + D. Good Between the Idea and the Reality: The case for qualitative research in education + I. Hart Computer Environments Designed to Promote Cognitive Change through the Development of Well Reasoned Recommendations + A. Kass + J. Herman Evolution of Man's Needs and Technological Progression: Pragmatic foundations for a relational coupling + C. T. Schmidt + P. Ruch Successful Technology Must Enable People to Utilise Existing Cognitive Skills + M. Kitajima Palmtop Reminding Devices: Capabilites and limitations + D. Herrmann + C. Yoder + V. Sheets + J. Wells + B. Brubaker A User Designed Contextualisation Method for an Argumentation Support Tool + J. Sillince Cognition Oriented Software Verification + W. Halang %M E.Maybury.93 9/25/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Intelligent Multimedia Interfaces %E Mark T. Maybury %D 1993 %N 15 %P 405 %I AAAI/MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-63150-4 MAYIP %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262631504 %X Multimedia communication is ubiquitous in daily life. When we converse with one another, we utilize a wide array of media to interact including spoken language, gestures, and drawings. We exploit multiple human sensory systems or modes of communication including vision, audition, and taction. Some media and modes of communication are more efficient or effective than others for certain tasks, users, or contexts (e.g., the use of speech to control devices in hand and eyes-busy contexts, the use of maps to convey terrain and cartographic information). Whereas humans have a natural facility for managing and exploiting multiple input and output media, computers do not. Consequently, providing machines with the ability to interpret multimedia input and generate multimedia output would be a valuable facility for a number of key applications such as information retrieval and analysis, training, and decision support. This book focuses specifically on those intelligent interfaces that exploit multiple media and modes to facilitate human-computer communication. This edited collection, with contributions from North American and Europe, will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in computer science, artificial intelligence, human computer interaction, cognitive science, and graphic design. %M E.Maybury.98 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Readings in Intelligent User Interfaces %E Mark T. Maybury %E Wolfgang Wahlster %D 1998 %P 736 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 1-55860-444-8 %Y Intelligent User Interfaces: An Introduction I. MULTIMEDIA INPUT ANALYSIS "Put-That-There": Voice and Gesture at the Graphics Interface + R. A. Bolt Synergistic Use of Direct Manipulation and Natural Language + P. R. Cohen + M. Dalrymple + D. B. Moran Natural Language with Integrated Deictic and Graphic Gestures + J. G. Neal + C. Y. Thielman + Z. Dobes Integrating Simultaneous Input from Speech, Gaze, and Hand Gestures + D. B. Koons + C. J. Sparrell + K. R. Thorisson The Use of Eye Movements in Human-Computer Interaction Techniques: What You Look at Is What You Get + R. Jacob II. MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION DESIGN Automating the Generation of Coordinated Multimedia Explanations + S. K. Feiner + K. R. McKeown Planning Multimedia Explanations Using Communicative Acts + M. T. Maybury Plan-Based Integration of Natural Language and Graphics Generation + W. Wahlster + E. Andre + W. Finkler Presentation Design Using an Integrated Knowledge Base + Y. Arens + L. Miller + N. K. Sondheimer Automatic Generation of Technical Documentation + E. Reiter + C. Mellish + J. Levine On the Knowledge Underlying Multimedia Presentations + Y. Arens + E. Hovy + M. Vossers III. AUTOMATED GRAPHICS DESIGN Automating the Design of Graphical Presentations of Relational Information + J. D. Mackinlay Data Characterization for Intelligent Graphics Presentation + S. F. Roth + J. Mattis A Task-Analytic Approach to the Automated Design of Graphic Presentations + S. M. Casner Automated Generation of Intent-Based 3D Illustrations + D. Seligmann + S. Feiner Interactive Graphic Design Using Automatic Presentation Knowledge + S. F. Roth + J. Kolojejchick + J. Mattis IV. AUTOMATED LAYOUT A Grid-Based Approach to Automating Display Layout + S. K. Feiner Automatic Generation of Formatted Text + E. Hovy + Y. Arens Constraint-Based Graphical Layout of Multimodal Presentations + W. H. Graf An Empirical Study of Algorithms for Point-Feature Label Placement + J. Christensen + J. Marks + S. Shieber Grammar-Based Articulation for Multimedia Document Design + L. Weitzman + K. Wittenburg V. USER AND DISCOURSE MODELING User Modeling via Stereotypes + E. Rich Intelligent Interfaces as Agents + D. N. Chin User and Discourse Models for Multimodal Communication + W. Wahlster KN-AHS: An Adaptive Hypertext Client of the User Modeling System BGP-MS + A. Kobsa + D. Muller + A. Nill Planning Text for Advisory Dialogues: Capturing Intentional and Rhetorical Information + J. D. Moore + C. L. Paris Planning Interactive Explanations + A. Cawsey Natural Language and Exploration of an Information Space: The ALFresco Interactive System + O. Stock The Application of Natural Language Models to Intelligent Multimedia + J. D. Burger + R. J. Marshall VI. MODEL-BASED INTERFACES Steamer: An Interactive Inspectable Simulation-Based Training System + J. D. Hollan + E. L. Hutchins + L. M. Weitzman A Knowledge-Based User Interface Management System + J. Foley + C. Gibbs + W. Kim ITS: A Tool for Rapidly Developing Interactive Applications + C. Wiecha + W. Bennett + S. Boies Beyond Interface Builders: Model-Based Interface Tools + P. Szekely + P. Luo + R. Neches Model-Based Automated Generation of User Interfaces + A. R. Puerta + H. Eriksson + J. H. Gennari Automatic Generation of a User Interface for Highly Interactive Business-Oriented Applications + J. Vanderdonckt VII. AGENT INTERFACES Agents That Reduce Work and Information Overload + P. Maes Embedding Critics in Design Environments + G. Fischer + K. Nakakoji + J. Ostwald Multimodal Interaction for Distributed Interactive Simulation + P. Cohen + M. Johnston + D. McGee Speech Dialogue with Facial Displays: Multimodal Human-Computer Conversation + K. Nagao + A. Takeuchi Animated Conversation: Rule-Based Generation of Facial Expression, Gesture and Spoken Intonation for Multiple Conversational Agents + J. Cassell + C. Pelachaud + N. Badler VIII. EVALUATION A Morphological Analysis of the Design Space of Input Devices + S. K. Card + J. D. Mackinlay + G. G. Robertson Wizard of Oz Studies -- Why and How + N. Dahlback + A. Jonsson + L. Ahrenberg User-Centered Modeling for Spoken Language and Multimodal Interfaces + S. L. Oviatt PARADISE: A Framework for Evaluating Spoken Dialogue Agents + M. Walker + D. Litman + C. Kamm %M E.Medyckyi.93 9/25/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Factors in Geographical Information Systems %E David Medyckyj-Scott %E Hilary M. Hearnshaw %D 1993 %P 288 %C London, UK %I Belhaven Press %G ISBN 1-85293-262-7 %Y SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION The Use of Geographical Information System: The User Interface is the System + Andrew U. Frank The Relevance of Human Factors to Geographical Information Systems + Andrew Turk SECTION 2: THE GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM USER How do People Use Geographical Information Systems? + Timothy L. Nyerges Human Spatial Cognition + David M. Mark Navigation and Wayfinding in Information Systems + Mark Blades Learning to Use a Geographical Information System + Hilary M. Hearnshaw + Eli Lilly SECTION 3: HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION IN GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS Designing Geographical Information Systems for Use + David J. Medyckyj-Scott Two Views of the User Interface + Michael D. Gould Interacting with Maps + Michael Wood Querying a Geographical Information System + Max J. Egenhofer + John R. Herring Visualisation and Hypermedia in Geographical Information Systems + Barbara P. Buttenfield + Christopher R. Weber Human Factors Considerations in Vehicle Navigation Aids + Hakan Alm Spatial Information Systems for Decision Support + Conn V. Copas SECTION 4: GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE WORKPLACE Geographical Information System Hardware Design + Nick Parker Geographical Information System Workplace Design + David J. Oborne SECTION 5: ORGANISATIONAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES Planning for Change: Introducing a Geographical Information System + Ken D. Eason The Organisational Politics of Technological Change + David A. Buchanan Culture, Change, Incorporation and Geographical Information Systems + George L. Benwell SECTION 6: CONCLUDING REMARKS The Way Forward + Hilary M. Hearnshaw + David J. Medyckyj-Scott Useful Sources of Information + Clare Davies %M E.Monk.84 1/1/93 lo %0 EDITED BOOK %T Fundamentals of Human-Computer Interaction %E Andrew Monk %D 1984 %P 293 %C London %I Academic Press %G ISBN: 0-12504580-8 %K GENERAL DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION %Y THE USER AS A PROCESSOR OF INFORMATION 1 Visual Perception: An Intelligent Syster with Limited Bandwidth (5-33) + Peter Thompson 2 Reading: Extracting Information from Printed and Electronically Presented Text (35-47) + Charles Hulme 3 Human Memory: Different Stores with Different Characteristics (49-56) + Neil Thompson 4 Thinking and Reasoning: Why is Logic So Difficult? + Neil Thompson THE USE OF BEHAVIOURAL DATA (65-102) 5 How and When to Collect Behavioural Data (69-80) + Andrew Monk 6 Statistical Evaluation of Behavioural Data (81-87) + Andrew Monk 7 Example of an Experiment: Evaluating Some Speech Synthesisers for Public Announcements (89-102) + John Waterworth + Antony Lo THE USER INTERFACE (103-247) 8 Work Station Design: Activities and Display Techniques (107-126) + Peter Reid 9 Dialogue Design: Characteristics of User Knowledge (127-164) + Nick Hammond + Philip Barnard 10 User Interface Design: Generative User Engineering Principles (165-179) + Harold Thimbleby 11 Future Uses of Future Offices (181-192) + G. Reinhard Kofer 12 Speech Communication: The Problem and Some Solutions (193-220) + Peter Bailey 13 Speech Communication: How to Use it (221-236) + John Waterworth 14 Human Factors Problems in the Design and Use of Expert Systems (237-248) + Alison Kidd %M E.Moran.96 ?? get TOC %0 EDITED BOOK %S Computers, Cognition, and Work %T Design Rationale: Concepts, Techniques, and Use %E Thomas P. Moran %E John M. Carroll %D 1996 %P 496 %C Mahwah, New Jersey %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-8058-1567-8 (paper) 0-8058-1566-X (cloth) %Y Overview of Design Rationale + Thomas P. Moran + John M. Carroll Part I: Different Perspectives of Design Rationale What's in Design Rationale? + Jintae Lee + Kum-Yew Lai Questions, Options, and Criteria: Elements of Design Space Analysis + Allan MacLean + Robert M. Young + Victoria M. E. Bellotti + Thomas P. Moran Deliberated Evolution: Stalking the View Matcher in Design Space + John M. Carroll + Mary Beth Rosson Problem-Centered Design for Expressiveness and Facility in a Graphical Programming System + Clayton Lewis + John Rieman + B. Bell Part II: Empirical Studies of Design Rationale Analyzing the Usability of a Design Rationale Notation + Simon Buckingham Shum The Structure of Activity During Design Meetings + Gary M. Olson + Judith S. Olson + M. Storrosten + M. Carter + J. Herbsleb + H. Rueter Synthesis by Analysis: Five Modes of Reasoning that Guide Design + Mark K. Singley + John M. Carroll Part III: Design Rationale Tools in Design Practice Making Argumentation Serve Design + Gerhard Fischer + A. C. Lemke + R. McCall + Anders I. Morch Supporting Software Design: Integrating Design Methods and Design Rationale Generative Design Rationale: Beyond the Record and Replay Paradigm + C. Potts + T. R. Gruber + D. M. Russell Part IV: Using Design Rationale for Teaching Rationale in Practice: Templates for Capturing and Applying Design Experience + G. Casaday HCI Design Rationale as a Learning Resource + Tom Carey + D. McKerlie + J. Wilson Part V: Design Rationale in Organizational Context A Process-Oriented Approach to Design Rationale + E. J. Conklin + K-C. Burgess-Yakemovic Organizational Innovation and the Articulation of the Design Space + W. Sharrock + R. Anderson Evaluating Opportunities for Design Capture + Jonathan Grudin %M E.Muckler.84 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Factors Review: 1984 %E Frederick A. Muckler %D 1984 %P 345 %C Santa Monica, CA %I Human Factors Society %M E.Nardi.96 %0 EDITED BOOK %D 1996 %G ISBN 0-262-14058-6 %I MIT Press %T Context and Consciousness: Activity Theory and Human-Computer Interaction %E Bonnie A. Nardi %P 376 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262140586 %Y Preface 1. Activity Theory and Human-Computer Interaction + Bonnie A. Nardi 2. Activity Theory as a Potential Framework for Human-Computer Interaction Research + Kari Kuutti 3. Computer-Mediated Activity: Functional Organs in Social and Developmental Contexts + Victor Kaptelinin 4. Studying Context: A Comparison of Activity Theory, Situated Action Models, and Distributed Cognition + Bonnie A. Nardi 5. Activity Theory: Implications for Human-Computer Interaction + Victor Kaptelinin 6. Designing Educational Technology: Computer-Mediated Change + R. K. E. Bellamy 7. Applying Activity Theory to Video Analysis: How to Make Sense of Video Data in HCI + Susanne Bodker 8. Tamed by a Rose: Computers as Tools in Human Activity + Ellen Christiansen 9. Joint Attention and Co-Construction of Tasks: New Ways to Foster User-Designer Collaboration + Arne Raeithel + Boris M. Velichkovsky 10. Some Reflections on the Application of Activity Theory + Bonnie A. Nardi 11. Activity Theory and the View from Somewhere: Team Perspectives on the Intellectual Work of Programming + Dorothy Holland + James R. Reeves 12. Developing Activity Theory: The Zone of Proximal Development and Beyond + Vladimir P. Zinchenko 13. Mundane Tool or Object of Affection? The Rise and Fall of the Postal Buddy + Yrjo Engestrom + Virginia Escalante 14. Epilogue + Bonnie A. Nardi %M E.Nicolle.01 %T Inclusive Design Guidelines for Human-Computer Interaction %E Collette Nicolle %E Julio Abascal %D 2001 %P 304 %G ISBN 0-74840948-3 %I Taylor & Francis %Y Part I: Introduction 1. Why Inclusive Design Guidelines? Part II: General Issues in the Design Process 2. Training, Verification and Evaluation of Guidelines 3. Accessibility and Usability Requirements for ITCs for Disabled and Elderly People: A Functional Classification Approach 4. On the Validity of Design Guidelines and the Role of Standardisation 5. Markets and Regulations Part III: Tools for Accessing and Using Guidelines 6. Managing Accessibilty Guidelines During User Interface Design 7. Managing HCI Guidelines with Hypertext on the WWW 8. Bobby: A Validation Tool for Disability Access on the WWW Part IV: Existing Guidelines 9. Nordic Guidlines for Computer Accessibility 10. Guidelines for Web Accessibility 11. Userfit: User Centred Design in Assistive Technology 12. The ISO Approach to the Development of Ergonomics Standards for Accessibility Part V: Guidelines for Specific Application Areas 13. Guidelines for Telecommunications 14. Public Access Terminals 15. Accessible Systems for Transport 16. Guidelines for the Development of Home Automation Products 17. User Friendly Software for Computer-Based Instruction and Learning Materials Part VI: The Future 18. Telecommunications- Accessibility and Future Directions %M E.Nielsen.89 11/4/90 gp/bs %W http://www.useit.com/jakob/constbook.html %0 EDITED BOOK %T Coordinating User Interfaces for Consistency %E Jakob Nielsen %D 1989 %P 142 %C New York %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12-518400-X, OCLC %G QA 76.9.U83C66 %Y Preface Contributors 1. Executive Summary: Coordinating User Interfaces for Consistency + Jakob Nielsen 2. The Dimensions of Consistency + Wendy Kellogg 3. A Cost Benefit Analysis for Corporate User Interface Standards + Daniel J. Rosenberg 4. Coordinating Consistency of User Interfaces, Code, Online Help, and Documentation with Multilingual/Multitarget Software Specification + Gary Perlman + http://www.acm.org/~perlman/multi.html 5. Achieving Consistency for the Macintosh + Bruce Tognazzini 6. Developing the XUI Style + Michael Good 7. The Lotus Experience + Richard Wolf 8. New Ways to Consistent Interfaces + Ianne Koritzinsky 9. Tools for Generating Consistent User Interfaces + Charlie Wiecha + William Bennett + Stephen Boies + John Gould 10. Bibliography %M E.Nielsen.90 2/12/91 jn %0 EDITED BOOK %T Designing User Interfaces for International Use %E Jakob Nielsen %D 1990 %P 230 %C Amsterdam, The Netherlands %I Elsevier Science Publishers %G ISBN 0-444-88428-9 %K Design Internationalization Translation Europe Asia %W http://www.useit.com/jakob/intlusebook.html %Y Preface v Contributors viii 1. Internationalization and Translation: Some Guidelines for the Design of Human-Computer Interfaces 1 + Elisa del Galdo 2. Transnational Symbols: The Rule of Pictograms and Models in the Learning Process 11 + Jakob Ossner 3. Usability Testing of International Interfaces 39 + Jakob Nielsen 4. A European Evaluation of Three Document Formats for Hardware Installation Guides 45 + Elisa del Galdo 5. Two Faces of America: Polyglot and Tongue-Tied 71 + Robert C. Sprung 6. ARRIS: Redesigning a User Interface for International Use 103 + Matthew C. Peterson 7. Hypertext: Towards the Single Intellectual Market 111 + Patricia Baird 8. Creating International Applications: A Hands-On Approach Using the Hewlett-Packard NLS Package 123 + Dave Taylor 9. International User Interface for INFOFLEX 159 + Jakob Peter Nielsen 10. User Interfaces for Asia 189 + Piyawadee Sukaviriya and Lucy Moran 11. International User Interfaces 219 + Rosalie A. Zobel-Pocock Index %M E.delGaldo.96 98-05-18 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T International User Interfaces %E Elisa del Galdo %E Jakob Nielsen %D 1996 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-14965-9 %K Internationalization Globalization Localization %W http://www.useit.com/jakob/intluibook.html %Y Preface Contributors 1. International Usability Engineering + Jakob Nielsen 2. Problems in Designing the User Interface for Systems Supporting International Human-Human Communication + John Connolly 3. Developing a Cultural Model + Nancy Hoft 4. Culture and Design + Elisa M. del Galdo 5. Cultural Learning Differences in Software User Training + Eric Krock 6. Impact of Culture on User Interface Design + Masao Ito + Kumiyo Nakakoji 7. Arabization of Graphical User Interfaces + Fethi Amara + Franck Portaneri 8. A Chinese Text Display Suported by an Algorithm for Chinese Segmentation + Lei Chen + Wayning Jin 9. Case Study: Managing a Multiple-Language Document System + Steven Copeland 10. The Design of Multilingual Documents + Elisa M. del Galdo 11. An Intelligent Lexical Management System for Multilingual Machine Translation + Yong Gao 12. A Day in the Life: Studying Context across Cultures + Susan Dray + Deborah Mrazek 13. Icon and Symbol Design Issues for Graphical User Interfaces + Aaron Marcus %M E.Nielsen.94 5/18/94 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Usability Inspection Methods %E Jakob Nielsen %E Robert L. Mack %D 1994 %N 14 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-01877-5, OCLC %W http://www.useit.com/jakob/inspectbook.html %Y 1. Executive Summary (1) + Robert L. Mack + Jakob Nielsen 2. Heuristic Evaluation (25) + Jakob Nielsen 3. The Pluralistic Usability Walkthrough: Coordinated Empathies (63) + Randolph G. Bias 4. Inspections and Design Reviews: Framework, History, and Reflection (77) + Dennis Wixon + Sandra Jones + Linda Tse + George Casaday 5. The Cognitive Walkthrough Method: A Practitioner's Guide (105) + Cathleen Wharton + John Rieman + Clayton Lewis + Peter Polson 6. Formal Usability Inspections (141) + Michael J. Kahn + Amanda Prail 7. Faster, Cheaper!! Are Usability Inspection Methods as Effective as Empirical Testing? (173) + Heather W. Desurvire 8. A Comparison of User Interface Evaluation Methods (203) + Clare-Marie Karat 9. Evaluating High-Level Design: Synergistic Use of Inspection and Usability Methods for Evaluating Early Software Designs (235) + Janice S. Bradford 10. Adding Value to Usability Testing (255) + Patricia Brooks 11. Usability Problem Reports: Helping Evaluators Communicate Effectively with Developers (273) + Robin Jeffries 12. Observing, Predicting, and Analyzing Usability Problems (295) + Robert Mack + Frank Montaniz 13. The Role of Psychological Theory in Usability Inspection Methods (341) + Cathleen Wharton + Clayton Lewis 14. Interface Design Guidance Systems (351) + Louis A. Blatt + James F. Knutson Bibliography (385) Author Index (401) Subject Index (407) %M E.Norman.86 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction %E Donald A. Norman %E Stephen W. Draper %D 1986 %P 526 %C Hillsdale, NJ %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-89859-781-1; OCLC 12665902; 0-89859-872-9 PPBK; QA 76.9.I58U73 %Y Introduction (pp. 1-6) + Stephen W. Draper + Donald A. Norman I USER CENTERED SYSTEM DESIGN (pp. 7-8) 1 Architectural Design: An Analogy (pp. 9-23) + Kristina Hooper 2 Issues in Design: Some Notes (pp. 25-29) + Liam J. Bannon 3 Cognitive Engineering (pp. 31-61) + Donald A. Norman II THE INTERFACE EXPERIENCE (pp. 63-65) 4 Interface as Mimesis (pp. 67-85) + Brenda K. Laurel 5 Direct Manipulation Interfaces (pp. 87-124) + Edwin L. Hutchins + James D. Hollan + Donald A. Norman 6 Notes on the Future of Programming: Breaking the Utility Barrier (pp. 125-152) + Andrea A. diSessa III USERS' UNDERSTANDINGS (pp. 153-156) 7 User Understanding (pp. 157-169) + Mary S. Riley 8 Understanding What's Happening in System Interactions (pp. 171-185) + Clayton Lewis 9 Naive Theories of Computation (pp. 187-200) + David Owen 10 Models of Computation (pp. 201-218) + Andrea A. diSessa 11 Knowledge-Based Interface Design (pp. 219-238) + William Mark IV USER ACTIVITIES (pp. 239-242) 12 The Structure of Users' Activities (pp. 243-263) + Allen Cypher 13 Psychological Issues in Support of Multiple Activities (pp. 265-284) + Yoshiro Miyata + Donald A. Norman 14 Communication Paradigms for a Window System (pp. 285-313) + Rachel Reichman (Adar) V TOWARD A PRAGMATICS OF HUMAN-MACHINE COMMUNICATION (pp. 315-317) 15 There's More to Interaction Than Meets the Eye: Some Issues in Manual Input (pp. 319-337) + William Buxton 16 Display Managers as the Basis for User-Machine Communication (pp. 339-352) + Stephen W. Draper VI INFORMATION FLOW (pp. 353-360) 17 Answers First, Then Questions (pp. 361-375) + David Owen 18 Helping Users Help Themselves (pp. 377-398) + Claire E. O'Malley 19 Helping Users Help Each Other (pp. 399-410) + Liam J. Bannon 20 Designing for Error (pp. 411-432) + Clayton Lewis + Donald A. Norman 21 Computer-Mediated Communication (pp. 433-452) + Liam J. Bannon VII THE CONTEXT OF COMPUTING (pp. 453-456 22 From Cognitive to Social Ergonomics and Beyond (pp. 457-486) + John Seely Brown Glossary (pp. 487-497) References (pp. 499-512) Index (pp. 513-526) %M E.Ntuen.96 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Interaction with Complex Systems: Conceptual Principles and Design Practice %E Celestine A. Ntuen %E Eui H. Park %D 1996 %P 448 %G ISBN 0-7923-9779-7 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-9779-7 %S Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science : Volume 372 %Y Part I: Human System Interaction Part II: Human Factors And Decision Aiding Part III: Systems Concepts Part IV: Theoretical Issues and Design Principles %M E.Nyerges.95 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction for Geographic Information Systems %E Timothy L. Nyerges %E David M. Mark %E Robert Laurini %E Max J. Egenhofer %D 1995 %P 448 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-3595-3 %S NATO Science Series: d: Behavioural and Social Sciences : Volume 83 %O Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, March 20--25, 1994 %Y Section 1: Introduction Section 2: Spatial cognition and HCI for GIS Section 3: User behavior Section 4: User interfaces Section 5: Cross-cultural influences Section 6: Collaborative GIS - computer supported cooperative work Section 7: Task analysis and design methodologies Section 8: Research directions: reports from the discussion groups Appendix: NATO Advanced Research Workshop Participants %M E.Olson.89 poltrock/grudin ?? get toc %0 EDITED BOOK %T Technological Support for Work Group Collaboration %E Margrethe H. Olson %P 208 %G ISBN 0-8058-0304-1 %D 1989 %C Hillsdale, NJ %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %Y User Approaches to Computer-Supported Teams + R. Johansen Assumptions Underlying Systems that Support Work Group Collaboration + V. Dhar + M. H. Olson How is Work Coordinated? Implications for Computer-Based Support + B. M. Johnson The Information Lens: An Intelligent System for Information Sharing and Coordination + Thomas W. Malone + Kevin R. Grant + Kum-Yew Lai + Ramana Rao + David A. Rosenblitt Flexible Interactive Technologies for Multi-Person Tasks: Current Problems and Future Prospects + Tora K. Bikson + J. D. Eveland + B. A. Gutek Organizational Architecture for Distributed Computing: The Next Frontier in System Design + C. Pava Developing the Management Systems of the 1990s: The Role of Collaborative Work + P. M. Cashman + D. Stroll Toward Portable Ideas + M. Stefik + J. S. Brown A Method for Evaluating Work Group Productivity Products + B. D. Floyd + J. A. Turner %M E.Olson.2001 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Coordination Theory and Collaboration Technology %E Gary M. Olson %E Thomas W. Malone %E John B. Smith %D 2001 %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %P 350 %G ISBN 0-8058-3403-6 %Y Part I: Theoretical Approaches to Coordination & Collaboration The Interdisciplinary Study of Coordination (reprint) Communication and Collaboration in Distributed Cognition Coordination as Distributed Search Strategic Negotiation in Multi-Agent Environments Two Design Principles for Collaboration Technology: Examples of Semiformal Systems and Radical Tailorability (reprint) On Economies of Scope in Communication (reprint) Knowledge, Discovery, and Growth Part II: Collaboration Technology for Specific Domains Infrastructure and Applications for Collaborative Software Engineering Cooperative Support for Distributed Supervisory Control Trellis: A Formally-Defined Hypertextual Basis for Integrating Task and Information Problems of Decentralized Control: Using Randomized Coordination to Deal With Uncertainty and Avoid Conflicts The Architecture and Implementation of a Distributed Hypermedia Storage System (reprint) Part III: Studies of Collaboration Communication and Coordination in Reactive Robotic Teams Seeding, Evolutionary Growth, and Reseeding: The Incremental Development of Collaborative Design Environments Distributed Group Support Systems: Theory Development and Experimentation Transforming Coordination: The Promise and Problems of Information Technology in Coordination Computer Support for Distributed Collaborative Writing: A Coordination Science Perspective Technology Support for Collaborative Workgroups Part IV: Organizational Modeling Central Coordination of Decentralized Information in Large Chains and Franchises Organizational Performance, Coordination, and Cognition Computational Enterprise Models: Toward Analysis Tools for Designing Organizations Extending Coordination Theory to Deal With Goal Conflicts Modeling Team Coordination and Decisions in a Distributed Dynamic Environment Part V: Collaboratories Social Theoretical Issues in the Design of Collaboratories: Customized Software for Community Support vs. Large Scale Infrastructure A Path to Concept-Based Information Access: From National Collaboratories to Digital Libraries Technology to Support Distributed Team Science: The First Phase of the Upper Atmospheric Research Collaboratory (UARC) %M E.Paton.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Visual Representations and Interpretations %E Ray Paton %E Irene Neilson %D 1999 %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN 1-85233082-1 %M E.Perlman.95 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Factors Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction: Selections from the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society Annual Meetings 1983-1994 %E Gary Perlman %E Georgia K. Green %E Michael S. Wogalter %D 1995 %N 79 %P 400 %C Santa Monica, California %I Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %G ISBN 0-945289-05-7, OCLC 33102135 %G QA 76.9.H85H868 1995 %W http://www.acm.org/~perlman/hfeshci/ %M E.Pfaff.85 11/4/90 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T User Interface Management Systems: Proceedings of the Seeheim Workshop %P 224 %G ISBN 0-38713803-X %O proceedings of the Workshop on User Interface Management Systems, held in Seeheim, FRG, November 1-3, 1983 %E G. E. Pfaff %D 1985 %C Berlin %I Springer-Verlag %K IMPLEMENTATION TOOL UIMS %Y 1 Subgroup Reports 2 Role, Model, Structure and Construction of a UIMS 3 Dialogue Specification Tools 4 Interfaces and Implementations of UIMS 5 User's Conceptual Model %M E.Prabhu.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Designing for Global Markets %E Girish V. Prabhu %E Elisa M. delGaldo %O 1st International Workshop on Internationalization of Products and Systems %D 1999-05-20/22 %C Rochester, NY, USA %K intercultural:books %G ISBN 0-9656691-2-2 %I Backhouse Press %P 226 %W http://iwips.org/ Workshop Home Page %Y INVITED SPEECHES Systems Approach to Globalization + David Johnston Product Anxiety in the Global Village + William C. Bullock Thinking Differently, Acting Together: A Treatise on Technology Acceptance in the Era of Internationalization + Donald L. Day ColorTool: The Cross Cultural Meanings of Color + Surya Vanka USER INTERFACE INTERNATIONALIZATION Using Color to Facilitate the Internationalization and Localization of User Interfaces + Chien-Hsiung Chen The Cross-Cultural User Interface Initiative at Honeywell + Chaya Garg + Tom Plotcher Human Computer Interface Design for Industrial Process Operators in the Coastal Provinces of Mainland China + Ushnish Sengupta + Jian Liu A Quick and Dirty User Profiling Technique + Apala Lahiri Chavan INTERNATIONAL USABILITY Tips for Successful International Evaluation of Localized User Interfaces + Christina Modica + Kelly Fiedler "Cross-Cultural" or "Intercultural" -- Some Findings on International Usability Testing + Pia Honald Internationalization and Localization of Educational Software + Paula Bourges-Waldegg + Luis Moreno + Teresa Rojano USER INTERFACE INTERNATIONALIZATION II Using Design Rationale to Manage Culture-Bound Metaphors for International User Interfaces + John Carroll Authoring Tools and Cultural Diversity + Elke Duncker + Yin Leng Theng + Norlisa Mohd-Nazir Software International Architecture and User Interface Design + Lynne Dunckley + Pat Hall + Andy Smith Questionnaire Development for Multicultural Data Collection + Donald L. Day + Venessa Evers WEB INTERNATIONALIZATION Globalization and User-Interface Design for the Web + Aaron Marcus Cross-Cultural Understanding of Interface Design: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Icon Recognition + Vanessa Evers + Agnes Kukulska-Hulme + Ann Jones Lessons Learned from Internationalizing a Global Resource + Debbie Hysell + Gary Perlman http://www.acm.org/~perlman/fstrans.html PRODUCT INTERNATIONALIZATION Assigning Safety Functions to Products During Design -- A Cultural Perspective + Michelle Swales + Tracy Strik + Sourin Dutta + Jim Potvin Global User Experience: Honor the Past, Better the Future + Dan Harel + Girish Prabhu Mobile Communication Device for International Use -- Exploring Cultural Diversity through Contextual Inquiry + Satu Ruuska %M E.Preece.90 1/1/93 lo %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human-Computer Interaction %E Jenny Preece %E Laurie Keller %D 1990 %P 437 %C Cambridge, England %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-444910-X; QA76.9.H85H865 1989 %Y PART I: THE SCOPE OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION (1-64) 1 An Historical and Intellectual Perspective (3-26) + R. M. Baecker + W. A. S. Buxton 2 Human Factors and Usability (27-41) + B. Shackel 3 Four Different Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction (42-64) + John Kammersgaard PART II: INTERACTION TASKS, DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION STYLES (65-138) 4 The Human Factors of Computer Graphics Interaction Techniques (67-121) + James D. Foley + Victor L. Wallace + Peggy Chan 5 There's More to Interaction than Meets the Eye: Some Issues in Manual Input (122-138) + William Buxton PART III: PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS (139-234) 6 Relations Between Cognitive Psychology and Computer System Design (141-160) + Thomas K. Landauer 7 A Review of Human Factors Guidelines and Techniques for the Design of Graphical Human-Computer Interfaces (161-184) + M. C. Maguire 8 Learning to Use Word Processors: Problems and Prospects (185-204) + Robert L. Mack + Clayton H. Lewis + John M. Carroll 9 The Role of a Mental Model in Learning to Operate a Device (205-221) + David E. Kieras + Susan Bovair 10 Information Flow in a User Interface: The Effects of Experience and Context on the Recall of MacWrite Screens (222-234) + J. Terry Mayes + Stephen W. Draper + Alison McGregor + Keith Oatley PART IV: DESIGN (234-324) 11 Designing the Star User Interface (237-259) + David Canfield Smith + Charles Irby + Ralph Kimball + Bill Verplank + Eric Harslem 12 The 1984 Olympic Message System: A Test of Behavioral Principles of System Design (260-283) + John D. Gould + Stephen J. Boies + Stephen Levy + John T. Richards + Jim Schoonard 13 Employing Usability Engineering in the Development of Office Products (284-295) + D. A. Tyldesley 14 A Quantitative Model of the Learning and Performance of Text-Editing Knowledge (296-307) + Peter G. Polson + David E. Kieras 15 On Mental Models and the User Interface (308-324) + Michael J. Tauber PART V: EVALUATION (325-382) 16 The Keystroke Level Model for User Performance Time with Interactive Systems (327-356) + Stuart K. Card + Thomas P. Moran + Allen Newell 17 Designing and Interpreting Psychological Experiments (357-367) + Colin Robson 18 Human Factors Testing in the Design of Xerox's 8010 'Star' Office Workstation (368-382) + William L. Bewley + Teresa L. Roberts + David Schroit + William L. Verplank PART VI: TOOLS FOR DESIGN (383-428) 19 The Role of Prototypes in the User Software Engineering (USE) Methodology (385-401) + Anthony I. Wasserman + David T. Shewmake 20 A Context for User Interface Management (402-420) + Dan R. Olsen, Jr. + William Buxton + Rogeer Ehrich + David J. Kasik + James R. Rhyne + John Sibert 21 Theory and Practice in User Interface Management Systems (421-428) + Alistair Kilgour Index %M E.Preece.93 1/6/94 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T A Guide to Usability: Human Factors in Computing %E Jenny Preece %E David Benyon %E Gordon Davies %E Laurie Keller %E Yvonne Rogers %D 1993 %P 144 %C Wokingham, England %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-62768-X, OCLC 28142651 %Y About this Guide 1 Introduction to HCI 1.1 What is HCI? 1.2 Why HCI is Important 1.3 The Scope of HCI 1.4 The Contributors to HCI 2 The Human Element: Applying Psychology 2.1 Why Apply Psychology? 2.2 What is Cognitive Psychology? 2.3 Organizational and Social Aspects 2.4 How to Apply Psychology 3 System Development and HCI 3.1 System Development Life-Cycle 3.2 Modern Approaches to System Development 3.3 Early Design Stages 3.4 Later Design Stages 3.5 The Relationships between Methods 3.6 Guidelines and Standards 4 System and Interface Features 4.1 Input 4.2 Output 4.3 Screen Design 4.4 Communication Styles 4.5 User Support 4.6 Types of System 5 Software Tools and Prototyping 5.1 The Need for Software Tools 5.2 General Purpose Tools 5.3 Integrated Environments 5.4 Prototyping 6 Evaluation 6.1 What is Evaluation? 6.2 When to do Evaluation 6.3 Methods, Techniques and Tools 6.4 Which Method and When? 6.5 Two Approaches to Evaluation: Usability Engineering and Contextual Inquiry 7 Future Trends Glossary References and Further Reading Acknowledgements Index %M E.Rada.96 %0 BOOK %T Groupware and Authoring %E Roy Rada %D 1996 %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12-575005-6 %Y 1. Introduction 2. A Review of Collaborative Authoring Tools + Antonios Michailidis + Roy Rada 3. Collaborative Authoring Dynamics + Chaomei Chen + Roy Rada 4. A Portrait of the Author as an Interacting Group + Jo Ann Oravec 5. Coordination and Reuse + Roy Rada 6. The Effectiveness of Simple Shared Electronic Workspaces + Gary M. Olson + Judith S. Olson 7. Computer-mediated Communication for Intellectual Teamwork: An Experiment in Group Writing + Jolene Galegher + Robert E. Kraut 8. Learning to Write Together + Ilona Posner + Alex Mitchell + Ronald Baecker 9. Flexible Diff-ing in a Collaborative Writing System + Christine M. Neuwirth + Ravinder Chandhok + David S. Kaufer + Paul Erion + James Morris + Dale Miller 10. Collaborative Writing with Synchronous and Asynchronous Support Environments + Martina Angela Sasse + Mark James Handley 11. Using Multimedia to Support Cooperative Editing + A. Santos + B. Tritsch 12. SEPIA: A Cooperative Hypermedia Authoring Environment + Norbert Streitz + Jorg Haake + Jorg Hannemann + Andreas Lemke + Wolfgang Schuler + Helge Schutt + Manfred Thuring 13. Structured and Distributed Cooperative Editing in a Large Scale Network + Dominique Decouchant + Vincent Quint + Manuel Romero Salcedo 14. A Three-Level Binding for Collaborative Editing Semantics + David Stotts + Prasun Dewan + Jonathan Munson + Jaime Navon 15. SAGE: A High Structure System for Helping Teams Find Wisdom (within themselves) + Michael Capron + Jacqueline Desimone + Karen Lacomis-Cote 16. Multimedia and Multi-party Desktop Conference System: MERMAID as Groupware Platform + Shiro Sakata + Kazutoshi Maeno + Hideyuki Fukuoka + Toyoko Abe + Hiromi Mizuno %M E.Redmill.97 %0 BOOK %T Human Factors in Safety-Critical Systems %E Felix Redmill %E Jane Rajan %D 1997 %I Butterworth-Heinemann %G ISBN 0-75062715-8 %Y PART 1 SAFETY-CRITICAL SYSTEMS AND HUMAN RELIABILITY 1 Introducing Safety-critical Systems + Felix Redmill 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Safety and Safety-critical Systems 1.3 The Human Element in Failure 1.4 A Consideration of Risk 1.5 Hazard and Risk Analysis 1.6 Designing for Safety 1.7 The Safety Case 1.8 Safety Culture 1.9 The Right Questions 2 The Causes of Human Error + Deborah Lucas 2.1 The Aim of this Chapter 2.2 Human Error and Major Accidents 2.3 What Causes Human Errors? 2.4 Some Key Concepts and Distinctions 2.5 Cognitive Models of Human Error 2.6 Practical Use of Models of Error Causation 2.7 Conclusions 3 Human Reliability Assessment: Methods and Techniques + Carlo Cacciabue 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Criteria for Classifying Human Factors Methods 3.3 Methodologies for Human Reliability Assessment 3.4 Methods and Techniques for Human Reliability Analysis 3.5 Comparison of Methods 3.6 Conclusions PART 2 HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 4 Introduction to HCI in Safety-critical systems + Graham Storrs 4.1 What Makes HCI Design So Important? 4.2 What Makes HCI Design So Difficult? 4.3 Approaches To User Interface Design 4.4 Where Are The Hazards In User Interfaces? 4.5 Putting User Interfaces in Context 4.6 People Are Not Like Other System Components 4.7 Concluding Remarks 5 Specification of Safety-critical Systems + Jeremy Clare 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Nature of Specifications 5.3 The Life Cycle Context 5.4 Risk Analysis in the Specification Process 5.5 Fault Tree Analysis for Supporting the Analysis of Likelihood in Risk Evaluation 5.6 Hazard Analysis of Human-centred Systems 5.7 Conclusions 6 Interface Design for Safety-critical Systems + Jane Rajan 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Display Design Process 6.3 Structuring the Display System 6.4 Representation of Displayed Information 6.5 Abnormal and Emergency Operation 6.6 Conclusion 7 Training and Operator Support + Andrew Shepherd 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Understanding the Task 7.3 Acquisition and Application of Skill 7.4 Making Training and Support Design Choices 7.5 Developing Support Aids for Operators 7.6 Ensuring Safe and Competent Operation through Training 7.7 Assessing Performance 7.8 Concluding Remarks 8 Design and Support for Abnormal Situations + Jonathan Berman 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Behaviour in Abnormal Situations 8.3 Safety-based'Support 8.4 Training Support 8.5 Conclusions PART 3 SOCIO-TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 9 Social Factors in Safety-critical Systems + Ron Westrum 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Social Factors in the Design Process 9.3 The Conduct of Operations 9.4 Managing the Interfaces 9.5 Conclusion 10 Learning from Incidents at Work + Florus Koornneef + Andrew Hale 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Accident Models 10.3 Accident Analysis Techniques 10.4 The ISA System 10.5 Discussion 11 Procedural Violations -- Causes, Costs and Cures + Steve Mason 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Direct Motivators 11.3 Behaviour Modifiers 11.4 A Work Design Approach 11.5 Routine, Situational, Exceptional and Optimising Violations 11.6 Controlling Procedural Violations 11.7 The HFRG Violation Approach 11.8 Conclusions 12 The Treatment of Human Factors in Safety Cases + David Collier 12.1 Regulation and Safety Cases 12.2 The Content of a Safety Case 12.3 Writing Safety Cases and Obtaining Regulatory Approval %M E.Roe.94 %0 BOOK %T Voice Communication Between Humans and Machines %E David B. Roe %E Jay G. Wilpon %D 1994 %P 548 %I National Academy Press %G ISBN 0-30904988-1 %Y Dedication Voice Communication Between Humans and Machines -- An Introduction + Lawrence R. Rabiner Scientific Bases of Human-Machine Communication by Voice + Ronald W. Schafer The Role of Voice in Human-Machine Communication + Philip R. Cohen + Sharon L. Oviatt Speech Communication -- An Overview + James L. Flanagan Computer Speech Synthesis: Its Status and Prospects + Mark Liberman Models of Speech Synthesis + Rolf Carlson Linguistic Aspects of Speech Synthesis + Jonathan Allen Speech Recognition Technology: A Critique + Stephen E. Levinson State of the Art in Continuous Speech Recognition + John Makhoul + Richard Schwartz Training and Search Methods for Speech Recognition + Frederick Jelinek The Roles of Language Processing in a Spoken Language Interface + Lynette Hirschman Models of Natural Language Understanding + Madeleine Bates Integration of Speech with Natural Language Understanding + Robert C. Moore A Perspective on Early Commercial Applications of Voice-Processing Technology for Telecommunications and Aids for the Handicapped + Chris Seelbach Applications of Voice-Processing Technology in Telecommunications + Jay G. Wilpon Speech Processing for Physical and Sensory Disabilities + Harry Levitt Commercial Applications of Speech Interface Technology: An Industry at the Threshold + John A. Oberteuffer Military and Government Applications of Human-Machine Communication by Voice + Clifford J. Weinstein Deployment of Human-Machine Dialogue Systems + David B. Roe What Does Voice-Processing Technology Support Today? + Ryohei Nakatsu + Yoshitake Suzuki User Interfaces for Voice Applications + Candace Kamm Speech Technology in the Year 2001 + Stephen E. Levinson + Frank Fallside Toward the Ultimate Synthesis/Recognition System + Sadaoki Furui Speech Technology in 2001: New Research Directions + Bishnu S. Atal New Trends in Natural Language Processing: Statistical Natural Language Processing + Mitchell Marcus The Future of Voice-Processing Technology in the World of Computers and Communications + Yasuo Kato %M E.Rudisill.95 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human-Computer Interface Design: Success Stories, Emerging Methods, and Real-World Context %E Marianne Rudisill %E Clayton Lewis %E Peter G. Polson %E Tim McKay %D 1995 %P 408 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 1-55860-310-7, OCLC 32625632 %Y Preface Usability for Fun and Profit: A Case Study of the Design of DEC Rally Version 2 + Dennis Wixon + Sandy Jones Rapid, Integrated Design of a Multimedia Communication System + Ellen Francik The Xerox Star: An Influential User Interface Design + Lawrence H. Miller + Jeff Johnson Project Ernestine: Analytic and Empirical Methods Applied to a Real-World CHI Problem + Michael E. Atwood + Wayne D. Gray + Bonnie E. John Pioneers and Settlers: Methods Used in Successful User Interface Design + Stuart K. Card Improving User Interfaces and Application Productivity by Using the ITS Application Development Environment + John D. Gould + Jacob Ukelson + Stephen J. Boies Lessons in Choosing Methods for Designing Complex Graphical User Interfaces + Carrie Rudman + George Engelbeck Getting Around the Task-Artifact Cycle: How to Make Claims and Design by Scenario + John M. Carroll + Mary Beth Rosson Mapping the Method Muddle: Guidance in Using Methods for User Interface Design + Judith S. Olson + Thomas P. Moran Organizational Obstacles to Interface Design and Development: Two Participant Observer Studies + Steven E. Poltrock + Jonathan Grudin System Design Practice, Emerging Development Acceleration Strategies, and the Role of User-Centered Design + R. Jay Ritchie + Judith A. List Bringing Usability Effectively into Product Development + Peter F. Conklin Accepting the Challenge + John L. Bennett Respect and Beyond + Clayton Lewis + Peter Polson %M E.Rouet.96 ?? get toc %0 EDITED BOOK %T Hypertext and Cognition %E Jean-Francois Rouet %E Jarmo J. Levonen %E Andrew Dillon %E Rand J. Spiro %D 1996 %P 184 %C Mahwah, New Jersey %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-8058-2144-9 (paper) 0-8058-2043-0 (cloth) %Y La Maison Hypertext. + C. A. Perfetti An Introduction to Hypertext and Cognition + Jean-Francois Rouet + Jarmo J. Levonen + Andrew Dillon + Rand J. Spiro Studying and Learning With Hypertext: Empirical Studies and Their Implications. + Jean-Francois Rouet + Jarmo J. Levonen Myths, Misconceptions, and an Alternative Perspective on Information Usage and the Electronic Medium. + Andrew Dillon Using Hypertext to Study and Reason About Historical Evidence + M. A. Britt + Jean-Francois Rouet + C. A. Perfetti Effects of Overview Structure on Study Strategies and Text Representations for Instructional Hypertext + D. Dee-Lucas Comprehension, Coherence, and Strategies in Hypertext and Linear Text + Peter W. Foltz Studying and Annotating Electronic Text + H. van Oostendorp Notes on Hypertext, Cognition, and Language + E. Esperet Text and Hypertext + C. A. Perfetti %M E.Ruttkay.04 %0 EDITED BOOK %T From Brows to Trust - Evaluating Embodied Conversational Agents %S Human-Computer Interaction Series, Vol. 7 %E Zsofia Ruttkay %E Catherine Pelachaud %D 2004 %P 352 %G ISBN 1-4020-2729-X %I Springer-Verlag %Y PART I EVALUATION METHODOLOGY 1. The Blind Men and the Elephant Revisited 2. Embodied Conversational Agents on a Common Ground 3. Empirical Evaluation Methodology for Embodied Conversational Agents 4. Evaluating Users' Reactions to Human-Like Interfaces PART II THE USER IN FOCUS 5. User-Centred Design and Evaluation of Affective Agents 6. 'User as Assessor' Approach to Embodied Conversational Agents PART III EVALUATION OF ECAS 7. More about Brows 8. Evaluation of Multimodal Behaviour of Embodied Agents 9. ECA as User Interface Paradigm PART IV EVALUATION OF APPLICATIONS 10. Talking to Digital Fish 11. Experimental Evaluation of the Use of ECAs in eCommerce Applications 12. What we can Learn from Avatar-driven Internet Communities %M E.Salvendy-2.87 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Cognitive Engineering in the Design of Human-Computer Interaction and Expert Systems %E Gavriel Salvendy %D 1987 %P 592 %G ISBN 0-44442848-8 : 0-44442396-6 (series) 0-44442849-6 (set) %O proceedings of the Second International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Honolulu, Hawaii, August 10-14, 1987, vol.II %C Amsterdam %I Elsevier Science Publishers %M E.Salvendy-3.87 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Social, Ergonomic and Stress Aspects of Work with Computers %O proceedings of the Second International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Honolulu, Hawaii August 10-14, 1987, volume I %E Gavriel Salvendy %E Steven L. Sauter %E Joseph J. Hurrell, Jr. %D 1987 %G ISBN 0-44442847-X : 0-44442396-6 (series) 0-44442849-6 (set) %P 373 %C Amsterdam %I Elsevier Science Publishers %M E.Salvendy.84 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %G ISBN 0-44442395-8 : 0-44442396-6 (series) %T Human-Computer Interaction Proceedings of the First USA-Japan Conference on Human-Computer Interaction %E Gavriel Salvendy %D 1984-08-18/1984-08-20 %D 1984 %P 470 %C Amsterdam %I Elsevier Science Publishers %M E.Salvendy.87 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Handbook of Human Factors %E Gavriel Salvendy %D 1987 %P 1874 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-88015-9; TA 166.H275; OCLC 13426477 %K GENERAL Lifecycle Task Device Dialogue Guidelines DESIGN Psych Guidance EVALUATION Empirical Model %Y 1 The Human Factors Function 2 Human Factors Fundamentals 3 Functional Analysis 4 Job and Organization Design 5 Equipment and Workplace Design 6 Environmental Design 7 Design for Health and Safety 8 Design of Selection and Training Systems 9 Performance Modeling 10 System Evaluation 11 Human Factors in the Design and Use of Computing Systems 12 Selected Applications of Human Factors in Computer Systems %W http://www.hcibib.org/ftp/salvendy.bib %M E.Salvendy.89 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %S Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics, 12B %T Designing and Using Human-Computer Interfaces and Knowledge Based Systems %E Gavriel Salvendy %E Michael J. Smith %D 1989 %V 2 %N 113 %P 900 %C Amsterdam %I Elsevier Science Publishers %G ISBN 0-444-88078-X (ISBN 0-444-88079-8 set) %O Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Boston, USA, September 18-22, 1989 %Y I. Future Directions II. Software Psychology III. Learning IV. Data Bases V. Graphics VI. Dialogue Design VII. Expert Systems %M E.Salvendy.97 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Handbook of Human Factors %E Gavriel Salvendy %D 1997 %P 1600 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %I Wiley-Interscience %G ISBN 0-471-11690-4; OCLC 35986430 %O 2nd edition %Y 1. THE HUMAN FACTORS FUNCTION 1. The Human Factors Profession + Martin Helander 2. Systems Design and Evaluation + Sara J. Czaja 2. THE HUMAN FACTORS FUNDAMENTALS 3. Sensation and Perception + Robert W. Proctor + Janet D. Proctor 4. Information Processing + Christopher D. Wickens + C. Melody Carswell 5. Learning + Richard J. Koubek + Susan A. H. Benysh + Eric Tang 6. Human Error + Kyung S. Park 7. Perceptual Motor Skills and Human Motion Analysis + David Regan 8. Engineering Anthropometry + Karl H. E. Kroemer 9. Biomechanics of the Human Body + William S. Marras 10. Work Physiology -- Fatigue and Recovery + Suzanne H. Rodgers 3. JOB DESIGN 11. Allocation of Functions + Joseph Sharit 12. Task Analysis + Holger Luczak 13. Mental Workload + Pamela S. Tsang + Glenn F. Wilson 14. Job and Team Design + Gina J. Medsker + Michael A. Campion 15. Participatory Ergonomics + John R. Wilson + Helen M. Haines 16. Models in Training and Instruction + Robert W. Swezey + Robert E. Llaneras 17. Computer-Based Instruction + John F. Brock 18. Organizational Design and Macroergonomics + Hal Hendrick 19. Socially Centered Design + Kay M. Stanney + Jeffrey L. Maxey + Gavriel Salvendy 4. EQUIPMENT, WORKPLACE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN 20. Visual Displays + Kevin B. Bennett + Allen L. Nagy + John M. Flach 21. Controls + Hans-Jorg Bullinger + Peter Kern + Martin Braun 22. Nonconventional Controls + Grant R. McMillan + Robert G. Eggleston + Timothy R. Anderson 23. Biomechanical Aspects of Workplace Design + Don B. Chaffin 24. Noise + Malcolm J. Crocker 25. Vibration and Motion + Michael J. Griffin 26. Illumination + Peter R. Boyce 27. Toxicology and Thermal Comfort + Stephan A. Konz 28. Climate and Clothing + Carolyn K. Bensel + William R. Santee 29. Design for Macrogravity and Microgravity Environments + William B. Albery + Barbara Woolford 30. Architecture and Interior Design + John E. Harrigan 5. DESIGN FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY 31. Occupation Risk Management + Bernhard Zimolong 32. Work Schedules and Sustained Performance + Donald I. Tepas + Michael J. Paley + Stephen M. Popkin 33. Psychosocial Approach in Occupational Health + Raija Kalimo + Keri Lindstrom + Michael J. Smith 34. Manual Materials Handling + M. M. Ayoub + Patrick Dempsey + Waldemar Karwowski 35. Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Upper Extremities + Waldemar Karwowski + William S. Marras 36. Warnings and Risk Perception + Kenneth R. Laughery, Sr. + Michael S. Wogalter 6. PERFORMANCE MODELING 37. Decision Making + Mark R. Lehto 38. Feedback Control Models -- Manual Control and Tracking + Ronald Hess 39. Supervisory Control + Thomas B. Sheridan 40. Cognitive Modeling + Ray Eberts 41. Computer Modeling and Simulation + K. Ronald Laughery, Jr. + Kevin Corker 42. Decision Support Systems + Andrew P. Sage 7. EVALUATION 43. Data Collection and Evaluation of Outcome Measures + Gavriel Salvendy + Pascale Carayon 44. Exploratory Sequential Data Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative Handling of Continuous Observational Data + Penelope M. Sanderson + Carolanne Fisher 45. Effectiveness Testing of Complex Systems + Annelise Mark Pejtersen + Jens Rasmussen 46. Usability Testing + Jakob Nielsen 47. Maintainability + Anthony E. Majoros + Edward Boyle 48. Human Factors Audits + Colin G. Drury 49. Assessing Cost/Benefits of Human Factors + William B. Rouse + Kenneth R. Boff 8. HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 50. Design of Computer Terminal Workstations + Michael J. Smith + William J. Cohen 51. Software-User Interface Design + Yili Liu 52. Virtual Environments + Hans-Jorg Bullinger + Wilhelm Bauer + Martin Braun 53. Social Computing: Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Groupware + Anita Barua + Ramnath Chellappa + Andrew B. Whinston 54. Human Factors in Information Access of Distributed Systems + Ray Reaux + John M. Carroll 55. Multimedia + Mark H. Chignell + John A. Waterworth 9. SELECTED APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN FACTORS 56. Human Factors in Manufacturing + Waldemar Karwowski + Hans-Jurgen Warnecke + Manfred Hueser 57. Automation Surprises + David D. Woods + Nadine Sarter + Charlie Billings 58. Human Factors in Process Control + Neville Moray 59. Human Factors in Transportation + Patricia F. Waller + Paul A. Green 60. Design for People with Functional Limitations Resulting from Disability, Aging, or Circumstance + Gregg C. Vanderheiden %M E.Schneider.93 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Adaptive User Interfaces %E M. Schneider-Hufschmidt %E T. Kuhme %E U. Malinowski %D 1993 %P 362 %C Amsterdam %I Elsevier Science Publishers %G ISBN 0-444-81545-7 %Y Introduction Part I: Setting the Stage Part II: Modelling Users, Tasks, and Dialogs Part III: Prototypes and Systems Part IV: Evaluation Discussion Results %M E.Schuler.93 ?? get toc %0 EDITED BOOK %T Participatory Design: Principles and Practices %E Douglas Schuler %E Aki Namioka %D 1993 %P 312 %C Mahwah, New Jersey %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-8058-9052-X (paper) 0-8058-9051-1 (cloth) %M E.Seffah.05 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human-Centered Software Engineering - Integrating Usability in the Software Development Lifecycle %S Human-Computer Interaction Series, Vol. 8 %E Ahmed Seffah %E Jan Gulliksen %E Michel C. Desmarais %P 391 %D 2005 %G ISBN 1-4020-4027-X %I Springer-Verlag %M E.Shackel.81 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Man-Computer Interaction: Human Factors Aspects of Computers and People %E Brian Shackel %D 1981 %P 560 %G ISBN 9-02860910-5 %C The Netherlands %I Sijthoff and Noordhoof Publishers %M E.Shackel.91 5/14/92 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Factors for Informatics Usability %E B. Shackel %E S. J. Richardson %D 1991 %P 438 %C Cambridge, UK %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-521-36570-8 %Y PART 1: INFORMATICS USABILITY -- INTRODUCTION, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE 1 Human Factors for Informatics Usability -- Background and Overview (1-19) + Brian Shackel + Simon Richardson 2 Usability -- Context, Framework, Definition, Design and Evaluation (21-37) + Brian Shackel 3 The Business Case for Human Factors in Informatics (39-71) + Alphonse Chapanis PART 2: SYSTEM DESIGN -- ORIENTATION AND APPROACHES 4 Human Factors Contributions to the Design Process (73-96) + Ken Eason + Susan Harker 5 Helping the I.T. Designer to Use Human Factors (97-119) + Tom Stewart 6 Interface Design Issues for the System Designer (121-131) + William Newman 7 An Approach to Formalized Procedures for User-Centred System Design (133-150) + Arthur Gardner PART 3: SPECIAL TOPICS IN DEPTH 8 The Contributions of Applied Cognitive Psychology to the Study of Human-Computer Interaction (151-182) + Phil Barnard 9 Formal Models and Techniques in Human-Computer Interaction (183-206) + Jurgen Ziegler + Hans-Jorg Bullinger 10 Designing Expert Systems for Usability (207-246) + Brian Gaines PART 4: ORGANISATIONAL ASPECTS AND DESIGN IN LARGE SYSTEMS 11 Organisational Issues and Task Analysis (247-266) + Siegfried Greif 12 Participation in Systems Design -- What Can It Offer? (267-290) + Enid Mumford 13 Towards a Human Factors Strategy for Information Technology Systems (291-324) + Leela Damodaran PART 5: DESIGN AND EVALUATION -- SOME SPECIFIC METHODS 14 A Taxonomy and Rule Base for the Selection of Interaction Styles (325-342) + Ben Shneiderman 15 Designing and Evaluating Documentation for I.T. Users (343-358) + Patricia Wright 16 Evaluating Usability (359-396) + Alphonse Chapanis References (397-422) Author Index (423-429) Subject Index (431-438) %M E.Sherr.88 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Input Devices %G ISBN 0-12639970-0 %E Sol Sherr %D 1988 %P 301 %C San Diego, CA %I Academic Press %M E.Shneiderman.93 9/25/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Sparks of Innovation in Human-Computer Interaction %E Ben Shneiderman %D 1993 %P 400 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/shneider/sparks.htm %I Intellect %G ISBN 1-56750-078-1 (Cloth); 1-56750-079-X (Paper) %Y Preface Overview: Fuel for a New Discipline Introduction: Supporting the Process of Innovation 1. Direct manipulation 1.1 Direct manipulation: a step beyond programming languages, + Ben Shneiderman 1.2 A study of file manipulation by novices using commands vs. direct manipulation + Sepeedeh Margono + Ben Shneiderman 1.3 Remote direct manipulation: a case study of a telemedicine workstation + Richard Keil-Slawik + Catherine Plaisant + Ben Shneiderman 2. Menu selection 2.1 Embedded menus: selecting items in context + Larry Koved + Ben Shneiderman 2.2 An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus + Jack Callahan + Don Hopkins + Mark Weiser + Ben Shneiderman 2.3 Time stress effects on two menu selection systems + Daniel F. Wallace + Nancy S. Anderson + Ben Shneiderman 3. Hypertext 3.1 Finding facts vs. browsing knowledge in hypertext systems + Gary Marchionini + Ben Shneiderman 3.2 Restructuring knowledge for an electronic encyclopedia + Charles B. Kreitzberg + Ben Shneiderman 3.3 The Electronic Teaching Theater: interactive hypermedia & mental models of the classroom + Kent L. Norman 4. Touchscreens 4.1 Improving the accuracy of touchscreens: an experimental evaluation of three strategies + Richard L. Potter + Linda J. Weldon + Ben Shneiderman 4.2 High precision touchscreens: design strategies and comparisons with a mouse + Andrew Sears + Ben Shneiderman 4.3 Touchscreens now offer compelling uses + Ben Shneiderman 4.4 Touchscreen interfaces for alphanumeric data entry + Catherine Plaisant + Andrew Sears 4.5 Scheduling home control devices: a case study of the transition from the research project to a product + Catherine Plaisant + Ben Shneiderman + Jim Battaglia 5. Public access 5.1 Guide to Opportunities in Volunteer Archaeology: case study on the use of a hypertext system, in a museum exhibit + Catherine Plaisant 5.2 Evaluating three museum installations of a hypertext system + Ben Shneiderman + Dorothy Brethauer + Catherine Plaisant + Richard Potter 5.3 ACCESS at the Library of Congress + Gary Marchionini + Maryle Ashley + Lois Korzendorfer 5.4 User interface consistency: an evaluation of original and revised interfaces for a videodisk library + Richard Chimera + Ben Shneiderman 6. Information visualization: dynamic queries, treemaps, and the filter/flow metaphor 6.1 Dynamic Queries for information exploration: an implementation and evaluation + Christopher Ahlberg + Christopher Williamson + Ben Shneiderman 6.2 The Dynamic HomeFinder: evaluating Dynamic Queries in a real-estate information exploration system + Christopher Williamson + Ben Shneiderman 6.3 Treemaps: a space-filling approach to the visualization of hierarchical information structures + Brian Johnson + Ben Shneiderman 7. Essays and explorations 7.1 A nonanthropomorphic style guide: overcoming the Humpty Dumpty syndrome + Ben Shneiderman 7.2 Human values and the future of technology: a declaration of responsibility + Ben Shneiderman 7.3 Engagement and construction: educational strategies for the post-TV era + Ben Shneiderman 7.4 Protecting rights in user interface designs + Ben Shneiderman 7.5 Declaration in Apple vs. Microsoft/Hewlett-Packard + Ben Shneiderman Appendix-HCIL publications Appendix-videos %M E.Sime.83 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Designing for Human-Computer Communication %G ISBN 012643820X %E M. Sime %E M. Coombs %D 1983 %P 332 %C New York, NY %I Academic Press %M E.Sloan.2000 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Home Informatics and Telematics Information, Technology and Society %E Andy Sloane %E Felix van Rijn %D 2000 %P 240 %G ISBN 0-7923-7867-9 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-7867-9 %S International Federation for Information Processing : Volume 173 %Y Citizen Science Implications of Public Access to 3-D Hypermedis Editing and Interactivity in the Home + K. Bjerg Enhanced Television and Interactive Services + C. Dormann Real and Virtual Conferences + D. Lawrence et al Methodological Challenges in the Study of Technology at Home + A. Kjaer et al Direct and Mediated Interaction in the Maintenance of Social Relationships + R. Ling Using E-Mail for Social and Domestic Purposes + K. Buckner + M. Gillham The Paths of Work and ICT into the Home + L. Sturesson ICT Appropriation by Small Businesses + J. Pierson Familyware + K. Go et al Web-Based Family Noticeboard + W. Huang et al Home Information Systems + A. Sloane et al Invisible Technologies, Invisible Boundaries? + K. Oksanen-Sarela School's Out + J. M. Carroll + M. B. Rosson User-Centred Design + A. Monk Purchasing a Home Computer + H. Lahtinen A Longitudinal Analysis of Computing in the Home + A. Venkatesh et al %O contains selected proceedings from the International Conference on Home Informatics and Telematics (HOIT 2000), `IT at Home: Virtual Influences on Everyday Life', which was sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) and held in Wolverhampton, United Kingdom, June 28-30, 2000 %M E.Smith.80 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Interaction with Computers %G ISBN 0-12652852-7 (pbk.) 0-12652850-0 %P 369 %E H. T. Smith %E T. R. G. Green %D 1980 %C New York, NY %I Academic Press %M E.Smith.89 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %S Advances in Human Factors/Ergonomics, 12A %T Work with Computers: Organizational, Management, Stress and Health Aspects %E Michael J. Smith %E Gavriel Salvendy %D 1989 %V 1 %N 88 %P 698 %C Amsterdam %I Elsevier Science Publishers %G ISBN 0-444-88077-1 (ISBN 0-444-88079-8 set) %O Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Boston, USA, September 18-22, 1989 %Y I. Organizational II. Stress III. Health IV. Interface -- Speech V. Interface -- Displays and Controls VI. Interface -- Human Factors %M E.Snodgrass.02 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human factors in information systems %E Edward Szewczak %E Coral Snodgrass %D 2002 %P 324 %I IRM Press %G ISBN: 1-93177710-1 %M E.SparkJones.97 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Readings in Information Retrieval %S Multimedia Information and Systems %E Karen Sparck Jones %E Peter Willett %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 1-55860454-5 %D 1997 %P 600 %Y 1. OVERALL INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORY The Thesaurus Approach to Information Retrieval + T. Joyce + R. M. Needham The Automatic Derivation of Information Retrieval Encodements from Machine-Readable Texts + H. P. Luhn Indexing and Abstracting by Association. Part I + L. B. Doyle On Relevance, Probabilistic Indexing and Information Retrieval + M. E. Maron + J. L. Kuhns The Cranfield Tests on Index Language Devices + C. W. Cleverdon Computer Evaluation of Indexing and Text Processing + G. Salton + M. E. Lesk 3. KEY CONCEPTS The Concept of "Aboutness" in Subject Indexing + W. J. Hutchins The Testing of Index Language Devices + C. W. Cleverdon + J. Mills Thesaurus + D. J. Foskett Using Problem Structures for Driving Human-Computer Dialogues + P. J. Daniels + H. M. Brooks + N. J. Belkin Relevance: A Review of and a Framework for Thinking on the Notion in Information Science + T. Saracevic 4. EVALUATION A Study of Information Seeking and Retrieving. I. Background and Methodology + T. Saracevic + P. Kantor + A. Y. Chamis et al On Selecting a Measure of Retrieval Effectiveness, Part I + W. S. Cooper The Pragmatics of Information Retrieval Experimentation, Revisited + J. Tague-Sutcliffe Presenting Results of Experimental Retrieval Comparisons + E. M. Keen MEDLARS: Report on the Evaluation of Its Operating Efficiency + F. W. Lancaster The TREC Conferences + D. K. Harman 5. MODELS Getting Beyond Boole + W. S. Cooper A Non-Classical Logic for Information Retrieval + C. J. van Rijsbergen A Vector Space Model for Automatic Indexing + G. Salton + A. Wong + C. S. Yang The Probability Ranking Principle in IR + S. E. Robertson Inference Networks for Document Retrieval + H. Turtle + W. B. Croft ASK for Information Retrieval. Part I. Background and Theory + N. J. Belkin + R. N. Oddy + H. M. Brooks 6. TECHNIQUES An Algorithm for Suffix Stripping + M. F. Porter Robust Text Processing in Automated Information Retrieval + T. Strzalkowski Term-Weighting Approaches in Automatic Text Retrieval + G. Salton + C. Buckley Search Term Relevance Weighting Given Little Relevance Information + K. Sparck Jones Using Probabilistic Models of Document Retrieval without Relevance Information + W. B. Croft + D. J. Harper Some Simple Effective Approximations to the 2-Poisson Model for Probabilistic Weighted Retrieval + S. E. Robertson + S. Walker Improving Retrieval Performance by Relevance Feedback + G. Salton + C. Buckley Using Interdocument Similarity Information in Document Retrieval Systems + A. Griffiths + H. C. Luckhurst + P. Willett 7. SYSTEMS The SMART and SIRE Experimental Retrieval Systems + G. Salton + M. J. McGill Architecture of an Expert System for Composite Document Analysis, Representation, and Retrieval + E. A. Fox + R. K. France User-Friendly Systems Instead of User-Friendly Front-Ends + D. K. Harman The Okapi Online Catalogue Research Projects + S. Walker TREC and TIPSTER Experiments with INQUERY + J. P. Callan + W. B. Croft + J. S. Broglio RUBRIC: A System for Rule-Based Information Retrieval + B. P. McCune + R. M. Tong + J. Dean TARGET and FREESTYLE: DIALOG and Mead Join the Relevance Ranks + C. Tenopir + P. Cahn 8. EXTENSIONS A Hypertext Environment for Interacting with Large Databases + M. Agosti + G. Gradenigo + P. G. Marchetti Automatic Analysis, Theme Generation, and Summarization of Machine-Readable Texts + G. Salton + J. Allan + C. Buckley et al Querying Across Languages: A Dictionary-Based Approach to Multilingual Information Retrieval + D. A. Hull + G. Grefenstette Experiments in Spoken Document Retrieval + K. Sparck Jones + G. J. F. Jones + J. T. Foote et al Video Parsing, Retrieval and Browsing: An Integrated and Content-Based Solution + H. J. Zhang + C. Y. Low + S. W. Smoliar et al The Automatic Indexing System AIR/PHYS -- From Research to Application + P. Biebricher + N. Fuhr + G. Lustig et al A News Story Categorization System + P. J. Hayes + L. E. Knecht + M. J. Cellio Conceptual Information Extraction and Retrieval from Natural Language Input + L. F. Rau A Production Rule System for Message Summarization + E. Marsh + H. Hamburger + R. Grishman The Application of Linguistic Processing to Automatic Abstract Generation + F. C. Johnson + C. D. Paice + W. J. Black et al 9. ENVOI Historical Note: Information Retrieval and the Future of an Illusion + D. R. Swanson %M E.Stephanidis.01 %0 EDITED BOOK %T User Interfaces for All: Concepts, Methods, and Tools %S Human Factors and Ergonomics Series %E Constantine Stephanidis %D 2001 %G ISBN 0-8058-2967-9 %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %P 728 %Y Part I: Introduction Part II: Dimensions Part III: Design Part IV: Software Technologies and Architectural Models Part V: Evaluation Part VI: Unified User Interfaces Part VII: Support Measures Part VIII: Looking to the Future %M E.Stern.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Digital libraries: philosophies, technical design considerations, and example scenarios : pre-publication reviews, commentaries, evaluations %E David Stern %D 1999 %I Haworth Press %P 230 %G ISBN: 0-78900769-X %Y Introduction + David Stern PHILOSOPHIES The Organization of Digital Libraries + Michael E. Lesk Collection Development in the Digital Library + Daniel Jones Usability Evaluation of Digital Libraries + Barbara Buttenfield New Search and Navigation Techniques in the Digital Library + David Stern TECHNICAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS University of Illinois the Federation of Digital Libraries: Interoperability Among Heterogeneous Information Systems + Robert Ferrer Toward Seamlessness with XML + Daniel Chudnov Interface Design Considerations in Libraries + Steve Mitchell Grainger Engineering Library: An Object-Enhanced User Interface for Information Retrieval + Eric H. Johnson EXAMPLE SCENARIOS MAGIC: A Connecticut Collection of Geodata for the Geo-Scientist + Patrick McGlamery Patents in the New World + Timothy Lee Wherry %M E.Strzalkowski.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Natural Language Information Retrieval %E Tomek Strzalkowski %D 1999 %P 384 %W http://www.wkap.nl/book.htm/0-7923-5685-3 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %G ISBN 0-7923-5685-3 %S Text, Speech and Language Technology %Y 1. What is the Role of NLP in Text Retrieval? + K. S. Jones 2. NLP for Term Variant Extraction: Synergy Between Morphology, Lexicon, and Syntax + C. Jacquemin + E. Tzoukermann 3. Combining Corpus Linguistics and Human Memory Models for Automatic Term Association + G. Ruge 4. Using NLP or NLP Resources for Information Retrieval Tasks + A. F. Smeaton 5. Evaluating Natural Language Processing Techniques in Information Retrieval + T. Strzalkowski et al 6. Stylistic Experiments in Information Retrieval + J. Karlgren 7. Extraction-Based Text Categorization: Generating Domain-Specific Role Relationships Automatically + E. Riloff + J. Lorenzen 8. LaSIE Jumps the Gate + Y. Wilks + R. Gaizauskas 9. Phrasal Terms in Real-World IR Applications + J. Zhou 10. Name Recognition and Retrieval Performance + P. Thompson + C. Dozier 11. Collage: An NLP Toolset to Support Boolean Retrieval + J. Cowie 12. Document Classification and Routing + L. Guthrie et al 13. Murax: Finding and Organizing Answers from Text Search + J. Kupiec 14. The Use of Categories and Clusters for Organizing Retrieval Results + M. Hearst %M E.Sullivan.91 4/26/92 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Intelligent User Interfaces %E Joseph W. Sullivan %E Sherman W. Tyler %D 1991 %P 560 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %I ACM Press %G ISBN 0-201-50305-0; QA 76.9 H85 A73; ACM Order number 704900 %Y 1 Introduction (1) + James R. Miller + Joseph W. Sullivan + Sherman W. Tyler I MULTIMODAL COMMUNICATION 2 Intelligent Multi-Media Interface Technology (11) + Jeannette G. Neal + Stuart C. Shapiro 3 User and Discourse Models for Multimodal Communication (45) + Wolfgang Wahlster 4 The Contributing Influence of Speech and Interaction of Human Discourse Patterns (69) + Sharon L. Oviatt + Philip R. Cohen II MODELS, PLANS, AND GOALS 5 An Intelligent Interface Architecture for Adaptive Interaction (85) + Sherman W. Tyler + Jon L. Schlossberg + Robert A. Gargan, Jr. + Linda K. Cook + Joseph W. Sullivan 6 General User Modeling: A Facility to Support Intelligent Interaction (111) + Robert Kass + Tim Finin 7 Communicating with High-Level Plans (129) + Jeffrey Bonar + Blaise W. Liffick 8 A Dialogue User Interface Architecture (157) + Robert L. Young 9 Intelligent Interfaces as Agents (177) + David N. Chin III DYNAMIC PRESENTATION DESIGN 10 Graphics and Natural Language as Components of Automatic Explanation (207) + Steven F. Roth + Joe Mattis + Xavier Mesnard 11 Presentation Design Using an Integrated Knowledge Base (241) + Yigal Arens + Lawrence Miller + Norman Sondheimer 12 An Architecture for Knowledge-Based Graphical Interfaces (259) + Stephen Feiner 13 Search Architectures for the Automatic Display of Graphical Presentations (281) + Jock D. Mackinlay IV KNOWLEDGE-BASED TOOLS FOR INTERFACE DESIGN 14 An Introduction to HITS: Human Interface Tool Suite (293) + James Hollan + Elaine Rich + William Hill + David Wroblewski + Wayne Wilner + Kent Wittenburg + Jonathan Grudin 15 UIDE -- An Intelligent User Interface Design Environment (339) + James Foley + Won Chul Kim + Srdjan Kovacevic + Kevin Murray 16 Using AI Techniques to Create User Interfaces by Example (385) + Brad A. Myers 17 Graphical Knowledge-Based Model Editors (403) + Allen Cypher + Marilyn Stelzner 18 BACKBOARD: An Implementation of Specification by Reformulation (421) + John Yen + Robert Neches + Michael DeBellis + Pedro Szekely + Peter Aberg 19 Structuring Programs to Support Intelligent Interfaces (445) + Pedro Szekely Index (465) %M E.Sutcliffe.96 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Domain Knowledge for Interactive System Design %E A. G. Sutcliffe %E Frans van Assche %E David Benyon %D 1996 %P 288 %G ISBN 0-412-78180-8 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-412-78180-8 %S International Federation for Information Processing : Volume 56 %Y Ecological studies of domain modelling Process views of domain engineering Role of domains in knowledge engineering Domain modelling for user system interfaces Formal approaches %M E.Sutcliffe.98 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Designing Effective and Usable Multimedia Systems %E Alistair Sutcliffe %E Peter Johnson %E Jurgen Ziegler %D 1998 %G ISBN 0-412-84270-X %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-412-84270-X %S INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING : Volume 133 %Y 1. Multimedia Design: From Tools for Skilled Designers to Intelligent Multimedia Design Systems + M. Wilson Part One: Methods, Models and Tools 2. A Framework for Hypermedia Design and Usability Evaluation + F. Garzotto et al 3. Modeling of Hypermedia Applications with HyDev + P. Pauen et al 4. Design Support for Hypermedia Documents + M. Apperley + R. Hunt 5. Developing Multimedia Principles from Design Features + F. Nemetz + P. Johnson 6. Media Transformations for the Representation and Communication of Multimedia Production Activities + S. Morris Part Two: Supporting Multimedia Design 7. Finding the `Right' Image: Visualizing Relationships among persons, Images and Impressions + K. Nakakoji et al 8. Structuring Multimedia Data to Facilitate Decision Making and Reflection in Product Design + S. Phillips + J. T. McDonnell 9. Creating the Multimedia Project Experience Database + J.-W. van Aalst + C. van der Mast 10. BUILD-IT: A Brick-based integral Solution Supporting Multidisciplinary Design Tasks + M. Fjeld et al 11. Combining Alternatives in the Multimedia presentation of Decision Support Information for Real-Time Control + G. Herzog et al 12. So Many users - So Many Perspectives + B. Schonhage et al 13. Developing a Multimedia Product for the World Wide Web + L. Lisle et al 14. A Feasibility Study for a Mobile Multimedia Tourist Guide + H. Eirund + G. Schreiber 15. Design and Empirical Testing of a Checklist for the Evaluation of Multimedia Software for Children + S. Duda 16. Performance Evaluation of Input Devices in Virtual Environments + A. Roessler + V. Grantz %M E.Taylor.89 9/12/92 ss %0 EDITED BOOK %T The Structure of Multimodal Dialogue %S Human Factors in Information Technology, 4 %E M. M. Taylor %E F. Neel %E D. G. Bouwhuis %D 1989 %N 35 %P 539 %C Amsterdam %I North-Holland %I Elsevier Science Publishers %G ISBN 0-444-87421-6; QA 76.9 H85S77 1989 %Y PROLOGUE: DIALOGUE AND USEFUL METAPHORS 1. Introduction: Dialogue and Multimodal Dialogue (3-10) + M. M. Taylor + F. Neel + D. G. Bouwhuis 2. Metaphors for Interface Design (11-28) + E. Hutchins PART 1: USER MODELS AND BELIEF STRUCTURES Introduction (31-32) 3. Speech Acts in Multimodal Dialogues (33-46) + C. R. Perrault 4. Information Dialogues as Communicative Actions in Relation to Partner Modelling and Information Processing (47-73) + H. C. Bunt 5. Studying Arguments to Gain Insight into Discourse Structure (75-84) + R. Cohen 6. The Structure of Intelligence in Dialogue (85-105) + J. L. Edwards + J. A. Mason 7. Planning and Discourse (107-113) + N. R. Shadbolt PART 2: DISCOURSE STRUCTURE AND PROCESSING Introduction (117-120) 8. Convention versus Intention (121-134) + R. Reichman 9. The Viability of Conversational Grammars (135-144) + D. A. Good 10. Knowledge for Communication (145-158) + G. Airenti + B. G. Bara + M. Colombetti 11. Response Timing in Layered Protocols: A Cybernetic View of Natural Language (159-172) + M. M. Taylor 12. A Generative Grammar for Local Discourse Structure (173-182) + R. P. Fawcett + M. M. Taylor 13. Pattern Processing and Machine Intelligence Techniques for Representing Dialogues (183-188) + P. J. Goillau 14. The Adaptive, Dynamic and Associative Memory Model: A Possible Future Tool for Vocal Human-Computer Communication (189-202) + D. Beroule PART 3: PARALLEL COMMUNICATION Introduction (205-207) 15. Integrated Interfaces Based on a Theory of Context and Goal Tracking (209-227) + R. Reichman 16. Protocols for Group Coordination in Participant Systems (229-240) + E. Chang 17. Asynchronous Parallelism in the Formation of Non-Linear Phonology (241-247) + W. Edmondson 18. Visible Speech Signals: Investigating Their Analysis, Synthesis and Perception (249-258) + N. M. Brooke 19. Integrating Voice, Visual and Manual Transactions: Some Practical Issues from Aircrew Station Design (259-265) + R. M. Taylor PART 4: PROPERTIES OF HUMAN DIALOGUES Introduction (269-272) 20. Analyzing Conversation (in Three Languages) (273-286) + I. Taylor 21. Speech is More Than Just an Audible Version of Text (287-299) + M. J. Hunt 22. Intelligent Speech Synthesis as Part of an Integrated Speech Synthesis/Automatic Speech Recognition System (301-312) + M. A. A. Tatham 23. Declarative Question Acts: Two Experiments on Identification (313-321) + R. J. Beun 24. Computer-Human Communication (323-330) + M. A. Morel 25. Interactive Strategies for Conversational Computer Systems (331-340) + J. A. Waterworth PART 5: APPLICATIONS AND ARCHITECTURES Introduction (343-346) 26. Pragmatics in a Realization of a Dialogue Module (347-360) + J. Siroux 27. Suggestive and Corrective Answers: A Single Mechanism (361-374) + M. Guyomard + J. Siroux 28. Dialogue Supervision and Error Correction Strategy for a Spoken Human-Computer Interface (375-384) + J. R. Howes 29. Dialogue Control in Conversational Speech Interfaces (385-398) + C. Proctor + S. Young 30. Relevant Responses in Human-Computer Conversation (399-406) + A. Vilnat 31. LOQUI: How Flexible Can a Formal Prototype Be? (407-416) + N. D. M. Ostler 32. Architecture and Knowledge Sources in a Human-Computer Oral Dialogue System (417-429) + N. Carbonell + J. M. Pierrel PART 6: OVERVIEW Introduction (433) 33. Flexibility versus Formality (435-453) + M. M. Taylor + M. J. Hunt 34. Dialogue with a Restricted Partner (455-466) + F. Neel + J. Waterworth + J. Howes 35. Practical Issues in Dialogue Design (467-481) + C. A. McCann + W. Edmondson + R. K. Moore References (483-498) Collected Abstracts (499-511) List of Participants (513-515) Author Index (517-523) Subject Index (525-533) Appendix: Sound Demonstrations (535-539) Sound recordings enclosed on inside back cover %M E.Thomas.84 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %T Human Factors in Computer Systems %E John C. Thomas %E Michael L. Schneider %D 1984 %P 276 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/thomas/human1.htm %I Intellect %G ISBN 0-89391-146-1; QA76.9 P75H86 1984 %Y 1 Heuristics for Designing Enjoyable User Interfaces: Lessons from Computer Games (1-12) + Thomas W. Malone 2 Learning to Use a Word Processor: By Doing, By Thinking, and By Knowing (1351) + John M. Carroll + Robert L. Mack 3 Formal Grammar as a Tool for Analyzing Ease of Use: Some Fundamental Concepts (5378) 4 Stochastic Modeling of Individual Resource Consumption during the Programming Phase of Software Development (79-111) + Daniel G. McNicholl + Kenneth Magel 5 An Empirical Investigation of the Tacit Plan Knowledge in Programming (113-133) + Kate Ehrlich + Elliot Soloway 6 An Empirical Evaluation of Software Documentation Formats (135-164) + Sylvia B. Sheppard + John W. Bailey + Elizabeth Kruesi Baily 7 A Multilevel Menu-Driven User Interface: Design and Evaluation through Simulation (165-186) + Ricky E. Savage + James K. Habinek 8 Statistical Semantics: Analysis of the Potential Performance of Keyword Information Systems (187-242) + G. W. Furnas + T. K. Landauer + L. M. Gomez + S. T. Dumais 9 Facilitating Multiple-Cue Judgments with Integral Information Displays (243-270) + Timothy E. Goldsmith + Roger W. Schvaneveldt %M E.Trenner.98 %0 EDITED BOOK %T The Politics of Usability: A Practical Guide to Designing Usable Systems in Industry %S Practitioner Series %I Springer-Verlag %E Lesley Trenner %E Joanna Bawa %P 204 %D 1998 %G ISBN 3-54076181-0 %Y Introduction + Lesley Trenner + Joanna Bawa 1. The Politics of Funding: Justifying Your Existence 1. Making a Business Case for Usability and Beyond -- the Fight for Survival + Chris Nodder 2. Selling Usability Services + Dermot Browne 2. The Politics of Set Up: What to Do with the Money once You Have Got it 3. Overcoming Inertia within a Large Organization + Tasnim Kaderbhai 4. Integrating Usability into Systems Development + Alison Crerar + David Benyon 5. A Structured Approach to User Interface Design + Dermot Browne + John Friend 6. Making Usability Part of the Culture + Janet Saunders + Alan Arnfeld 3. The Politics of Survival: Keeping Usability on the Political Map 7. A Change is as Good as a Test + Maggie Williams 8. Consultants with Clout + Cathy Thomas 9. Cultivating an Effective Client Relationship to Promote a User-Centred Culture + Nichole Simpson 4. The Politics of Expansion: How to Work Effectively on an International, Multi-Cultural Level 10. "Oh, so That's the Way You Do it over There!" + Ingrid K. Towey 11. Spreading the Word: Introducing Usability Evaluation on an International Scale + Joanna Bawa 12. Standards and Style Guides -- A Cross-Cultural Perspective + Tom Stewart 13. Usability Practice in the United States: Perception versus Reality + Patricia Dorazio 14. Round the World in 18 Days + Susan M. Dray + Lawrence R. Rowland %M E.Unger.96 %0 EDITED BOOK %O contains all papers presented at the Working Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction (EHCI'95) %T Engineering for HCI %E Claus Unger %E Leonard J. Bass %D 1996 %P 384 %G ISBN 0-412-72180-5 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-412-72180-5 %S International Federation for Information Processing : Volume 45 %Y Part One: New Technology Part Two: Tools and techniques Part Three: Formal methods Part Four: Multi-user interface architectures and tools Part Five: User interface design and Software engineering Part Six: Mini-workshop reports %M E.Unicode.2000 %0 EDITED BOOK %T The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0 %Q Unicode Consortium %A Joan Aliprand %A Julie Allen %A Rick McGowan %A Joe Becker %A Michael Everson %A Mike Ksar %A Lisa Moore %A Michel Suignard %A Ken Whistler %A Mark Davis %A Asmus Freytag %A John Jenkins %P 1072 %I Addison-Wesley %G ISBN 0-201-61633-5 %D 2000 %M E.VanCott.72 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design %E H. P. Van Cott %E R. G. Kinkade %D 1972 %C Washington, DC %I U. S. Superintendent of Documents %P 752 %G ISBN 0-47180011-2 %O Revised 1984 %M E.Vanderdonckt.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces II %O Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces %D 1999-10-21/23 %C Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium %E Jean Vanderdonckt %E Angel Puerta %P 368 %D 1999 %G ISBN 0-7923-6078-8 %W http://www.wkap.nl/book.htm/0-7923-6078-8 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %Y Introduction to Computer-Aided Design of User Interfaces + J. Vanderdonckt + A. Puerta Program Committee Members INVITED SPEAKERS 1. Modeling for Component Based Development in UML/Catalysis + A. C. Wills 2. Theory Based Design: From Individual Users and Tasks to Collaborative Systems + P. Johnson 3. Evaluating Accessibility and Usability of Web Pages + M. Cooper MODEL-BASED USER INTERFACE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTS 4. Model-Based Design of User Interfaces Using Object-Z + A. Hussey + D. Carrington 5. A Method Engineering Framework for Modeling and Generating Interactive Applications + Ch. Martin 6. GIPSE, A Model-Based System for CAD Software + G. Patry + P. Girard 7. Visto: A More Declarative GUI Framework + K. Aerts 8. Beyong Automatic Generation-Exploratory Approach to UI Design + S. Kovacevic 9. Using Application Domain Specific Run-Time Systems and Lightweight User Interface Models -- A Novel Approach for CADUI + E. Nilsson 10. XXL: A Visual+Textual Environment for Building Graphical User Interfaces + E. Lecolinet LINKING AND DERIVING MODELS 11. Semi-Automated Linking of User Interface Design Artifacts + S. S. Elnaffar + N. Graham 12. The Teallach Tool: Using Models for Flexible User Interface Design + P. J. Barclay et al 13. MDL: A Language for Binding User-Interface Models + R. E. K. Stirewalt WINDOWS MANAGEMENT 14. Vanishing Windows: An Empirical Study of Adaptive Window Management + T. Miah + J. L. Alty 15. Adaptive Layout Calculation in Graphical User Interfaces: A Retrospective on the A2DL-Project + S. Stiolle + R. Ernst 16. Semantic Differences Between User Interface Platforms Relevance to Design and Re-Design of User Interface + M. B. Harning DESIGN FRAMEWORKS AND OBJECTS 17. A Framework for Management of Sophisticated User Interface's Variants in Design Process: A Case Study + P. Savolainen + H. Konttinen 18. Grasyla: Modelling Case Tool GUIs in Meta Cases + V. Englebert + J.-L. Hainaut 19. User Defined Objects are First Class Citizen + G. Texier + L. Guittet SUPPORTING TASK-BASED DESIGN 20. The Visual Task Model Builder + M. Biere et al 21. Computer-Aided Analysis of Cooperative Applications + G. Ballardin et al 22. Methodological and Tool Support for a Task-Oriented Development of Interactive Systems + A. Dittmar + P. Forbrig 23. Modelling Work: Workflow and Task Modelling + H. Troetteberg COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF USER INTERFACES 24. A Generic Framework based on Ergonomics Rules for Computer Aided Design of User Interface + Ch. Farenc + Ph. Palanque 25. CMF: A Coherent Modelling Framework for Task-Based User Interface Design + B. Bomsdorf + G. Szwillus 26. Towel: Real World Mobility on the Web + S. Harper et al 27. Tool-Based Support for User-Designer Collaborattion in Distributed User Interface Design and Evaluation + J. Sarkkinen COMPUTER-AIDED EVALUATION OF USER INTERFACES 28. An Approach of Computer-Aided Choice of UI Evaluation Criteria and Methods + A. N. Ella et al 29. Considerating Subjectivity in Software Evaluation -- Application for Teachware Evaluations + O. Hu et al 30. KALDI: A Computer-Aided Usability Engineering Tool for Supporting Testing and Analysis of Human-Computer Interaction + G. Al-Qaimari + D. McRostie %M E.vanderVeer.92 9/12/92 ss %0 EDITED BOOK %T Cognitive Ergonomics: Contributions from Experimental Psychology %E Gerrit C. van der Veer %E Sebastiano Bagnara %E Gerard A. M. Kempen %D 1992 %N 14 %P 337 %C Amsterdam %I North-Holland %I Elsevier Science Publishers %G ISBN 0-444-89504-3; QA 76.9 H85C643 1992 %O Based on papers presented at the Fifth European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics, Urbino, Italy, September, 1991. Reprinted from the journal, Acta Psychologica, Volume 78, Numbers 1-3. %Y THEORETICAL ISSUES Task Knowledge Structures: Psychological Basis and Integration into System Design (3-26) + Hilary Johnson + Peter Johnson Formal Modelling Techniques in Human-Computer Interaction (27-67) + G. de Haan + G. C. van der Veer + J. C. van Vliet Errors and Theory in Human-Computer Interaction (69-96) + Paul A. Booth Knowledge Retrieval and Frequency Maps (97-110) + Gill M. Brown Event Controllability in Counterfactual Thinking (111-133) + Vittorio Girotto + Paulo Legrenzi + Antonio Rizzo COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND PROGRAM DEBUGGING Training of Pascal Novices' Error Handling Ability (137-150) + Carl Martin Allwood + Carl-Gustav Bjorhag Models of Debugging (151-172) + David J. Gilmore Analogical Software Reuse: Empirical Investigations of Analogy-Based Reuse and Software Engineering Practices (173-197) + Alistair Sutcliffe + Neil Maiden DATABASE INTERROGATION An Experimental Study of the Interpretation of Logical Operators in Database Querying (201-225) + Peter J. M. D. Essens + Carol A. McCann + Mark A. Hartevelt Analysing the Deep Structure of Queries: Transfer Effect on Learning a Query Language (227-241) + Lena Linde + Monica Bergstrom Adapting Systems to Differences between Individuals (243-256) + Frances Jennings + David Benyon + Dianne Murray TEXT EDITING Interference among Text-Editing Commands: Fan-Effects and the Role of System Consistency (259-285) + Martin Heydemann + Rudolf Hoffmann + Rainer Schmidt On the Microstructure of Learning a Wordprocessor (287-304) + Yvonne Waern GRAPHICS DESIGN The Constraint Satisfaction approach to Design: A Psychological Investigation (307-325) + Francoise Darses Author Index (327-332) Subject Index (333-337) %M E.VanHarmelen.01 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Object modeling and user interface design %E Mark Van Harmelen %D 2001 %P 452 %I Addison-Wesley %G ISBN: 0-201-65789-9 %Y PART I. PARTICIPATORY DESIGN 1. Accelerated Business Concept Modeling: Combining User Interface Design with Object Modeling + Simon McGinnes + Johnny Amos PART II. SCENARIO- AND TASK-BASED DESIGN 2. Scenarios, Objects, and Points of View in User Interface Design + Mary Beth Rosson + John M. Carroll 3. Designing with Idiom + Mark van Harmelen 4. Entity, Task, and Presenter Classification in User Interface Architecture: An Approach to Organizing HCI Practice + John M. Artim PART III. USE CASE BASED DESIGN 5. User Interface Design in the Rational Unified Process + Philippe Kruchten + Stefan Ahlqvist + Stefan Bylund 6. Wisdom -- Whitewater Interactive System Development with Object Models + Nuno Jardim Nunes + Joao Falcao e Cunha 7. Structure and Style in Use Cases for User Interface Design + Larry L. Constantine + Lucy A. D. Lockwood PART IV. USER-CENTERED DESIGN 8. A User-Centered Approach to Object-Oriented User Interface Design + Jan Gulliksen + Bengtransson + Magnus Lif 9. Toward Unified Models in User-Centered and Object-Oriented Design + William Hudson PART V. SUMMARY 10. Interactive System Design Using OO & HCI Methods + Mark van Harmelen %M E.Vassiliou.84 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %T Human Factors and Interactive Computer Systems %E Yannis Vassiliou %D 1984 %P 287 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/vassiliu/human2.htm %I Intellect %G ISBN 0-89391-182-8 %M E.Waern.97 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Co-Operative Process Management: Cognition and Information Technology %E Yvonne Waern %D 1997 %P 248 %G ISBN 0-7484-0713-8 %I Taylor & Francis %Y PART ONE Analyses 1 Background + Yvonne Waern 2 Analysis of a generic dynamic situation + Yvonne Waern 3 Task analysis and its relevance for team work + Rob Stammers 4 Context, cognition and control + Eric Hollnagel PART TWO Field studies 5 Team decision-making and situation awareness in military command and control + Henrik Artman 6 Creation and loss of cognitive empathy at an emergency control centre + Henrik Artman + Yvonne Waern 7 Utilization of information technology in navigational decision-making + Leena Norros + Kristiina Hukki PART THREE Microworld studies 8 The C{cubed}FIRE microworld + Rego Granlund 9 Visualized co-ordination support in distributed decision-making + Peter Svenmarck 10 Co-operation and situation awareness within and between time-scales in dynamic decision-making + Henrik Artman 11 Effects of time pressure in fully connected and hierarchical architectures of distributed decision-making + Berndt Brehmer PART FOUR Training 12 Co-ordination training in emergency management + John Dowell + Walter Smith 13 Microworld systems for emergency management training + Rego Granlund PART FIVE Computer artifacts 14 In search of organizational memory in process control + Esa Auramaki + Mikko Kovalainen 15 Knowledge management for collective learning and organizational memory + Sture Hagglund 16 Knowledge graphs in group learning + Roel Popping PART SIX Conclusions 17 Final discussion and conclusions + Yvonne Waern %M E.Wexelblat.93 9/25/93 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Virtual Reality: Applications and Explorations %E Alan Wexelblat %D 1993 %P 320 %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12-745045-9 %Y Foreword + Pat Cadigan Part I SOFTWHERE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE Artificial Realities as Data Visualization Environments: Problems and Prospects + Thomas Erickson The Reality of Cooperation: Virtual Reality and CSCW + Alan Wexelblat Information Management Using Virtual Reality-Based Visualizations + Kim Michael Fairchild Part II SOFTWHERE IN THE ARTS Writing Cyberspace: Literacy in the Age of Simularca + Stuart Moulthrop The Creator's Toolbox + Brian Gardner Full-Body Unencumbered Immersion in Virtual Worlds + Susan Wyshynski + Vincent John Vincent Part III SOFTWHERE IN THE WORLD An Easy Entry Artificial Reality + Myron W. Krueger Virtual Reality and Planetary Exploration + Michael W. McGreevy Summer Students in Virtual Reality: A Pilot Study on Educational Applications of Virtual Reality Technology + Meredith Bricken + Chris M. Byrne Visualization of Information Flows: Virtual Reality as an Organizational Modeling Technique + Charles Grantham %X Virtual Reality: Applications and Explorations collects original essays, including contributions from leaders in the field, that illustrate the potentially powerful applications of virtual reality in business, science, and the arts. These essays examine a broad range of practical applications of virtual reality, from entertainment and corporate planning to teleconferencing and computer-supported cooperative work. Researchers at the forefront of work in this area explain the capabilities of some present systems and outline the even more compelling possibilities they envision for the future. Ranging from advanced interfaces for education to visualization of scientific data for simulated space exploration, the essays make clear the diverse ways that virtual environments can be useful as tools and suggest exciting directions for the future. %M E.Widdel.92 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Color in electronic displays %E Heino Widdel %E David L Post %D 1992 %P 335 %I Plenum Press %G ISBN: 0-306-44191-8, OCLC 25200822 %M E.Wiener.88 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human Factors in Aviation %E Earl L. Wiener %G ISBN 0-12750030-8 %E David C. Nagel %D 1988 %P 684 %C New York, NY %I Academic Press %M E.Wiklund.94 5/18/94 gp %0 EDITED BOOK %T Usability in Practice: How Companies Develop User-Friendly Products %E Michael E. Wiklund %D 1994 %N 18 %P 609 %C Boston, Mass. %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12-751250-0, OCLC %Y 1. Introduction (1) + Michael E. Wiklund 2. Making Usability a Kodak Product Differentiator (21) + Stanley H. Caplan 3. Behavioral and Emotional Usability: Thompson Consumer Electronics (59) + Robert J. Logan 4. User-Aided Design at Apple Computer (83) + Tom Gomoll + Irene Wong 5. The Human Factors Group at Compaq Computer Corporation (111) + Cynthia J. Joe Purvis + Mary Czerwinski + Paul Weiler 6. Evolution of Usability at Digital Equipment Corporation (147) + Dennis R. Wixon + Elizabeth M Comstock 7. Hewlett-Packard's Usability Engineering Program (195) + Tom Rideout + Jay Lundell 8. Usability in 3D: Silicon Graphics, Inc. (227) + Anna M. Wichansky + Michael F. Mohageg 9. Usability at Borland: Building Best of Breed Products (261) + Daniel Rosenberg + Liam Friedland 10. Usability Engineering for Lotus 1-2-3 Release 4 (293) + Mary Beth Butler + Kate Ehrlich 11. The Microsoft Corporation Usability Group (327) + Mary Dieli + Ken Dye + Marshall McClintock + Mark Simpson 12. American Airlines (359) + Janice S. James 13. Usability Engineering at Dun & Bradstreet Software (389) + Chauncey E. Wilson + Beth A. Loring + Len Conte + Karen Stanley 14. Interchange, An Online Service for People with Special Interests (427) + Ron Perkins + David Rollert 15. The Evolution of Broadband Work in Ameritech's Customer Interface Systems and Human Factors Department (457) + Arnold. M. Lund 16. Bellcore's User-Centered Design Approach (489) + Aita Salasoo + Ellen A. White + Tom Dayton + Brenda J. Burkhart + Robert W. Root 17. GE Information Services (517) + Reynold P. Stimart 18. GTE Laboratories Incorporated: The Evolution of Usability Within New Service Design (559) + Robert A. Virzi + James F. Sorce Resources (591) Index (599-609) %M E.Wilks.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Machine Conversations %E Yorick Wilks %D 1999 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %G ISBN 0-7923-8544-6 %P 232 %W http://www.wkap.nl/book.htm/0-7923-8544-6 %S Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science %Y 1. Dialogue Programs I have Known and Loved Over 33 Years + K. M. Colby 2. Comments on Human-Computer Conversation + K. M. Colby 3. Human-Computer Conversation in A Cognitive Therapy Program + K. M. Colby 4. Architectural Considerations for Conversational Systems + G. Gorz et al 5. Conversational Multimedia Interaction + M. T. Maybury 6. The SpeakEasy Dialogue Controller + G. Ball 7. Choosing a Response Using Problem Solving Plans and Rhetorical Relations + P. Barboni + D. Sestero 8. Deception and Suspicion in Medical Interactions + C. Castelfranchi et al 9. Parsing Utterances Including Self-Repairs + M. Nakano + A. Shimazu 10. A Synthetic Evaluation of Dialogue Systems + K. Hasida + Y. Den 11. Designing for Naturalness in Automated Dialogues + C. Cheepen + J. Monaghan 12. Turn Taking versus Discourse Structure + J. Cassell et al 13. The BABY Project + P. A. P. Rogers + M. Lefley 14. A Responsive Dialog System + N. Ward + W. Tsukahara 15. Situated Communication with Robots + J.-T. Milde et al 16. LEAP: Language Enabled Applications + B. Alabiso + A. Kronfeld 17. Converse: a Conversational Companion + B. Batacharia et al %M E.Wilson.99 %0 EDITED BOOK %T The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences %E Robert A. Wilson %E Frank Keil %D 1999 %G ISBN 0-262-73124-X (paper) 0-262-23200-6 %P 1312 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262232006 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/MITECS/ Web Site %Y Neurosciences Linguistics and Language Philosophy Psychology Culture, Cognition, and Evolution Computational Intelligence %I MIT Press %M E.Winograd.96 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Bringing Design to Software %E Terry Winograd %E John Bennett %E Laura De Young %E Brad Hartfield %D 1996 %P 321 %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-85491-0; OCLC 33008895 %Y Introduction 1. A Software Design Manifesto + Mitchell Kapor 2. Design of the Conceptual Model + David Liddle 3. The Role of the Artist-Designer + Gillian Crampton Smith + Philip Tabor 4. Design Languages + John Rheinfrank + Shelley Evenson 5. The Consumer Spectrum + Paul Saffo 6. Action-Centered Design + Peter Denning + Pamela Dargan 7. Keeping It Simple + John Seely Brown + Paul Duguid 8. The Designer's Stance + David Kelley + Bradley Hartfield 9. Reflective Conversation with Materials + Donald Schon + John Bennett 10. Cultures of Prototyping + Michael Schrage 11. Footholds for Design + Shahaf Gai 12. Design as Practiced + Donald Norman 13. Organizational Support for Software Design + Laura De Young 14. Design for People at Work + Sarah Kuhn Reflection %M E.Wixon.96 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Field Methods Casebook for Software Design %E Dennis Wixon %E Judith Ramey %I John Wiley & Sons %D 1996 %P 342 %G ISBN 0-471-14967-5 %Y Introduction 1. Adaption of an Ethnographic Method for Investigation of the Task Domain in Diagnostic Radiology + Judith Ramey + Alan H. Rowberg + Carol Robinson 2. Using the CARD and PICTIVE Participatory Design Methods for Collaborative Analysis + Michael J. Muller + Rebecca Carr 3. The Ethnographic Interview in User-Centered Work/Task Analysis + Larry E. Wood 4. Changing the Rules: A Pragmatic Approach to Product Development + Dennis R. Wixon + Christine M. Pietras + Paul K. Huntwork + Douglas W. Muzzey 5. The Delta Method -- A Way to Introduce Usability + Martin Rantzer 6. Exploring the Design of a Sales Automation Workstation Using Field Research + Robert C. Graf 7. Organizational Considerations in Field-Oriented Product Development: Experiences of a Cross-Functional Team + David E. Rowley 8. A Day in the Life of a Family: An International Ethnographic Study + Susan M. Dray + Deborah Mrazek 9. The Challenges of User Based Design in a Medical Equipment Market + Diane S. Brown 10. "You've Got Three Days!" Case Studies in the Field Techniques for the Time-Challenged + Kristin Bauersfeld + Shannon Halgren 11. User-Centered Design in a Commercial Software Company + Stanley R. Page 12. Using Field-Oriented Design Techniques to Develop Consumer Software Products + Dianne Juhl 13. Using Contextual Inquiry to Discover Physicians' True Needs + Janette M. Coble + Judy S. Maffit + Matthew J. Orland + Michael G. Kahn 14. Bringing the Users' Work to Us: Usability Roundtables of Lotus Development + Mary Beth Butler + Marie Tahir 15. An Overview of Ethnography and System Design + John M. Ford + Larry E. Wood 16. Introduction to Participatory Design + Aki Helen Namioka + Christopher Rao 17. Contextual Design: Principles and Practice + Karen Holtzblatt + Hugh Beyer %M E.Wogalter.94 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Human factors perspectives on warnings : selections from Human Factors and Ergonomics Society annual meetings, 1980-1993 %E Kenneth R. Laughery %E Michael S. Wogalter %E Stephen L. Young %D 1994 %P 282 %I Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %G ISBN 0-945289-02-2, OCLC 30701032 %M E.Wood.97 %0 EDITED BOOK %T User Interface Design: Bridging the Gap from User Requirements to Design %E Larry E. Wood %P 320 %I CRC Press %D 1997 %G ISBN 0-84933125-0 %Y 1. Introduction: Bridging the Design Gap + Larry E. Wood 2. Bridging User Needs To Object Oriented GUI Prototype Via Task Object Design + Tom Dayton + Al McFarland + Joseph Kramer 3. Transforming Representations in User-Centered Design + Thomas M. Graefe 4. Model-Based User Interface Design: Successive Transformations of a Task/Object Model + Frank Ludolph 5. Lightweight Techniques to Encourage Innovative User Interface Design + Andrew Monk 6. Interaction Design: Leaving The Engineering Perspective Behind + Peter Nilsson + Ingrid Ottersten 7. Mind the Gap: Surviving the Dangers of User Interface Design + Martin Rantzer 8. Transforming User-Centered Analysis into User Interface: The Redesign of Complex Legacy Systems + Sabine Rohlfs 9. Systematic Creativity: A Bridge for the Gaps in the Software Development Process + Jean Scholtz + Tony Salvador 10. The UI War Room and Design Prism: A User Interface Design Approach from Multiple Perspectives + Kevin T. Simpson 11. Transforming User-Centered Analysis into User Interface: The Design of New-Generation Products + Colin D. Smith %M E.Zwaga.98 %0 EDITED BOOK %T Visual Information for Everyday Use: Design and Research Perspectives %E H. Zwaga %D 1998-10 %P 256 %I Taylor & Francis %G ISBN 0-7484-0670-0 fpack:!@#$%^&*(): IJHCS56.BA %M J.IJHCS.56.1.1 %T Editorial: Awareness and the WWW %A Olivier Liechti %A Yasuyuki Sumi %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 1 %P 1-5 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %M J.IJHCS.56.1.7 %T Livemaps for collection awareness %A Doron Cohen %A Michal Jacovi %A Yoelle S. Maarek %A Vladimir Soroka %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 1 %P 7-23 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X With the increasing proliferation of chat applications on the web, the old vision of "adding people" to the web is becoming a reality. Along with collaboration tools, more and more sites offer people awareness mechanisms to let the site visitors know about each other. This reflects the dual nature of the web as a place for virtual meetings as well as an information repository. While standalone chat tools became the killer application of the Internet, site-related awareness applications did not quite catch on. In this work, we suggest possible reasons for this phenomenon and propose a new paradigm for awareness and social navigation. We identify three main obstacles to the existing site-related awareness applications: high sensitivity to the "critical mass" requirement, inflexible meeting place granularity and poor visitor visibility. To address these issues, we extend the well-known "document awareness" concept to a more general one that we call "collection awareness", which better reflects the graph structure of the web. We introduce a new tool for high-level awareness and collaboration, called Livemaps, which projects live information onto a web site map. We demonstrate how Livemaps addresses the obstacles we pointed out and describe a user study conducted on a "fan" web site for the "Friends" comedy series, so as to verify whether Livemaps actually improves social awareness. %M J.IJHCS.56.1.25 %T Look who's visiting: supporting visitor awareness in the web %A Hans-W. Gellersen %A Albrecht Schmidt %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 1 %P 25-46 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X Individuals, groups and organizations host places in the World Wide Web to attract visitors, but once they have established a web presence they usually maintain little or no awareness of visiting activity. However, the standard web infrastructure supports the capture of detailed activity-related information. In the first part of this paper, we contribute a preliminary study conducted with expert web hosts in different domains, investigating the use of information on visiting activity as feedback for web operation. From this study, we infer general requirements for web awareness support, based on which we have designed two systems aimed to promote more awareness of web activity and visitors. The first is a system supporting ambient notification of web events, end-user configurability, and ambient display for overview and comparison of activity in a web place. The second system moves beyond awareness of web activity to provide glances into the visitors' sites, introducing reciprocity to the host-visitor relationship. Both systems have been prototyped and deployed in work environments for an evaluation in everyday use. %M J.IJHCS.56.1.47 %T Supporting on-line resource discovery in the context of ongoing tasks with proactive software assistants %A Jay Budzik %A Shannon Bradshaw %A Xiaobin Fu %A Kristian J. Hammond %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 1 %P 47-74 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X We present ongoing work on systems aimed at improving a user's awareness of resources available to them on the Internet and in intranets. First, we briefly describe Watson, a system that proactively retrieves documents from on-line repositories that are potentially useful in the context of a task, allowing the user to quickly become aware of document resources available in on-line information repositories. Next, we describe I2I, an extension of Watson that builds communities of practice on the fly, based on the work that its users do, so that users with similar goals and interests can discover each other and communicate both synchronously and asynchronously. Both Watson and I2I operate given some knowledge of the user's current task, gleaned automatically from the behavior of users in software tools. As a result, the systems can provide users with useful resources in the context of the work that they are performing. We argue that the systems can foster a greater sense of awareness of the resources available, while minimizing the effort required to discover them. %M J.IJHCS.56.1.75 %T Design, experiences and user preferences for a web-based awareness tool %A Alison Lee %A Andreas Girgensohn %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 1 %P 75-107 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X We describe our experiences with the design, implementation, deployment and evaluation of a Portholes tool which provides group and collaboration awareness through the Web. The research objective was to explore as to how such a system would improve communication and facilitate a shared understanding among distributed development groups. During the deployment of our Portholes system, we conducted a naturalistic study by soliciting user feedback and evolving the system in response. Many of the initial reactions of potential users indicated that our system projected the wrong image so that we designed a new version that provided explicit cues about being in public and who is looking back to suggest a social rather than information interface. We implemented the new design as a Java applet and evaluated design choices with a preference study. Our experiences with different Portholes versions and user reactions to them provide insights for designing awareness tools beyond Portholes systems. Our approach is for the studies to guide and to provide feedback for the design and technical development of our system. %M J.IJHCS.56.1.109 %T Virtual team awareness and groupware support: an evaluation of the TeamSCOPE system %A Chyng-Yang Jang %A Charles Steinfield %A Ben Pfaff %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 1 %P 109-126 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X This paper overviews a Web-based collaborative system called TeamSCOPE that has been designed to support awareness needs of globally distributed teams. Four types of awareness needs of virtual teams are defined and the awareness support features of TeamSCOPE are described. The usage patterns of eight globally distributed engineering design teams are outlined, and evaluation results are provided. Findings illustrate how group process interacts with technology to create design challenges in the support of virtual team awareness needs. %M J.IJHCS.56.1.127 %T Supporting the awareness of shared interests and experiences in communities %A Yasuyuki Sumi %A Kenji Mase %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 1 %P 127-146 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X In this paper, we propose a notion of facilitating encounters and knowledge sharing among people having shared interests and experiences in museums, conferences, etc. In order to show our approach and its current state, this paper presents our project to build a communityware system situated in real-world contexts. The aims of the project are to build a tour guidance system personalized according to its user's individual contexts, and to facilitate knowledge communications among communities by matchmaking users having shared interests and providing real and/or virtual places for their meetings. In this paper, we first show PalmGuide, a hand-held tour guidance system. After that, we show two systems designed to increase the level of "community awareness". One is called Semantic Map, a visual interface for exploring community information, such as exhibits and people (focusing on exhibitors and visitors). The other is called AgentSalon, a display showing conversations between personal agents according to their users' profiles and interests. %M J.IJHCS.56.1.147 %T Instant messaging with WebWho %A Ylva Hard Af Segerstad %A Peter Ljungstrand %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 1 %P 147-171 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X We present a study of how awareness of presence affects content of instant messaging sent between students using WebWho, an easily accessible web-based awareness tool. WebWho visualizes where people are located in a large university computer lab and allows students to virtually locate one another and communicate via an instant messaging system. As WebWho is there to be accessed through any web browser, it requires no programming skills or special software. It may also be used from outside the computer lab by students located elsewhere. The sender's user name is normally automatically added to the instant messages, but the messages can also be sent anonymously. We were interested in finding out if the sender's conscious hiding of his or her identity seemed to be reflected in the content of anonymous messages, and how these differed from those with identified senders. Awareness of presence seems to be one of several factors influencing message composition, both content and structural aspects. At this stage, we have primarily focused on examining how different factors affects the content of the messages. We cross-analysed the messages for content in relation to parameters such as sender location (collocated, distributed and distant) and sender status (anonymous vs. identified), in order to find out whether awareness of presence seems to be an influencing factor. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is often claimed to be a sort of hybrid between spoken and written interaction [c.f. Ferrara, Brunner & Whittemore (1991) and and several others]. We compared the messages that were sent using the instant messaging tool in WebWho with data from other types of CMC (email, chat) and also with corpora of spoken language and traditionally written language. The aim of the study was primarily to investigate awareness of presence affects on instant messaging, and only secondarily to investigate spoken vs. written features of the texts. Results show that awareness of both physical and virtual presence affects the content of the messages, and that these factors affects the text differently. Sender status, the nature of the computer-mediated medium, and the written mode shape the messages as well. Results show that the students use the messaging system to support collaborative work and coordinate social activities, and extensively for playful behaviour. %M J.IJHCS.56.2.173 %T A comparison of the affordances of a digital desk and tablet for architectural image tasks %A Ame Elliott %A Marti A. Hearst %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 2 %P 173-197 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X The physical context of architectural design includes large workspaces, typically drafting tables covered with piles of images and sketches. We are investigating if and how a large computerized workspace can be integrated usefully into such a design environment. To this end, we compared a large computerized desktop (digital desk) to a standard desktop computer and a small tablet environment for two typical architecture design tasks: sketching and image sorting. For the sketching task, the participants' preferences were evenly divided between the digital desk and the tablet. For the image sorting task, the desk was the least preferred environment, and produced significantly higher sorting times and more mistakes. Investigation into the causes of this difference yielded several interesting findings, including: the height of the participant was significantly associated with their speed on the sorting task, the larger image size available on the desk compensated for its poorer resolution in subjective preferences, and the quality of the alignment of the pen was an important factor both for preference and scoring results in the sketching task. Highly responsive pen input devices seem critical for user satisfaction not only for sketching, but also for image sorting; the effects of large display spaces are difficult to isolate from the limitations of input device. This paper elaborates on these findings and considers the implications for the design of user interfaces for image manipulation, in particular interaction techniques appropriate to using pen-input with large display surfaces. %M J.IJHCS.56.2.199 %T Verification and validation of the SACHEM conceptual model %A M. Le Goc %A C. Frydman %A L. Torres %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 2 %P 199-223 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X We present a method for transforming a KADS conceptual model (informal) into an operational model (formal) based on high-level Petri nets. The KADS model we consider specifies the functional architecture of the knowledge-based system called SACHEM, designed for blast furnace control. The operationalizing process we propose allows the KADS model to be completed and validated. Upon execution of the operational model, the dynamics of the system can be simulated. Thus the proposed operationalizing process contributed to the validation and verification of the SACHEM conceptual model. %M J.IJHCS.56.2.225 %T Preventing user errors by systematic analysis of deviations from the system task model %A Fabio Paterno %A Carmen Santoro %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 2 %P 225-245 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X Interactive safety-critical applications have specific requirements that cannot be completely captured by traditional evaluation techniques. In this paper, we discuss how to perform a systematic inspection-based analysis to improve both usability and safety aspects of an application. The analysis considers a system prototype and the related task model and aims to evaluate what could happen when interactions and behaviours occur differently from what the system design assumes. We also provide a description and discussion of an application of this method to a case study in the air traffic control domain. %M J.IJHCS.56.2.247 %T Informing the evaluation and design of technology in intentional work environments through a focus on artefacts and implicit theories %A Ann M. Bisantz %A Jennifer J. Ockerman %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 2 %P 247-265 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X Observation and analysis of work and computer systems in context can provide valuable information for the evaluation, design and further development of computer systems; however, there are still questions regarding the analysis and utilization of information from field studies. In particular, from a design viewpoint, it is necessary to be able to move from the extensive observational data that is often collected during a field study to information that is relevant for design. In this paper, we discuss the use of theories and models of human-machine interaction to guide the analysis of information gathered during field studies, and illustrate the application of an artefact-based theory with the results from two different and independently conducted case studies. This approach was valuable in structuring information collected in flexible environments, in which models that rely on the normative procedures found in more causal environments may be less useful. In addition to shaping the interpretation of data from the two studies, the use of an artefact-based theory also proved useful in integrating results across the two field studies, to suggest more domain-independent design criteria. %M J.IJHCS.56.2.267 %T Corrigendum: Graphic and numerical methods to assess navigation in hypertext %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 2 %P 267 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %M J.IJHCS.56.3.269 %T Understanding the materiality of writing from multiple sources %A Kenton P. O'Hara %A Alex Taylor %A William Newman %A Abigail J. Sellen %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 3 %P 269-305 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X Writing research has typically focussed on the text production elements of writing. Many everyday writing tasks, however, cannot be characterized simply in terms of text production since they often involve the use of source materials to support the composition process. As such, these tasks are better thought of as hybrid tasks. Such hybrid tasks have been given relatively little attention in the literature and what little work has been done has taken a purely cognitive approach that downplays the material context within which the task takes place. Following Haas' critique of mainstream writing research which advocated the need to consider the material tools and artefacts in theories of writing, this paper takes a similar approach in relation to the hybrid tasks of writing while reading from multiple sources. A study is presented that explores a range of everyday writing from multiple sources in their real-world contexts. The study highlights a number of important characteristics of the interaction with the material artefacts used during these tasks and the impact that these have on the underlying cognitive processes. The hope is that these will begin to offer some grounding on which future theoretical understanding of these hybrid tasks can build, as well as providing useful insights into the design of technologies to support these tasks. %M J.IJHCS.56.3.307 %T Applying models of visual search to menu design %A Baili Liu %A Gregory Francis %A Gavriel Salvendy %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 3 %P 307-330 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X The Guided Search (GS) model, a quantitative model of visual search, was used to develop menu designs in a four-step process. First, a GS simulation model was defined for a menu search task. Second, model parameters were estimated to provide the best fit between model predictions and experimental data. Third, an optimization algorithm was used to identify the menu design that minimized model predicted search times based on predefined search frequencies of different menu items. Fourth, the design was tested. The results indicate that the GS model has the potential to be part of a system for predicting or automating the design of menus. %M J.IJHCS.56.4.331 %T An introduction to clarity: a schematic functional language for managing the design of complex systems %A T. R. Addis %A J. J. Townsend Addis %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 4 %P 331-374 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X Clarity is a functional schematic programming language currently freely available to the community. It is a programming environment that allows a user to draw a program as a set of directed graphs. The term schematic is drawn from the traditions of engineering where the diagrams that represent electronic circuits or those of physical objects are often referred to as schematic drawings. A schema is a set of pictures or graphs that represent a program or working model. A schematic is taken as a system of tokens and structuring rules that expresses a program, model or concept; it is a graphical language. This paper introduces the principles behind design and issues to be considered when dealing with complex systems. The reasons why a "functional" representation provides a non-invasive approach to design and forms the basis of "good" design are described. In particular, the advantages of using diagrams is shown to be because the schema constructions make the structure of complex systems explicit as well as make a functional representation more intelligible than its sentential equivalent. %M J.IJHCS.56.4.375 %T APECKS: using and evaluating a tool for ontology construction with internal and external KA support %A Jeni Tennison %A Kieron O'Hara %A Nigel Shadbolt %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 4 %P 375-422 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X This paper describes Adaptive Presentation Environment for Collaboration Knowledge Structuring (APECKS), an experimental tool for collaborative ontology construction. APECKS takes a different line to most ontology servers, in that it is designed for use by domain experts, possibly in the absence of a knowledge engineer, and its aim is to foster and support debate about domain ontologies. To that end, it does not enforce ideals of consistency or correctness, and instead allows different conceptualizations of a domain to coexist. The system architecture and life cycle are introduced, and three extensive scenarios are outlined, showing how APECKS supports ontology construction, learning, ontology comparison and discussion. APECKS has also been used by several subjects during an evaluation experiment, and the results of this experiment are described. A particular factor about APECKS is that, as well as providing internal KA support, it is designed to interface with web-accessible KA tools, thereby allowing theoretically unlimited KA support for users. The prototype used WebGrid-II as external KA support, and the issues involved in integrating APECKS and WebGrid are discussed in detail. %M J.IJHCS.56.4.423 %T Virtual team interaction styles: assessment and effects %A Richard E. Potter %A Pierre A. Balthazard %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 4 %P 423-443 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X The virtual team is an increasingly common strategic work unit of many organizations. The virtual team, via various computer-based media (e.g. email, groupware) and noncomputer-based media (e.g. telephone), can interact and collaborate though separated by distance and time. One approach to their study is determining whether factors that drive conventional team performance also exist in the virtual environment. Interaction style has been shown to have a great effect on conventional teams' ability to achieve solution quality and solution acceptance on collaborative decision tasks (Hirokawa, 1985; Watson & Michaelsen 1988; Hirokawa & Gouran, 1989; Cooke & Szumal, 1994). Group interaction styles affect communication and thus team performance by facilitating or hindering the exchange of information among group members. These styles reflect an aggregation of behavioral traits of individual team members, rooted in their individual personalities. The interaction style of conventional teams can be reliably assessed, and from that assessment, performance on collaborative decision tasks can be predicted. This study investigated whether or not virtual teams who collaborate via computer-mediated communication also exhibit similar interaction styles, and whether the styles have the same effects on their decision performance and process outcomes as they do with conventional teams. Members of 42 virtual teams completed an intellective decision first individually and then collaboratively. Post-task measures captured individual and team performance data (e.g. solution quality) as well as process perceptions (individual acceptance of the team solution). An additional post-task tool was able to accurately capture the teams' interaction style. Results show that the interaction styles of virtual teams affect both performance and process outcomes in ways that are directionally consistent with those exhibited by conventional face-to-face teams. Implications include recommending the methodology for virtual team management, and suggestions for future research are offered. %M J.IJHCS.56.4.445 %T FAN : Finding Accurate iNductions %A Jose Ranilla %A Antonio Bahamonde %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 4 %P 445-474 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X In this paper we present a machine-learning algorithm that computes a small set of accurate and interpretable rules. The decisions of these rules can be straight-forwardly explained as the conclusions drawn by a case-based reasoner. Our system is named FAN, an acronym for Finding Accurate iNductions. It starts from a collection of training examples and produces propositional rules able to classify unseen cases following a minimum-distance criterion in their evaluation procedure. In this way, we combine the advantages of instance-based algorithms and the conciseness of rule (or decision-tree) inducers. The algorithm followed by FAN can be seen as the result of successive steps of pruning heuristics. The main tool employed is that of the impurity level, a measure of the classification quality of a rule, inspired by a similar measure used in IB3. Finally, a number of experiments were conducted with standard benchmark datasets of the UCI repository to test the performance of our system, successfully comparing FAN with a wide collection of machine-learning algorithms. %M J.IJHCS.56.5.475 %T Learner outcomes in an asynchronous distance education environment %A Alan D. Carswell %A Viswanath Venkatesh %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 5 %P 475-494 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X This research investigated student outcomes in a web-based distance learning environment characterized by asynchronous electronic communications between student and teacher. We employed two dominant theories -- the theory of planned behavior and innovation diffusion theory -- to study student reactions to web-based distance education. We hypothesized that student perceptions of the technology are positively related to learning outcomes and intentions to further use the technology, and are negatively related to using alternative, synchronous media in the learning experience. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered from 540 students via a web-based survey. Partial support was found for the hypotheses. Theoretical and practical implications for human-computer interaction, distance education and user acceptance are discussed. %M J.IJHCS.56.5.495 %T KJ3 -- a tool assisting formal validation of knowledge-based systems*1 %A Chih-Hung Wu %A Shie-Jue Lee %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 5 %P 495-524 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X This paper presents the design and implementation of KJ3 (Knowledge Judgment, version 3) which is an assisting tool for formal validation of knowledge-based systems (KBSs). The KJ3 project is motivated by two main obstacles to knowledge validation, the lack of a uniform representation and a comprehensive validation procedure. KJ3 combines Petri Nets and theorem proving techniques to solve these difficulties. In KJ3, the Enhanced High-Level Petri Net (EHLPN) is employed as a meta representation scheme to describe different KBS formalisms in a uniform format. With EHLPN, there is only one type of problems, the reachability problems, to be solved for all validation tasks. The kernel of KJ3 is a hyper-linking-based theorem prover which serves as the inference engine for checking the correctness of the transformed reachability problems. Because of the versatility of EHLPN and the soundness and completeness of the hyper-linking proof procedure, KJ3 is a reliable and robust platform for formal validation. Users can apply KJ3 to validate different types of KBSs without concerning the inference process involved in the validation procedure. Other main features of KJ3 include a friendly user interface for describing and transforming KBSs and defining the validation tasks, a mechanism for explaining the validation results, and facilities for analysing the behaviour of KBSs and defining new types of KBSs and validation tasks. %M J.IJHCS.56.5.525 %T A metadata filter for intranet portal organizational memory information systems %A Yong Gu Ji %A Gavriel Salvendy %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 5 %P 525-537 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X An intranet portal is proposed as an information infrastructure to support organizational learning. Specifically, an agent-like metadata filter for easy information/knowledge retrieval in the intranet portal is suggested and tested. The metadata filter preserves the context of digital objects and presents an uncluttered window by controlling the metadata elements. An experiment using 20 participants examined whether the metadata filter reduces search and retrieval performance time (the dependent variable). The main results indicate that the metadata filter significantly (36%) improved user's performance in identifying information. The results of the study suggest that the proposed metadata filer may be an effective interface tool to improve users' performances in identifying information in an intranet portal organizational memory information system. %M J.IJHCS.56.5.539 %T An empirical study of on-line help design: features and principles %A Helen C. Purchase %A Joshua Worrill %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 5 %P 539-566 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X Designers of on-line help systems have two sets of resources at their disposal: the set of features implemented in currently available systems (which are rapidly becoming a defacto standard), and a set of theoretical principles suggested by researchers in the area. There is no published evidence that either these features or principles have been empirically tested for their suitability from the users' perspective. This paper reports on an empirical study which aimed to assess the usability of a set of on-line help features and principles, in the context of users performing real application tasks. The results reveal that the more general principles associated with understandability are considered the most relevant, and that while users may complain about the design of existing on-line help features, they tend to value them more than features with which they are unfamiliar. A follow-up study showed that only minor changes need to be made to the existing defacto standard for users' concerns to be addressed, without sacrificing the advantages of familiarity. The study addresses questions of context sensitivity, obtrusiveness and the importance of definitions, and highlights the usefulness of questioning emerging defacto standards that have not been based on empirical studies. %M J.IJHCS.56.6.569 %T Work domain analysis and sensors I: principles and simple example %A Dal Vernon C. Reising %A Penelope M. Sanderson %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 6 %P 569-596 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X In this paper we establish a foundation for understanding the instrumentation needs of complex dynamic systems if ecological interface design (EID)-based interfaces are to be robust in the face of instrumentation failures. EID-based interfaces often include configural displays which reveal the higher-order properties of complex systems. However, concerns have been expressed that such displays might be misleading when instrumentation is unreliable or unavailable. Rasmussen's abstraction hierarchy (AH) formalism can be extended to include representations of sensors near the functions or properties about which they provide information, resulting in what we call a "sensor-annotated abstraction hierarchy". Sensor-annotated AHs help the analyst determine the impact of different instrumentation engineering policies on higher-order system information by showing how the data provided from individual sensors propagates within and across levels of abstraction in the AH. The use of sensor-annotated AHs with a configural display is illustrated with a simple water reservoir example. We argue that if EID is to be effectively employed in the design of interfaces for complex systems, then the information needs of the human operator need to be considered at the earliest stages of system development while instrumentation requirements are being formulated. In this way, Rasmussen's AH promotes a formative approach to instrumentation engineering. %M J.IJHCS.56.6.597 %T Work domain analysis and sensors II: Pasteurizer II case study %A Dal Vernon C. Reising %A Penelope M. Sanderson %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 6 %P 597-637 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X In this paper we use sensor-annotated abstraction hierarchies (Reising & Sanderson, 1996, 2002a , b) to show that unless appropriately instrumented, configural displays designed according to the principles of ecological interface design (EID) might be vulnerable to misinterpretation when sensors become unreliable or are unavailable. Building on foundations established in Reising and Sanderson (2002 a) we use a pasteurization process control example to show how sensor-annotated AHs help the analyst determine the impact of different instrumentation engineering policies on a configural display that is part of an ecological interface. Our analyses suggest that configural displays showing higher-order properties of a system are especially vulnerable under some conservative instrumentation configurations. However, sensor-annotated AHs can be used to indicate where corrective instrumentation might be placed. We argue that if EID is to be effectively employed in the design of displays for complex systems, then the information needs of the human operator need to be considered while instrumentation requirements are being formulated. Rasmussen's abstraction hierarchy -- and particularly its extension to the analysis of information captured by sensors and derived from sensors -- may therefore be a useful adjunct to up-stream instrumentation design. %M J.IJHCS.56.6.639 %T Ontological methodology %A Roberto Poli %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 6 %P 639-664 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X The interest in ontology may peter out unless three problems are addressed: What are the boundaries of ontology? What types are there of ontology? What is the structure of ontology? After distinguishing three main kinds of information (ontological, quasi-ontological and non-ontological) and three types of ontologies (descriptive, formal and formalized), the paper presents a few basic ontological sub-theories (theory of particulars, of levels of reality, of wholes, parts and boundaries, and the intensive-extensive opposition for determinations). The methodology of domain analysis is further addressed and the distinction between a domain's structure and the scheme of the canonical item of a domain is introduced. %M J.IJHCS.56.6.665 %T A cooperative framework for integrating ontologies %A Jesualdo Tomas Fernandez-Breis %A Rodrigo Martinez-Bejar %J IJHCS %D 2002 %V 56 %N 6 %P 665-720 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science Publishers %X Nowadays, there are systems and frameworks that support Ontology construction processes. However, ontology integration processes have not sufficiently been specified to date. In this article, by making use of a cooperative philosophy, we describe a real framework for the integration of ontologies supplied by a predetermined set of (expert) users, who may be interconnected through a communication network. This framework is based on a set of well-defined assumptions that guarantee the consistency of the ontology derived from the ontology integration process. Moreover, in the approach presented here, every (expert) user may consult the so-derived ontology constructed until a given moment in order to refine his or her private ontology. In addition to this, the model proposed in this work allows the experts involved in the construction of the ontology to use their own terminology when querying the global ontology obtained until a given instant from their own co-operative work. The validation of the framework is also included in this work. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): BIT11.BA %T Editorial %E T. F. M. Stewart %M J.BIT.11.1.i %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 1 %P i-ii %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %T Designing for Diversity: The User Interface for a Hypermedia Information System on a University Campus %S Human Variety Adds Richness to Life %A Joan M. Cherry %A James M. Turner %A Geoffrey M. Rockwell %M J.BIT.11.1.1 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 1 %P 1-12 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X The University of Toronto hopes to encourage development of a campus-wide information system consisting of many walk-up-and-use components. The first component to be developed was an instructional program for users of the library's online catalogue. The interface had to be attractive, usable by novices, and flexible enough to carry the content. Much effort was expended in ensuring that it met these criteria. User testing played an important role in the design of the interface. The design and testing of the system's entry point, navigation aids, and templates for spatial arrangements of information on the screen are discussed. %T A Comparative Study of Gestural, Keyboard, and Mouse Interfaces %S Human Variety Adds Richness to Life %A Catherine G. Wolf %M J.BIT.11.1.13 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 1 %P 13-23 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X This paper presents results from three experiments which compared gestural, keyboard, and mouse/keyboard interfaces to a spreadsheet program. This is the first quantitative comparison of these types of interfaces known to the author. The gestural interface employed gestures (hand-drawn marks such as carets or brackets) for commands, and handwriting as input techniques. In one configuration, the input/output hardware consisted of a transparent digitizing tablet mounted on top of an LCD which allowed the user to interact with the program by writing on the tablet with a stylus. The experiments found that participants were faster with the gestural interface than with the keyboard or mouse/keyboard interface. In addition, subjects tended to prefer the gestural interface over the keyboard interface. Inexperienced mouse users also tended to prefer the gestural interface over the mouse/keyboard interface, although experienced mouse users preferred the mouse. The main difficulties with the gestural interface had to do with poor display legibility and problems with the stylus. The benefits of the gestural interface are explained in terms of the fewer number of steps required to carry out an operation, the greater ease of remembering gestural commands, and the ability to focus on a single surface for input and output. %T A Framework to Identify Applications of Information Technology to Improve Service Quality %S Human Variety Adds Richness to Life %A Ravinder Nath %M J.BIT.11.1.24 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 1 %P 24-31 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X More and more organizations are seeking innovative ways to use information technology (IT) for strategic advantage. One way to gain this competitive edge is by differentiating the services provided to customers. This paper provides a framework to identify areas ripe for the implementation of IT to enhance and improve customer service. The framework is based upon the examination of the existing service delivery system of an organization and how applications of IT might change the interfaces among the various players (customers, employees, etc.) in the service delivery system. Further, examples are presented to illustrate how some organizations have achieved superior service quality by creatively utilizing simple IT tools. %T Learning Text Editing Tasks from Examples: A Procedural Approach %S Human Variety Adds Richness to Life %A Dan H. Mo %A Ian H. Witten %M J.BIT.11.1.32 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 1 %P 32-45 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Reformatting blocks of semi-structured information is a common editing task that typically involves highly repetitive action sequences, but ones where exceptional cases arise constantly and must be dealt with as they arise. This paper describes a procedural programming-by-example approach to repetitive text editing which allows users to construct programs within a standard editing interface and extend them incrementally. Following a brief practice period during which they settle on an editing strategy for the task at hand, users commence editing in the normal way. Once the first block of text has been edited, they inform the learning system which constructs a generalized procedure from the actions that have been recorded. The system then attempts to apply the procedure to the next block of text, by predicting editing actions and displaying them for confirmation. If the user accepts a prediction, the action is carried out (and the program may be generalized accordingly); otherwise the user is asked to intervene and supply additional information, in effect debugging the program on the fly. A pilot implementation is described that operates in a simple interactive point-and-click editor (Macintosh MINI-EDIT), along with its performance on three sample tasks. In one case the procedure was learned correctly from the actions on the first text block, while in the others minor debugging was needed on subsequent text blocks. In each case a much smaller number of both keystrokes and mouse-clicks was required than with normal editing, without the system making any prior assumptions about the structure of the text except for some general knowledge about lexical patterns. Although a smooth interactive interface has not yet been constructed, the results obtained serve to indicate the potential of this approach for semi-structured editing tasks. %T Technological Change and the Older Employee: Implications for Introduction and Training %S Older and Wiser but Not Necessarily Happier %A Michael Staufer %M J.BIT.11.1.46 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 1 %P 46-52 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X How do older employees cope with technological change at their place of work? To answer this question, an exploratory study was conducted in which interviews were held with 34 older employees in the office, 23 supervisors, personnel managers and representatives of workers, and seven computer trainers. The older employees were classified into three groups depending on their dominant form of appraisal of computers: threat/challenge/irrelevant. While participants who experienced computers as a challenge favoured information-seeking activities, older staff members who felt threatened by computers reacted rather passively and often complained about increasing time-pressure and health-related problems. In contrast, members of the group which appraised computers as irrelevant were quite satisfied with their work and consequently reported hardly any coping behaviour. A further analysis showed that organizational factors were closely connected with the dominant form of appraisal. Therefore recommendations are given concerning the introductory phase of technological change and qualificational measures. %T Training and Experience as Predictors of Job Satisfaction and Work Motivation when Using Computers: A Correlational Study %S Older and Wiser but Not Necessarily Happier %A Howard Kahn %A Ivan T. Robertson %M J.BIT.11.1.53 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 1 %P 53-60 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X This paper examines the extent to which the previous work experience and method of training to use computer systems augment the predictability of the motivation and satisfaction of computer users. A sample of 154 computer users are studied, utilizing a version of the Job Diagnostic Survey questionnaire (Hackman and Oldham 1975). The job characteristics model upon which the questionnaire is based contends that the internal work motivation and general job satisfaction of job holders can be predicted from core job characteristics (task identity, task significance, skill variety, autonomy, and feedback from the job itself). Results show that type of training and previous experience add little more to the job-holder's job satisfaction and internal work motivation than is predicted by the job characteristics model. The implications of the results for the management and staffing of computer-based systems are noted. Limitations of the data are recognized. %T Editorial %E T. F. M. Stewart %M J.BIT.11.2.i %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 2 %P i-ii %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %T A Task-Action Trace for Exploratory Learners %S Experiments in Human-Computer Interpretation %A Stephen J. Payne %A Andrew Howes %M J.BIT.11.2.63 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 2 %P 63-70 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X We motivate and describe the design of a tool for exploratory learners. A task-action trace displays a history of user actions that collapses into verbal descriptions of task accomplishments, derived from a task-action grammar analysis of the interface. Previous tasks, and the actions through which the user achieved them, remain available for browsing; the display of actions shows those that were strictly necessary. We describe the implementation of such a tool for a simulation of the RATES line-diagnosis system. Preliminary empirical evaluation suggests that some users find the trace sufficiently helpful to interact with it repeatedly during the first 4 h of learning. %T The Influence of Screen Size and Text Layout on the Study of Text %S Experiments in Human-Computer Interpretation %A David de Bruijn %A Sjaak de Mul %A Herre van Oostendorp %M J.BIT.11.2.71 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 2 %P 71-78 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X This study investigates the effects of screen size (12 inch versus 15 inch) and text layout (well structured and ill structured) on the learning of text presented on the monitor of a personal computer. Two aspects of learning are assessed. A summary and a multiple-choice test are employed to measure the amount of information retained. Efficacy of learning is assessed by learning time and by cognitive effort, as measured by the performance on a secondary task. The results indicate that neither screen size nor text layout has a significant influence on the required cognitive effort or on the amount of information acquired. There is, however, a significant (main) effect of screen size on learning time: subjects using a 15 inch screen need less learning time than subjects using a 12 inch screen, with no difference in learning performance. It is suggested that more efficient integration processes in constructing the semantic representation are responsible for this reduction in learning time. Implications for future research are discussed. %T Analogously Based Reusability %S Experiments in Human-Computer Interpretation %A Neil Maiden %A Alistair Sutcliffe %M J.BIT.11.2.79 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 2 %P 79-98 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X A study is reported in which 10 expert analysts were requested to reuse a specification to develop a solution for an analogous problem. The study examined analytic and problem-solving strategies used by analysts to understand and reuse the analogous specification. Results revealed that painstaking and careful reuse of the specification was a critical determinant of analytic success, although results varied by individual. However, the reusable specification proved less effective for evaluation of the analyst's solution. Analysts preferred to assimilate and understand the analogy from a narrative describing the underlying reusable domain rather than from the reusable specification, hence knowledge about the problem domain appeared to be more important than solution knowledge in determining the analogy. Strategies employed by expert analysts have implications for didactic and reuse strategies incorporated in an intelligent advisor to assist inexperienced analysts to reuse analogous specifications. %T The Concept and Correlates of Computer Anxiety %S Reviews %A Gholamreza Torkzadeh %A Irma E. Angulo %M J.BIT.11.2.99 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 2 %P 99-108 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X The introduction of computers into the lives and workplaces of many individuals represents a dramatic change. Zuboff has used the term 'computer-mediated' work to describe how the increasingly intellectual nature of work and the availability of computers is creating a revolution in the workplace. There is a real concern about how individuals react both cognitively and emotionally to the introduction of computer technology. The growth of the end-user computing phenomenon has made this concern more acute. Although many individuals have little difficulty using computers, there remains a far larger population of users who experience considerable difficulty learning how to use computer systems. Computer anxiety is a widely occurring phenomenon for this group of users, whose job performance and success may depend on their interaction with computers. Reviewing the literature, this paper describes the nature and correlates of computer anxiety and assesses training as a mechanism for reducing the impact of this anxiety. Limitations in current knowledge are noted and suggestions for further research are described. %T Automatic Speech Recognition in Practice %S Reviews %A Dylan M. Jones %A Clive R. Frankish %A Kevin Hapeshi %M J.BIT.11.2.109 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 2 %P 109-122 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X There is a growing interest in the commercial possibilities offered by automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology. Unfortunately the prospective user has little independent guidance with respect to the potential success of any proposed implementation. There do exist a few general human factors guidelines on the use of ASR, but most of the corpus of knowledge that forms part of the lore within the ASR community is based on the unpublished experiences of system developers and users themselves. The present paper attempts to redress this balance; it is a summary of the experiences of users and system designers at 30 research and commercial sites in the UK and USA where ASR has been extensively used or tested. The application represented were classified as vehicle, office, industrial, and aids for disabled people. A number of important human factors issues were identified, and the relative success of the various applications are discussed. %T Unheard of Working Conditions %S Reviews %A Heimrich Kanis %A Frank Leopold %A Bart Kip %A Jan Wulffele %M J.BIT.11.2.123 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 2 %P 123-124 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %T "Architecture; The Story of Practice," by Dana Cuff %S Book Review %A Kathleen Carter %M J.BIT.11.2.125 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 2 %P 125-126 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %T Editorial %E T. F. M. Stewart %M J.BIT.11.3.i %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 3 %P i %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %T Editorial: Collection of Papers from Symposium on 'Methods and Frameworks for System Design' %S Special Issue: Methods and Frameworks for System Design %E Mike Fitter %M J.BIT.11.3.ii %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 3 %P ii %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %T The Process of Deriving Requirements for a Hospital Information System %S Special Issue: Methods and Frameworks for System Design %A Gillian Symon %A Mike Fitter %A Clare Radstone %A Ian Kunkler %A Barry Hancock %M J.BIT.11.3.131 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 3 %P 131-140 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X This paper describes the process through which a small regional oncology hospital derived information and implementation requirements for an organization-wide information system. In part, this was in response to the recent changes in the UK National Health Service. The project was conducted in the action research tradition, combining both practical and theoretical goals, and took a stakeholder perspective. A range of methods were used to explore the issues of information and organizational needs, including questionnaires, interviews, discussion groups and 'tracer' studies. As a result of the intervention, a framework of information needs and an implementation strategy were drawn up as a plan for the hospital's continuing work in this area. %T Job Design within a Human Centred (System) Design Framework %S Special Issue: Methods and Frameworks for System Design %A I. Franklin %A D. Pain %A E. Green %A J. Owen %M J.BIT.11.3.141 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 3 %P 141-150 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X This paper describes the job design research of the Human Centred Office Systems Project (funded by the SERC/ESRC), which is working with a local government department. The originality of the research involves the application of human centred ideas, which have until recently only been used to address the situation of male skilled workers, either in British engineering or Scandinavian contexts. Our approach adapts these ideas in relation to the design of women clerical workers' jobs. Feminist perspectives on women in work are also drawn upon. This approach represents a break with other research on job design within computerization, most of which has been informed by socio-technical theory and human-computer interaction. We draw upon new case-study research involving design groups who have tackled job design using a bottom-up approach. The study involves women clerical workers, both defining their particular skills and how they would wish a new computer system to complement and enhance them. The methods used were qualitative and involved: women clerical workers, senior management and trade unionists. Our conclusions concentrate on the opportunities provided by the use of human centred perspectives for tacking job design, with particular reference to office systems and women clerical workers. %T Supportive Evaluation Methodology: A Method to Facilitate System Development %S Special Issue: Methods and Frameworks for System Design %A Dave Robinson %A Mike Fitter %M J.BIT.11.3.151 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 3 %P 151-159 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X This paper presents an overview of the 'supportive evaluation methodology', a method of facilitating system development in the health care domain. Supportive evaluation methodology has a number of defining characteristics. Firstly, it is a formative evaluation whose primary aim is to support and improve the development of a prototype system. Secondly, it is an iterative process providing rapid feedback to designers. Thirdly, 'human factors' issues such as functionality, usability, and clinical and social impact are the primary focus of the evaluation. Finally, the evaluation is carried out by a team independent of the designers of the prototype. The complete supportive evaluation methodology involves iterative cycles in which requirements are analysed, designs put forward and prototypes developed. The prototypes are then assessed in order to refine the requirements and designs. A key element in the methodology is the 'formative assessment workshop' in which potential users test the systems in simulations of their usual environment. Role playing is often used to simulate doctor-patient interactions. Users' responses to the systems are analysed through observations, questionnaires and group discussions. The contexts in which the methodology has been used and our experiences in applying it are described. %T Human and Organizational Issues in Information Systems Development %S Special Issue: Methods and Frameworks for System Design %A P. Hornby %A C. W. Clegg %A J. I. Robson %A C. R. R. Maclaren %A S. C. S. Richardson %A P. O'Brien %M J.BIT.11.3.160 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 3 %P 160-174 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X The paper describes the first phase of a project funded in the UK by the Department of Trade and Industry and the Science and Engineering Research Council (Project IED 1249). The paper reviews a number of systems development methods, examines the extent to which they incorporate consideration of a set of relevant human and organizational issues, and describes the findings of an exploratory study of the ways in which systems analysts work, including their use of methods. %T Information Systems Design and Planned Organization Change: Applying Unger's Theory of Social Reconstruction %S Special Issue: Methods and Frameworks for System Design %A Frank Blackler %M J.BIT.11.3.175 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 3 %P 175-183 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Much has been learned in recent years about how information technologies can be introduced effectively to established organizations. Progress has been more limited, however, in exploring the opportunities the technologies provide to rethink conventional assumptions about organizing. Traditional approaches to planning require an early specification of desired end results and are of limited value in the development of unfamiliar roles and structures. Unger's social theory suggests a different approach. It emphasizes how the cognitive schemas people use in everyday life interact with social and institutional structures to provide a set of pragmatic assumptions which obscures recognition of alternatives. The approach can be used to explain why ambitions for organizational change through the introduction of new technologies are likely to be limited, but it suggests that techniques can be developed to alert designers and end-users to the 'formative contexts' within which they are working, to review their inevitability, and to develop alternatives. %T "Design at Work: Co-Operative Design of Computer Systems," by Joan Greenbaum and Morten Kyng %S Book Reviews %A Mike Robinson %M J.BIT.11.3.184 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 3 %P 184-187 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %T "Cognitive Aspects of Computer-Supported Tasks," by Yvonne Waern %S Book Reviews %A R. H. R. Harper %M J.BIT.11.3.184 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 3 %P 184-187 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %T Editorial %E T. F. M. Stewart %M J.BIT.11.4.i %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 4 %P i-ii %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %T Teleshopping or Going Shopping? An Information Acquisition Perspective %S It's Just the Same, Only Different %A Ilan Salomon %A Frank S. Koppelman %M J.BIT.11.4.189 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 4 %P 189-198 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Shopping is the acquisition of information that precedes the purchase of goods and services for household or individual consumption. New telecommunications technologies enable individuals to shop and purchase without leaving the home. Teleshopping options put the individual in a choice situation between home-based shopping and store shopping. This involves a trade-off between the costs (in terms of time and money) and benefits of making a trip or of communicating with vendors. Teleshopping serves as a useful case study for examining the demand for videotex-based services and some psychological factors involved in their adoption. Two major factors associated with the benefits of shopping appear to affect that choice. First, the direct experience of multi-sensory stimulation of store or shopping-mall environments is superior in terms of information quality and quantity to that obtained through teleshopping for many products. Thus, teleshopping may not reduce the uncertainty involved in purchasing decision to the extent possible in store shopping and therefore, may not be a satisfactory substitute. Second, the recreational and psychological gratification (or costs) that many people experience in store shopping activity but which do not exist in teleshopping may affect the adoption of teleshopping. The relative importance of these factors varies across product or service type and individual shopper's preferences. %T Learning New Programming Languages: An Analysis of the Process and Problems Encountered %S It's Just the Same, Only Different %A Jean Scholtz %A Susan Wiedenbeck %M J.BIT.11.4.199 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 4 %P 199-215 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Experienced programmers transferring to a new language have a far easier time than the novice learning a first language. However, they still experience considerable difficulties. The objective in this exploratory study was to characterize the kinds of learning and transfer that take place in the early stages of using a new programming language and where difficulties develop. 'Think-aloud' protocols were videotaped as subjects went about trying to write a program in a new programming language. Subjects used one of two unfamiliar languages, one similar to their known language (Pascal) and the other dissimilar. Three types of analyses were done on the recorded protocols: a procedural analysis showing the activities the subjects engaged in as they learned the new language, a programming knowledge analysis showing in which areas of program development difficulties were encountered, and a solutions analysis showing how successful the programmers were at using unique features of the new language. We found that the procedures programmers used to learn a new language were independent of the language being learned. The slight differences that existed in procedures were between levels of expertise. Programmers spent the majority of their time reading a language textbook. The programming knowledge analysis showed that programmers' main area of concentration was planning how to implement their approach given the constructs available in the language. We observed many iterations of programmers trying to implement plans, failing and having to revise their plans. Examination of the subjects' solutions and implementation approaches in Pascal led us to believe that programmers learning a new language are often biased by their implementation of algorithms in previous languages. %T Can Speech be Used for Alarm Displays in 'Process Control' Type Tasks? %S Experiments in Interface Design %A C. Baber %A N. A. Stanton %A A. Stockley %M J.BIT.11.4.216 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 4 %P 216-226 %K Alarm, Speech synthesis, Alarm-initiated actions %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X There has been much research into the feasibility of speech in aircraft cockpits, but little in human supervisory control tasks. Speech displays can provide a number of benefits over conventional, visual displays, particularly as a means of providing alarm information. We discuss the term 'alarm', and suggest that different alarm situations will have different information requirements. Thus, a single type of alarm display may not be suitable for the complete range of situations encountered in the control room. We investigated the use of speech for different 'alarm-initiated actions'; recording, urgency rating, location identification, and action specification. These tasks varied in terms of difficulty, and this affected performance. We also varied the quality of speech, comparing synthesized with human speech. While speech quality affected performance on the recording task, we found that task difficulty interacted with speech quality on the other tasks. This means that definable 'trade-offs' exist between the use of speech and the situation in which it is to be used. %T An Empirical Comparison of Menu-Selection (CUI) and Desktop (GUI) Computer Programs Carried Out by Beginners and Experts %S Experiments in Interface Design %A Matthias Rauterberg %M J.BIT.11.4.227 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 4 %P 227-236 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X As advantages and disadvantages of graphical user interfaces are still controversial, this study focuses on an empirical comparison of a desktop interface (GUI) and a conventional user interface with menu selection (CUI). A total of 24 users (six novices and six experts with GUI; six novices and six experts with CUI) were given 20 benchmark tasks. Except for an introduction given by the investigator (1.5 h) the beginners had no or very little previous experience with electronic data processing, while the experts had previous experience of 3,700 h (desktop) or 7,500 h (menu selection), respectively. The results showed for both beginners and experts a statistically significant superiority of GUI of the desktop user interface with 'mouse' over the conventional user interface with menu selection and function keys (CUI). The experts in GUI needed 51% less time to complete the tasks averaged across all tasks, as compared to the experts using CUI. Moreover a significant interaction was found between tasks and user interfaces in the context of GUI. %T Information Systems Design: An Empirical Study of Feedback Effects %S Experiments in Interface Design %A Jane E. Humble %A Robert T. Keim %A James C. Hershauer %M J.BIT.11.4.237 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 4 %P 237-244 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Feedback is an important component of any dynamic system, and should receive attention as a design issue in information systems. The study presents a model which shows the function of feedback in management information systems. The potential effect of task-specific feedback on the judgement of the decision-maker is tested empirically. Both the model and empirical results provide guidance about the role of feedback in information systems design. Empirical results demonstrate that there remains a strong bias towards overconfidence even with feedback. However, the presence of immediate feedback does lower confidence and raise decision quality. %T "Computer Systems Development: History, Organization and Implementation," by A. Friedman with D. Cornford %S Book Review %A Jorgen Bansler %M J.BIT.11.4.245 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 4 %P 245-246 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %T Editorial %E Tom Stewart %M J.BIT.11.5.i %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 5 %P i-ii %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %T Integrating Theory Development with Design Evaluation %S Developing Theory in Human-Computer Interaction %A John M. Carroll %A Mark K. Singley %A Mary Beth Rosson %M J.BIT.11.5.247 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 5 %P 247-255 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X In this paper, we recruit the construct of psychological design rationale as a framework for integrating theory development with design evaluation in HCI. We propose that, in some cases, part of an artefact's psychological design rationale can be regarded as inherited from second-order artefacts (prescriptive design models, architectures and genres, tools and environments, interface styles). We show how evaluation data pertaining to an artefact can be used to test and develop the second-order artefact from which it inherits. %T Human Aspects in Object-Oriented Design: An Assessment and a Methodology %S Developing Theory in Human-Computer Interaction %A Zhengxin Chen %M J.BIT.11.5.256 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 5 %P 256-261 %K Object-oriented design, Mental model, Conceptual model, Software reuse, Analogical reasoning %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Object-oriented design has attractive features, but using an object-oriented technique does not necessarily guarantee a good design. In this paper an assessment is made which is concerned with human aspects in object-oriented design. Particularly, the important role of user's mental models in object-oriented design is emphasized. The relationship between analogical reasoning and software reuse is examined. To support the assessment in regard to human aspects, some methodological considerations are outlined, which are further examined through case studies. %T VDU Work, Contrast Adaptation, and Visual Fatigue %S Conducting Experiments to Address Simple Issues %A Reidulf G. Watten %A Ivar Lie %A Svein Magnussen %M J.BIT.11.5.262 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 5 %P 262-267 %K VDU displays, Visual acuity, Contrast adaptation, Symptoms %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %O Short Paper %X Prolonged VDU work leads to a number of detrimental changes in visual performance and to frequent complaints about asthenopic, musculoskeletal, and other symptoms. The relationship between changes in contrast adaptation at five spatial frequencies and workrelated symptoms were studied in an experimental approach with two groups, one working 2 h (n=13) and the other 4 h (n=17). Both groups showed a significant reduction in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, but there were no significant differences between working two or four hours. The relationship between contrast adaptation and symptoms showed a mixed pattern. For the 2 h group there was significant positive correlation between symptoms and all spatial frequencies. For the 4 h group there were mixed correlations between symptoms and contrast adaptation. The results offer only partial support to Lunn and Bank's hypotheses on contrast adaptation, accommodation control and visual fatigue symptoms. Contrast adaptation saturates after 1-2 h and induces a short term effect on visual fatigue. For longer work periods posture-ergonomic and oculomotor factors will penetrate and dilute the contrast sensitivity effect. %T Problem-Solving Performance as a Function of Problem Type, Number Progression, and Memory Load %S Conducting Experiments to Address Simple Issues %A Mary J. LaLomia %A Michael D. Coovert %A Eduardo Salas %M J.BIT.11.5.268 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 5 %P 268-280 %K Problem-solving, Tabular displays, Graphical displays, Visual displays, Errors, Display preference %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Problem-solving performance with tabular and graphical computer displays was examined as problem type, number progression, and memory capacity were systematically manipulated. Participants used tables and line graphs that depicted linear or multilinear number progressions to solve location, interpolation, trend analysis, and forecasting problems. Experiment 1, in which the displayed information was continuously available, indicated that participants' performance for identifying specific values was better with tables than with graphs. For trend analysis and interpolation problems graphs with multilinear data facilitated performance. While the forecasting tasks did not show any systematic effect of the factors. In Experiment 2, the displayed information was not continuously available, participants performed best with the graphical displays for most conditions. These results are discussed in terms of designing computer information displays. %T The Need for a New Experimental Environment for HCI Research into Multi-Agent, Real-Time Systems %S Conducting Experiments to Address Simple Issues %A Philip A. Scown %M J.BIT.11.5.281 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 5 %P 281-292 %K Multi-agent, Real-time, CSCW, Critical systems, Experimental design %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Much of the current research in HCI is carried out using experimental environments based on word processors, database search, or other conventional office automation. While this approach meets many needs it lacks the power required for investigating many unconventional situations. Complex multi-agent real-time systems are not typically found in offices and cannot easily be investigated in typical word processing or office automation contexts. The paper refers to four environments where multi-agency exists in a real-time environment: flight systems, plant control, telephone networks, and complex office systems. Consideration is given to the requirements of an alternative experimental environment which could allow HCI research to explore a wider range of issues. %T User Participation in Context: A Case Study in a UK Bank %S Involving Users -- A Case Study %A Pat Hornby %A Chris Clegg %M J.BIT.11.5.293 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 5 %P 293-307 %K Participation in decision making (PDM), User participation, Organizational context %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X This paper describes a case study of user participation focusing on the introduction of a new computer-based system in a large UK bank. We use Wall and Lischeron's (1977) characterization of participation as consisting of three interrelated elements (i.e., interaction, information, and influence) and Gowler and Legge's (1978) contextual interpretation exploring user participation as a 'dependent' rather than an 'independent' variable. The study examines the process of participation using a range of research methods. We argue that user participation in systems development can only be properly understood through consideration of the nature of the organizational context (e.g., structures and processes), the system and its users, and by analysis of the interactions between these elements. %T Editorial %E Tom Stewart %M J.BIT.11.6.i %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 6 %P i-ii %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %T Imaginal Technology and Management Information Processing: A Review of the Applied Literature %A Joel D. Nicholson %A Nick Maddox %A William P. Anthony %A Walt Wheatley %P 309-318 %M J.BIT.11.6.309 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 6 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Cognitive systems for receiving, processing, storing, and using information are of fundamental importance for managers. (Ungson et al. 1981, Schank and Abelson 1977, Isenberg 1986, Axelrod 1972, 1976, Boynton and Zmud 1984, Lord 1985). Hogarth (1987) has demonstrated that judgements are made in reference to other information sources or to cues during decision-making. References or cues may be either induced imaginally or perceived environmentally. Hogarth specifies two conditions that influence references and cues: 1. Availability of information: If there is plenty of information, there is also likely to be a good cue context upon which the decision-maker can draw. If there is information scarcity, the decision-maker will struggle to find salient cues and will tend to rely on habitual responses. 2. Effects of data presentation: As noted, task directions and instructions are cues that influence decision-maker strategies. Choice evolves as the individual references available cues, adjusts his or her strategies based on cues, and selects a course of action. This paper reviews the pertinent literature on the role that cues or symbols play in structuring and processing information in problem-solving and decision-making. %T Some Surprising Differences between Novice and Expert Errors in Computerized Office Work %A Jochen Prumper %A Dieter Zapf %A Felix C. Brodbeck %A Michael Frese %P 319-328 %M J.BIT.11.6.319 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 6 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X This paper investigates the impact of different levels of expertise on errors in human-computer interaction. In a field study 174 clerical workers from 12 different companies were observed during their normal office work and were questioned on their expertise with computers. The level of expertise was determined by (a) the length of time an employee had worked with a computer (computer expertise); (b) the number of programs s/he knew (program expertise); and (c) the daily time s/he spent working with the computer (daily work-time expertise). These different operationalizations of novices and experts led to different results. In contrast to widespread assumptions, experts did not make fewer errors than novices (except in knowledge errors). On the other hand, experts spent less time handling the errors than novices. A cluster analysis produced four groups in the workforce: occasional users, frequent users, beginners, and general users. %T The Influence of Computerized Feedback on Overconfidence in Knowledge %A Dan Zakay %P 329-333 %M J.BIT.11.6.329 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 6 %K Computerized feedback, Overconfidence, Computerized testing %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Subjects were tested on general knowledge questions. They had to give their answer to each question and to state their level of confidence in its correctness. This was done under four conditions: by a paper and pencil test with and without feedback; and by computerized testing, again, with and without feedback. All in all, subjects demonstrated overconfidence in their knowledge under all conditions. However, feedback by a computerized system was effective in reducing the overconfidence level. The implications of this finding to the domain of computer-based educational systems is discussed. %S Short Paper %T Time Course of Contrast Adaptation to VDU-Displayed Text %A Svein Magnussen %A Stein Dyrnes %A Mark W. Greenlee %A Knut Nordby %A Reidulf Watten %P 334-337 %M J.BIT.11.6.334 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 6 %K VDU, Text editing, Contrast adaptation, Recovery %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X VDU text-editing induces contrast adaptation at the predominant spatial frequencies (periodicity) of the text page. Visual contrast sensitivity was tested after 10 and 60 min reading of VDU-displayed text of positive and negative contrast polarity. Contrast sensitivity impairments in the order of 0.4 to 0.7 log unit change in contrast thresholds were observed. This contrast threshold elevation after-effect decays as a power function of time, with time required to recover from adaptation approximately corresponding to the reading times. At low spatial frequencies (horizontal periodicity of rows), displays of negative polarity induce stronger contrast adaptation than displays of positive polarity at medium spatial frequencies (vertical periodicity of characters) no effect of contrast polarity was observed. The results are discussed in relation to VDU-induced visual fatigue. %T Job Satisfaction and Visual Display Unit (VDU) Usage: An Explanatory Model %A Jane M. Carey %P 338-344 %M J.BIT.11.6.338 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 6 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X This study explores the relationship between job satisfaction and the daily usage of visual display units (VDUs). A negative correlation is found to exist between job satisfaction and utilization of the VDU. Workers who have utilized the VDU alone for data entry were more satisfied with their jobs than those workers who had used the key punch for data entry and then switched to the VDU, although they said they preferred the VDU over the key punch. The following model was found to be statistically significant: Job satisfaction = f(-VDU Usage + Supervisor intervention + Team membership + job utility - performance of the task) %S Case Study %T What Price Usability Audits? The Introduction of Electronic Mail into a User Organization %A Bharat Malde %P 345-353 %M J.BIT.11.6.345 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 6 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X This case study charts the course of the attempts to introduce electronic mail into a large public sector organization. It outlines the main facets and findings of a usability audit. It discusses and interprets the main messages from the evaluation, and offers a number of personal and organization factors other than the strict findings of an ergonomic audit that will influence the take-up of a major software application in a real-life setting. %S Book Review %T "Human-Computer Interaction (Research Directions in Cognitive Science: European Perspectives, Vol. 3)," edited by J. Rasmussen, H. B. Anderson, and N. O. Bernsen %A Liam Bannon %P 354-355 %M J.BIT.11.6.354 %J BIT %D 1992 %V 11 %N 6 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Taylor & Francis Ltd. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): JOCEC11.BA %M J.JOCEC.11.1.1 %T Decision Criteria Consolidation: A Theoretical Foundation of Pareto Principle to Porter's Competitive Forces %A Jason Chou-Hong Chen %A P. Pete Chong %A Ye-Sho Chen %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 1 %P 1-14 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X Also known as the 80/20 rule, the Pareto Principle separates a class of significant few from the trivial many. With this classification, Pareto Principle has managerial and strategic implications in many disciplines. A recent mathematical model of the Pareto Principle identifies several important factors that cause such separation; the most important 2 are the probability of new entry (can be viewed as "entry barrier") and the recentness of usage. Because the probability of new entry determines the upper bound of the usage concentration, it is deemed to be the most important factor. Observing that Porter's [1] five competitive forces are all closely related to the barrier of entry, it is apparent that the theoretical model of Pareto Principle can be used as the theoretical foundation for Porter's Five Competitive Forces. We further argue that, similar to what has been described in microeconomics, the barrier of entry is the most important factor that determines the market structure-be it monopoly or pure competition. Thus, the decision criteria in strategic planning can be greatly simplified to its effect on the barrier of entry. Furthermore, we suggest that the recentness of usage (i.e., a product not recently in use may be forgotten by customers, thus reducing the probability of its future usage), though not emphasized in Porter's theory, should also be part of the strategy formation. %M J.JOCEC.11.1.15 %T The Value of Information Integration in Meeting Delivery Dates %A Elgar Fleisch %A Stephen G. Powell %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 1 %P 15-30 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X In this article, we consider the value of shared information within a business network. To make the problem concrete, we focus on a specific operational problem: How the final supplier to the customer determines promised delivery dates. In a traditional supply chain, the final supplier has little or no information on the delivery performance of intermediate suppliers and thus, has limited information with which to set delivery dates. On the other hand, in an information-integrated business network, the final supplier's enterprise resource planning (ERP) system can interact with all the intermediate suppliers' ERP systems to determine exactly how far ahead or behind schedule the network is in meeting the needs of a specific customer. This information should improve the final supplier's ability to set realistic delivery dates. We attempt to quantify the value of this information and determine precisely why it is valuable so that management can best exploit information integration. We use a modeling approach in this research, beginning with simple analytic models and progressing to more realistic simulation models. Our analytic model establishes an important principle: Information integration not only significantly improves the average on-time delivery performance of a business network, but also dramatically improves its worst-case performance. Because customer dissatisfaction is generally associated with worst-case performance, information integration may be highly beneficial even if its effect on average on-time delivery is small. Simulation models allow us to compare the performance of more realistic business networks. These models suggest, for example, that the value of information integration is dependent on both the structure of the network itself (whether serial or arborescent) and on the typical customer order date in the production cycle. These insights allow us to begin to identify the types of business networks in which information integration will have the highest value. %M J.JOCEC.11.1.31 %T A Conceptual Model of an Intelligent Catalog Search System %A Chanan Glezer %A Surya B. Yadav %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 1 %P 31-46 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X In this article, we review the role of electronic catalogs in developing electronic commerce applications within the context of consumer buying behavior models. These models view the customer buying experience as a stagewise process, starting with need identification and proceeding through product and merchant brokering to negotiation, purchase, and service. Electronic product catalogs can be used in all of the just mentioned stages; however, their most common use is in the product and merchant brokering stages. From a customer's perspective, however, the variety and heterogeneity of electronic catalogs create a major problem in integrating information from various sources. There have been several attempts to overcome this problem using architectures and protocols that enable interoperabilty of electronic catalogs using software-agent technology. The extant architectures and protocols emphasize semantic integration of different catalogs as a mean for achieving interoperability. In this article, we expand previous work on this topic and propose a comprehensive agent-based conceptual model of an intelligent catalog search system (ICSS) [1]. The ICSS incorporates knowledge to analyze, enhance, filter, and synthesize a raw query and replies provided by various types of electronic catalogs and intercatalog brokering systems. The main benefit of the proposed architecture is an increase in the ability of a customer to locate, compare, and evaluate relevant product offerings in a network of heterogeneous electronic product catalogs. %M J.JOCEC.11.1.47 %T Consumer Costs in Electronic Commerce: An Empirical Examination of Electronic Versus Traditional Markets %A Ross A. Malaga %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 1 %P 47-58 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X Business to consumer electronic commerce has been growing at a rapid pace over the last few years. This growth is only sustainable in the future if consumers feel they are receiving a good value. In this article, I explore the costs to the consumer of participating in electronic markets and compare those costs with traditional retail outlets. Empirical data were collected and analyzed. The results show that there is no significant difference in the price of goods sold via electronic markets versus traditional markets. The results also indicate that consumers perceive electronic commerce as more risky (as measured by concern over credit card and personal data) than traditional markets. The implications of these findings are discussed. %M J.JOCEC.11.1.59 %T Interpersonal Influence Goals and Computer-Mediated Communication %A E. Vance Wilson %A Ilze Zigurs %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 1 %P 59-76 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X Computer-mediated communication (CMC) systems have become ubiquitous in organizations worldwide. However, much remains to be learned about actual use of these systems and of how the CMC channel might affect a variety of factors important to communication. Interpersonal influence goals are one set of factors that have been reported in the general communication literature to be important predictors of the content and characteristics of messages. Our study applied an influence goals model to study how system features are used in CMC. We found the model to be robust within the CMC context and that several goal types within the model are significant determinants of CMC system feature usage. %M J.JOCEC.11.2.77 %T A Workflow-Based Methodology for Developing Hypermedia Information Systems %A Heeseok Lee %A Woojong Suh %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 2 %P 77-106 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X Recently, many enterprises have attempted to construct hypermedia systems for electronic commerce innovation by the use of Internet technologies. In this hypermedia-enabled environment, hypermedia development can be considered in terms of workflow. In this article we propose a workflow-aware hypermedia development methodology, workflow-based hypermedia development methodology, to guide developers in creating hypermedia information systems. The methodology employs a workflow model based on corporate documents and is thus more likely to utilize users' business requirements in a natural fashion. The methodology consists of four phases: workflow analysis, document analysis, hypermedia design, and implementation. The emphasis of each phase is on aligning business requirements with hypermedia development technologies. To demonstrate the practical usefulness of the methodology, a real-life case is illustrated. %M J.JOCEC.11.2.107 %T Factors Affecting Information Technology Usage: A Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Literature %A Mo Adam Mahmood %A Laura Hall %A Daniel Leonard Swanberg %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 2 %P 107-130 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X With an estimated investment of over 1 trillion dollars to date on information technology (IT) products and applications, one would hope that there exists a corresponding improvement in organizational performance and productivity. The level of IT usage has widely been accepted as an important indicator of IT success within organizations. This research synthesizes and validates the construct of IT usage using a meta-analysis. It accomplishes that by analyzing the empirical results of various studies over a period of time covering a broad scope of characteristics of both users and information systems (IS), and it examines the relation between these characteristics and the level of IT usage within organizations. In general, the results of this meta-analysis lead to the conclusion that there exists a strong and significant positive relation between the perception of ease of use and the perceived usefulness of an IT system to the actual amount of usage. Another factor that indicates a high level of IT usage is the organizational support of IT within an enterprise. Although the factors of education level, training level, and professional level were found to have a substantial effect on IT usage, the magnitude of these effects were lower than those of the perceptions of the user and organizational support. Managers and IT professionals may have a better chance of avoiding IT system ineffectiveness and even failure by paying attention to the results of this research, especially in view of the fact that it synthesized and validated the results of a significant number of empirical studies published in some of the best IS journals. Rarely do single research experiments provide definitive answers on which to base policy decisions. %M J.JOCEC.11.2.131 %T Building Electronic Trading Infrastructures: A Public or Private Responsibility? %A Jan Damsgaard %A Kalle Lyytinen %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 2 %P 131-151 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X In this article we analyze the creation of electronic trading infrastructures using electronic data interchange standards and associated technologies. We compare the genesis and evolution of such infrastructures in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong. This article analyzes 8 specific attempts to build trading infrastructures in these 3 countries. The article probes how these initiatives support the building efforts by analyzing them with a 2-D framework. The framework distinguishes between the strategic intent of the initiative and the type of initiator. In each case, the dynamics of the initiative and its success are examined. The analysis shows that the building of trading infrastructures can take place through multiple paths-called patterns in this study-and it can be pulled or pushed by multiple forces. As a result, this article draws conclusions on how each pattern can help in building the infrastructure. The analysis demonstrates that the trading infrastructure in Hong Kong has largely emerged through grassroot bricolage. In Finland and Denmark, in contrast, public institutions or state-owned monopolies have played a critical role. On a theoretical level, this study calls for the need to expand the scope of analysis beyond individual adopting organizations when analyzing electronic trading infrastructures, and shows that there is also a need to probe industries and public institutions when studying electronic infrastructure development. %M J.JOCEC.11.3.153 %T Introduction to the Special Issue on Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management %A James Y. L. Thong %A Patrick Y. K. Chau %A Kar Yan Tam %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 3 %P 153-154 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X This issue is based on three outstanding articles presented at the Fourth Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems held in Hong Kong from June 1 through 3, 2000. The articles are concerned with various knowledge management issues in the Internet era. To meet the quality of this journal, expanded versions of the conference articles went through two additional rounds of review by at least three reviewers each. We thank the authors for their perseverance and the reviewers for contributing their valuable time in reviewing the articles within an expedited time frame. %M J.JOCEC.11.3.155 %T A Conceptual Model for Virtual Organizational Learning %A Fu-ren Lin %A Sheng-cheng Lin %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 3 %P 155-178 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X As a trend toward virtual organizations (VOs) emerges in the era of electronic commerce, an understanding of knowledge processing is essential to sustain performance. Active learning is the key to achieving flexibility in a VO; however, few studies have focused on this dimension. In this article we attempt to assemble insights about learning in a VO by developing a conceptual model for virtual organizational learning (VOL). The VOL model is focused on transactive memory, which is composed of knowledge maps, social networks, and mnemonic functions. The initialization of modeling learning in VOs in this article has been erecting the foundation for transactive memory systems in a cyber community. A case study, Smart Creative Teachers Network, is used for demonstrating the transactive memory system for a teacher community to share and create knowledge and form VOs across school boundaries. %M J.JOCEC.11.3.179 %T Knowledge Sharing Through Intranet-Based Learning: A Case Study of an Online Learning Center %A Shan L. Pan %A Ming-Huei Hsieh %A Helen Chen %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 3 %P 179-195 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X Recent academic and managerial interest in electronic commerce (e-commerce) activities has created enormous interest in the world of information technology and in many other industries. Therefore, managers are facing new challenges. One such daunting task is the ability to manage knowledge, as this can now be exchanged or transferred on the Internet or Intranet without physical contact or time constraints. To understand some of the key human resource issues related to organizing global knowledge in the e-commerce context, an exploratory case study was conducted. One of the key findings from this case study is the recognition that human resource management (HRM) will play a new dual role in organizing global knowledge sharing in the e-commerce era. One role is to continue dealing with traditional administrative transactions and the other is to nurture knowledge-related activities. This contradicts simplistic prescriptions about managing knowledge, which suggests that the implementation and utilization of a particular information system are all that are necessary to facilitate effective knowledge sharing. Instead, this exploratory study shows that successful knowledge sharing is dependent not only on the use of particular information technologies but also on the successful creation of a knowledge-sharing environment with a knowledge management-focused HRM as the coordinator of related activities. %M J.JOCEC.11.3.197 %T Internet Diffusion in Creative Micro-Businesses: Identifying Change Agent Characteristics As Critical Success Factors %A Pascale de Berranger %A David Tucker %A Laurie Jones %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 3 %P 197-214 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X Micro-businesses make a substantial contribution to the economic and social well being of Europe, the Asian Pacific region, and the United States. In Europe, for example, 30% of firms with less than 10 employees generate 70% of turnover. This remarkable statistic has prompted the European Union to fund novel research projects aimed at stimulating growth within the very small businesses sector. In particular, projects aimed at improving the adoption rate of information and communication technology (ICT) are seen as vital. The Internet is a unique and powerful form of ICT, which is making electronic commerce attractive to even the smallest of businesses. These micro-businesses stand to gain tremendous business advantages from implementing Internet technology. For this reason, in this article we focus specifically on Internet diffusion processes in micro-businesses.1 Through a field study within a geographic cluster of creative micro-businesses, we identify the vital role played by the change agents. Revealing that the unique way in which the change agents became infused into the local community had a significant impact on fostering mutual trust that led to successful Internet adoption. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the provision of customized training programs by the change agents was a critical success factor. Finally, we reflect on the successful diffusion projects and identify the characteristics of the change agents that were instrumental in ensuring Internet adoption. %M J.JOCEC.11.4.215 %T Prototyping Electronic Commerce Systems Using Esterel %A Padmanabhan Krishnan %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 4 %P 215-228 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X In this article I present the advantages of using the synchronous programming language Esterel to prototype electronic commerce systems. I first outline a technique to model HTML tags, which is then specialized to document types. A simple example illustrates the coding ideas for both the static and dynamic aspects of behavior. This is then extended to handle certain other features found in electronic commerce systems. I also show how the Esterel environment can be used to formally verify certain properties. %M J.JOCEC.11.4.229 %T Determinants of Small Business EDI Adoption: An Empirical Investigation %A Patrick Y. K. Chau %A Kai Lung Hui %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 4 %P 229-252 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X Given the importance of widespread adoption for the success of electronic data interchange (EDI) and the "much-slower-than-anticipated" growth of EDI adoption in small businesses, in this study we aimed to identify the key determinants of small business EDI adoption. Based on prior research on IT/EDI adoption in large/small organizations, a model that incorporates 7 factors that are hypothesized to have influence on the EDI adoption decision was developed and empirically tested against data collected from 627 small businesses, with 38% of them having already adopted the technology. The findings suggest that in the eyes of small businesses, EDI still is not considered as something that enables a business to gain major strategic benefits or competitive advantages. Although perceived costs are found to be major impediments to adoption, small businesses tend to have an "unbalanced" treatment between direct and indirect benefits, focusing more on those that are immediate and direct rather than on long-term, indirect benefits. Furthermore, prior EDI experience and perceived level of support from the vendor are also important determinants of EDI adoption in small businesses. Implications to Internet-based EDI systems are also discussed. %M J.JOCEC.11.4.253 %T Achieving Fair Nonrepudiation in Electronic Transactions %A Jianying Zhou %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 4 %P 253-267 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X The fast development of computer networks has facilitated electronic commerce. Meanwhile, some security problems may arise in such a new business environment. Nonrepudiation services, in which evidence is generated, collected, and maintained to enable dispute resolution, protect the transacting parties against any false denial that a particular event or action has taken place. In addition, fairness is a desirable requirement such that neither party can gain an advantage by quitting prematurely or otherwise misbehaving during a transaction. In this article, I investigate the techniques and protocols that use a (trusted) third party to achieve fair nonrepudiation in electronic transactions, and I discuss some applications of these fair nonrepudiation protocols. %M J.JOCEC.11.4.269 %T A System for Simulating Human Argumentation: Test Results Compared With a Realistic Institutional Setting %A Masoud H. Saeedi %A John A. A. Sillince %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 4 %P 269-283 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X A prototype system is described that simulates a transcript of a business meeting based on a computational model of argumentation using the distinction between premises, conclusions, and warrants. The argumentation in the dialogue is represented as a directional weighted graph. An algorithm for calculating the strength of each conclusion is described, and the results are shown for the business meeting transcript. These results are compared with perceptions of the strength of the arguments in the meeting by a group of management graduates. %M J.JOCEC.11.4.285 %T The Building of a New Business Ecosystem: Sustaining National Competitive Advantage Through Electronic Commerce %A Ali F. Farhoomand %A Pauline S. P. Ng %A Justin K. H. Yue %J JOCEC %D 2001 %V 11 %N 4 %P 285-303 %* (c) Copyright 2001 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X Despite the high level of interest in the role of governments in building national information infrastructure (NII) as a source of competitive advantage, it is still not clear how major information technology initiatives can help leverage national economies into the global marketplace. In light of the recent rollout of one of the world's largest electronic commerce initiatives, we examine the role of private-public partnerships in the success of such initiative in Hong Kong. Furthermore, we trace the 3 stages of the project-development, implementation, and competitive entrenchment-to identify the difficulties and challenges encountered and how these were overcome. By drawing some comparisons with the Singapore approach, we identify the kind of government involvement appropriate to spur on national competitiveness. We show that in building the NII, the dual aspects of private-sector leadership and government involvement are mutually reinforcing. Government intervention is necessary in creating the initial supply push, whereas the demand pull engendered by the market is critical for leveraging the NII as a platform for national competitiveness. The ramification of the study for other countries is discussed. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): BIT07.BA %T Editorial %E Tom Stewart %M J.BIT.7.1.1 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 1 %P 1-2 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X N/A %T Legibility of Video Display Units During Off-Angle Viewing %A Stephen J. Morrissey %A Rose W. Chu %M J.BIT.7.1.3 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 1 %P 3-9 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X This research examined how off-angle or oblique viewing of a VDU screen and the physical location of a message on the screen influenced message legibility. Eight trained subjects viewed five-character long common words, number strings, and alphanumeric messages presented at 15 different combinations of oblique viewing angle and location of message on the VDU screen for 2.5 seconds. It was found that common words and number strings showed little overall loss in legibility except when oblique viewing angle exceeded {plusmn}32{deg}. Alphanumeric messages were found to have a significantly lower legibility than the common words and number strings. It was recommended that for best overall legibility of the three types of messages studied here, that oblique viewing angles be less than {plusmn}32{deg}. Predictor equations were also developed to aid in predicting loss of accuracy based on the type of message and physical features of the viewing task. %T Colour Cues as Location Aids in Lengthy Texts on Screen and Paper %A P. Wright %A A. Lickorish %M J.BIT.7.1.11 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 1 %P 11-30 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Readers of documents on CRT displays report difficulties in remembering whereabouts in a lengthy text they previously read something. Four experiments explore whether subdividing such texts, at appropriate thematic boundaries, into five successive coloured sections can aid readers' retrieval of information. Experiment 1, using texts presented on coloured paper, showed that this use of colour helped readers relocate information. Experiment 2 presented the same texts on a CRT, but variation in the colour of the characters on the screen did not help readers relocate information. Experiment 3 replicated the findings of experiment 2, with texts differing in both content and structure from those used previously. Experiment 4, again using coloured text on a CRT display, showed that giving readers a visible guide to the ordering of the coloured sections was not sufficient to restore the advantage that coloured pages had for texts presented on paper. The implications of these findings for variation in the background and foreground colouring of multi-window displays are discussed, but the main conclusion concerns the caution needed when transferring information design solutions across media. %T Selected Graph Design Variables in Four Interpretation Tasks: A Microcomputer-Based Pilot Study %A John G. Casali %A Kenneth B. Gaylin %M J.BIT.7.1.31 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 1 %P 31-49 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X A pilot study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of selected graph types and information coding schemes in producing quick and accurate graph interpretation. Point-plots, line graphs, bar graphs, and three-dimensional bar graphs were constructed and displayed using an IBM-PC microcomputer with colour monitor. The effectiveness of each of these graph types, as well as the coding scheme used within each (colour versus monochrome), was investigated using 32 subjects in four separate experiments involving either point-reading, point-comparison, trend-reading, or trend-comparison tasks. Dependent measures including task completion time, graph interpretation error, subjective mental workload rating, and graph preference rating were obtained. In three of the tasks, colour-coded graphs were associated with lower task completion time, lower rated mental workload, and higher rated preference than monochrome graphs. However, there were no differences in subjects' error scores between colour and monochrome coding for any of the tasks. For the point-reading task, the three-dimensional bar graphs were less effective than the other graph types, though there were no differences among graph types for the other three tasks. Implications for graph design given specific data interpretation tasks are discussed, based on the results of the four experiments and related literature. %T The Effect of Tree Structure on Search in a Hierarchical Menu Selection System %A Kent L. Norman %A John P. Chin %M J.BIT.7.1.51 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 1 %P 51-65 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Search processes in a hierarchical menu selection system were investigated in a study that varied the structure of the tree. A hierarchical data base was composed of 256 gift items grouped into different clusters and presented using menus. Depth of the tree was held constant while breadth varied with level. Five structures were explored with the following number of alternatives at each of four levels: constant (4 x 4 x 4 x 4), decreasing (8 x 8 x 2 x 2), increasing (2 x 2 x 8 x 8), concave (8 x 2 x 2 x 8), and convex (2 x 8 x 8 x 2). Subjects searched for either specifically named gifts (explicit targets) or gifts appropriate for a scenario situation (scenario targets). In general, explicit targets took less time to find and fewer frames to traverse than for scenario targets. For explicit targets, the increasing menu was slightly superior to the rest. Search time was about the same across the five tree structures for explicit targets, but differed greatly for scenario targets. The concave and increasing structures were faster than the constant structure and the convex and decreasing structures were slower. Similar results were found for the number of frames traversed. The patterns of search also differed greatly among the five structures in terms of the frequency of use of the 'previous' command and the 'top' command. The 'previous' command was used most frequently with the convex menu and least frequently with the concave menu. For scenario targets, the 'top' command was used most frequently with the decreasing menu and least frequently with the increasing menu. For explicit targets, the 'top' command was used most frequently with concave menu and least frequently with increasing menu. The pattern of search indicated that if subjects moved back up the tree they tended to move to a level with eight choices rather than two. Overall, it is concluded that the concave menu is superior when searching for scenario targets and the increasing menu is slightly superior when searching for explicit targets. A theory of menu uncertainly based on information theory is proposed which helps to account for some of the results. %T Monitoring Computer Users' Behaviour in Office Environments %A Alan L. Teubner %A Jerry J. Vaske %M J.BIT.7.1.67 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 1 %P 67-78 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Monitoring computer users' behaviour to enhance the usability of software has become increasingly popular among the developers of computer products. One objective of this paper is to compare the use of a software monitoring technique with other field observation methods. It is argued that when contrasted against traditional observation techniques, the software monitor provides a more accurate and unobtrusive approach to collecting behavioural data on larger samples of individuals for longer periods of time than either participant observation or Thinking Aloud methodologies. A second objective is to demonstrate the application of software monitors on installed multi-user systems. Technical aspects of software monitor design and discussed, with emphasis on specific practical problems in monitor design and utilization when making the transition from the laboratory to an office environment. Data from two studies are presented. The first illustrates how a software monitor can be used to determine the impact and acceptance of various software packages in an integrated office automation product. The second study examines how software monitor data were used to modify the interface to a specific electronic mail facility. %T Users' Experiences of COM -- A Computer-Mediated Communication System %A Lillemor Adrianson %A Erland Hjelmquist %M J.BIT.7.1.79 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 1 %P 79-99 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X This questionnaire study reports results on some aspects of COM -- a computer-mediated communication system. It was found that the main reasons for starting to use the COM system were the need for information, curiosity and use as a complement to the telephone. The greatest benefits were being able to obtain information and opinions and to spread information. The COM communication was judged to be dominated by users with a good ability to communicate in writing. The subjects expressed a wish for a chairman who could organize the conference discussions. They experienced spontaneity in COM, but to a certain extent also misunderstandings and aggression. COM was generally seen as easy, friendly and stimulating. The general conclusion is that COM was thought of as an efficient tool for sending and receiving information which does not involve complex communication. %S Book Reviews %T "Foundations of Programming," by Jacques Arsac %A Tom Axford %P 101-102 %M J.BIT.7.1.101 3/31/92 gp %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 1 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X N/A %S Book Reviews %T "Information Technology and the Role of the Librarian," by William Masterson %A Hillary Dyer %P 101-102 %M J.BIT.7.1.101 3/31/92 gp %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 1 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X N/A %T Editorial %E Tom Stewart %M J.BIT.7.2.107 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 2 %P 107 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X N/A %T The Knowledge Elicitation Problem: A Psychological Perspective %A J. St B. T. Evans %M J.BIT.7.2.111 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 2 %P 111-130 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X The knowledge elicitation problem arises from the need to acquire the knowledge of human experts in an explicit form suitable for encoding in a computer program such as an expert system. This is very difficult to perform successfully because of the size and complexity of knowledge structures in the human brain, and because much procedural knowledge is tacit and unavailable to conscious verbal report via interview methods. The present paper draws upon an extensive review of research in the field of cognitive psychology in an attempt to offer a practical approach to this problem. First, a wide range of cognitive theories concerning the nature of knowledge representation in humans is considered, and a synthesis of the current state of theory is provided. Second, attention is drawn to a number of performance factors which may constrain the exhibition of a person's underlying cognitive competence. There then follows a review and discussion of a number of alternative psychological methodologies that might be applied to the elicitation of different types of human knowledge. Finally, some suggestions are made for the application of the psychological work discussed to the practical problem of knowledge elicitation. %T On the Memorability of Icons in an Information Retrieval Task %A M. W. Lansdale %M J.BIT.7.2.131 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 2 %P 131-151 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Information retrieval involves the balance of two mnemonic processes: recognition of items presented to the user, and recall of where wanted documents might be. Iconic methods of human-computer interaction are seen to assist the recognition processes by virtue of the enrichment of cues provided. However, the principle of cue enrichment could apply equally to the process of recall, which is arguably a process more needing of support. This paper reports two exploratory experiments using icons to support the recall process in information retrieval. The results indicate no exceptional levels of recall. However, some aspects of users' performance suggest icons used in this way have some interesting and exploitable mnemonic properties. In particular, they may be useful in enhancing and supporting the search process by rapidly limiting the number of documents through which a user might be asked to search. %T Expert-Novice Knowledge Organization: An Empirical Investigation Using Computer Program Recall %A Iris Vessey %M J.BIT.7.2.153 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 2 %P 153-171 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Expertise in a given domain is regarded as being manifested in the knowledge structures or chunks that experts possess. This research sought to use the chunking hypothesis of expertise, operationalized via computer program recall, to distinguish the more expert from the less expert computer programmers in a group of programming professionals. Two expertise levels were required to investigate differences in debugging processes of expert and novice programmers. The programmer classification produced by the recall pretest, however, explained little variation in debug time and the number of errors subjects made, when compared with a programmer classification based on the effectiveness of subjects' chunking processes. Subjects' recalled programs were examined to determine whether the information structures in the program used for recall matched the declarative knowledge structures programmers could be expected to possess. Examination of the program suggests that programmers may not have been expected to possess two of the knowledge structures represented in the program. Examination of the programmers' recalled programs suggests that those programmers classified as experts by the process classification may have had greater difficulty in recalling this program than those classified as novices, leading to the hypothesis that experts may be affected more than novices by non-matching knowledge structures. %T An Empirical Comparison of Menu Selection, Command Entry and Combined Modes of Computer Control %A Jonathan F. Antin %M J.BIT.7.2.173 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 2 %P 173-182 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Command entry and menu selection control modes, along with a combination of the two, were compared using objective performance and subjective preference measures. Experienced as well as novice users of an interactive computer aided design system participated in the study. Although command entry produced performance that was superior to the other two modes, there was a strong user preference for the combined mode. Therefore, it is recommended that combined modes of control be considered for future systems, as long as there is a means to deactivate the menus. These results dispel the notion that menus are necessarily viewed as a hindrance by experienced users of a computer system. %T The Effects of Feedback During Delays in Simulated Teletext Reception %A Miguel A. Planas %A William C. Treurniet %M J.BIT.7.2.183 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 2 %P 183-191 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X In a teletext service, where pages of information are retrieved from a random sequence of pages broadcast cyclically on a video channel, the mean and variance of system response times are directly related to the number of pages in the cycle. Previous experiments have shown that viewers express annoyance with delays in system response, and that the frequency of such expressions increases non-linearly with delay. This paper examines possible explanations for the reported annoyance. A first experiment investigated the effect on annoyance of different kinds of feedback to the viewer following a page request. Results showed that annoyance grew at a slower rate when continuous, rhythmic feedback was present. Further, knowledge of the actual duration of the delay had no effect on viewers' annoyance. A second experiment showed that the same continuous feedback shortened viewers' estimates of the durations of the delays. These results suggest that annoyance is due to the experienced delay in system response time, and not to mere awareness of the duration. %T The Social Shaping of Technology: The Case of a CNC Lathe %A P. T. Kidd %M J.BIT.7.2.193 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 2 %P 193-204 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X The design of most automated equipment is guided primarily by technical and economic considerations. The social science aspects of the system, if considered at all, are usually confined to the important questions of work organization, or man-machine interface design, or both. Social scientists are rarely given the opportunity to participate in the design of the often complex details of the actual technology that lies behind the man-machine interface. This paper gives consideration to the social shaping of computer numerically controlled lathe technology, which implies that social, technical and economic considerations are used in the design of the technology. The characteristics of a decision support system, which was designed jointly by engineers and social scientists with the aim of allowing the existing skills of machinists to evolve into new skills in relation to the changed technology, are described. The implications for the role and values of system designers that this system implies are also discussed. %T The Interaction between the Use of Information Technology and Organizational Culture %A Yves V. H. Morieux %A Ewan Sutherland %M J.BIT.7.2.205 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 2 %P 205-213 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X The interaction between the use of information technology, (IT) in organizations and that organization's culture is examined. The interaction is considered from the early stages of specification through to the regular use of the systems. The changes in the technological artifacts which result from the use of IT are discussed. Some suggestions about control of the interaction are made. %S Human-Computer Interaction and Electronic Communication %T Editorial Introduction %A David J. Pullinger %M J.BIT.7.2.215 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 2 %P 215 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X N/A %S Human-Computer Interaction and Electronic Communication %T HICOM -- Enter a New Communications Network %A Mark Shuttleworth %M J.BIT.7.2.216 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 2 %P 216-218 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X N/A %S Human-Computer Interaction and Electronic Communication %T Requirements for Mailbox Group Working %A Paul Wilson %M J.BIT.7.2.219 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 2 %P 219-222 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X N/A %S Human-Computer Interaction and Electronic Communication %T The State of the COSMOS -- Current Research and Future Possibilities %A Sylvia Wilbur %M J.BIT.7.2.223 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 2 %P 223-226 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X N/A %S Human-Computer Interaction and Electronic Communication %T Using an Electronic Communication System %A D. J. Pullinger %M J.BIT.7.2.227 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 2 %P 227-230 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X N/A %T Editorial %E Tom Stewart %M J.BIT.7.3.231 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 3 %P 231-233 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X N/A %T Evaluating Expert Created, Idiographic Command Sets for Novice, Nomothetic Purposes %A Perry R. Morrison %M J.BIT.7.3.235 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 3 %P 235-261 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Several studies have demonstrated performance benefits associated with self-defined computer commands (aliases). This study further investigated the possibility of empirically establishing pools of self-generated (idiographic) command names for novice (nomothetic) use by others. Experiment 1 showed that when given the commands and functions from which they were derived, independent expert (E) and novice (N) groups were able to discriminate between bona fide and bogus aliases at above chance levels, despite surface heterogeneity, although Es were more able to do this than Ns. Experiment 2 compared the understandability of E and N created aliases for independent groups of Es and Ns. Results showed that E aliases were more understandable than N aliases and that Es understood all aliases better. That is, Es exhibited a decoding advantage (due to experience) and an advantage in encoding semantic content in their aliases. In Experiment 3 Rosenberg's 'command suggestiveness' index showed that the mean suggestiveness of E aliases was significantly higher than that of N aliases. Moreover, for experiments 1 and 2, subjects' confidence in matching aliases to their parent functions was significantly correlated with suggestiveness. To test the utility of the suggestiveness metric, lists of high, medium and low suggestiveness aliases were constructed and subjects learned all lists in counterbalanced order. Recall using command functions as cues showed that more of the higher suggestiveness aliases were remembered. It was concluded that despite aliases surface heterogeneity, they possess sufficient semantic content to allow identification of their original functions. Moreover, Es produce more meaningful aliases and experiment 4 revealed that this may be due to greater suggestiveness. Generalizing from these findings, it appears appropriate that for complex systems where novice understanding is limited, performance may be facilitated by establishing E alias pools from which the most efficacious are empirically selected using the methods proposed by Rosenberg. %T Callers' Perceptions of Post-Dialling Delays: The Effects of a New Signalling Technology %A Stephen J. Lupker %A Gregory J. Fleet %A Brian R. Shelton %M J.BIT.7.3.263 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 3 %P 263-274 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X The present paper reports an investigation of the potential impact of introducing common-channel signalling (CCS) into the current telephone network. This technology would have the effect of greatly diminishing post-dialling delay (PDD). As such, its main benefits would be obtained by introducing it into the toll network, in which PDDs are much longer than in the local network. The issues examined concerned potential 'contrast' effects, in that reducing PDDs in the toll network may cause callers to be less patient with normal PDDs in the local network. Three laboratory studies were undertaken to evaluate caller impatience and abandonment under (1) the current system, (2) the current local system with a simulated new toll system and (3) the current toll system with a simulated new local system. Ratings of impatience and abandonment increased on local calls when the new technology was implemented on the toll network, but not vice versa. The explanation offered is based on a 'cognitive' contrast effect resulting from callers' expectations that toll PDDs should always be longer than local PDDs. The implications of this effect for caller behaviour with the introduction of CCS are discussed. Any negative effects on local call behaviour are outweighed by the much shorter PDDs on the toll network and should be counteracted by the gradual introduction of CCS. %T Hierarchical Planning as Method for Task Analysis: The Example of Office Task Analysis %A Suzanne Sebillotte %M J.BIT.7.3.275 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 3 %P 275-293 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X The paradigm of hierarchical planning from artificial intelligence literature is used to describe 133 office tasks. Various levels of abstraction are described. Their number varies with the tasks. From several examples we demonstrate that some of these levels can be grouped and that any task can be broken down using a four-level model: the most abstract level of the task formulation; the expert level, which represents specific context procedures (or subtasks); the highest common level, these being common procedures which are domain independent; the lowest verbalizable level, or elementary actions. Then the common procedures are considered as possible functions in a computer aided system. From a detailed analysis of some of these common procedures, we emphasize the obligatory or optional features of certain actions. Using an example we propose a function description which takes these features into account. %T The Effects of an Active Development of the Mental Model in the Training Process: Experimental Results in a Word Processing System %A Michael Frese %A Karen Albrecht %A Alexandra Altmann %A Jutta Lang %A Patricia Von Papstein %A Reinhard Peyerl %A Jochen Prumper %A Heike Schulte-Gocking %A Isabell Wankmuller %A Rigas Wendel %M J.BIT.7.3.295 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 3 %P 295-304 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Three different training programmes for a word processing system were experimentally compared: (1) a sequential programme, which taught low-level skills and which did not help the user actively to develop a mental model, (2) a hierarchical programme, which provided an explicit and integrated conceptual model of the system to the user and (3) a programme in which the users were asked to develop hypotheses on the functioning of the software and in which they were encouraged to use an active and exploratory approach. From an action theory point of view it was hypothesized that the third group would be superior to the first group. In an experimental study with two training sessions each of two hours and a two-hour testing session (n=15), this was shown to be the case for several performance criteria (error time, transfer and experimenter rating). Additionally, an interindividual difference variable to measure the individual learning style was used, giving results that could be interpreted in a similar way to the experimental results. %T Attitudes to Computers of Managers in the Hospitality Industry %A P. R. Gamble %M J.BIT.7.3.305 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 3 %P 305-321 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Service industries are an increasingly important part of most developed economies as employers of displaced manufacturing labour. Computers are currently used in fewer than 30% of British service organizations and it has been suggested that this low level of utilization is attributable to cost. A study of managers in the largest service industry in the United Kingdom, the hospitality industry, shows that it is not cost attitudes but management attitudes which are the major inhibitory factor. Furthermore, these findings are consistent with other studies of attitudes to computers of senior managers in British industry. A comparison with a study of the attitudes of some American professional persons suggests that this is not necessarily attributable simply to educational level. In such circumstances it seems probable that penetration levels will increase slowly and that creative applications of computers in service industries, which may reduce their propensity to absorb labour, are not imminent. %T The Contributions of Cognitive Engineering to the Design and Use of Expert Systems %A Chaya Garg-Janardan %A Gavriel Salvendy %M J.BIT.7.3.323 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 3 %P 323-342 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X The cognitive basis of several issues critical to building expert systems is reviewed. Required and desirable attributes of a knowledge elicitation methodology are identified. It is argued that knowledge should be elicited from several levels of expertise. Plausible contributions of research in human problem solving to knowledge representation and design of control structure are examined. Implications of the literature on human learning and on expert-novice differences for machine learning are reviewed. The applicability of systems, which rely on user modelling, to the design of intelligent interfaces is discussed. %T Editorial %E Tom Stewart %M J.BIT.7.4.343 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 4 %P 343-344 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X N/A %T Technology Adaptation: A Typology for Strategic Human Resource Management %A Urs E. Gattiker %M J.BIT.7.4.345 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 4 %P 345-359 %* (c) Copyright 1988 U. E. Gattiker %X Organizational adjustment to technological change and its impact upon human resources should be based on an understanding of employee perceptions and behavioural responses to such developments. An analytic framework which relates strategic choice to internal labour market and employee determinism is derived from the methods employed by organizational theorists and psychologists to generate a set of typologies. The framework divides variables in four classes: (1) natural selection, with minimum choice and adaptation or selection out; (2) differentiation, with high choice and high employee determinism and adaptation within constraints; (3) strategic choice, with maximum choice and adaptation by design; and (4) undifferentiated choice, with incremental choice and adaptation by chance. Useful in reconciling previously inconsistent or incompatible theories of technological change, the framework is offered as a co-ordination device to integrate the results of divergent approaches to technological adaptation studies. %T An Empirical Investigation of Two Electronic Mail Systems %A Frank Safayeni %A Eric Lee %A James MacGregor %M J.BIT.7.4.361 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 4 %P 361-372 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Two electronic mail systems were studied within an organization: an executive system for upper management and a general system for all employees. The results from 130 interviews indicated that both systems were perceived to contribute to productivity, a reduction in use of memos and a reduction in telephone calls. However, the executive system was perceived to be more satisfactory and more effective than the general system. The ratio of positive comments to negative comments was used as an independent measure of satisfaction with each electronic mail system. The user comments were also classified and discussed in terms of types of perceived advantages and problems with these systems. %T A Cognitively Based Methodology for Evaluating Human Performance in the Computer-Aided Design Task Domain %A Joseph Sharit %A Donna L. Cuomo %M J.BIT.7.4.373 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 4 %P 373-397 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X This article describes a methodology for evaluating human performance in the computer aided design (CAD) task environment. The methodology is based primarily on cognitive theoretic frameworks that are consistent with processes presumed to underlie human design activities. The motivation for its development stems from rapid software and hardware advances in CAD systems and our relative lack of understanding of how these enhancements affect human design performance for (1) fundamentally different types of tasks and (2) different levels of complexity for a particular task. This methodology is currently being applied to computer aided architectural design, an area where artificial intelligence (AI), enhanced geometric modelling and other system features are being debated in terms of their usefulness in aiding the human's design activities. %T Problems Associated with the Off-Line Programming of Robots %A Al Humrich %A Iain Wilson %M J.BIT.7.4.399 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 4 %P 399-416 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X The introduction of robots into any organization forms part of a considerable investment in new technology over a range of applications in the search for efficiency and increased productivity. The greater consistency and quality associated with robot operations compared with that of the human operator, is regarded as an advantage both in relation to the manufacturing process and to the product. However, in order to make the most efficient use of robots, the ability to generate good robot programs must be developed. Traditional robot programming techniques are extremely slow and laborious. Off-line programming by textual input alone is an equally tedious process. In this paper, existing and potential problems associated with off-line programming are examined. Various commercial and experimental robot languages and their relative important features are described. Opinions of manufacturers of CNC (Computer Numerically Controlled) machines and robots concerning both user interfaces and potential candidate users are discussed. Both the training and the abilities of the candidate robot programmers are important aspects of any robot programming system, although obviously much will depend on the sophistication of the particular application. Recommendations are made concerning issues that should be taken into account when developing future off-line programming systems. %T Human Intelligence Models and Their Implications for Expert System Structure and Research %A John Cook %A A. Dale Whittaker %A Ronald H. Thieme %A Owen R. Smith %A Gavriel Salvendy %M J.BIT.7.4.417 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 4 %P 417-430 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X In order to determine the features which contribute to intelligent behaviour, several models of human intelligence were studied. This evaluation identified ten features present in human intelligent behaviour which may be relevant to expert systems design. These features were rated, by experts in the field of expert systems, on the extent of their presence in expert systems as compared with intelligent human behaviour. The four features receiving the lowest ratings were social competence, comprehension, automatization and memory management. The paper concludes with a discussion of these four features and outlines what needs to be done and why in order to incorporate them into the structure of expert systems. %T What We Know and What We Need to Know: The User Model versus the User's Model in Human-Computer Interaction %A Pamela Briggs %M J.BIT.7.4.431 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 4 %P 431-442 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X An argument is made for the importance of studying the real, as opposed to idealized, behaviour of the computer user. Formal methods which model user behaviour in terms of production rules are criticized because they fail to account for the unique behaviour which results either from problems arising in the normal work routine, or from novices who create their own patterns of interaction with the machine. This latter point is illustrated with reference to a study of novice users. How well are such users able to identify the knowledge they need when learning how to use a new system, and what kinds of knowledge of the system do they seek? It seems that in the absence of a suitable, generalizable model of a word processing system, these users structure their own learning experience badly, making poor use of the little experience they have. The behaviour of such users deviates markedly from that of the 'ideal user' captured within formal task descriptions. %T The Concept of an Information Management System and its Use within Design Studies %A M. A. Tainsh %M J.BIT.7.4.443 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 4 %P 443-455 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Controller HMSO, London %X This paper describes the concept of an information management system (IMS) and its association with a user centered approach to the design of equipment which acts as a medium for the user to attain a goal. The case is taken where such mediating devices (MDs) involve computer based processing, storage and communications arrangements, and transactions with either a physical environment or engineered facilities. Particular attention is drawn to the designer's role in defining the data transformations within an MD, and hence to information that is available to the user and the means of carrying out transactions with it, transforming it into knowledge and attaining a goal. There is also special emphasis on the usability (= operability + trainability) aspects of the user's interface with the MD. The means of exploring design options are described along with the possible assessment techniques. It is concluded that the concept of an IMS offers considerable benefits for studying a range of design issues and matters of scientific importance. %T A Feature Matching Approach to the Retrieval of Graphical Information %A James N. MacGregor %A Eric S. Lee %M J.BIT.7.4.457 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 4 %P 457-465 %* (c) Copyright 1988 J. N. MacGregor and E. S. Lee %X This paper is concerned with how to provide easy and effective access to computer databases containing pictures rather than text. Experiences with several types of graphic material suggested that hierarchical menu indexes were unlikely to be effective. What seemed to be required was a probabilistic method which could tolerate a certain amount of error and uncertainty. As a solution, we propose a feature matching approach in which users describe what they want to retrieve. Descriptions are elicited by a set of queries. The system then matches user descriptions with descriptions of items in the database, and responds with the best fitting items. Initial tests suggest that this type of system may have the qualities we were looking for. First, it appears to tolerate errors, in that the user's description may disagree with the database's in a number of ways and still lead to the correct item. Second, it permits uncertainty, in that the user can choose the non-committal response of 'maybe' without the retrieval process coming to a halt. Third, it appears to require no training or manuals, only a few brief instructions on screen. It therefore seems well suited to the non-expert user. %T Effects of Display Format on Proof-Reading with VDUs %A Anthony Creed %A Ian Dennis %A Stephen Newstead %M J.BIT.7.4.467 6/10/91 HT %J BIT %D 1988 %V 7 %N 4 %P 467-478 %* (c) Copyright 1988 Taylor & Francis Ltd. %X Two experiments are reported which compared proof-reading performance in various VDU display formats. Experiment 1 found that displaying text one paragraph at a time improved the accuracy of performance, relative to a full screen condition, but at the expense of speed. Subject also preferred using the paragraph format. Display contrast (positive vs negative) had no effect on performance. Experiment 2 supported the findings of Experiment 1, and found increased accuracy when text was further subdivided into sentences, but speed was again reduced. Possible explanations for the format effect are presented, and its practical implications are considered. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): DIS00.BA %M C.DIS.2000.3 %T Design as Common Ground %S Plenary Speakers %A Shelley Evenson %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 3 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p3-evenson/p3-evenson.pdf %X In 1945 Vannevar Bushs As We May Think envisioned a future of networked media that would create new relationships among people, their ideas and their activities. In the ensuing years much of our world has been shaped by this vision. This talk will cover some the transformations I've witnessed in my 20+ years of practice. From print to product, pc to cell phones, design and design language have emerged as the common ground for integrated business, technology and experience breakthroughs. %M C.DIS.2000.4 %T Making Use: Scenarios and Scenario-Based Design %S Plenary Speakers %A John M. Carroll %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 4 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p4-carroll/p4-carroll.pdf %X Scenarios of human-computer interaction help us to understand and to create computer systems and applications as artifacts of human activity of human activity as things to learn from, as tools to use in ones work, as media for interacting with other people. Scenario-based design offers significant and unique leverage on some of the most characteristic and vexing challenges of design work: Scenarios evoke reflection in the content of design work, helping developers coordinate design action and reflection. Scenarios are at once concrete and flexible, helping developers manage the fluidity of design situations. Scenarios afford multiple views of an interaction, diverse kinds and amounts of detailing, helping developers manage the many consequences entailed by any given design move. Scenarios can also be abstracted and categorized, helping designers to recognize, capture, and reuse generalizations, and to address the challenge that technical knowledge often lags the needs of technical design. Finally, scenarios promote work-oriented communication among stakeholders, helping to make design activities more accessible to the great variety of expertise that can contribute to design, and addressing the challenge that external constraints, designers, and clients often distract attention from the needs and concerns of the people who will use the technology. %M C.DIS.2000.5 %T Looking and Leaping %S Plenary Speakers %A Bill Gaver %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 5 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p5-gaver/p5-gaver.pdf %X Having come to design from a background in experimental psychology, I get a mischievous thrill from the way research through design can usefully break all the rules of science. Clearly articulated theories and analyses form the conceptual backbone of science - designers also draw inspiration from the popular press, contemporary art, and eccentric observations. Controlled, or at least accountable, empirical studies are science's route to understanding people; designers improvise, provoke, and take extreme, even imaginary, individuals as an audience. Science lends empirical methods to test the success of new systems; as designers we hope that our examples will seduce and stimulate those who experience them. Design methods based on imagination and personal engagement may seem frivolous or gratuitously provocative, but they are based on a long tradition that allows us to question aesthetic, emotional, and cultural aspects of the artefacts and systems we develop. These issues seem to fall in sciences blindspot: difficult to theorize, analyze, or study empirically, they tend to be ignored by approaches to technology built on the scientific approach. This is a dangerous situation, because if left unexamined new technologies will tend to spread the aesthetics and values of the workplace throughout our lives. In this talk, I describe recent projects that suggest new ways that technology might enter our everyday lives, in order to illustrate the strengths and the blindspots of the design approach to research. %M C.DIS.2000.6 %T Wrapping Up: Commentary on DIS 2000 %S Plenary Speakers %A Malcolm McCullough %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 6 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p6-mccullough/p6-mccullough.pdf %X Malcolm McCullough explores digital media for the built environment. Beginning from computer-aided design in architecture, in which he was a pioneer in the 1980s, McCullough has consistently brought a human-centered approach to emerging practices in design. His 1996 book, Abstracting Craft found an interdisciplinary audience for the creative work practices behind the new economy. Currently he is at work on a book on location awareness. %M C.DIS.2000.9 %T The Social Life of Engineering Authorizations %S New Directions for Design %A William A. Stubblefield %A Karen S. Rogers %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 9-19 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5): Web-based services; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Web-based interaction; community, design ethnography, design etnography, documents, metaphor, system design %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p9-stubblefield/p9-stubblefield.pdf %X We may view documents, not only as containers for information, but also as active participants in organizing and sustaining communities. This paper discusses our experiences in designing a web-based tool for writing and managing engineering authorizations, and the social perspectives influence on our understanding of the problem and the design of our system. It presents observations based on our fieldwork with users, and the evaluation of a set of prototype systems. It shows how these observations changed our central metaphor for the system, moving it from a machine model to a society of agents metaphor. Finally, it illustrates the way this new metaphor changed our system functionality and architecture. %M C.DIS.2000.20 %T Using a Technique from Graphic Designers to Develop Innovative System Designs %S New Directions for Design %A Catalina Danis %A Stephen Boies %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 20-26 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems development; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Web-based interaction; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5): Web-based services; Internet communities, design space, problem space %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p20-danis/p20-danis.pdf %X Rapid technological change requires that system designers explore potential design spaces widely before committing to a local design space in which to evolve a problem solution. We discuss an approach for doing this, which we base on an analogy with an approach used by graphic designers. We have observed that our colleagues in the graphic design community begin exploring a problem space by generating multiple, divergent design ideas. They then proceed to elaborate them -- extending, combining and discarding -- as the problem space dictates. We illustrate our adaptation of this approach with a case study of our initial design work on a system for supporting self-service sales of information technology (IT). %M C.DIS.2000.27 %T Taking the Best from a Company History -- Designing with Interaction Styles %S New Directions for Design %A Trond Are Oritsland %A Jacob Buur %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 27-38 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; interaction design, interaction style, quality in use, solid user interface %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p27-oritsland/p27-oritsland.pdf %X In architecture and industrial design, the concept of style plays a major role in education as a way of explaining the historical inheritance and comparing alternative design expressions. In this article we claim that interaction design can benefit greatly from an understanding of the concept of style. It can provide designers with strong visions and a sense of direction in designing new interfaces. In particular we focus on Solid User Interface design, i.e. products with small displays and a limited number of keys, because of the tight coupling between interaction and industrial design. The authors share the concern that interaction designers in enthusiasm with new technologies fail to preserve the qualities of use from products with outdated technologies. This paper attempts to formulate an aesthetics of interaction design and reports on experiments with introducing interaction style thinking in a user centred design practice in industry. %M C.DIS.2000.39 %T MoMA and the Three-Legged Stool: Fostering Creative Insight in Interactive System Design %S New Directions for Design %A Lauretta Jones %A Sharon L. Greene %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 39-47 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); HCI, cognitive HCI, discovery learning, human-computer interaction, participatory design, prototyping, software design, software design methodology, user-centered design %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p39-jones/p39-jones.pdf %X We view the design of interactive systems as a three-legged stool. The legs are: an understanding of technology, an understanding of the users and the use context, and creative insight. As the metaphor implies, if any of the legs is missing, the stool will not stand. Although much work has gone into the effort to develop tools and methodologies to enable programmers and designers to create outstanding applications, we believe the hard truth is that good design requires skill, and creative insight is an essential ingredient that must be recognized and supported. Although it is difficult to manage, plan for, and control insight and creativity, we can create an atmosphere in which creative insight is encouraged, recognized and valued. In this design study, we offer guidelines for creating this environment and present some examples of their application to a project on which we are currently working with The Museum of Modern Art in New York. The project explores learning by discovery and grows out of our research into cognitive HCI. %M C.DIS.2000.48 %T Touch Me, Hit Me and I Know How You Feel: A Design Approach to Emotionally Rich Interaction %S New Directions for Design %A Stephan Wensveen %A Kees Overbeeke %A Tom Djajadiningrat %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 48-52 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); emotion, product design, rich interaction, tangibility %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p48-wensveen/p48-wensveen.pdf %X In this paper we propose a 3-step method for designing emotionally rich interactions, illustrated by the design of an alarm clock. By emotionally rich interaction we understand interaction that heavily relies on emotion expressed through action. The method addresses three questions: What are the relevant emotional aspects for a context for experience? How can a product recognise and express these aspects? How should the product adapt its behaviour to the user on the basis of this information? The essence of our approach is that a product not only elicits emotionally expressive actions, but that the feedback is inextricably linked to these actions. The feedback should be inherent to the design, and not gratuitously added. %M C.DIS.2000.55 %T Beyond the Snapshot from Speculation to Prototypes in Audiophotography %S Design Methods %A Heather Martin %A Bill Gaver %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 55-65 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1); Computer Applications - Computer-Aided Engineering (J.6); audiophoto, design methodology, design research, prototypes %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p55-martin/p55-martin.pdf %X In this paper we describe techniques used to move from a wide variety of speculative concepts to three working prototypes of potentially commercial audiophotography products. Stages in this trajectory included illustrated workbooks, video envisionments, form models and technical drawings, and ended with working prototypes using microprocessors to simulate stand-alone products. These methods were useful in communicating with our partners in a multidisciplinary collaboration. At each stage, however, we left many details of our designs purposefully unresolved, in order to encourage our own and our partners' imaginations as part of the design process. %M C.DIS.2000.66 %T Interaction Relabelling and Extreme Characters: Methods for Exploring Aesthetic Interactions %S Design Methods %A J. P. Djajadiningrat %A W. W. Gaver %A J. W. Fres %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 66-71 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Computer Applications - Computer-Aided Engineering (J.6); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); aesthetics, design techniques, interaction, product design, roles %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p66-djajadiningrat/p66-djajadiningrat.pdf %X Aesthetics and interaction are interwoven concepts, rather than separate entities. An aesthetics of interaction must consider richness in appearance, actions, and role. Moving beyond a narrow focus on usability in this way requires new methods for understanding design possibilities. Here we describe two: interaction relabelling, in which possible interactions with a known mechanical device are mapped to the functions of an electronic device to be designed; and extreme characters, in which fictional users with exaggerated emotional attitudes are taken as the basis of design to highlight cultural issues. These methods may help designers in considering physical interactions with products on the one hand, and the sociocultural role their products will take on the other. %M C.DIS.2000.72 %T Video Artifacts for Design: Bridging the Gap between Abstraction and Detail %S Design Methods %A Wendy E. Mackay %A Anne V. Ratzer %A Paul Janecek %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 72-82 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1): Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI); Software -Software Engineering - Design Tools and Techniques (D.2.2): Petri nets; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; colored petri nets, coloured petri nets, design abstraction, design process, marking menus, participatory design, scenario-based design, toolglasses, video artifacts, video brainstorming, video prototyping %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p72-mackay/p72-mackay.pdf %X Video artifacts help bridge the gap between abstraction and detail in the design process. This paper describes how our use and re-use of video artifacts affected the re-design of a graphical editor for building, simulating, and analyzing Coloured Petri Nets. The two primary goals of the project were to create design abstractions that integrate recent advances in graphical interaction techniques and to explicitly support specific patterns of use of Petri nets in real-world settings. Using a participatory design process, we organized a series of video-based design activities that helped us manage the tension between finding useful design abstractions and specifying the details of the user interface. Video artifacts resulting from one activity became the basis for the next, facilitating communication among members of the multi-disciplinary design team. The video artifacts provided an efficient way of capturing and incorporating subtle aspects of Petri Nets In Use into our design and ensured that the implementation of our design principles was grounded in real-world work practices. %M C.DIS.2000.83 %T Virtually Living Together %S Design Methods %A Konrad Tollmar %A Stefan Junestrand %A Olle Torgny %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 83-91 %K Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Communications Applications (H.4.3); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1); emotional communication, blue-sky research, industrial design, inter-family communication, interaction design, scenario-based design, telepresence %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p83-tollmar/p83-tollmar.pdf %X In this paper, we discuss the possibility of a holistic approach in the design of new media for interpersonal communication. The key argument is that if we base our design on daily practice, this may inhibit truly innovative ideas from taking form, and, on the contrary, if we design using pure intuition and visions, the design is likely to fail due to a lack of connection to daily practice. Scenario-based design was hence used to makes us envision new media while field observations such as ethnographic studies, become a tool to retain the ties with everyday life. This duality can also be implemented, as we will describe, in a design that makes a bi-language/bi-levelled understanding of a product possible. %M C.DIS.2000.95 %T Designing StoryRooms: Interactive Storytelling Spaces for Children %S Design Cases %A Houman Alborzi %A Allison Druin %A Jaime Montemayor %A Michele Platner %A Jessica Porteous %A Lisa Sherman %A Angela Boltman %A Gustav Taxen %A Jack Best %A Joe Hammer %A Alex Kruskal %A Abby Lal %A Thomas Plaisant Schwenn %A Lauren Sumida %A Rebecca Wagner %A Jim Hendler %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 95-104 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1): Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities; Computing Methodologies -Computer Graphics - Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism (I.3.7): Virtual reality; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Computer Applications - Arts and Humanities (J.5): Literature; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; augmented environments, children, cooperative inquiry, educational applications, participatory design, storytelling %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p95-alborzi/p95-alborzi.pdf %X Costly props, complicated authoring technologies, and limited access to space are among the many reasons why children can rarely enjoy the experience of authoring room-sized interactive stories. Typically in these kinds of environments, children are restricted to being story participants, rather than story authors. Therefore, we have begun the development of StoryRooms, room-sized immersive storytelling current technology implementation and example StoryRooms. %M C.DIS.2000.105 %T Browsers with Changing Parts: A Catalog Explorer for Philip Glass' Website %S Design Cases %A Harry Hochheiser %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 105-115 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Sound and Music Computing (H.5.5); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Hypertext/Hypermedia (H.5.4): Navigation; biography, catalog browsing, interactive visualization, music, zoomable user interfaces %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p105-hochheiser/p105-hochheiser.pdf %X The development of navigational tools for a web site devoted to a catalog of musical compositions offers a variety of design challenges. A combination of techniques developed from information visualization research - including starfield displays, dynamic queries, and zoomable user interfaces (ZUIs) - was used to construct a prototype browser for possible use in a web site dedicated to the work of Philip Glass. After a discussion of the goals and potential users of the site, this paper describes several prototypes that were developed and how they informed the design of a zoomable starfield browser. Unresolved design challenges and possibilities for future work are also discussed. %M C.DIS.2000.116 %T The Design of the Xi-Hu Historical Landscape and Culture in Media %S Design Cases %A Takashi Kiriyama %A Ling Chen %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 116-121 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Computer Applications - Arts and Humanities (J.5); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; artistry, creation, entertainment, interactivity, learning %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p116-kiriyama/p116-kiriyama.pdf %X This paper discusses a project to reconstruct in media the lost landscape and culture of Xi-Hu (West Lake), China. This work is intended to educate and entertain the user as well as stimulate his or her own creativity. We discuss the design of a user interface that enables the user to visit different landscapes of Xi-Hu (West Lake), China, as they appeared in different eras. We also discuss the artistry involved in the presentation of the work's content. Finally, we discuss a design methodology for media work based on the lessons learned from the development of this work. %M C.DIS.2000.122 %T Javelin: A Personal Communication Device Demo %S Design Cases %A Annette Wagner %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 122-128 %K Computer Applications - Computers in Other Systems (J.7): Consumer products; Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Communications Applications (H.4.3); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Software -Programming Languages - Language Classifications (D.3.2): Java; Computer Systems Organization -Computer-Communication Networks - General (C.2.0); collaboration, consumer electronics, design, highlight traversal, human interface, java technology, navigation model, pager, personal communication device, style guide, user interface, virtual machine %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p122-wagner/p122-wagner.pdf %X This paper describes the creation of a set of demonstration applications for a personal communication device for use at the JavaOne 99 Developers Conference. The major design issues encountered in the project are described along with the resulting impact on the project. These include defining the navigation model for the Back key, dealing with the issues that arose when the device hardware target was changed in mid-process, and managing the design process to leverage prior work when major goals were altered late in the project. %M C.DIS.2000.129 %T Design of a Social Interaction Environment for Electronic Marketplaces %S Design Cases %A Younghee Jung %A Alison Lee %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 129-136 %K Computing Milieux -Computers and Society - Electronic Commerce (K.4.4); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); activities, crowds, e-commerce, imageability, interaction design, map, online communities, people, scalability, social groups, social interaction, social navigation, social visualization, sociality, spatiality %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p129-jung/p129-jung.pdf %X This paper presents the design of an interaction environment for fostering social interactions in electronic marketplaces. The environment incorporates a novel, spatially-organized, and interactive site map. The map provides visibility of people, activities, and social interactions and incorporates mechanisms for social interactions. Four design constraints abstracted from prior findings in CSCW guided the development of the map: sociality, scalability, spatiality, and imageability. The design evolved through a process consisting of several phases and iterations. We used HCI techniques, where appropriate, to analyze and study the design problem, to enumerate, explore, and reconcile a design space, and to informally evaluate a design solution. %M C.DIS.2000.137 %T Just-in-Time Design in a Fast-Paced Product Group %S Design Cases %A Margo Lustig Ezekiel %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 137-144 %K Computer Applications - Computer-Aided Engineering (J.6); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): User interface management systems (UIMS); design partners, focus groups, iterative design, multi-disciplinary teams, parallel design, usability test, user-centered design %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p137-ezekiel/p137-ezekiel.pdf %X In real world development environments where deadlines are fixed, a designer must craft a process that works with the team and within the constraints of a project. The traditional waterfall method of writing a detailed specification for each feature before development begins is often not realistic. Instead, by using a just-in-time design method, the designer understands how much design direction is needed at each stage of the development process, and delivers that. The larger components must be well defined initially, while other parts can be left sketchy. The designer can spread the workload over the entire length of the project, using different steps to refine the design. Delivering the design in stages gives the design a chance to mature. Often there are many developers and few (usually 1) designers on a project. The designer is often on the critical path. To avoid being a bottleneck, the designer should use good tools and leverage the strengths of a multi-disciplinary team. The case study documented here should prove useful to other user interface designers facing resource and time constraints. A design process derived from this experience is summarized at the end. %M C.DIS.2000.145 %T Two-Dimensional Spatial Positioning as a Means for Reflection in Design %S Design Cases %A Kumiyo Nakakoji %A Yasuhiro Yamamoto %A Shingo Takada %A Brent N. Reeves %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 145-154 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Computing Methodologies -Artificial Intelligence - General (I.2.0): Cognitive simulation; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); an alternative to sketching, cognitive models, reflection-in-action, theoretical framework for design support, two-dimensional positioning, writing support %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p145-nakakoji/p145-nakakoji.pdf %X In the realm of computer support for design, developers have focused primarily on power and expressiveness that are important in framing a design solution. They assume that design is a series of calculated steps that lead to a clearly specified goal. The problem with this focus is that the resulting tools hinder the very process that is critical in early phases of a design task; the reflection-in-action process [15]. In the early phases, what is required as the most important ingredient for a design tool is the ability to interact in ways that require as little commitment as possible. This aspect is most evident in domains where two dimensions play a role, such as sketching in architecture. Surprisingly, it is equally true in linear domains such as writing. In this paper, we present our approach of using two-dimensional positioning of objects as a means for reflection in the early phases of a design task. Taking writing as an example, the ART (Amplifying Representational Talkback) system uses two dimensional positioning to support the early stages of the writing task. An eye-tracking user study illustrates important issues in the domain of computer support for design. %M C.DIS.2000.155 %T Tightly Coupling Authoring and Evaluation in an Integrated Tool to Support Iterative Design of Interactive Hypermedia Educational Manuals %S Design Cases %A Selma Holmquist %A N. Hari Narayanan %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 155-164 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Hypertext/Hypermedia (H.5.4); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; Computing Milieux -Computers and Education - General (K.3.0); Computer Applications - Administrative Data Processing (J.1): Education; empirical study, evaluation, hypermedia authoring, interaction data analysis and visualization, iterative design tool %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p155-holmquist/p155-holmquist.pdf %X In this paper we present a framework for the iterative design of interactive Hypermedia Educational Manuals, implemented in a software tool that integrates authoring and evaluation support in order to speed up iterative design cycles. Two unique features of our approach are the automatic generation of a structural description of the manual being designed and the automatic incorporation of interaction data logging elements in the manual during the authoring phase. These are then used by an evaluation tool to generate statistical analyses and graphical presentations of user interactions with the manual and redesign recommendations. Thus, the architecture of this tool embodies a tight coupling between the design of Hypermedia Educational Manuals and the evaluation of their instructional effectiveness. An experiment was carried out in which a prototype manual was created, tested with a group of students, redesigned based on analyses and recommendations provided by the evaluation tool, and then re-evaluated using data from a second group of students. This experiment showed that the integrated tool does help simplify the evaluation process and improve the efficiency of iterative design cycles. %M C.DIS.2000.165 %T The Jam-O-Drum Interactive Music System: A Study in Interaction Design %S Design Cases %A Tina Blaine %A Tim Perkis %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 165-173 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Sound and Music Computing (H.5.5); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Collaborative computing; Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems development; collaborative, computer graphics, input device, interaction design, interactive music system, multi-user, musical improvisation, novice, social interaction, velocity sensitive %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p165-blaine/p165-blaine.pdf %X This paper will describe the multi-user interactive music system known as the Jam-O-Drum developed at Interval Research Corporation.1 By combining velocity sensitive input devices and computer graphics imagery into an integrated tabletop surface, up to six simultaneous players are able to participate in a collaborative approach to musical improvisation. We demonstrate that this interactive music system embraces both the novice and musically trained participants by taking advantage of their intuitive abilities and social interaction skills. In this paper and accompanying video, we present conclusions from user testing of this device along with examples of interaction design methods and prototypes of interpretive musical and game-like development schemes. Our research was conducted in two phases with two different development teams and will accordingly be addressed herein as Phase One and Phase Two development. %M C.DIS.2000.174 %T Sound: An Emotional Element of Interactions a Case Study of a Microwave Oven %S Design Cases %A Cheong-Hyun Lee %A Soony Kim %A Choong-Seong Chae %A Kook-Hyun Chung %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 174-182 %K Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; Computer Applications - Computers in Other Systems (J.7): Consumer products; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Sound and Music Computing (H.5.5); design, element, emotions, interaction, microwave, outdoor environment, portable, sound, taste of food, users %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p174-lee/p174-lee.pdf %X Little attention has been given to sound as an element of interaction although an interaction design utilizes five senses of the human being. While designing the portable microwave oven, we selected the sound as a topic of our study. As several sounds have already been applied to products, such as the buzz sound in the walk signal or a warning sound in the computer, the focus of research is that the sound may have to be different vis-?-vis the products functionality or locations where it is used. Conclusions have not been made a priori that a product developer should create new sounds for new products. For this purpose, the research has been conducted to develop the sound concept in nexus with the product and the outdoor environment. Developed sounds were then evaluated and analyzed by a target audience. With this analysis, we were able to adopt proper portable microwave oven sounds that allowed potential users to feel familiar, to respond pleasantly amid outdoor noises, and to expect the taste of food. During the course of the experiment, we came to the conclusion that even with the same sound and some modifications made by applying different lengths, tones, rhythms, and/or resonance allowed users to recognize the functions or features of the products. The results have changed our evaluation on the sound itself and will extend the value of sound interaction between human beings and products. %M C.DIS.2000.185 %T Augmented Reality as a Design Tool for Mobile Interfaces %S Mixed Reality Design %A Olav W. Bertelsen %A Christina Nielsen %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 185-192 %K Computer Applications - Computers in Other Systems (J.7): Process control; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Computer Applications - Physical Sciences and Engineering (J.2): Earth and atmospheric sciences; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1): Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities; Computing Methodologies -Computer Graphics - Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism (I.3.7): Virtual reality; augmented reality, mobile computing, process control, thinking tools %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p185-bertelsen/p185-bertelsen.pdf %X This paper challenges user interface paradigms for mobile devices, by using the technical classification of augmented reality interfaces as a thinking tool to develop ideas for interaction with mobile devices. The paper presents future work scenarios from a wastewater treatment plant embodying PDA applications derived from the classification of augmented reality interfaces. The focus on physical interaction with objects of work and with the mobile device provides us with a range of interaction styles, based on e.g. gestures and manipulation of objects. Furthermore, issues of transparency and directness are addressed. The future scenarios indicate that the concepts of augmented reality support solving context problems in mobile design. %M C.DIS.2000.193 %T On the Move with a Magic Thing: Role Playing in Concept Design of Mobile Services and Devices %S Mixed Reality Design %A Giulio Iacucci %A Kari Kuutti %A Mervi Ranta %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 193-202 %K Computer Systems Organization -Computer-Communication Networks - Network Architecture and Design (C.2.1): Wireless communication; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Computing Methodologies -Artificial Intelligence - Applications and Expert Systems (I.2.1): Games; acting out, games for design, mobility, participatory design %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p193-iacucci/p193-iacucci.pdf %X Designing concepts for new mobile services and devices, poses several challenges to the design. We consider user participation as a way to address part of the challenges. We show how our effort relates to current and past research. In particular, PD (Participatory Design) has inspired us in developing two participatory techniques. The two techniques are organized around situations either staged or real where users and designers can envision and enact future scenarios: a role-playing game with toys, and SPES (Situated and Participative Enactment of Scenarios). They were developed in an industry-funded project that investigates services for the nomadic Internet user of the future. We then discuss how the techniques help in facing the design challenges. %M C.DIS.2000.203 %T Mapping the Physical World to Psychological Reality: Creating Synthetic Environments %S Mixed Reality Design %A Ronald W. Noel %A Claudia M. Hunter %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 203-207 %K design paradigms, display semantics, speed perception, synthetic environments, telepresence, virtual reality %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p203-noel/p203-noel.pdf %X The successful creation of telepresence and virtual environments requires a change in design paradigm. We must move away from attempts to recreate reality in its entirety toward the creation of environments that are psychologically real for humans, because in fact, reality mediated through display devices is largely subjective. The experiments discussed in this paper show that a single intrinsic physical property, such as the velocity or stability of a vehicle, can give rise to a multitude of subjective perceptions-for example, that the vehicle is moving faster than it really is, or that it is more likely to tip over going into a turn. These perceptions can easily be manipulated through knowledge of the variables and relationships involved, such as the effect of camera height. Designers can use this knowledge to create systems that promote desirable behaviors and limit dangerous or unproductive behaviors. %M C.DIS.2000.208 %T Bridge for Buttons -- A GUI Design Methodology Applied in Non-GUI Consumer Product Design %S Mixed Reality Design %A Simo Sade %A Katja Battarbee %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 208-215 %K case study, discount usability, industrial and user interface design techniques, the bridge %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p208-sade/p208-sade.pdf %X This paper describes the experience gained in the case study of adapting the Bridge, a GUI design method to the design of non-GUI interactive consumer products. An industrial design consultancy was looking for an efficient way of discussing the initial design ideas for a product and its user interface (UI) with the client and the client's software design consultant. The Bridge, which is a fast participatory method for bridging the gap between user requirements and the design of object-oriented graphical user interfaces (GUI) was applied in the task of designing a smart product - an interactive consumer electronic product. The goal was to design a software and hardware user interface concept in a well-structured and fruitful manner with limited time and expenses. A further goal was to assist the industrial designers in participating in their client's strategic design decision making and in the design of the overall user experience, instead of conducting a plain project-level product design. The solution was an application of the Bridge method, which was user-centered, but not participatory. The approach was new to the participating companies. The results were promising, both in getting concrete design ideas in a very short time to support decision making, and in facilitating new kind of communication between the participants very early in the process. %M C.DIS.2000.216 %T PaperButtons: Expanding a Tangible User Interface %S Mixed Reality Design %A Elin Ronby Pedersen %A Tomas Sokoler %A Les Nelson %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 216-223 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); design guidelines, paper interface, tacit interaction, tangible interface, ubiquitous computing %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p216-pedersen/p216-pedersen.pdf %X Expanding the functionality of a successful system is always a challenge; the initial simplicity and ease-of-use is easily lost in the process. Experience indicates that this problem is worsened in systems with tangible interfaces: while it might be relatively easy to suggest a single successful tangible interaction component, it is notoriously hard to preserve the success when expanding with more components or more manipulation using the same component. This paper describes our approach to creating and expanding tangible interfaces. The approach consist of adherence to a set of guidelines for tangible interfaces, derived from practical tangible design and general object-oriented design, and solicitation of user requirements to the particular interaction method in question. Finally the paper describes a prototype of PaperButtons built in response to these requirements and designed in accordance to the guidelines for tangible interfaces. %M C.DIS.2000.227 %T Informing the Design of an Information Management System with Iterative Fieldwork %S Ethnography and Participatory Design %A Victoria Bellotti %A Ian Smith %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 227-237 %K Information Systems -Database Management - General (H.2.0); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); design, field study, interview, iteration, personal information management %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p227-bellotti/p227-bellotti.pdf %X We report on the design process of a personal information management system, Raton Laveur, and how it was influenced by an intimate relationship between iterative fieldwork and design thinking. Initially, the system was conceived as a paper-based UI to calendar, contacts, to-dos and notes. As the fieldwork progressed, our understanding of peoples practices and the constraints of their office infrastructures radically shifted our design goals away from paper-based interaction to embedded interaction with our system. By this we mean embedding information management functionality in an existing application such as email. %M C.DIS.2000.239 %T The Development of Cooperation: Five Years of Participatory Design in the Virtual School %S Ethnography and Participatory Design %A John M. Carroll %A George Chin %A Mary Beth Rosson %A Dennis C. Neale %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 239-251 %K Computing Milieux -Computers and Education - Computer Uses in Education (K.3.1); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1): Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities; Computing Methodologies -Computer Graphics - Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism (I.3.7): Virtual reality; cognitive development, cooperative design, educational networks, participatory design, requirements development, requirements engineering, school culture %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p239-carroll/p239-carroll.pdf %X During the past five years, our research group worked with a group of public school teachers to define, develop, and assess network-based support for collaborative learning in middle school physical science and high school physics. From the outset, we committed to a participatory design approach. This design collaboration has now existed far longer than is typical of participatory design endeavors, particularly in North America. The nature of our interactions, and in particular the nature of the role played by the teachers has changed significantly through the course of the project. We suggest that there may be a long-term developmental unfolding of roles and relationships in participatory design. %M C.DIS.2000.252 %T Creativity, Cooperation and Interactive Design %S Ethnography and Participatory Design %A Susanne Bodker %A Christina Nielsen %A Marianne Graves Petersen %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 252-261 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); cooperative, iterative design, tools for idea generation %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p252-bodker/p252-bodker.pdf %X This paper focuses on ways and means of stimulating idea generation in collaborative situations involving designers, engineers, software developers, users and usability people. Particularly, we investigate tools of design, i.e. tools used in design to get ideas for a new interactive application and its use. Based on different studies from a research project that we have been involved with over the past three years, we present specific examples of such tools and discuss how they inform design. We frame this discussion through the following (theoretical) considerations: a concern for the past and the present in informing design, for using theory as a source of inspiration in design and for making extremes and multiple voices play a role in innovation. These considerations are used to structure and discuss the examples, illustrating how it is important for such tools to be concrete, tangible and even caricatured. %M C.DIS.2000.263 %T Sitemaps, Storyboards, and Specifications: A Sketch of Web Site Design Practice %S Ethnography and Participatory Design %A Mark W. Newman %A James A. Landay %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 263-274 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5): Web-based services; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Web-based interaction; Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Software Management (K.6.3); Software -Software Engineering - General (D.2.0); ethnography, informal interfaces, information architecture, web site design, work analysis %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p263-newman/p263-newman.pdf %X Through a study of web site design practice, we observed that designers employ multiple representations of web sites as they progress through the design process, and that these representations allow them to focus on different aspects of the design. Designers also employ multiple tools during the course of a project, including graphic design, web development, presentation, and word processing software, as well as pen and paper. Sketching on paper is especially important during the design exploration phase of a project, when designers wish to explore many design possibilities quickly without focusing on low-level details. Web site design tools intended to support the early phases of the design process should employ informal interaction techniques, should support multiple site representations, and should integrate well with other applications that designers use regularly. %M C.DIS.2000.275 %T Case Study: User Research to Inform the Design and Development of Integrated Wearable Computers and Web-Based Services %S Ethnography and Participatory Design %A Jodi Forlizzi %A Margaret McCormack %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 275-279 %K Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5): Web-based services; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Web-based interaction; Computer Systems Organization -Computer System Implementation - Microcomputers (C.5.3): Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital assistants); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; design process, design research, interviews, participatory design, self-documentation, user research, wearable computers %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p275-forlizzi/p275-forlizzi.pdf %X The competitive playing field for startup companies often does not allow for the time to understand how user needs can influence the development of a new product. This paper presents a case study of informing the design of a wearable computer with web-based services through user research. We discuss our motivation for choosing to do user research to address our multi-faceted design problem; present the methodology and technique design; and summarize lessons learned in the process of analyzing the data and communicating findings to an interdisciplinary shareholder team. %M C.DIS.2000.280 %T Rapid Ethnography: Time Deepening Strategies for HCI Field Research %S Ethnography and Participatory Design %A David R. Millen %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 280-286 %K Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); ethnography, field research methods, qualitative methods, user studies %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p280-millen/p280-millen.pdf %X Field research methods are useful in the many aspects of Human-Computer Interaction research, including gathering user requirements, understanding and developing user models, and new product evaluation and iterative design. Due to increasingly short product realization cycles, there has been growing interest in more time efficient methods, including rapid prototyping methods and various usability inspection techniques. This paper will introduce "rapid ethnography," which is a collection of field methods intended to provide a reasonable understanding of users and their activities given significant time pressures and limited time in the field.. The core elements include limiting or constraining the research focus and scope, using key informants, capturing rich field data by using multiple observers and interactive observation techniques, and collaborative qualitative data analysis. A short case study illustrating the important characteristics of rapid ethnography will also be presented. %M C.DIS.2000.289 %T On the Contributions of Different Empirical Data in Usability Testing %S New Perspectives on Usability %A Maria R. Ebling %A Bonnie E. John %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 289-296 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); empirical data, usability testing, verbal protocol %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p289-ebling/p289-ebling.pdf %X Many sources of empirical data can be used to evaluate an interface (e.g., time to learn, time to perform benchmark tasks, number of errors on benchmark tasks, answers on questionnaires, comments made in verbal protocols). This paper examines the relative contributions of both quantitative and qualitative data gathered during a usability study. For each usability problem uncovered by this study, we trace each contributing piece of evidence back to its empirical source. For this usability study, the verbal protocol provided the sole source of evidence for more than one third of the most severe problems and more than two thirds of the less severe problems. Thus, although the verbal protocol provided the bulk of the evidence, other sources of data contributed disproportionately to the more critical problems. This work suggests that further research is required to determine the relative value of different forms of empirical evidence. %M C.DIS.2000.297 %T From Usability Lab to "Design Collaboratorium": Reframing Usability Practice %S New Perspectives on Usability %A Jacob Buur %A Susanne Bodker %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 297-307 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Evaluation/methodology; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Design, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; collaboration, design collaboratorium, usability work, user participation %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p297-buur/p297-buur.pdf %X This paper presents an exploratory process in which three industrial usability groups, in cooperation with HCI researchers, worked to reframe their own work practice. The usability groups moved beyond a classical usability setting towards a new way of working which we have coined the Design Collaboratorium. This design collaboratorium is a design approach that creates an open physical and organizational space where designers, engineers, users and usability professionals meet and work alongside each other. At the same time the design collaboratorium makes use of event-driven ways of working known from participatory design. Some of these working methods are well-documented from literature but adapted to the needs of the particular project, others are new. This paper illustrates how it is possible to reframe usability work and it discusses the new usability competence required. %M C.DIS.2000.308 %T A Case Study for Evaluating Interface Design through Communicability %S New Perspectives on Usability %A Raquel O. Prates %A Simone D. J. Barbosa %A Clarisse S. de Souza %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 308-316 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Evaluation/methodology; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); communicability, interface design evaluation, semiotic engineering, users' learning curves %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p308-prates/p308-prates.pdf %X Communicability evaluation is a method based on semiotic engineering that aims at assessing how designers communicate to users their design intents and chosen interactive principles, and thus complements traditional usability evaluation methods. In this paper, we present a case study in which we evaluate how communicablity tagging of an application changes along users learning curves. Our main goal was to have indications of how communicability evaluation along a learning period helps provide valuable information about interface designs, and identify communicative and interactive problems, as users become more proficient in the application. %M C.DIS.2000.319 %T Improving Electronic Guidebook Interfaces Using a Task-Oriented Design Approach %S New Perspectives on Usability %A Paul M. Aoki %A Allison Woodruff %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 319-325 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Evaluation/methodology; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); electronic guidebooks, museum tour guides %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p319-aoki/p319-aoki.pdf %X Item selection is a key problem in electronic guidebook design. Many systems do not apply so-called context-awareness technologies to infer user interest, placing the entire burden of selection on the user. Conversely, to make selection easier, many systems automatically eliminate information that they infer is not of interest to the user. However, such systems often eliminate too much information, preventing the user from finding what they want. To realize the full potential of electronic guidebooks, designers must strike the right balance between automatic context-based inference and manual selection. In this paper, we introduce a task-oriented model of item selection for electronic guidebooks to help designers explore this continuum. We argue that item selection contains three sub-tasks and that these sub-tasks should be considered explicitly in system design. We apply our model to existing systems, demonstrating pitfalls of combining sub-tasks, and discuss how our model has improved the design of our own guidebook prototype. %M C.DIS.2000.326 %T Task Based Groupware Design: Putting Theory into Practice %S New Perspectives on Usability %A Gerrit van der Veer %A Martijn van Welie %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 326-337 %K Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Office Automation (H.4.1): Groupware; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); DUTCH, EUTERPE, GTA, design method, groupware, task analysis, tools %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p326-van_der_veer/p326-van_der_veer.pdf %X Designing Groupware systems requires methods and tools that cover all aspects of Groupware systems. We present a method that utilizes known theoretical insights and makes them usable in practice. In our method, the design of Groupware systems is driven by an extensive task analysis followed by structured design and iterative evaluation using usability criteria. Using a combination of multiple complementary representations and techniques, a wide range of aspects of Groupware design is covered. The method is built on our experiences and is used in practice by several companies and educational institutes in Europe. We define the design process, the models needed and the tools that support the design process. %M C.DIS.2000.338 %T Designs Conducive to the Use of Efficient Strategies %S New Perspectives on Usability %A Suresh K. Bhavnani %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 338-345 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Evaluation/methodology; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; Computer Applications - Computer-Aided Engineering (J.6); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); design, efficiency, strategic knowledge, strategy, training %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p338-bhavnani/p338-bhavnani.pdf %X Studies on the widespread inefficient use of complex computer applications have suggested that users need to learn efficient strategies in addition to learning how to use tools. This paper argues that our growing understanding of strategic knowledge can be used to guide designers develop systems which are conducive to the use of efficient strategies. The paper first describes ten general strategies which appear to be useful across three computer application domains. Next, the paper discusses the functionalities required to execute the ten strategies, and what makes them conducive to strategy use. An analysis of six major computer applications in three domains reveals that these functionalities are not consistently offered, and how their absence directly affects the performance of complex tasks. The analysis leads to questions related to the generality of the results, the problem of featurism, and how strategy-conducive systems could facilitate the transfer of knowledge across applications. The paper concludes by briefly describing how we intend to use the strategy framework to develop analysis methods for designers and trainers. %M C.DIS.2000.346 %T Communicating a Task Analysis with Task Layer Maps %S New Perspectives on Usability %A Jonathan Arnowitz %A Duco Fijma %A Jouke Verlinden %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 346-353 %K Theory of Computation -Computation by Abstract Devices - Modes of Computation (F.1.2): Parallelism and concurrency; Software -Programming Techniques - Concurrent Programming (D.1.3): Parallel programming; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); design methods, flow diagrams, parallel processing, task analysis, task modeling %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p346-arnowitz/p346-arnowitz.pdf %X Modern user interface design methods, regardless of their extremely diverse viewpoints, all seem to agree that a document outlining a task analysis is essential for good user interface design. However, most representations of task analysis are difficult to understand. This difficulty makes the transition to dialogue design difficult, especially for multidisciplinary design teams with few shared skills and terminology. Using techniques borrowed from the study of parallel processing, the authors have developed a technique of task analysis representation called Task Layer Maps. Task Layer Maps are both quick and easy to understand. This technique helps design teams to quickly come up with a dialogue design and also allows checking that design for conformance with the task analysis. %M C.DIS.2000.357 %T Lingua Francas for Design: Sacred Places and Pattern Languages %S Pattern Languages %A Thomas Erickson %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 357-368 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Software -Programming Languages - Language Classifications (D.3.2); Software -Software Engineering - Software Architectures (D.2.11): Patterns (e.g., client/server, pipeline, blackboard); architecture, design methods, interaction design, interdisciplinary design, interdsciplinary design, pattern language, patterns, urban design %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p357-erickson/p357-erickson.pdf %X A central challenge in interaction design has to do with its diversity. Designers, engineers, managers, marketers, researchers and users all have important contributions to make to the design process. But at the same time they lack shared concepts, experiences and perspectives. How is the process of design-which requires communication, negotiation and compromise-to effectively proceed in the absence of a common ground? I argue that an important role for the interaction designer is to help stakeholders in the design process to construct alingua franca. To explore this issue, which has received remarkably little attention in HCI, I turn to work in urban design and architecture. I begin by discussing a case study in community design, reported by Hester [10], that demonstrates the power of alingua franca for a particular design project. I then describe the concept of pattern languages and discuss how they might be adapted to the needs of interaction design in general, and used, in particular, as meta-languages for generating lingua francas for particular design projects. %M C.DIS.2000.369 %T A Pattern Approach to Interaction Design %S Pattern Languages %A Jan O. Borchers %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 369-378 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Style guides; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Theory and methods; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Training, help, and documentation; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): User-centered design; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Sound and Music Computing (H.5.5): Modeling; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Sound and Music Computing (H.5.5): Systems; Software -Software Engineering - Design Tools and Techniques (D.2.2): User interfaces; Software -Software Engineering - Software Architectures (D.2.11): Patterns (e.g., client/server, pipeline, blackboard); Software -Programming Languages - Language Classifications (D.3.2); design methodologies, education, exhibits, interdisciplinary design, music, pattern languages %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p369-borchers/p369-borchers.pdf %X To create successful interactive systems, user interface designers need to cooperate with developers and application domain experts in an interdisciplinary team. These groups, however, usually miss a common terminology to exchange ideas, opinions, and values. This paper presents an approach that uses pattern languages to capture this knowledge in software development, HCI, and the application domain. A formal, domain-independent definition of design patterns allows for computer support without sacrificing readability, and pattern use is integrated into the usability engineering life cycle. As an example, experience from building an award-winning interactive music exhibit was turned into a pattern language, which was then used to inform follow-up projects and support HCI education. %M C.DIS.2000.381 %T Performance Targets, Models and Innovation in Interactive System Design %S Design Tools %A William M. Newman %A Alex S. Taylor %A Christopher R. Dance %A Stuart A. Taylor %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 381-387 %K Computing Methodologies -Image Processing And Computer Vision - Digitization and Image Capture (I.4.1): Scanning; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; auto-completion, camera-based scanning, critical parameters, innovation %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p381-newman/p381-newman.pdf %X This paper presents an approach to designing interactive systems that enables critical performance parameters to be identified and models of performance to be constructed. The methods described are intended to enable designers to improve the performance of systems, and the provision of performance targets is expected to encourage innovation in design. An example is quoted in which digital camera technology was applied to the support of authors using paper source documents, to enable them to capture source text more rapidly and thus increase their productivity, measured in terms of words per hour. A model of the capture task was constructed, and was used to set a target time for capturing short text segments. This target was presented to a design team, who responded with an innovative interface incorporating auto-completion. A prototype auto-completion tool demonstrated that the performance target could be met. %M C.DIS.2000.388 %T Contextual Prototyping of User Interfaces %S Design Tools %A Chris Stary %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 388-395 %K Software -Software Engineering - Design Tools and Techniques (D.2.2): User interfaces; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); contextual design, customization, interactive work design, lifecycle management, model-based development, object-oriented modeling, prototyping, scamless development, seamless development, tools, usability engineering, user-centered system design %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p388-stary/p388-stary.pdf %X Contextual development differs from traditional user interface development in several ways: It focuses on the context of usage and the user population rather than on the technical features required for interaction. However, the latter come into play when transforming context specifications into user-interface code. Contextual development also considers design to be a non-linear process based on activities (re)engineering work processes rather than performing traditional software-engineering tasks. Consequently, contextual development requires usage-relevant (re)presentation and execution mechanisms. Although the specification of task- and user-knowledge has been recognized to be crucial for contextual user interface design, seamless development support is still lacking. The reported TADEUS (Task Analysis/Design/End User Systems) project targets toward an environment that allows contextual and seamless design and prototyping based on user and task knowledge. Due to its model-based nature TADEUS is open with respect to diagrammatic notations for specification, and different interaction platforms. As a result, different perspectives on the context, development process and its results can be kept consistent throughout development. %M C.DIS.2000.396 %T Meta-Design: Design for Designers %S Design Tools %A Gerhard Fischer %A Eric Scharff %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 396-405 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); consumer and designer mindsets, designing "out of the box", domain-oriented design environments, evolutionary growth, impact of new media on design, open evolvable systems, open source, reseeding model, seeding, underdesigned systems %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p396-fischer/p396-fischer.pdf %X One fundamental challenge for the design of the interactive systems of the future is to invent and design environments and cultures in which humans can express themselves and engage in personally meaningful activities. Unfortunately, a large number of new media are designed from a perspective of viewing and treating humans primarily as consumers. The possibility for humans to be and act as designers (in cases in which they desire to do so) should be accessible not only to a small group of high-tech scribes, but rather to all interested individuals and groups. Meta-design characterizes activities, processes, and objectives to create new media and environments that allow users to act as designers and be creative. In this paper we discuss problems addressed by our research on meta-design, provide a conceptual framework for meta-design, and illustrate our developments in the context of a particular system, the Envisionment and Discovery Collaboratory. %M C.DIS.2000.406 %T A Dimension Space for the Design of Interactive Systems Within their Physical Environments %S Design Tools %A T. C. Nicholas Graham %A Leon A. Watts %A Gaelle Calvary %A Joelle Coutaz %A Emmanuel Dubois %A Laurence Nigay %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 406-416 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1): Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities; Computing Methodologies -Computer Graphics - Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism (I.3.7): Virtual reality; Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Office Automation (H.4.1): Groupware; augmented reality, dimension space, groupware, interactive system design %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p406-graham/p406-graham.pdf %X This paper introduces a Dimension Space describing the entities making up richly interactive systems. The Dimension Space is intended to help designers understand both the physical and virtual entities from which their systems are built, and the tradeoffs involved in both the design of the entities themselves and of the combination of these entities in a physical space. Entities are described from the point of view of a person carrying out a task at a particular time, in terms of their attention received, role, manifestation, input and output capacity and informational density. The Dimension Space is applied to two new systems developed at Grenoble, exposing design tradeoffs and design rules for richly interactive systems. %M C.DIS.2000.419 %T The Building Blocks of Experience: An Early Framework for Interaction Designers %S User Experience %A Jodi Forlizzi %A Shannon Ford %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 419-423 %K Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; experience, interaction design, research, theory, user experience %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p419-forlizzi/p419-forlizzi.pdf %X Design activity has recently attempted to embrace designing the user experience. Designers need to demystify how we design for user experience and how the products we design achieve specific user experience goals. This paper proposes an initial framework for understanding experience as it relates to user-product interactions. We propose a system for talking about experience, and look at what influences experience and qualities of experience. The framework is presented as a tool to understand what kinds of experiences products evoke. %M C.DIS.2000.424 %T Experience Prototyping %S User Experience %A Marion Buchenau %A Jane Fulton Suri %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 424-433 %K Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; design, experience, methods, prototyping %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p424-buchenau/p424-buchenau.pdf %X In this paper, we describe "Experience Prototyping" as a form of prototyping that enables design team members, users and clients to gain first-hand appreciation of existing or future conditions through active engagement with prototypes. We use examples from commercial design projects to illustrate the value of such prototypes in three critical design activities: understanding existing experiences, exploring design ideas and in communicating design concepts. %M C.DIS.2000.434 %T User-Driven Design of a Tangible Awareness Landscape %S User Experience %A Simon Lock %A Jennifer Allanson %A Peter Phillips %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 434-440 %K Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems development; Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Office Automation (H.4.1): Groupware; awareness landscapes, tangible media, user-driven design %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p434-lock/p434-lock.pdf %X This paper describes the design and evolutionary development of a system for supporting informal interactions between geographically-remote members of a group. Based on simple internet technologies, the system described enables the use of novel, tangible devices for the purpose of discrete event notification. A simple system was initially developed for use in an office environment for providing awareness events via a single notification device. Over a four month period this simple system evolved into a suite of low-cost, low-tech notification devices for public and personal use. The numerous devices utilised by the final system constitute a physical landscape of awareness which have been demonstrated to support group and individual awareness of discrete events in both fixed locations and on the move. %M C.DIS.2000.442 %T Mergers and Acquisitions: The Changing Practice of HCI and Design %S Panel Sessions %A Margaret McCormack %A Nico Macdonald %A Christopher Pacione %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 442-443 %K Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; HCI practice, acquisitions, design practice, design trends, mergers %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p442-mccormack/p442-mccormack.pdf %X This session is intended to stimulate discussion about the current trend? of mergers and acquisitions that are changing the practice of Design, HCI, and technology based companies. A panel of influential leaders from the Design and HCI communities will be brought together to debate and discuss both the benefits and consequences of acquiring, being acquired and remaining independent. Half the panelists will represent mega e-powerhouses (companies that have been acquired or merged within the last 3 years) and half the panelists will represent smaller independent design and HCI companies. %M C.DIS.2000.444 %T Panel: Teaching Tangible Interaction Design %S Panel Sessions %A Keiichi Sato %A William Verplank %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 444-445 %K Computing Milieux -Computers and Education - Computer and Information Science Education (K.3.2): Curriculum; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); interaction design education, interaction paradigms, physical interaction, prototyping %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p444-sato/p444-sato.pdf %X How do we educate the designers and engineers who will develop the interactive products and systems of the future? Computing functions are moving into physical objects; networking allows us to connect objects and spaces. As products gain more computing and information technology for power, control and interaction, they tend to lose direct and physical qualities; networking creates tangled webs of non-locality. This panel addresses a question How can we increase literacy in the physical quality of experience and enhance design students capacity for understanding the implications of embedded technologies in product innovation? %M C.DIS.2000.446 %T Stories and Storytelling in the Design of Interactive Systems %S Panel Sessions %A Dan Gruen %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 446-447 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p446-gruen/p446-gruen.pdf %X This panel will look at how stories can be used in the design of interactive systems from two perspectives: stories that exist as the content or organizing theme within a system, and stories told around the people, settings, and activities in which an interactive system is used. Although these uses are different, they involve common themes and the use of similar tools. Examples from actual engagements using story-based design techniques suggest that the same elements that contribute to a compelling story, movie, or novel are important for a successful and compelling product or offering. Participants will discuss their use of stories, drawing from specific projects and engagements in which stories, storyboards, and other narrative techniques have played a role. %M C.DIS.2000.449 %T The Trialectical Architecture of Buildings, Intranets and Organisations %S Panel Sessions %A Karen Mahony %A Andrew Yeoh %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 449 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Computer Applications - Arts and Humanities (J.5): Architecture; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); architecture, design, intranet, organisation %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p449-mahony/p449-mahony.pdf %X In this paper, we explore the implications of the new dimension of the intranet to the design of organisational environments. %M C.DIS.2000.450 %T Reflecting on Design Practice: Exploring Video Documentary of Designers in Action %S Panel Sessions %A Jacob Buur %A Thomas Binder %A Trond Are Oritsland %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 450-451 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): User-centered design; %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p450-buur/p450-buur.pdf %M C.DIS.2000.452 %T Envisioning the E-Quarium: Strategic Design Planning for the Monterey Bay Aquarium's Web site %S Panel Sessions %A Lauralee Alben %A Michael Rigsby %B DIS00 %D 2000 %P 452-454 %K Computer Applications - Physical Sciences and Engineering (J.2): Earth and atmospheric sciences; Computer Applications - Life and Medical Sciences (J.3): Biology and genetics; Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Computing Methodologies -Artificial Intelligence - Problem Solving, Control Methods, and Search (I.2.8): Plan execution, formation, and generation; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5): Web-based services; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Web-based interaction; collaborative design, competitive analysis, goal planning, interactive design, multimedia, online surveys, scenario planning, strategy, visitor research, web site %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/347642/p452-alben/p452-alben.pdf %X This presentation focuses on the strategic design planning and vision creation process for the E-Quarium, the online complement to the Monterey Bay Aquarium. More than six months of informed investigation and analysis resulted in an ambitious redesign of the web site, which launched in October 1999. The aquarium and AlbenFaris worked in close partnership in a collaborative development process that included visitor research, establishment of a clear strategic vision, a set of goals and content objectives, identification of target audiences, scenario planning, competitive analysis, site definition and design. As a result, the new E-Quarium exemplifies the relevance of grounded design practice. More than a design case study, this is a thoughtful weaving of the process, perspectives and experiences the designers gained from understanding the aquariums structure, mission and culture and the needs of the aquariums key audiences. The inclusion of experts in marine biology and conservation, exhibition design and technology as members of the development team provided inspiration and insights beyond the normal boundaries of interactive design. This presentation is also a journey into the wonder of kelp forests and the deep sea-habitats showcased in the aquarium exhibits and the online E-Quarium. Both the physical aquarium and the E-Quarium have a profound effect on visitors, inspiring and informing them about the wonders of the oceans. And both serve as catalysts, making visitors aware of ocean conservation issues and encouraging them to join with the Monterey Bay Aquarium in the cause of ocean conservation. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): SIGDOC23.BA %M J.SIGDOC.23.1.3 %T Information, Technical Writing, Knowledge, and Power %A Mattio Valentino %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 1 %P 3-18 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %X In this paper Valentino reproduces and discusses Marin County Resolution 97-20 (protesting NASA's launch of the Cassini spacecraft on which 72 pounds of plutonium were used to generate power) and NASA's informal and formal responses to that resolution (in which they summarize the technical arguments for Cassini's safety). His rhetorical analysis of these documents concludes that those "fluent in the privileged discourse of science" have disproportionate influence on public policy, even when health threats are involved. Three open commentaries accompany Valentino's article. In the first, Gregory Clark argues that "it is not the authority of knowledge" that dominates public policy, but rather "the authority of expertise," which comes primarily from institutional affiliation (19-21). In the second, Regina Lundgren contends that "their use of technical and bureaucratic language" often actually isolates scientists from power and from influence over democratic decision making (22-24). In the third, Larry Shuman shows by using public documents that the facts of the Marin/Cassini safety dispute fail to support the analysis that Valentino offers (25-27). %M J.SIGDOC.23.1.19 %T Technical Writing and the Authority of Expertise %A Gregory Clark %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 1 %P 19-21 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [commentary] %X In the first of three commentaries on Valentino, Gregory Clark argues that "it is not the authority of knowledge" that dominates public policy, but rather "the authority of expertise," which comes primarily from institutional affiliation (19-21). %M J.SIGDOC.23.1.22 %T Balance of Power %A Regina Lundgren %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 1 %P 22-24 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [commentary] %X In the second of three commentaries on Valentino, Regina Lundgren contends that "their use of technical and bureaucratic language" often actually isolates scientists from power and from influence over democratic decision making (22-24). %M J.SIGDOC.23.1.25 %T Commentary on a Case Study of NASA's Cassini Project %A Larry Shuman %A Gerald Kayten %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 1 %P 25-27 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [commentary] %X In the third of three commentaries on Valentino, Larry Shuman and Gerald Kayten show by using public documents that the facts of the Marin/Cassini safety dispute fail to support the analysis that Valentino offers (25-27). %M J.SIGDOC.23.1.28 %T Home Sweet Home? Where Do Technical Communication Departments Belong %A Nina Wishbow %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 1 %P 28-34 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [awareness essay] %X Wishbow takes up the influential but often neglected problem of where technical communication departments should best be located within the structure of large corporations or agencies. She systematically compares six different ways to place technical communicators in an organization, explicitly listing the varied strengths and weaknesses of each alternative and drawing out their social, political, and financial consequences. %M J.SIGDOC.23.1.35 %T Looking Backward, Looking Forward %A Kathy Haramundanis %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 1 %P 35-36 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [news] %X Notes from the SIGDOC chair. %M J.SIGDOC.23.2.3 %T Supporting Learners as Users %A Mark Guzdial %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 2 %P 3-13 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %X Guzdial points out the demanding hierarchy of educational goals that confront students whenever they "are in the position of being users of unmodified software like that used by professionals in their field, while they are still learning the [basic] knowledge of professionals in the field" (7). He then explains two fairly inexpensive scaffolding techniques that have helped compensate for these demands in his classes: (1) sharing a case library with each case "presented at multiple levels of detail," and (2) starting a collaborative web site where students exchange problem-solving examples. Both techniques improved student motivation as well as information. Three open commentaries immediately follow Guzdial's paper. In the first, Andrea diSessa argues for a more revolutionary "literacy model," in which students learn "one very rich piece of software, a computational medium, and reuse that skill again and again over many years in multiple contexts" (14-18). In the second, Stephen Draper notes that because most software users resemble Guzdial's educational learners in trying to do real work while learning new tools, his example-based and learner-created documentation techniques could have wide applicability (19-24). In the third commentary, Hans van der Meij scrutinizes Guzdial's own assumptions and web-site features, and contends that the alleged benefits of student collaboration deserve more careful study (25-31). All three commentators place their remarks in the larger context of constructivism and "minimal manuals." %M J.SIGDOC.23.2.14 %T How Should Students Learn? %A Andrea DiSessa %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 2 %P 14-18 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [commentary] %X In the first of three commentaries on Guzdial, Andrea diSessa argues for a more revolutionary "literacy model," in which students learn "one very rich piece of software, a computational medium, and reuse that skill again and again over many years in multiple contexts." %M J.SIGDOC.23.2.19 %T Supporting Use, Learning, and Education %A Stephen Draper %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 2 %P 19-24 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [commentary] %X In the second of three commentaries on Guzdial, Stephen Draper notes that because most software users resemble Guzdial's educational learners in trying to do real work while learning new tools, his example-based and learner-created documentation techniques could have wide applicability. %M J.SIGDOC.23.2.25 %T Supporting the Reader as User %A Hans Van der Meij %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 2 %P 25-31 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [commentary] %X In the third of three commentaries on Guzdial, Hans van der Meij scrutinizes Guzdial's own assumptions and web-site features, and contends that the alleged benefits of student collaboration deserve more careful study. %M J.SIGDOC.23.2.34 %T Fifteen Ways of Looking at Minimalism %A James Dubinsky %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 2 %P 34-47 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [book commentary] %X In this first of two related, extended book commentaries on John Carroll's Minimalism Beyond the Nurnberg Funnel, Dubinsky systematically surveys and compares the 15 contributions to this anthology on computer documentation theory. All the essays either clarify minimalist design principles or critically explore how well minimalism deals with current documentation challenges. The commentary ends with a retrospective personal interview with John Carroll, highlighting his own hindsight views on minimalism's development and likely future. %M J.SIGDOC.23.2.48 %T The Proven and Potential Promises of Minimalism for Technical Communicators %A Eric Lodor %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 2 %P 48-56 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [book commentary] %X In this second of two related, extended book commentaries on John Carroll's Minimalism Beyond the Nurnberg Funnel, Lodor focuses on minimalist documentation design from the practitioner's perspective. His comments probe especially those chapters that debate whether minimalism is applicable to complex domains, to the needs of expert users, and to corporate publishing environments where cost dominates quality (or at least usability) as a documentation priority. %M J.SIGDOC.23.2.57 %T The Engineer as Technical Writer and Document Designer %A C. Hugh Marsh %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 2 %P 57-61 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [awareness essay] %X As corporate downsizing shrinks the professional editorial staffs available to support many engineering departments, working engineers are increasingly expected to handle their own technical writing and document design. Marsh tells how UC Santa Barbara's engineering program has responded to this trend by increasing its required writing courses, and how those engineering writing courses are structured to meet changing student needs. %M J.SIGDOC.23.2.62 %T SIGDOC 1999 Program Preview %A Stuart Selber %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 2 %P 62-63 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [news] %X Planned features and highlights of the SIGDOC 1999 conference. %M J.SIGDOC.23.3.2 %T Introduction to this Classic Reprint and Commentaries %A Bob Waite %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 3 %P 2-3 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [introduction] %X Waite explains why the STOP report was selected as a JCD classic reprint and the stance each of four commentators takes in retrospectively assessing its significance. %M J.SIGDOC.23.3.4 %T Sequential Thematic Organization of Publications (STOP) %A J. R. Tracey %A D. E. Rugh %A W. S. Starkey %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 3 %P 4-68 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [classic reprint] %X The Sequential Thematic Organization of Publications (STOP) is an influential, controversial, highly structured method for planning and then producing multi-author technical reports (especially proposals) that was developed at Hughes Aircraft in the 1960s. This classic reprint reproduces (with permission) the entire original STOP analysis (long out of print), including the explanatory diagrams, followed by four contemporary commentaries that discuss its impact over the last 30 years. Author Wendel Starkey also offers his own look back at STOP's significance (102-103). %M J.SIGDOC.23.3.69 %T STOP: Light on the History of Outlining %A Jonathan Price %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 3 %P 69-78 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [commentary] %X By providing a detailed and thoroughly referenced review of the history of outlining, Price argues that "the STOP team took outlining as far as they could on paper" (76), and they even anticipated recent developments in flexible, electronic outlining. STOP criticizes static, classificatory outlines in favor of active, thematic outlines (presented as storyboards), thus promoting the view (favored by Price) that revisable outlining can be a key feature of persuasive collaborative writing. %M J.SIGDOC.23.3.79 %T Anticipations of Hypertext: STOP and the Literary Machine %A Mark Bernstein %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 3 %P 79-86 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [commentary] %X "In addressing document engineering needs of the 1960s," contends Bernstein, "STOP anticipates the [hypertext] documentation controversies of the 1990s" (79), including debates about the importance of information modularity, the value of "explicit hierarchical structure and persuasive navigational cues" (81), and the role of images in technical text. But STOP overlooked the impact of both audience diversity and reader participation in interpreting complex publications. %M J.SIGDOC.23.3.87 %T Two Approaches to Modularity: Comparing the STOP Approach with Structured Writing %A Robert Horn %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 3 %P 87-95 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [commentary] %X Both STOP and information mapping's "structured writing" reject unmodular prose composition as ineffective. But Horn looks below the surface to find many underlying differences: where STOP is broadly formulaic, structured writing invokes detailed content analysis, instructional design techniques, an elaborate scheme for creating variable-sized modules, and similarly complex rules for text-graphics integration. %M J.SIGDOC.23.3.96 %T Bits, Atoms, and the Technical Writer: The Rhetoric of STOP %A Edmond H. Weiss %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 3 %P 96-101 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [commentary] %X Weiss, for whom STOP's proposal-design technique "was the only important innovation in technical communication since Aristotle," complains here that "the assertive rhetoric of STOP -- in which authors took complete responsibility for the actual physical form of their message -- is yielding to a passive or neutral rhetoric in which writers create resources and the readers/receivers extract and shape the message to suit their preferences" (96). %M J.SIGDOC.23.3.102 %T Author's Response to Commentaries %A Wendel S. Starkey %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 3 %P 102-103 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [introduction] %X Original STOP co-author Starkey notes in retrospect how important STOP was in managing multi-author projects and in giving editors a key role in guiding proposal structure. %M J.SIGDOC.23.3.104 %T SIGDOC99 Program, Travel, and Registration News %A Johndan Johnson-Eilola %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 3 %P 104-108 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [news] %X Program summary and registration details for the annual conference. %M J.SIGDOC.23.4.3 %T Winograd, Terry. (1999) %T Documentation, Interaction, and Conversation %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 4 %P 3-7 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %X From the perspective of an artificial intelligence researcher now acquainted with digital libraries, Winograd argues that documentation, however well executed, is never an end in itself but always just a means to user performance, "a part of getting something done that they care about." He compares documentation use with other user "conversations" (with software and other people) to contend that "there is no boundary at which the interface stops and the documentation begins" (5). Hence an awareness of "how people actually work in living situations" (7) is crucial for good documentation design. Two open commentaries immediately follow Winograd's paper. In the first, Whitney Quesenbery (8-11) elaborates on the holistic, integrative role of documentation (which Winograd admits near the end of his paper). Writers are often the only staff members who see a whole product from the user's perspective, and their insight into user mental models should have influence earlier in the design process. In the second commentary, Dennis Wixon (12-14) examines Winograd's examples again and finds that in designing both documentation and product interfaces the best goal is to match user needs in diversity as well as in grain size. %M J.SIGDOC.23.4.8 %T Documentation's Holistic Role %A Whitney Quesenbery %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 4 %P 8-11 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [commentary] %X In the first of two commentaries on Winograd, Whitney Quesenbery elaborates on the holistic, integrative role of documentation (which Winograd admits near the end of his paper). Writers are often the only staff members who see a whole product from the user's perspective, and their insight into user mental models should have influence earlier in the design process. %M J.SIGDOC.23.4.12 %T Rethinking Documentation and Interface: Reflections on Categorical Approaches %A Dennis Wixon %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 4 %P 12-14 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [commentary] %X In the second of two commentaries on Winograd, Dennis Wixon examines Winograd's examples again and finds that in designing both documentation and product interfaces the best goal is to match user needs in diversity as well as in grain size. %M J.SIGDOC.23.4.15 %T Assisting the Virtual User %A John Ober %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 4 %P 15-21 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [awareness essay] %X With examples drawn from the web interface to the California Digital Library, Ober argues in this awareness essay that a gentle return to some of the goals of earlier artificial intelligence projects could build flexible user assistance into otherwise confusing software interfaces. "Confusion recognizers" that deploy help "just in time" to overcome barriers, and "pedagogically aware" features that educate uses as well as merely rescue them, are two promising (though seldom seen) examples of such adaptive online assistance. %M J.SIGDOC.23.4.23 %T Expanding English Studies to Include Workplace Writing %A M. Ann Brady %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 4 %P 23-26 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [book commentary] %X In this first of three related, extended book commentaries on Garay and Berhnardt's Expanding Literacies, Brady summarizes many of the essays in this anthology on teaching technical writing in high schools and community colleges. She then expresses her concern that "what the collection does not offer is resistance to conventional notions of teachers serving industry uncritically, reviewing and revising their pedagogy without asking for what purpose..." %M J.SIGDOC.23.4.27 %T (Ex)panding (Lit)eracies: Taking English Out of Bounds %A Evelyn Johnson %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 4 %P 27-29 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [book commentary] %X In this second of three related, extended book commentaries on Garay and Berhnardt's Expanding Literacies, Johnson acknowledges that "the authors manage to make the case that English instruction must include literacies that students will use in their work lives." But she urges curricular reform that still leaves students with a "wide-angle lens on the world and a critique in their hearts," and that leaves teachers victorious in any corporate "power plays within the community of the school." %M J.SIGDOC.23.4.30 %T Worries About the New Literacies %A Dale Sullivan %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 4 %P 30-34 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [book commentary] %X In this third of three related, extended book commentaries on Garay and Berhnardt's Expanding Literacies, Sullivan as "critic of technological society" debates with Sullivan as "practical rhetorician" about whether this book's advice is healthy or unhealthy for schools and their students. Reluctant to give up the usual humanistic emphasis in writing classes, he nevertheless recognizes that "contextualized writing in real world situations" is just what he himself advocated during his days directing a "writing across the curriculum" university program. %M J.SIGDOC.23.4.36 %T The HCI Bibliography and SIGDOC %A Gary Perlman %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 4 %P 36 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [news] %X The URL, description, and coverage policy of a web site that unifies most of the HCI literature. %M J.SIGDOC.23.4.37 %T IPCC/SIGDOC 2000 Call for Papers %A Susan B. Jones %J SIGDOC %D 1999 %V 23 %N 4 %P 37-38 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O [news] %X How to contribute to the joint IPCC/SIGDOC international conference at Cambridge, MA, in September, 2000. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): INTER01.BA %M J.INTER.1.1.7 %T The World is Not a Desktop %S Departments: Perspectives %A Mark Weiser %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 1 %P 7-8 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %X What is the metaphor for the computer of the future? The intelligent agent? The television (multimedia)? The 3-D graphics world (virtual reality)? The Star Trek ubiquitous voice computer? The GUI desktop, honed and refined? The machine that magically grants our wishes? The right answer is "none of the above," because all of these concepts share a basic flaw -- they make the computer visible. %M J.INTER.1.1.10 %T Making It Macintosh: Designing the Message When the Message is Design %S Features: Case Study %A Lauralee Alben %A Jim Faris %A Harry Saddler %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 1 %P 10-20 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-1/p11-alben/p11-alben.pdf %X Alben, Faris and Saddler describe the two-year development process that included graphic and interface designers. %M J.INTER.1.1.22 %T A WIMP No More: The Maturing of User Interface Engineering %S Features: In Focus %A Bill Curtis %A Bill Hefley %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 1 %P 22-34 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-1/p22-curtis/p22-curtis.pdf %X Looking to the past, present and future of interface design, the authors review forces shaping its application and present a vision of emerging engineering practice. %M J.INTER.1.1.35 %T Twenty-Two Tips for a Happier, Healthier Prototype %S Columns: Methods and Tools %A James Rudd %A Scott Isensee %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 1 %P 35-40 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-1/p35-rudd/p35-rudd.pdf %Y 1. Obtain upper-level development management support 2. Throw away your prototype 3. Make prototypes with high fidelity 4. Take every opportunity to show the prototype 5. Don't waste time prototyping add-ons 6. Start early 7. Make the prototype the functional specification 8. Disseminate to all technical leaders and developers 9. Develop idealistic instead of realistic prototypes 10. Use the best tools 11. Grab a piece of the action 12. The customer is king 13. Look outside the US 14. Keep control of the prototype in your shop 15. Pay attention to aesthetics 16. Don't delegate the prototyping 17. Become multidisciplinary 18. Spread the word 19. Understand your corporate design guidelines 20. Research the key interface issues 21. Know the competition 22. Don't become a traditional (schedule-driven) developer %X The success of a prototyping effort is often dependent on lessons learned at the School of Hard Knocks. %M J.INTER.1.1.41 %T Metaphor Mayhem: Mismanaging Expectation and Surprise %S Columns: Design %A Aaron Marcus %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 1 %P 41-43 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-1/p41-marcus/p41-marcus.pdf %X Metaphors provide the underlying images, terms, and concepts that make communication possible. %M J.INTER.1.1.44 acmdl4 missing scan %T A Conversation with Brenda Laurel %S Highlights: Interview %A Karen A. Frenkel %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 1 %P 44-53 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %X Brenda Laurel, actress, research artist and UI pioneer is well-known for her innovative and zestfully expressed ideas on UI design, interactive media, videogames, virtual reality, and how computing and computer networks can touch our lives. Her influential book, Computers as Theatre (Addison Wesley, 1991) has just been issued in paperback with a new chapter on hype and virtual reality. "I describe myself as a research artist. I do art in the sense that I'm really interested in representing point of view and building representations that allow people to have feelings. I see that as a valid way to drive research." %M J.INTER.1.1.55 %T A Discipline of Software Architecture %S Features: Article %A Peter J. Denning %A Pamela A. Dargan %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 1 %P 55-65 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-1/p55-denning/p55-denning.pdf %X The authors propose a new skill called "ontological mapping" as the basis of a discipline of software architecture. %M J.INTER.1.1.67 acmdl4 missing PDF link %T "Sparks of Innovation in Human-Computer Interaction," edited by Ben Shneiderman %S Departments: Book Preview %A Ben Shneiderman %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 1 %P 67-71 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-1/p67-bookreview/p67-bookreview.pdf %X Supporting the Process of Innovation: The Maryland Way. Innovation is a mysterious process. As a university community we have been repeatedly, but not consistently, successful in research and practical design. However, I still don't know how to predict when and where innovation will appear. %M J.INTER.1.1.73 %T Challenges of HCI Design and Implementation %S Features: Article %A Brad A. Myers %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 1 %P 73-83 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-1/p73-myers/p73-myers.pdf %X Myers reiterates that focusing on a system's user interface is important even though difficult. %M J.INTER.1.1.85 %T CHI'94: "Celebrating Interdependence" %S Departments: Conference Preview %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 1 %P 85-87 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %X As user interface design, human factors and enterprise-wide technology planning continue to be increasingly important in the design of products ranging from industrial controls to workstation and PC software, the annual CHI conference continues to provide the premier venue for learning about advances in the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field. %M J.INTER.1.1.88 %T Reflections %S Departments %A John Rheinfrank %A Bill Hefley %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 1 %P 88 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %X It has been only a decade since the world was told that computing would be made available for the "rest of us." A handful of early explorers -- Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart, and Alan Kay to name a few -- had laid the foundations that would enable subsequent generations to continue developing new frontiers. Now that period of quiet exploration has ended and new generations have taken up the challenge of defining the future by thoughtfully building it. %M J.INTER.1.2.7 %T Designing a Language for Interactions %S Departments: Perspectives %A Terry Winograd %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 2 %P 7-9 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-2/p7-winograd/p7-winograd.pdf %X Being a university teacher in the area of human-computer interaction can be both exciting and frustrating. There is a problem in trying to gather together appropriate materials in a field not yet mature enough to have produced a tradition of "classics." %M J.INTER.1.2.10 %S Departments: What's Happening %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 2 %P 10-12 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %Y The Computer Museum Hosts First Internet Auction ACM's Karlstrom Award for Education Achievement Goes to Andries Van Dam Ivan Sutherland's "Sketchpad" Garners ACM Software System Award An HCI Textbook Available On-Line %M J.INTER.1.2.13 %T A Conversation with Alan Kay %S Highlights: Interview %A Karen A. Frenkel %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 2 %P 13-22 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-2/p13-frenkel/p13-frenkel.pdf %X "Many five and six year olds have a theory that wind is made by the trees moving their branches. You should never tell a child that is wrong. The real question is: In what setting is that theory really working? Now that theory does not work well out in the physical world. It works just fine as a poetic image, and it works really well in a stage play that has some mystical elements in it, like Snow White." %M J.INTER.1.2.24 %T Computers and Communication Design: Exploring the Rhetoric of HCI %S Features: Case Study %A Daniel Boyarski %A Richard Buchanan %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 2 %P 24-35 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-2/p25-boyarski/p25-boyarski.pdf %X Boyarski and Buchanan discuss how to convert the current understanding of HCI into products that engage human beings and facilitate their activities. %M J.INTER.1.2.36 %T Learner-Centered Design: The Challenge for HCI in The 21st Century %S Features: In Focus %A Elliot Soloway %A Mark Guzdial %A Kenneth E. Hay %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 2 %P 36-48 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-2/p36-soloway/p36-soloway.pdf %X Soloway, Guzdial, and Hay contend that the HCI community must move from user-centered design to learner-centered design. %M J.INTER.1.2.49 %T New Wave Prototyping: Use and Abuse of Vacuous Prototypes %S Columns: Design %A Hal Berghel %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 2 %P 49-54 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-2/p49-berghel/p49-berghel.pdf %X The author takes issue with Rudd and Isensee's January 1994 interactions column. Rudd and Isensee respond. %M J.INTER.1.2.55 %T Why GUI Panic is Good Panic %S Columns: Methods and Tools %A Jakob Nielsen %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 2 %P 55-58 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-2/p55-nielsen/p55-nielsen.pdf %X Having to design completely new interfaces often serves as a powerful motivator to learn more about usability and to bring in a small amount of usability expertise. %M J.INTER.1.2.60 %T Designing Computers with People in Mind %S Features: Article %A Anne Garrison %A S. Joy Mountford %A Greg Thomas %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 2 %P 60-69 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-2/p61-garrison/p61-garrison.pdf %X The authors describe three prototype products from the Apple Interface Design Project. %M J.INTER.1.2.71 %T VRST'94 %S Departments: Conference Preview %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 2 %P 71-72 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %X The Conference on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, is a high-quality forum for presenting innovative virtual reality (VR) research and development. This conference, sponsored by ACM SIGCHI and the Institute of Systems Science, Singapore, will be held August 23-26, 1994 in Singapore. %M J.INTER.1.2.73 %T "Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: Toward the Year 2000," edited and written by Ronald Baecker, Jonathan Grudin, William Buxton, and Saul Greenberg %S Departments: Book Preview %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 2 %P 73-79 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-2/p73-bruer/p73-bruer.pdf %M J.INTER.1.2.80 %S Departments: Reflections %A John Rheinfrank %A Bill Hefley %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 2 %P 80 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %X There are two kinds of cooks. One kind slaves over recipes. The other has a "feel" for the preparation of food, its presentation, and the experience of eating. %M J.INTER.1.3.7 %S Departments: What's Happening %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 3 %P 7-10 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %Y Multimedia, Hypermedia and Television on the Internet Gary Welz Browsing HCI on the World-Wide Web Gary Perlman http://www.acm.org/~perlman/interactions/13-www.html %M J.INTER.1.3.11 %T Holes in History %S Departments: Perspectives %A Jef Raskin %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 3 %P 11-16 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-3/p11-raskin/p11-raskin.pdf %X A personal perspective on how and why the early history of today's major interface paradigm has been so often misreported. The popular media has a poor track record of accurately presenting the recent history of technology. Regarding the story of the origin of human-computer interfaces, they have been far off the mark. %M J.INTER.1.3.17 %T If We're a Team, Why Don't We Act Like One? %S Columns: Design %A Karen Holtzblatt %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 3 %P 17-20 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-3/p17-holtzblatt/p17-holtzblatt.pdf %X The author addresses difficulties in communicating effectively within design teams and outlines creative techniques to overcome these barriers in design conversations. %M J.INTER.1.3.21 %T Remote Usability Testing %S Columns: Methods and Tools %A Monty Hammontree %A Paul Weiler %A Nandini Nayak %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 3 %P 21-25 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-3/p21-hammontree/p21-hammontree.pdf %X The authors describe strategies and technological building blocks needed for conducting usability testing with representative users located around the globe. %M J.INTER.1.3.26 %T Investigating Lake Iluka: Graphic Design for the Interface %S Features: Case Study %A Susan E. Metros %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 3 %P 26-40 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-3/p28-metros/p28-metros.pdf %X Metros discusses her experiences as a graphic designer on the interdisciplinary multimedia development team that crafted "Investigating Lake Iluka." %M J.INTER.1.3.43 %T A Conversation with Bob Galvin %S Highlights: Interview %A Karen A. Frenkel %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 3 %P 43-52 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-3/p43-frenkel/p43-frenkel.pdf %X Robert W. Galvin started his career at Motorola in 1940. He held the senior officership in the company from 1959 until January 1990, when he became Chairman of the Executive Committee. Galvin continues to serve as a full-time officer of Motorola. Here, Galvin discusses how corporations can foster creativity among employeers, improve the quality of their products, and become more competitive nationally and internationally. He relates his management philosophy, as expressed in his book The Idea of Ideas (Motorola University Press, 1991), to design and the process of team design. In 1989, Motorola was the first large company-wide winner of the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award. "If one is oriented towards purposeful, process-driven creativity, one instinctively is always doing it. The person who is instinctively drawn to dynamic processing creativity asks where else does this apply, what could it be combined with, why is it a good idea, why don't they stop it." %M J.INTER.1.3.54 %T Designing for Demanding Users %S Features: In Focus %A Michael Sellers %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 3 %P 54-64 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-3/p54-sellers/p54-sellers.pdf %X Sellers presents three examples of applying user-centered design processes in developing highly usable interfaces for demanding users -- doctors, lawyers, and learners. %M J.INTER.1.3.65 %T User-Centered Processes and Evaluation in Product Development %S Features: Article %A Karen H. Kvavik %A Shifteh Karimi %A Allen Cypher %A Deborah J. Mayhew %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 3 %P 65-71 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-3/p65-kvavik/p65-kvavik.pdf %X The authors describe real-life cases illustrating user-centered design processes in different settings with micro-, macro- and global foci. %M J.INTER.1.3.72 %T ACM SIGGRAPH'94: The Twenty-First International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques %S Departments: Conference Previews %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 3 %P 72-75 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %M J.INTER.1.3.75 %T ACM Multimedia'94 %S Departments: Conference Previews %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 3 %P 75-76 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %X Bringing together those working on multimedia and providing them a forum to learn from one another. %M J.INTER.1.3.77 %T Participatory Design Conference %S Departments: Conference Previews %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 3 %P 77-78 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %X A conference on methods, experiences, and perspectives on participatory approaches to technology design. %M J.INTER.1.3.79 %T Innovation and Design: The Emerging Boundary Conditions %S Departments: Reflections %A John Rheinfrank %A Bill Hefley %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 3 %P 79-80 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %X All too often design is seen as styling and producing the peripheral effect rather than as primary innovation and the creation of significant, meaningful discontinuity. As designers, especially as interaction designers, we need to remind ourselves that the intent of design is to create wonder-full, meaning-full experiences for people. %M J.INTER.1.4.7 %S Departments: What's Happening %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 7-10 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %Y Usenet Newsgroups and Frequently Asked/Answered Questions on HCI Gary Perlman http://www.acm.org/~perlman/interactions/14-faq.html Access to ACM.ORG Information Recent Readings on User Interface Evaluation Video Animation Tools Jeremy Roschelle %M J.INTER.1.4.11 %T Usability: The Final Frontier %S Departments: Perspectives %A Lon Barfield %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 11-13 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-4/p11-barfield/p11-barfield.pdf %M J.INTER.1.4.15 %T Document Interface %S Columns: Design %A Rob Haimes %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 15-18 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-4/p15-haimes/p15-haimes.pdf %X The author addresses document design, and asks how designing advanced documents relate to interaction design or graphic design (or even system design)? %M J.INTER.1.4.19 %T As They May Work %S Columns: Methods and Tools %A Jakob Nielsen %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 19-24 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-4/p19-nielsen/p19-nielsen.pdf %X The author describes strategies for extending a task analysis to suggest a number of features that users would likely want in a new system. %M J.INTER.1.4.26 %T Harmony on an Expanding Net %S Features: Case Study %A Barry Fenn %A Hermann Mauer %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 26-38 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-4/p26-fenn/p26-fenn.pdf %X The authors discuss the growth of the Internet and introduce Harmony, the first Hyper-G client software. %M J.INTER.1.4.39 %T A Conversation with Fred Brooks %S Features: Interview %A Karen A. Frenkel %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 39-45 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-4/p39-frenkel/p39-frenkel.pdf %X Fred Brooks is knows for his pioneering work in the visualization of molecular models. This year, at SIGGRAPH, he received the Allen Newell Award, which is given for career contributions that have breadth within computer science, or that bridge computer science and other disciplines. He is also the author of the widely read book, The Mythical Man-Month (1975, Addison-Wesley). Here he discusses tools of the present and future for scientific visualization, remotely held meetings and other applications. Dr. Brooks is Professor of Computer Science at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. "In contrast with many engineers who make houses, cars, medicines, clothing for human need and enjoyment, we make things that themselves do not meet human needs, but serve as tools in the meeting of needs. In a word, the computer scientist is a toolsmith -- no more, but no less. It is an honorable calling." %M J.INTER.1.4.46 %T The Interactions of Alicyn in Cyberland %S Features: Article %A Leila J. Johannesen %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 46-57 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-4/p46-johannesen/p46-johannesen.pdf %X This tale illustrates issues in HCI: What are effective paradigms for human-machine interaction? What constitutes good advice? And, what does it mean to understand something? %M J.INTER.1.4.58 acmdl4 missing PDF link %T Explicitly Modal Interfaces for Business Professionals %S Features: Article %A Alan Wexelblat %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 58-66 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-4/p57-wexelblat/p57-wexelblat.pdf %X Wexelblat describes lessons learned in designing and building a desktop interface targeted at business and professional users. %M J.INTER.1.4.67 %T Infomedia: Improving Access to Digital Video %S Features: In Focus %A Scott Stevens %A Michael Christel %A Howard Wactlar %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 67-71 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1994-1-4/p67-stevens/p67-stevens.pdf %X The authors describe intelligent, automatic mechanisms for full-content search and retrieval from digital video, audio, and text libraries. %M J.INTER.1.4.73 %T "The McGraw-Hill Multimedia Handbook," edited by Jessica Keyes %S Departments: Book Previews %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 73-74 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %X Industry experts predict that by 1995, multimedia will explode into a 15 to 20 billion dollar industry. These same pundits forecast that by the year 2000 every computer will be a multimedia machine. The McGraw-Hill Multimedia Handbook, has 50 chapters, 60 contributors, 800 pages and 200 images whose sole goal is to prepare readers to ride a tidal wave of change. %M J.INTER.1.4.74 %T "Cost-Justifying Usability," edited by Randolph G. Bias and Deborah J. Mayhew %S Departments: Book Previews %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 74-75 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %M J.INTER.1.4.76 %T "The Cross-GUI Handbook for Multiplatform User Interface Design," by Aaron Marcus, Nick Smilonich, and Lynne Thompson %S Departments: Book Previews %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 76 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %M J.INTER.1.4.76 ?? add other titles to [ae]books %T "Multimedia Systems," by John F. Koegel Buford %S Departments: Book Previews %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 76-77 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %M J.INTER.1.4.79 %T CSCW'94: ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work %S Departments: Conference Previews %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 79-81 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %X Combining communications and computing technologies to support work and other activities in groups varying in task, size, permanence, and structure. %M J.INTER.1.4.81 %T UIST'94: ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology %S Departments: Conference Previews %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 81-82 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %X The Seventh Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, is the premier forum on innovative development of the human-computer interface. %M J.INTER.1.4.84 %S Departments: Reflections %A John Rheinfrank %A Bill Hefley %J INTER %D 1994 %V 1 %N 4 %P 84 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %X We have been using the word "community" to describe the webs of connection that are forming around computing and communication networks. Our belief is that these webs are not, in fact, communities, but other forms of social organization. We also believe that enabling the foundation of true communities within the networking domain should be one of our goals over the next five years. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): BCSHCI03.B %M C.BCSHCI.03.3 %T Understanding Task Grouping Strategies %S Doing the Right Thing in the Right Place: Technology, Theory and Design for Multiple and Group Activities %A P. J. Wild %A P. Johnson %A H. Johnson %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 3-20 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.21 %T Two Phenomenological Studies of Place %S Doing the Right Thing in the Right Place: Technology, Theory and Design for Multiple and Group Activities %A P. Turner %A S. Turner %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 21-36 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.37 %T The Interaction Character of Computers in Co-located Collaboration %S Doing the Right Thing in the Right Place: Technology, Theory and Design for Multiple and Group Activities %A M. Arvola %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 37-52 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.55 %T How Knowledge Workers Gather Information from the Web: Implications for Peer-to-Peer File Sharing Tools %S Information Retrieval %A J. Hyams %A A. Sellen %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 55-72 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.73 %T Evaluation of a Prototype Interface for Structured Document Retrieval %S Information Retrieval %A J. Reid %A M. D. Dunlop %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 73-86 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.87 %T Comparing Speed-dependent Automatic Zooming with Traditional Scroll, Pan and Zoom Methods %S Information Retrieval %A A. Cockburn %A J. Savage %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 87-102 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.105 %T The Application of Urban Design Principles to Navigation of Information Spaces %S Design Methods and Principles %A D. Benyon %A B. Wilmes %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 105-126 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.127 %T A Method for Organizational Culture Analysis as a Basis for the Implementation of User-Centred Design into Organizations %S Design Methods and Principles %A N. Iivari %A K. Juntunen %A I. Tuikkala %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 127-142 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.145 %T Changing Analysts' Tunes: The Surprising Impact of a New Instrument for Usability Inspection Method Assessment %S Evaluation Methods %A G. Cockton %A A. Woolrych %A L. Hall %A M. Hindmarch %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 145-162 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.163 %T Ontological Sketch Models: Highlighting User-System Misfits %S Evaluation Methods %A I. Connell %A T. Green %A A. Blandford %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 163-178 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.181 %T Improving the Acquisition of Small Targets %S Interaction Techniques: Looking, Listening, Pointing, Stroking %A A. Cockburn %A A. Firth %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 181-196 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.197 %T A Directional Stroke Recognition Technique for Mobile Interaction in a Pervasive Computing World %S Interaction Techniques: Looking, Listening, Pointing, Stroking %A V. Kostakos %A E. O'Neill %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 197-206 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.207 %T Look or Listen: Discovering Effective Techniques for Accessing Speech Data %S Interaction Techniques: Looking, Listening, Pointing, Stroking %A S. Whittaker %A J. Hirschberg %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 207-222 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.225 %T Social and Cultural Obstacles to the (B2C) E-Commerce Experience %S E-commerce %A L. Dawson %A S. Minocha %A M. Petre %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 225-242 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.243 %T Trust at First Sight? A Test of Users' Ability to Identify Trustworthy E-commerce Sites %S E-commerce %A J. Riegelsberger %A M. A. Sasse %A J. D. McCarthy %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 243-260 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.263 %T MovieLens Unplugged: Experiences with a Recommender System on Four Mobile Devices %S 'On the Move': Mobile Interaction %A B. N. Miller %A I. Albert %A S. K. Lam %A J. A. Konstan %A J. Riedl %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 263-280 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.281 %T Effective Web Searching on Mobile Devices %S 'On the Move': Mobile Interaction %A K. Rodden %A N. Milic-Frayling %A R. Sommerer %A A. Blackwell %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 281-296 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.297 %T M-RSVP: Mobile Web Browsing on a PDA %S 'On the Move': Mobile Interaction %A O. de Bruijn %A C. H. Tong %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 297-312 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.315 %T Fancy Graphics Can Deter Older Users: A Comparison of Two Interfaces for Exploring Healthy Lifestyle Options %S Accessibility %A P. Wright %A S. Belt %A C. John %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 315-326 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.327 %T Towards VoiceXML Dialogue Design for Older Adults %S Accessibility %A M. Zajicek %A R. Wales %A A. Lee %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 327-338 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.339 %T WebTouch: An Audio-tactile Browser for Visually Handicapped People %S Accessibility %A M. Macias %A A. Reinoso %A J. Gonzalez %A J. L. Garcia %A J. C. Diaz %A F. Sanchez %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 339-348 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.349 %T Two Falls out of Three in the Automated Accessibility Assessment of World Wide Web Sites: A-Prompt vs. Bobby %S Accessibility %A D. Diaper %A L. Worman %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 349-364 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.367 %T Expressive Image Generator for an Emotion Extraction Engine %S 'Look at Me': Emotions, Faces and Eyes %A A. C. Boucouvalas %A Z. Xu %A D. John %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 367-382 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.383 %T An Exploration of Facial Expression Tracking in Affective HCI %S 'Look at Me': Emotions, Faces and Eyes %A R. Ward %A D. Bell %A P. Marsden %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 383-400 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer %M C.BCSHCI.03.401 %T Could I have the Menu Please? An Eye Tracking Study of Design Conventions %S 'Look at Me': Emotions, Faces and Eyes %A J. D. McCarthy %A M. A. Sasse %A J. Riegelsberger %B BCSHCI03 %D 2003 %P 401-414 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Springer fpack:!@#$%^&*(): BIT21.BA %M J.BIT.21.1.1 %T The role of children in the design of new technology %A Allison Druin %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 1 %P 1-25 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This paper suggests a framework for understanding the roles that children can play in the technology design process, particularly in regards to designing technologies that support learning. Each role, user, tester, informant and design partner has been defined based upon a review of the literature and the author's own laboratory research experiences. This discussion does not suggest that any one role is appropriate for all research or development needs. Instead, by understanding this framework the reader may be able to make more informed decisions about the design processes they choose to use with children in creating new technologies. This paper will present for each role a historical overview, research and development methods, as well as the strengths, challenges and unique contributions associated with children in the design process. %M J.BIT.21.1.27 %T The expanding telephone number Part 1: Keying briefly presented multiple-digit numbers %A Knut Nordby %A Ruth Kjaersti Raanaas %A Svein Magnussen %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 1 %P 27-38 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The aim of this study was to examine immediate memory performance for multiple digit numbers in a practical read-and-key or listen-and-key task, and to evaluate the most effective ways of presenting multiple digit numbers. Variables measured were list length (4-10 digits), presentation mode (visual simultaneously, auditory), grouping format (1+1, 2+2, 3+3) and presentation time (0.5 sec/digit, 1.0 sec/digit). A total of 144 subjects participated. Not surprisingly, list length is a vital factor in recall. A longer presentation time was advantageous for both modes, while an effect of mode was observed only for the ungrouped numbers, where the auditory condition was inferior. The serial position curves showed primacy and recency with auditory presentation, and primacy and a superior performance on the middle part of the list using visual presentation. Local serial position effects revealed that ungrouped numbers presented visually are subjectively grouped in twos. The results have broad implications in the human factors area. %M J.BIT.21.1.39 %T The expanding telephone number Part 2: Age variations in immediate memory for multiple-digit numbers %A Ruth Kjaersti Raanaas %A Knut Nordby %A Svein Magnussen %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 1 %P 39-45 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Immediate ordered recall of multiple-digit numbers was investigated in a practical read-and-key or listenand-key task for three age groups whose mean ages were 25.2 years (range 23-27), 44.1 years (range 42-44) and 63.6 years (range 61-68), all recruited from students and faculty staff at the University of Oslo. The two younger groups performed at comparable levels on the immediate memory task, surpassing the performance of the older group for both visual and auditory presentation of the digit-strings. Increasing the presentation time of the numbers affected the young and older age groups similarly by improving the memory performance. Analyses of the serial position curves revealed an enhancement of the well-known modality effect in the older subjects. The overall decline in memory performance observed at the age of 65 should be taken into account in design of communication technology for the general public. %M J.BIT.21.1.47 %T Clinical acceptance of a low-cost portable system for postural assessment %A P. Van Schaik %A J. A. Bettany-Saltikov %A J. G. Warren %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 1 %P 47-57 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The drive towards evidence-based practice in health-care requires changes in work practices and supporting technology. In response to the requirement to provide evidence, the current research proposes a new low-cost system for 3-D postural assessment. The aims of the study were (1) to assess the technology acceptance model (Davis 1993) for the new system and (2) to derive user requirements with user involvement early in the development process. A prototype system was developed and demonstrated to physiotherapists. Technology acceptance was assessed using standardized questions (Davis and Venkatesh 1996) and user needs were assessed with open-ended questions. Relations between the technology acceptance components confirmed findings of previous research, with perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness identified as pivotal factors in clinical acceptance, and implications for design were drawn. Specific user requirements for system development were derived from the qualitative results. The prospects for computer-aided quantitative assessment of posture are discussed. %M J.BIT.21.1.59 %T SODPM: a sequence-oriented decision process model for unstructured group decision problems %A Chien-Hsing Wu %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 1 %P 59-69 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Many approaches to the solutions of modern unstructured decision problems mainly involve modelling, information technology and group behaviour. The work of group decision-making can be viewed as a type of process plan that is reflected by its problem structure within which the thinking space is wide and innovative. This paper presents a Sequence-Oriented Decision Process Model (SODPM) that is based on the defined sequence of problem elements to help solve unstructured problems. A GDSSP (Group Decision Support System for Personnel Promotion) that embeds a predefined mechanism to perform decision process, decision model and decision choice is developed to experimentally demonstrate the SODPM. Empirical evaluation was conducted to derive the results for the research problems that include efficiency and group satisfaction. There were remarkable results: the SODPM can serve as a facilitative vehicle for opinion convergence and group satisfaction is highly positive. While the demonstrated domain for the example presented is personnel promotion, the proposed SODPM can be utilized to help solve the similar class of unstructured problems in other domains also. %M J.BIT.21.1.71 %T Determinants of academic use of the Internet: a structural equation model %A Afzaal H. Seyal %A Mohd. Noah Abd. Rahman %A Md. Mahbubur Rahim %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 1 %P 71-86 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The last decade of the 20th century brought radical changes in information and communication technology. Internet usage is being widely researched in the business world. However, the use of the Internet in academic settings in general and in vocational and technical establishment in particular is a neglected area. Successful use of the Internet is largely dependent upon the user's behaviour that, in turn, affects their attitudes. Even when remarkable opportunities exist for the deployment of technology, adverse attitude can inhibit use. Keeping this in mind, a survey of 166 academics of four technical and vocational colleges was conducted to study the attitudes of academics toward the use of the Internet. This study develops a model and validates two specific attitudinal variables -- perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use -- which are hypothesized to be fundamental determinants of use of the Internet. Adding two more variables -- such as task characteristics and computer exposure -- test the parsimony of the model further. A structural equation modelling technique is used to validate the model. The study confirmed that 79% of academics are using the Internet. Computer experience, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use remain to be fundamental determinants of attitude formation. No other variables have been found to be significant. %M J.BIT.21.2.87 %T Examining children's reading performance and preference for different computer-displayed text %A Michael L. Bernard %A Barbara S. Chaparro %A Melissa M. Mills %A Charles G. Halcomb %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 2 %P 87-96 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This study investigated how common online text affects reading performance of elementary school-age children by examining the actual and perceived readability of four computer-displayed typefaces at 12- and 14-point sizes. Twenty-seven children, ages 9 to 11, were asked to read eight children's passages and identify erroneous/substituted words while reading. Comic Sans MS, Arial and Times New Roman typefaces, regardless of size, were found to be more readable (as measured by a reading efficiency score) than Courier New. No differences in reading speed were found for any of the typeface combinations. In general, the 14-point size and the examined sans serif typefaces were perceived as being the easiest to read, fastest, most attractive, and most desirable for school-related material. In addition, participants significantly preferred Comic Sans MS and 14-point Arial to 12-point Courier. Recommendations for appropriate typeface combinations for children reading on computers are discussed. %M J.BIT.21.2.97 %T The limits of shape constancy: point-to-point mapping of perspective projections of flat figures %A Simone Moran %A David Leiser %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 2 %P 97-104 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The present experiments investigate point-to-point mapping of perspective transformations of 2D outline figures under diverse viewing conditions: binocular free viewing, monocular perspective with 2D cues masked by an optic tunnel, and stereoptic viewing through an optic tunnel. The first experiment involved upright figures, and served to determine baseline point-to-point mapping accuracy, which was found to be very good. Three shapes were used: square, circle and irregularly round. The main experiment, with slanted figures, involved only two shapes -- square and irregularly shaped -- showed at several slant degrees. Despite the accumulated evidence for shape constancy when the outline of perspective projections is considered, metric perception of the inner structure of such projections was quite limited. Systematic distortions were found, especially with more extreme slants, and attributed to the joint effect of several factors: anchors, 3D information, and slant underestimation. Contradictory flatness cues did not detract from performance, while stereoptic information improved it. %M J.BIT.21.2.105 %T Effects of the transition to a client-centred team organization in administrative surveying work %A Gunvor Gard %A Kari Lindstrom %A Margareta Dallner %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 2 %P 105-116 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X A new work organization was introduced in administrative surveying work in Sweden during 1998. The new work organization implied a transition to a client-centred team-based organization and required a change in competence from specialist to generalist knowledge as well as a transition to a new information technology, implying a greater integration within the company. The aim of this study was to follow the surveyors for two years from the start of the transition and investigate how perceived consequences of the transition, job, organizational factors, well-being and effectiveness measures changed between 1998 and 2000. The Teamwork Profile and QPS Nordic questionnaire were used. The 205 surveyors who participated in all three study phases constituted the study group. The result showed that surveyors who perceived that they were working as generalists rated the improvements in job and organizational factors significantly higher than those who perceived that they were not yet generalists. Improvements were noted in 2000 in quality of service to clients, time available to handle a case and effectiveness of teamwork in a transfer to a team-based work organization group, cohesion and continuous improvement practices -- for example, learning by doing, mentoring and guided delegation -- were important to improve the social effectiveness of group work. %M J.BIT.21.2.117 %T An experimental evaluation of comprehensibility aspects of knowledge structures derived through induction techniques: a case study of industrial fault diagnosis %A Tom Kontogiannis %A Vassilis Moustakis %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 2 %P 117-135 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Machine induction has been extensively used in order to develop knowledge bases for decision support systems and predictive systems. The extent to which developers and domain experts can comprehend these knowledge structures and gain useful insights into the basis of decision making has become a challenging research issue. This article examines the knowledge structures generated by the C4.5 induction technique in a fault diagnostic task and proposes to use a model of human learning in order to guide the process of making comprehensive the results of machine induction. The model of learning is used to generate hierarchical representations of diagnostic knowledge by adjusting the level of abstraction and varying the goal structures between 'shallow' and 'deep' ones. Comprehensibility is assessed in a global way in an experimental comparison where subjects are required to acquire the knowledge structures and transfer to new tasks. This method of addressing the issue of comprehensibility appears promising especially for machine induction techniques that are rather inflexible with regard to the number and sorts of interventions allowed to system developers. %M J.BIT.21.2.137 %T Effectiveness of user testing and heuristic evaluation as a function of performance classification %A Limin Fu %A Gavriel Salvendy %A Lori Turley %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 2 %P 137-143 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X For different levels of user performance, different types of information are processed and users will make different types of errors. Based on the error's immediate cause and the information being processed, usability problems can be classified into three categories. They are usability problems associated with skill-based, rule-based and knowledge-based levels of performance. In this paper, a user interface for a Web-based software program was evaluated with two usability evaluation methods, user testing and heuristic evaluation. The experiment discovered that the heuristic evaluation with human factor experts is more effective than user testing in identifying usability problems associated with skill-based and rule-based levels of performance. User testing is more effective than heuristic evaluation in finding usability problems associated with the knowledge-based level of performance. The practical application of this research is also discussed in the paper. %M J.BIT.21.2.145 %T Development and validation of user-adaptive navigation and information retrieval tools for an intranet portal organizational memory information system %A Yong Gu Ji %A Gavriel Salvendy %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 2 %P 145-154 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Based on previous research and properties of organizational memory, a conceptual model for navigation and retrieval functions in an Intranet portal organizational memory information system was proposed, and two human-centred features (memory structure map and history-based tool) were developed to support user's navigation and retrieval in a well-known organizational memory. To test two hypotheses concerning the validity of the conceptual model and two human-centred features, an experiment was conducted with 30 subjects. Testing of the two hypotheses indicated the following: (1) the memory structure map's users showed 29% better performance in navigation, and (2) the history-based tool's users outperformed by 34% in identifying information. The results of the study suggest that a conceptual model and two human-centred features could be used in an user-adaptive interface design to improve user's performance in an intranet portal organizational memory information system. %M J.BIT.21.3.155 %T New type of standard for accessibility, designed to foster the competition and innovation of designers, developers, and project and business management %A Charles N. Abernethy %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 3 %P 155-169 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This paper describes the many beneficiaries of accessibility to IT, creating a multifaceted business opportunity. Evolution is underway as some organizations and governments develop and adopt accessibility standards and regulations. But organized planning, design and development of technology solutions require improved tactics and strategies. The very recent US Section 508 is a new and novel regulatory marketing strategy in the evolution of standards. This regulatory standard's effectiveness dependents upon the 'innovation and divergent thinking' of those directly involved in product design. Designers, developers and their management are most comfortable with an analytical structure based on improved definition and measurement. Research will improve understanding of the human performance requirements of the client audience. Research and standards should continue but certain areas are in need of more immediate focus, e.g. human performance requirements in cognition. %M J.BIT.21.3.171 %T Automated telephone answering systems and aging %A Louise Dulude %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 3 %P 171-184 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Surveys about automated telephone answering systems, known as interactive voice response systems or IVRs, report high levels of dissatisfaction, especially among older users. To identify the problems IVR users experience, 22 community-dwelling senior women and 22 female university students were monitored while they performed the same six real IVR tasks. As expected, old age had a negative impact on performance, but seniors were polarized into very poor and very good performers. Seniors gave lower usability ratings than young people; only young users gave high ratings to the one voice-activated system. Users' problems were mostly caused by design flaws in the IVR systems, especially ambiguous choices or instructions, and too-rapid automated voices. Young and old participants had similar complaints, but most young users overcame all difficulties, while the majority of seniors failed because of age-related losses in capacities. The solution is not special products for the old, but universal design that will make IVRs and other technological products more usable for everyone. %M J.BIT.21.3.185 %T Critical design factors for successful e-commerce systems %A Jinwoo Kim %A Jungwon Lee %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 3 %P 185-199 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The primary goal of this paper is to identify critical design factors that have substantial effects on the performance of e-commerce systems. This paper presents a theoretical model that examines the relationships among detailed design factors, perceived quality level and final performance of e-commerce systems. Two consecutive empirical studies were conducted to verify the theoretical model. Results from these studies reveal that the information phase among four transaction phases was the most influential in the final performance of e-commerce systems. Among the myriad design factors related to the information phase, product-related information, depth and variety of the system structure, variety of list view for products, consistency of product and background presentation, and variety of presentation for product information were all found to be closely related to the perceived quality level. This paper ends with the theoretical and practical implications of the study results. %M J.BIT.21.3.201 %T Expandable indexes vs. sequential menus for searching hierarchies on the World Wide Web %A Panayiotis Zaphiris %A Ben Shneiderman %A Kent L. Norman %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 3 %P 201-207 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X An experiment is reported that compared expandable indexes providing full menu context with sequential menus providing only partial context. Menu depth was varied using hierarchies of two, three and four levels deep in an asymmetric structure of 457 root level items. Menus were presented on the World Wide Web within a browser. Participants searched for specific targets. Results suggest that reducing the depth of hierarchies improves performance in terms of speed and search efficiency. Surprisingly, expandable indexes resulted in poorer performance with deeper hierarchies than did sequential menus. %M J.BIT.21.3.209 %T Technology adoption as process: a case of integrating an information-intensive website into a patient education helpline %A Brett E. Shelton %A Jennifer Turns %A Tracey S. Wagner %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 3 %P 209-222 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This study followed the introduction of the Arthritis Source website into the existing teaching practices of Arthritis Foundation Helpline volunteers. The goal was to examine what factors may affect a particular group of educators adopt a potentially valuable Internet tool into an existing instructional environment. Defining the possible uses of the website in reference to the volunteers' actual job duties helped provide a clearer understanding of how the volunteers might use this new technology. The researchers used qualitative techniques to focus on three volunteers who experienced different physical, environmental and cognitive means that impacted their use of the new tool. Each volunteer experienced varying levels of motivation in areas of learning, satisfaction and responses to outside influences. Each volunteer also had varying amounts of opportunity prompts in which to interact or refer the website. Consequently, Helpline volunteers experienced different rates of adopting the information-intensive website into their traditional work system. %M J.BIT.21.3.223 %T A UK study into the potential effects of virtual education: does online learning spell an end for on-campus learning? %A Gurmak Singh %A John O'Donoghue %A Claire Betts %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 3 %P 223-229 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Contemporary research into virtual learning embraces the concept that the constraints of time and place of study are eliminated. The potential market it could therefore encapsulate is phenomenal and the subsequent changes that threaten to ricochet through the higher education sector can be described as evolutionary. Whilst concurrently being an incredibly exciting prospect for future learners, online learning is also making the traditional 'bricks and mortar' higher education establishment extremely uneasy, arousing fears of global competition, which would evoke a need for transformational change. The UK has embraced technology to support virtual learning across the whole tertiary education sector. There is an implicit assumption that the provision of systems to support remote, independent learners will provide learner-centred environments for all to access. This may not be the case as evidenced by O'Donoghue et al. (2001), amongst others. This paper aims to examine the possible metamorphosis of the organizational structure of the higher education system, and the methods university administrators and lecturers will need to use to adapt to this. Through considering the impact on students, an analysis will be made of the extent of the threat that distance learning imposes on the traditional campus. The work centres on the UK experience, but draws heavily on the opportunities, threats and promises of globalize learning paradigms. %M J.BIT.21.3.231 %T Book review %A J. G. Hollands %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 3 %P 231-233 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %M J.BIT.21.4.235 %T The effects of adverse condition warning system characteristics on driver performance: an investigation of alarm signal type and threshold level %A Nitin Gupta %A Ann M. Bisantz %A Tarunraj Singh %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 4 %P 235-248 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This study addresses the issues concerning the design of adverse condition warning systems (ACWS). ACWS are designed to sense adverse road and weather conditions as well as system states that can negatively impact driving performance leading to skids or accidents, and alert drivers to these conditions. In this case, an ACWS was designed to sense when a car was likely to skid. A virtual-driving environment was used to test two levels of alarm sensitivity (low and high) and two types of auditory alarm signal (Binary ON/OFF and Graded) along with a no-alarm control group. Dependent measures reflected driver performance, response to the alarm signal and trust in the alerting system. Results indicated that participants had fewer skids in the low sensitivity and graded alarm signal condition compared to some other alerting system configurations. Participants in the graded alarm signal condition also had a greater degree of lateral control over the vehicle. Additionally, trust was found to be lower for the high vs. low sensitivity alarm condition, indicating a reduction in trust when the alerting system activated more often, perhaps because participants did not feel the system was accurately reflecting a dangerous condition. This simulator-based research emphasizes the fact that while ACWS may provide an advantage in terms of vehicle control, characteristics of both the alerting signal and system configuration should be considered. %M J.BIT.21.4.249 %T Human factors in the design of a personalizable EPG: preference-indication strategies, habit watching and trust %A J. Westerink %A C. Bakker %A H. De Ridder %A H. Siepe %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 4 %P 249-258 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The article describes a user study to support the design of a personalizable EPG (Electronic TV Programme Guide), and of its user interface for editing user preference profiles regarding TV channels and categories. This study focuses on issues related to users' behaviour and perceptions regarding a personalizable EPG, and especially regarding the personalization process. Users were presented with a paper-and-pencil procedure to indicate their TV viewing preferences, as well as with an electronic version. Their strategies were observed and their opinions asked, especially on trusting a system that uses this data. Moreover, their viewing behaviour was monitored over a period of two weeks, and recommendations for the second week were based on the viewing behaviour of the first week. The results indicate that users are reasonably comfortable and consistent in describing their viewing habits in terms of preferences, both for the paper-and-pencil and electronic preference-indication procedures, but that fine tuning this profile on the basis of habit watching would considerably improve the efficacy of the recommendations. It was found that subjects trust the system with the task of preselecting their TV programmes on the basis of their preference indications, although they are not sure whether a habit-watching system would be capable of following their changing habits over time. %M J.BIT.21.4.259 %T Attitudes toward online shopping and the Internet %A Thompson S. H. Teo %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 4 %P 259-271 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Since the explosion of the Web as a business medium, one of its primary uses has been for marketing. Soon, the Web will become a critical distribution channel for the majority of successful enterprises. The mass media, consumer marketers and advertising agencies seem to be in the midst of Internet discovery and exploitation. Before a company can envision what might sell online in the coming years, it must first understand the attitudes and behaviour of its potential customers. Hence, this study examines attitudes toward various aspects of online shopping and provides a better understanding of the potential of electronic commerce for both researchers and practitioners. %M J.BIT.21.4.273 %T Do older adults underestimate their actual computer knowledge? %A J. C. Marquie %A L. Jourdan-Boddaert %A N. Huet %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 4 %P 273-280 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This work examined the hypothesis that elderly people are less confident than young people in their own computer knowledge. This was done by having 49 young (M = 22.6 years) and 42 older (M = 68.6 years) participants to assess their global self-efficacy beliefs and to make item-by-item prospective (feeling-of-knowing: FOK) and retrospective (confidence level: CL) judgments about their knowledge in the two domains of computers and general knowledge. The latter served as a control domain. Item difficulty was equated across age groups in each domain. In spite of this age equivalence in actual performance, differences were found in FOK and CL ratings for computers but not for general knowledge, with older people being less confident than young people in their own computer knowledge. The greater age difference in ratings observed in the computer domain, as compared with the general domain, was even greater for the FOK than for the CL judgments. Statistical control of age differences in global self-efficacy beliefs in the computer domain (poorer in the older participants, but not in the general domain), eliminated age differences in FOK and CL judgments in the same domain. These findings confirm earlier ones. They suggest that underconfidence in their relevant abilities is one possible source of the difficulties that the elderly may encounter in mastering new computer technologies. %M J.BIT.21.4.281 %T Effects of transition to an integrated IT technology in surveying work %A Gunvor Gard %A Kari Lindstrom %A Margareta Dallner %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 4 %P 281-292 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X An integrated IT technology, characterized by a change in information support from a strong specialization towards greater integration has been introduced within the surveying company in Sweden. The aim of this study is to compare and describe effects of the transition to this new information technology in relation to job and organizational characteristics and effectiveness and well-being measures between 1998 and 2000. The results show that a positive attitude to the new IT system increased from 1998 to 2000. The transition to a new IT technology had negative consequences on job content and job control in 1999 but improvements could be seen in 2000. Co-operation with clients and service quality to clients improved each year from 1998 to 2000. Generally, a positive attitude to IT integration was related to high continuous improvement practices, goal clarity and job control in all three phases. However, the relations were reduced in 1999. %M J.BIT.21.4.293 %T Impact of national culture on information technology usage behaviour: an exploratory study of decision making in Korea and the USA %A Kenneth J. Calhoun %A James T. C. Teng %A Myun Joong Cheon %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 4 %P 293-302 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The globalization of world markets has led to the introduction of information technology, most often developed in western cultures, to other societies. Cultural values were embedded in the design and use of these technologies. Often, the receiving society did not embrace the technology because of culture. Examples of such behaviour include executive information systems and group decision support systems, which are cited later. This study examines the use of non-specific applications of information technology for organizational decision making. A survey instrument was developed to measure decision makers' perceptions of the impact of information technology on the decision process. Decision makers in Korea and the USA indicated their perceptions of the extent information technology use impacted their decision making activities. The results indicated some behaviours appeared to change to take advantage of the technology, while others, particularly those associated with the cultural preference for communication, did not. %M J.BIT.21.5.303 %T The influence of user expertise and phone complexity on performance, ease of use and learnability of different mobile phones %A Martina Ziefle %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 5 %P 303-311 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The study focuses on usability, ease of use and learnability of three different mobile phones (Nokia 3210, Siemens C35i, Motorola P7389). The first independent variable refers to the complexity of the menu (depth/breadth of the menu tree) and navigation keys (number/functionality). The Nokia phone had the lowest and the Motorola the highest complexity, with the Siemens phone ranging between them. The second independent variable was user expertise: 30 novices and 30 experts solved six telephone tasks. In order to assess effects of learnability, tasks were presented twice. Differences between the mobile phones regarding effectiveness, efficiency and learnability were found: The best performance was shown by Nokia users. The remaining two phones did not differ significantly, although the most complex phone was superior to the phone of medium complexity which had the lowest performance. Moreover, an effect of expertise was confirmed, though suboptimal interfaces were identified as lessening the advantage of expertise. Specific weaknesses of the tested phones are discussed. %M J.BIT.21.5.313 %T Visibility and characteristics of the mobile phones for elderly people %A Masako Omori %A Tomoyuki Watanabe %A Jo Takai %A Hiroki Takada %A Masaru Miyao %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 5 %P 313-316 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Although mobile phones (MPs) have become important IT devices, there are few studies on the visibility of MPs for elderly people. Using six types of MPs, we analysed the reading performance among elderly people who read 11 numerics on each MP. The subjects were 130 people aged 18 to 86 years, including 60 people over 60 years of age. The subjects' visual functions of cataract cloudiness (CC) and near vision for a 50 cm distant target (NV) were measured. In a twoway ANOVA, two kinds of dependant variables, reading speed (RS) and the number of errors in reading (Error) were used for the subjects' reading performance. Two independent variables were taken from five variables. Each time one variable was fixed as the type of MPs. The other was taken as either age, CC, NV, individual history on MP operation or room illuminance (RI). Eventually, 10 ANOVAs were calculated. Significant differences were found in all ANOVAs except that for RI. We undertook a multiple logistic regression analysis. Independent variables of CC, NV and vertical length of characters (VL) and two kinds of dependent variables, RS and Error, were used. Visual functions and a short VL were related to slow RS and increased Errors. %M J.BIT.21.5.317 %T Using mouse and keyboard under time pressure: preference, strategies and learning %A Anker Helms Jorgensen %A Anne Helene Garde %A Bjarne Laursen %A Bente Rona Jensen %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 5 %P 317-319 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Visually based point-and-click user interfaces have become very common. This increases the need to understand the mechanics in learning and using pointing devices in order to design appropriate human-computer interaction and thereby to help alleviate musculosketetal symptoms. The paper reports a study of preference, strategies and learning in using keyboard and mouse in a tracking task under time pressure. The keyboard was preferred by 11 out of 12 subjects due primarily to comfort, frustration, and visual strain. One of the most distinguishing features in favour of the keyboard was the opportunity to develop a working strategy facilitating learning. %M J.BIT.21.5.321 %T User centred design for a digital welding machine %A Michael Burmester %A Andreas Beu %A Heinz Hackl %A Franz Niedereder %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 5 %P 321-326 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The design of the user interface of a digital welding machine based on a user centred design process is described in this paper. Due to the iterative design process and the involvement of end users, interaction techniques have been designed which are optimised for the mental work model of the target user groups. %M J.BIT.21.5.327 %T Requirements for community support systems -- modularization, integration and ubiquitous user interfaces %A Michael Koch %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 5 %P 327-332 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Community support platforms are gaining more and more interest in areas ranging from leisure support and customer support in electronic commerce to knowledge management in enterprises. However, current solutions usually are built as proprietary systems or as add-ons to systems designed for other purposes. The platforms are usually not very customizable and interoperable and are not utilizing the full potential of the community support idea. We have introduced community platforms in several domains and have derived some requirements in these projects. These requirements are mainly related to different aspects of usability. In this paper we present the requirements and motivate an architecture for community support systems designed to fulfil these requirements. %M J.BIT.21.5.333 %T User-friendly visualization of object versions and archives in collaborative computer work %A Gert Zulch %A Sascha Stowasser %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 5 %P 333-336 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Data, states, events, information, experience and knowledge are present in all production enterprises in a vast array of forms. There is a common trend for storage, administration and processing of these in a distributed and connected information system for collaborative computer work. Work objects and data in a shared computer application can be continually changed and modified by different users working simultaneously with this application. Due to the different versions and the history of a common working object it becomes more and more important to be aware of the various states of the object. Within a recently completed comparative investigation study at the 'Laboratory for Human-Machine-Interaction' of the ifab-Institute, different ways of visualizing object versions and archives were evaluated. The investigation was based on different structured visualization forms. %M J.BIT.21.5.337 %T Designing a dynamic system traffic control of a freight railway %A Anamaria De Moraes %A Claudia Renata Mont'Alvao %A Manuela Quaresma %A Alexandre M. Dresch %A Rosane Schonblum %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 5 %P 337-339 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This paper empathizes the interface design for a new control system for freight that was developed during the process of modernization in a company. On one side, there are managers, intermediate decision levels, that dialogue with the ergonomists and, on the other side, the operators with their own opinions about the system. These last ones are rarely asked by the managers about their opinions. The proposed system is configured from the opinions of the operators. Other problems, such as technology transfer and insistence of the managers about using similar systems obliged that the final project should include some modifications. %M J.BIT.21.5.341 %T The development of driver assistance systems following usability criteria %A Kurt Landau %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 5 %P 341-344 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Increasing numbers of intelligent driver assistance systems are now being installed in motor vehicles to support drivers. In order to ensure that the stress reduction benefits obtained from these systems are not nullified or even outweighed by new stresses at the vehicle's man-machine interfaces, the systems' control concepts must be designed to high ergonomic standards. This paper seeks to identify design weaknesses in assistance systems by presenting criteria that must, on the one hand, be observed when designing the control concept of a new assistance system and, on the other hand, be applied when assessing the man-machine interfaces of assistance systems already installed in a vehicle. %M J.BIT.21.5.345 %T Requirements for software-support in concurrent engineering teams %A Tanja Noelle %A Dirk Kabel %A Holger Luczak %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 5 %P 345-350 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Team work is the customary type of labour organisation used in the framework of Concurrent Engineering (CE). It requires a suitable design of the supporting software. As a first step a model of Concurrent Engineering Team Effectiveness (CETEM) has been developed on the basis of a meta-analysis. Within the scope of an empirical study -- which was actually meant to test this new model -- guidelines for software-support in Concurrent Engineering Teams were derived. The study was designed as participative observation and continuous process mapping of ten different teams. Sixty-seven measurements were being conducted in team meetings in order to show a correlation between the described variables. Correlation and cluster analyses were utilised. On a super-ordinated management level project contents and objectives as well as their temporal and logical context should be mapped with the help of a workflow-system. On a more operational level in the team itself, degrees of freedom regarding temporal and logical sequence of activities can be accepted. Nevertheless, detailed planning concerning the contents of activities should take place with the assistance of groupware- or database-solutions. %M J.BIT.21.5.351 %T SWOF -- an open framework for shared workspaces to support different cooperation tasks %A Alexander Kunzer %A Kerstin Rose %A Ludger Schmidt %A Holger Luczak %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 5 %P 351-358 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Computer supported collaborative work (CSCW) allows people to cooperate by computers from different places and at different times. To enable an easier integration of such collaborative components into web-based communities and portals, a Shared Workspace Open Framework (SWOF) was developed. This framework provides the basic features of shared workspaces and can be customized to different cooperation cases. High usability is an important aspect of the implementation. To achieve these aims SWOF focuses on an information space with more task-suited item-types that can help to pre-structure the information. Thus, on the one hand the system can help the users to write down the needed information in a consistent way and, on the other, could reduce the arguments between the group members on how to structure their workspace. As a use case for SWOF the development of a Web-based portal for the community of man-machine interaction was chosen. In the project MMI-Interaktiv, a portal is built with a SWOF-based shared workspace component. An evaluation for this use case is presented. %M J.BIT.21.5.359 %T Describing functional requirements for knowledge sharing communities %A Sandra Garrett %A Barrett Caldwell %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 5 %P 359-364 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Human collaboration in distributed knowledge sharing groups depends on the functionality of information and communication technologies (ICT) to support performance. Since many of these dynamic environments are constrained by time limits, knowledge must be shared efficiently by adapting the level of information detail to the specific situation. This paper focuses on the process of knowledge and context sharing with and without mediation by ICT, as well as issues to be resolved when determining appropriate ICT channels. Both technology-rich and non-technology examples are discussed. %M J.BIT.21.5.365 %T Virtual communities -- a virtual session on virtual conferences %A Ahmet E. Cakir %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 5 %P 365-371 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Virtual communities supported by computers and communication facilities have existed for about two decades. Virtual meetings around the world became technically feasible once there was a sufficient number of satellites to relay data communication, and became commonplace at companies that could afford computer-mediated communication (CMC). Today, technological advances, coupled with social changes, mean that virtual communities can be useful to many people. The goal of this session is to demonstrate how virtual communities can be established and kept going using inexpensive technical means. The meeting will be held during a scientific conference on worldwide distributed work, by presenters who have organized and run at least one virtual event. It will itself be a virtual event, with contributions from Philadelphia in the west to Hong Kong in the east and South Africa in the south. The physical auditorium will be present in Berchtesgaden, a small town in the south of Germany; virtual participants may be anywhere. %M J.BIT.21.6.373 %T Shopping behaviour and preferences in e-commerce of Turkish and American university students: implications from cross-cultural design %A Nancy J. Lightner %A Mehmet M. Yenisey %A A. Ant Ozok %A Gavriel Salvendy %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 6 %P 373-385 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X With internationalization of commerce and business and with increased use of e-business and e-commerce, it is important to ensure that these systems can be effectively utilized across cultural boundaries. To increase effectiveness, appropriate changes and modifications in the systems may be required. With this in mind, a survey of 300 Turkish university students was undertaken to assess their on-line shopping and behaviour preferences, and these were compared with the results derived from 64 US university students. The results provide guidelines for specific design of features for the Turkish population that may not be necessary for the US population. %M J.BIT.21.6.387 %T Impact of website information design factors on consumer ratings of web-based auction sites %A O. Byung Kwon %A Choong-Ryuhn Kim %A Eun Jong Lee %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 6 %P 387-402 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X With internationalization of commerce and business and with increased use of e-business and e-commerce, it is important to ensure that these systems can be effectively utilized across cultural boundaries. To increase effectiveness, appropriate changes and modifications in the systems may be required. With this in mind, a survey of 300 Turkish university students was undertaken to assess their on-line shopping and behaviour preferences, and these were compared with the results derived from 64 US university students. The results provide guidelines for specific design of features for the Turkish population that may not be necessary for the US population. %M J.BIT.21.6.403 %T DEVAN: a tool for detailed video analysis of user test data %A Arnold P. O. S. Vermeeren %A Karin den Bouwmeester %A Jans Aasman %A Huib de Ridder %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 6 %P 403-423 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X A tool was developed for structured and detailed analysis of video data from user tests of interactive systems. It makes use of a table format for representing an interaction at multiple levels of abstraction. Interactions are segmented based on threshold times for pauses between actions. Usability problems are found using a list of observable indications for the occurrence of problems. The tool was evaluated by having two analysts apply it to three data sets from user tests on two different products. The segmentation technique proved to yield meaningful segments that helped in understanding the interaction. The interaction table was explicit enough to discuss in detail what had caused the differences in the analysts' lists of usability problems. The results suggested that the majority of differences were caused by unavoidable differences in interpretations of subjects' behaviour and that only minor improvements should be expected by refining the tool. %M J.BIT.21.6.425 %T Shifting knowledge from analysis to design: requirements for contextual user interface development %A Chris Stary %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 6 %P 425-440 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X There is consensus among the members of the HCI community as well as among software developers that work tasks and user characteristics (i.e. context) should play a leading role in the course of system development. There seems to be less consensus on how the information about users and work tasks should be acquired and subsequently moved to the design process of a development project. Due to the use of unifying methods and concepts -- such as object-orientation -- that might be used for analysis, design and implementation, this transition seems to be facilitated. However, few inputs have been provided to guide developers on how to shift knowledge from analysis to design when task- and user knowledge are considered to be inherent parts of the development knowledge. This paper details the interface between analysis and design, reviews existing concepts to bridge the gap between the two phases of development, and enriches these findings with some empirical results from a survey with respect to practical experiences. From these findings, requirements to successfully shift knowledge in the early phases of software development have been derived. %M J.BIT.21.6.441 %T The use of computers among the workers in the European Union and its impact on the quality of work %A Frank Andries %A Peter G. W. Smulders %A Steven Dhondt %J BIT %D 2002 %V 21 %N 6 %P 441-447 %* (c) Copyright 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X For many people it is impossible to imagine working life today without a computer. What the increase of the use of computers means for the quality of the work, is still under discussion. The object of this study is to show the recent developments (1992-2000) in the use of computers among the working population in the European Union and its impact on the quality of working life. The data used for these analyses were collected on a five-year basis by means of a questionnaire. Results show that the use of computers has increased between 1992 and 2000. The increase in computer use is almost completely the result of developments within white-collar occupations. In general, the use of a computer results in more qualified work and less physical strain. However, those who work with a computer permanently, clearly show more signs of physical and mental strain than those who use the computer only part of the time. This could mean that adding other tasks than computer tasks could improve the working conditions of those using the computer permanently. These results suggest that the increase of the use of computers will further improve the quality of work except when one neglects the dangers connected with a permanent use of computers. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): BIT22.BA %M J.BIT.22.1.1 %T User involvement: a review of the benefits and challenges %A Sari Kujala %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 1 %P 1-16 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X User involvement is a widely accepted principle in development of usable systems. However, it is a vague concept covering many approaches. This study first clarifies the nature of user involvement and its expected benefits, and secondly reviews three streams of research, to evaluate the benefits and problems of varied user involvement approaches in practice. The particular focus of this study is on the early activities in the development process. An analysis of the literature suggests that user involvement has generally positive effects, especially on user satisfaction, and some evidence exists to suggest that taking users as a primary information source is an effective means of requirements capture. However, the role of users must be carefully considered and more cost-efficient practices are needed for gathering users' implicit needs and requirements in real product development contexts. %M J.BIT.22.1.17 %T Impacts of GSS generic structures and task types on group communication process and outcome: some expected and unexpected research findings %A Wayne W. Huang %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 1 %P 17-29 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The contingency nature of GSS use implies that some GSS structures may be more suitable for supporting some task types than others. Research specifically examining effects of the GSS-task fit on group process and outcome has been inadequate in GSS research literature. This research, therefore, focused on the GSS-task fit. Two task types were used to explore the fit: an intellective task that was chosen to elicit the good fit and a preference task which was chosen to elicit the poor fit. Half groups were provided with computer (GSS) support and the other half was not. Research results reported some expected and unexpected findings. The good GSS-task fit for the intellective task enhanced group communication in group process whereas the poor fit for the preference task reduced group communication, as expected. However, the good fit for an intellective task failed to increase group satisfaction, relative to the poor fit for a preference task, which was unexpected. A possible reason for the unexpected results was suggested and discussed. The research findings provide empirical evidences to support the argument that GSS may not be studied as a global entity in the future. Instead, more research needs to be done on GSS-task fit to explore matches between specific GSS structures and specific task types. %M J.BIT.22.1.31 %T Legitimate by design: towards trusted socio-technical systems %A Brian Whitworth %A Aldo de Moor %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 1 %P 31-51 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Legitimacy or 'fairness' seems a key requirement for trust in computer-mediated social environments. Trust in turn seems necessary for productive community interactions like e-commerce. But unless legitimacy is built into social software, achieving trust may not be possible. This means expressing apparently vague social 'rights' as specific information system (IS) requirements, i.e. carrying out a legitimacy analysis. We suggest a framework for the systematic analysis of who 'owns' what in IS design, assuming basic object types and actions. This analysis not only allows social legitimacy concepts to be expressed in IS design terms, but could also reveal socio-technical system design choices for public review. The technique is illustrated by case examples. Legitimacy analysis can apply to wide variety of social software, from chat rooms to virtual realities. It could lead to future global standards for virtual social environment design, perhaps necessary for the emergence of a global online community. %M J.BIT.22.1.53 %T An investigation of volitional control in information ethics %A Meng-Hsiang Hsu %A Feng-Yang Kuo %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 1 %P 53-62 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The main motivation of our research is how the issue of volitional control might affect the application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to research decisions related to information ethics. Specifically, a TPB-based model provides the best fit to the sample collected for the present study. In this model, the contribution of both the attitude and perceived behavioural control to the intention is shown to fluctuate depending upon the degree of volitional control concerning the targeted behaviour. As the behaviour's degree of volitional control lessens, the weighted influence of perceived behavioural control increases and that of the attitude decreases. Thus, it is confirmed that degree of volitional control concerning an ethical act indeed plays a central role in applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour to information ethics research. %M J.BIT.22.1.63 %T An exploratory study of moral intensity regarding software piracy of students in Thailand %A Ranjan B. Kini %A H. V. Ramakrishna %A B. S. Vijayaraman %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 1 %P 63-70 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X In the business environment that is becoming increasingly global and digital, the need for proper safeguards for protecting digital assets is increasingly becoming critical. Specifically, software piracy is becoming economically devastating to companies that develop and market software. Some researchers have argued that the level of moral intensity regarding software piracy of individuals may be related to the extent of actual software piracy behaviour. In order to empirically study this relationship, it is important to understand the concept of moral intensity towards software piracy. In this research, we study the concept in an international setting, a university in Thailand. We report the relationship between moral intensity and some important demographic variables and also explore the relationship between moral intensity of individuals and the perceived moral intensity of their community, the students, employees, and faculty. The results have implications for developing and implementing appropriate policies to reduce software piracy. %M J.BIT.22.2.71 %T Graphical Web directory for Web search %A Lingfeng Ma %A Gavriel Salvendy %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 2 %P 71-77 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This study addresses graphical Web directory, a new way to present hierarchical structure of Web directory. An analysis of the characteristics and problems of current Web directories is presented. The feature graphical Web directory for supporting information processing and decision making in Web directory browsing in Web search is proposed to improve users' performance and satisfaction. An experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of the proposed feature. The results of the experiment indicated that (a) the enhancement of this feature improved users' initial and overall search performance by 32.6 and 43.4%, respectively, (b) the enhancement of this feature also improved users' satisfaction by 27.7%. %M J.BIT.22.2.79 %T A framework for reuse of user experience in Web browsing %A Guangfeng Song %A Gavriel Salvendy %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 2 %P 79-90 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This paper examines aspects affecting user behaviours in Web browsing with a discussion of existing models for both the computer and human aspects of Web browsing. Problems in Web information retrieval are analysed and studies related to the reuse of user experience in Web browsing are reviewed. An object-oriented model for user behaviours in Web browsing is proposed in which both the information from the Web and the information retained by users are modelled as objects. Thus, user actions on the Web are described as a graph of objects or transformations from one object to another. A framework for reuse of user experience is provided. The possible methods of reusing Web browsing experience are described for the scenario of reusing by oneself (history mechanism, prediction) or reusing by others (collaborative filtering, instructions). %M J.BIT.22.2.91 %T Organizing for remote consultations in health care -- the production process %A Aas Ih Monrad %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 2 %P 91-100 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X In health care we find a very complex production process related to the complexity of disease. New telecommunications have created a novel means of contact between patient and health care worker: the remote consultation. The remote consultation is unique, with a simultaneous flow of services from different organizations. It is conceivable that analysis of the production process of remote consultations may contribute to improved organization of the work. To obtain information on the little analysed production process of remote consultations, qualitative interviews were performed with 30 persons working in teledermatology, telepsychiatry, a telepathology frozen-section service, and tele-otolaryngology. The results show that managers in organizations planning telemedicine activity do not need to prepare the personnel by organizing communication on goal formulation and content for the remote consultations. For the single health care worker a remote consultation does not require more preparation than an ordinary consultation. The variation in type of images seen on the screen here does not seem to play a major role. Evaluation of each step mainly shows that the production process of remote consultations functions well. The most frequently mentioned problems are technical problems (which should not be exaggerated), but other problems also exist. Proposals for improvements were given, such as wishing that a technician was available, and improved booking systems. The main conclusion is that no major reorganization seems to be necessary for the production process of remote consultations. This type of telecooperation works well. %M J.BIT.22.2.101 %T Measuring the adaptability of universal accessible systems %A Chris Stary %A Alex Totter %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 2 %P 101-116 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Adaptability is a concept to improve access to content and navigation for individual users of information systems in various settings of interaction. Following the usability-engineering tradition to provide operational definitions of principles, and subsequently to develop techniques for evaluation based on these definitions, we revisited adaptability concepts and designed a structured technique (Accessibility through Adaptability, ActA) for checking user interfaces designed to be accessible for a variety of users. ActA enables the measurement in terms of a system's capability to provide accurate interaction features for individual users and their (situative) needs. In the paper we review the multiple dimensions of adaptability and detail the ActA technique. We also exemplify the application of the technique discussing a case study that has been performed within an European R&D-project. The benefits of this approach for evaluation result from the integration of different views on the interface, since the evaluation procedure involves both users, and developers. This way, the technique bridges the gap between developers and users, since user interfaces might be co-constructed based on the results of an evaluation. %M J.BIT.22.2.117 %T Identifying managers who need ethics training in using IT at work %A Wing S. Chow %A Kin Y. Choi %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 2 %P 117-125 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This paper identifies managers who require ethics training in using IT at work. The identification of these managers is mainly based on studying the impact of their individual characteristics on a set of seven ethical issues and attitudes, which translated into IT ethical scenarios. This paper proposes a canonical model by treating individual characteristics of managers as predictor variables and considering information describing their beliefs on those seven ethical issues and attitudes as explained variables. A questionnaire survey was used for data collection and 249 managers participated in this study. The results show that the significant explained variables are based on a combination of six ethical events of accountability, conflict of interest, disclosure, personal conduct, protection of privacy, and social responsibility. The significant predictor variables are based on a combination of four individual characteristics of age, educational level, organizational level, and working experience. Discussion on the implication of the results and recommendations for remedial action are also provided in this paper. %M J.BIT.22.2.127 %T Trends in the use of verbal protocol analysis in software engineering research %A Janet Hughes %A Steve Parkes %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 2 %P 127-140 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This article reviews the technique of verbal protocol analysis and gives a profile of its use within software engineering research over the last two decades. An overview is given of the procedures used in verbal protocol analysis, and commonly-found difficulties in the application of the technique by researchers are described. The article reports on published efforts to develop tools to automate the procedures. A review of the literature shows trends in the use of the verbal protocol analysis in software engineering research from the 1980s to the present. Recurring themes of its purpose within software engineering research are identified, including the comparison of the behaviours of subjects with differing levels of expertise and the identification of effective software comprehension strategies. Advances and problems with the development of a general-purpose encoding scheme for verbal protocol analysis appropriate to a range of domains within software engineering are described. %M J.BIT.22.3.141 %T An observation of adults with visual impairments carrying out copy-typing tasks %A Graeme Douglas %A Rachel Long %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 3 %P 141-154 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %M J.BIT.22.3.155 %T The effect of language inconsistency on performance and satisfaction in using the Web: results from three experiments %A A. Ant Ozok %A Gavriel Salvendy %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 3 %P 155-163 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of linguistic inconsistency on performance and satisfaction on the Web. Three experiments were conducted, and the Interface Consistency Testing Questionnaire (Ozok and Salvendy 2001) was used in all three experiments to measure consistency levels. The three experiments using a total of 100 subjects evaluated the effects of direct manipulation, text-based, and hybrid interfaces with linguistic consistency and inconsistency on performance and satisfaction of the Web user. The experimental results indicated that both direct manipulation and text-based interfaces with linguistic consistency reduced performance time and error rates in comparison to inconsistent linguistics interfaces. Specifically in Reading Comprehension Tasks, subjects committed significantly fewer comprehension errors in consistent language interfaces than in inconsistent language interfaces. %M J.BIT.22.3.165 %T Usability in online shops: scale construction, validation and the influence on the buyers' intention and decision %A Udo Konradt %A Hartmut Wandke %A Bjorn Balazs %A Timo Christophersen %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 3 %P 165-174 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This paper describes the development and empirical validation of a new scale for measuring usability in online shops, i.e. the Usability Questionnaire for Online Shops (UFOS[1]). Sixty users with different demographic characteristics were given the task of finding and ordering products in two out of six web shops. In addition to usability, shop response time, shop size, services, distinctiveness of products and trust were used as predictors with intention to buy and decision to buy as criteria. A factor analysis of UFOS revealed seven factors, consisting of general usability, accessibility of general conditions, product search, shopping-basket handling, process of ordering, product overview, self-descriptiveness and product characteristics. Results on intention to buy show that about half of the participants were not willing to buy online, and users with more experience in online shopping and a higher frequency of Internet use were more willing to buy online. A regression analysis of buying intention shows that usability has the greatest impact on buying intention, followed by the size of the shop and trust. A discriminant analysis reveals that usability and perceived size are the characteristics which contribute mostly to the decision to buy and correctly classify 91% of the decision to buy. %M J.BIT.22.3.175 %T Decision support in fighter aircraft: from expert systems to cognitive modelling %A Peter Svenmarck %A Sidney Dekker %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 3 %P 175-184 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This paper reviews two major programmes for support of pilot decision making in a fighter aircraft: the US Pilot's Associate and the French Copilote Electronique. In addressing the problem of decision support in a highly complex and time-pressurised environment, both programmes migrated from a traditional expert systems approach to one based on cognitive modelling. This, however, is where most commonality ends. The paper shows how the differences between the programmes can be explained in terms of their assumptions of what constitutes pilot expertise. These views explain the method for analysis of pilot activities, the model of the pilot, what phase of the pilot's problem solving the programmes attempt to support, and the support philosophy. The paper concludes with a discussion on computer-based decision support in complex, dynamic domains, and how cognitive modelling may contribute. %M J.BIT.22.3.185 %T Comparison of 2D and 3D representations for visualising telecommunication usage %A Martin Hicks %A Claire O'Malley %A Sarah Nichols %A Ben Anderson %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 3 %P 185-201 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This paper describes an empirical evaluation of one two-dimensional (2D), and two three-dimensional (3D) representations. These representations were developed to present customer behaviour information on telecommunications usage. The goal of the study was to investigate how the properties of these different but informationally equivalent representations supported information retrieval and problem solving using the database. Thirty-six participants performed a number of information retrieval and problem solving tasks, in one of three experimental conditions: 2D graph, 3D graph and 3D helix plot. Measures included performance time and accuracy and user attitudes concerning the usability of the displays. Despite certain navigational problems associated with the 2D representation, the results indicated a performance advantage for the 2D display compared with both 3D representations. Generally, the analyses revealed that the differences in representational characteristics have a significant effect on the level of cognitive effort required to perform the tasks. %M J.BIT.22.3.203 %T Small group decision-making in face-to-face and computer-mediated environments: the role of personality %A Andrew Thatcher %A Anthony de la Cour %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 3 %P 203-218 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This study investigates the potential influence of personality dimensions on the behaviour and individual processes of small group decision-making in face-to-face and computer-mediated groups. A sample of 90 students was divided into 16 groups, with between four and seven students per group. The groups were randomly assigned to start with one of two different discussion media and one of two different leaderless group discussion problems. Measures of leadership, initiative, judgement, and interpersonal sensitivity were obtained for each subject from two raters working independently using video-tapes of the face-to-face sessions and the logged interactions of the computer-mediated sessions. Further, 'satisfaction with the process' and 'satisfaction with the outcome' were assessed using a Likert-type scale. Personality was measured using the Myers Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI). Using correlations and repeated measures ANOVAs across the outcome dimensions and the psychological type scores, the findings of this research suggest that personality plays a minor role in differentiating between the media conditions. %M J.BIT.22.4.219 %T Age differences in the performance of hypertext perusal as a function of text topology %A Dyi-Yih Michael Lin %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 4 %P 219-226 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The present study examined the extent to which age had impacts on the performance of hypertext browsing and navigation as a function of text topology. Twenty senior adults and 20 younger adults (mean ages = 68.95 and 23.60 respectively) participated in an experiment where three levels of text linearity were manipulated. Results showed the older adult accessed fewer numbers of text nodes than the younger counterpart, which suggests that the aged appear at a disadvantage in browsing breadth. The older adult's less oriented browsing was evidenced by the larger number of nodes repeatedly visited, particularly when the network topology was perused. As for navigation, older people experienced greater disorientation given that they searched more links to locate the target node. This age difference was mainly derived from the disorientation occurring at the hybrid and network levels, with the hybrid condition resulting in the severest navigation confusion due to its mixed text structure. Implications for the design of hypertext that accommodates the age differences are discussed. %M J.BIT.22.4.227 %T Blending scenarios of use and informal argumentation to facilitate universal access: experience with the Universal Access Assessment Workshop method %A Demosthenes Akoumianakis %A Constantine Stephanidis %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 4 %P 227-244 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The accessibility of interactive computer-based products and services has long been an issue of concern to the Assistive Technology (AT) and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) communities. In recent years, there have been several efforts aiming to document the consolidated wisdom in the form of general guidelines and examples of best practice. Despite their sound human factors content, these guidelines require substantial interpretation by designers, before they can generate practically useful and context-specific recommendations. In this paper, we examine how this task can be aided by blending scenarios of use and informal argumentation in the context of a structured technique referred to as Universal Access Assessment Workshop (UA{sup:2}W). The paper provides a review of the technique and proposes two instruments, namely scenario screening and growth scenarios, which can be used to structure the conduct of UA{sup:2}Ws. Finally, the paper summarises recent experiences in the use of these techniques in the context of a case study, which seeks to provide universal access insight to the design of a ward-based service to patient medical data. %M J.BIT.22.4.245 %T How the Web is used to support collaborative writing %A Sylvie Noel %A Jean-Marc Robert %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 4 %P 245-262 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X We present 19 systems that have been developed over the past decade to support collaborative writing over the Web. The aim of this article is to present the state of the art on the use of the Web for collaborative writing and thus (1) help designers improve current systems or define future systems, and (2) help users choose the most appropriate system to support their needs. Among available systems, groups can select from tools to write a document (on- or off-line), collect comments about a document, or maintain a Web site. The lack of experimental data concerning Web-based applications forces designers to use other sources of information to guide their design choices, such as a list of functions that an ideal collaborative writing tool should offer. This list has revealed several potential points for improvement. %M J.BIT.22.4.263 %T Effects of organizational context and inter-group behaviour on the success of strategic information systems planning: an empirical study %A George G. Lee %A Jung-Chi Pai %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 4 %P 263-280 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The strategic value of information systems (IS) and the impact of information technology (IT) on business competitiveness has increased the need for effective strategic information systems planning (SISP). However, numerous strategic information systems planning methodologies stress the rational and formal aspects of organizational life, while ignoring the complexity of actual organizational situations which are characterized by human behaviour. Additionally, although numerous researchers have conducted empirical studies examining the relationship between various factors and strategic IS planning effectiveness, many factors have received little attention. This study uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyse the effects of organizational context and inter-group behaviour on the success of SISP. A survey of senior IS executives in Taiwan was used to test the relationships between the constructs in the research model. The results showed that certain factors relating to organizational context and inter-group behaviour influenced the success of SISP. Finally, the implications of this finding for IS practice and future research are examined. %M J.BIT.22.4.281 %T Adoption of the Internet and WAP-enabled phones in Singapore %A Thompson S. H. Teo %A Siau Heong Pok %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 4 %P 281-289 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The Internet, and more recently mobile phones have seen tremendous growth over the past few years. This paper examines the adoption of the Internet and WAP-enabled mobile phones in Singapore. Specifically, we compare users of WAP-enabled mobile phones and non-WAP-enabled mobile phones in terms of profile of Internet users, Internet activities and issues relating to WAP-enabled mobile phones. The results indicate that short messaging system (SMS) and caller ID are popular functions for mobile phone users. Respondent also use the mobile phone for buying cinema/concert tickets and accessing personalised news. These results provide researchers and practitioners with some insights on the adoption of the Internet and WAP-enabled mobile phones. For researchers, such insights would be useful in understanding the adoption phenomenon, while for practitioners, such insights would provide some basis for adopting certain policies to promote adoption. %M J.BIT.22.5.291 %T Organisational databases of personnel information: contrasting the concerns of human resource managers and employees %A Jeffrey M. Stanton %A Elizabeth M. Weiss %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 5 %P 291-304 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Computerisation, networking, and electronic surveillance and monitoring have individually and conjointly affected the practises of human resources (HR) management in work organisations. These technologies enhance the ability of HR professionals to gather, store, and process information about employees. We report results from two semi-structured interview studies -- one of HR managers (n = 5) and one of employees (n = 15) -- that contrast the concerns of these two groups on issues of personnel data, privacy, and technology. We used qualitative data coding techniques and quantitative analysis of code assignments to uncover patterns in interviewees' responses. Our findings revealed concordance between HR managers and employees in regard to the criticality of trust and justification in relation to the collection of personnel data through technological and non-technological means. Results also revealed divergences between managers and employees in knowledge of human resources policies and legal constraints as well as in beliefs about the importance of privacy. %M J.BIT.22.5.305 %T Motivating creativity through a computer-mediated employee suggestion management system %A James F. Fairbank %A William E. Spangler %A Scott David Williams %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 5 %P 305-314 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X This paper describes the requirements for an automated employee suggestion management system (ESMS) based on expectancy theory and computer-mediated communications. Although research has found that suggestion systems can be a useful way to obtain and utilize employees' creative ideas, effective suggestion management systems must also motivate employees to think creatively and to participate in the suggestion process. According to expectancy theory, employees are most strongly motivated to participate when they believe that they can do so successfully and when they know that their participation will result in an outcome that they value. The system proposed here addresses the requirements of expectancy theory, and the weaknesses of existing suggestion systems, by establishing a communications infrastructure and protocol similar to those used in group decision support systems. The system motivates employees to submit suggestions by providing an interactive networked forum within which employees and interested stakeholders can openly debate their merits. %M J.BIT.22.5.315 %T Cognitive, physical, sensory, and functional affordances in interaction design %A H. Rex Hartson %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 5 %P 315-338 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X In reaction to Norman's (1999) essay on misuse of the term affordance in human-computer interaction literature, this article is a concept paper affirming the importance of this powerful concept, reinforcing Norman's distinctions of terminology, and expanding on the usefulness of the concepts in terms of their application to interaction design and evaluation. We define and use four complementary types of affordance in the context of interaction design and evaluation: cognitive affordance, physical affordance, sensory affordance, and functional affordance. The terms cognitive affordance (Norman's perceived affordance) and physical affordance (Norman's real affordance) refer to parallel and equally important usability concepts for interaction design, to which sensory affordance plays a supporting role. We argue that the concept of physical affordance carries a mandatory component of utility or purposeful action (functional affordance). Finally, we provide guidelines to help designers think about how these four kinds of affordance work together naturally in contextualized HCI design or evaluation. %M J.BIT.22.5.339 %T Retrospective vs. concurrent think-aloud protocols: testing the usability of an online library catalogue %A Maaike J. van den Haak %A Menno D. T. De Jong %A Peter Jan Schellens %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 5 %P 339-351 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Think-aloud protocols are a dominant method in usability testing. There is, however, only little empirical evidence on the actual validity of the method. This paper describes an experiment that compares concurrent and retrospective think-aloud protocols for a usability test of an online library catalogue. There were three points of comparison: usability problems detected, overall task performance, and participant experiences. Results show that concurrent and retrospective think-aloud protocols reveal comparable sets of usability problems, but that these problems come to light in different ways. In retrospective think-aloud protocols, more problems were detected by means of verbalisation, while in concurrent think-aloud protocols, more problems were detected by means of observation. Moreover, in the concurrent think-aloud protocols, the requirement to think aloud while working had a negative effect on the task performance. This raises questions about the reactivity of concurrent think-aloud protocols, especially in the case of high task complexity. %M J.BIT.22.5.353 %T Layout attributes and recall %A Marketta Niemela %A Pertti Saariluoma %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 5 %P 353-363 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The spatial arrangement of elements such as icons in a computer interface may influence learning the interface. However, the effects of layout organization on users' information processing is relatively little studied so far. The three experiments of this paper examined two attributes of layouts: spatial grouping by proximity and semantic coherence. Learning was assessed by tasks in which 30 participants recalled icon-like items' labels, locations, or both as a series of study-recall trials. The results show that layout organization interacts with task demands. Semantic organization improves recall of labels, and spatial grouping supports recall of locations. When both labels and locations are learned concurrently, the best recall performance is associated with a simultaneously grouped and semantically coherent layout. However, semantic and spatial organization may interact unexpectedly on learning. The findings are discussed from the viewpoint of information chunking in memory processes and interface design. %M J.BIT.22.5.365 %T Measurement of information processing load and visual load on a dynamic information processing task %A Chia-Fen Chi %A Yen-Hui Lin %A Woei-Shuoh Lan %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 5 %P 365-374 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X A dynamic visual information processing task was designed to investigate time-based and intensity-based factors on an operator's information processing load as measured by reaction time, pupil diameter, and eye movement parameters. The time-based factor was manipulated by the target rate and scanning rate while the intensity-based factor was manipulated by the difference between a simple reaction task and a physical matching (choice reaction) task. Nine participants tracked the scanning line at two different scanning rates and were required to respond to two designated targets presented singly at two different temporal frequencies. The results indicated that task difficulty (the intensity-based factor) had a significant effect on the reaction time. Target rate and scanning rate were integrated as one time-based factor in terms of three sweeping angles. The time-based factor was found to have a significant effect on the fixation time, saccade amplitude, fixation frequency, eye movement speed, reaction time and hit rate. No interaction effect was found between time-based and intensity-based factors. The time pressure (defined by the time required divided by the time available) based on a model human processor was positively related to scanning rate, target rate and task difficulty. It was found to be the most objective and reliable if time required can be reliably predicted based on a predictive model approach. %M J.BIT.22.6.375 %T Work environment and computer systems development %A Bengt Sandblad %A Jan Gulliksen %A Carl Aborg %A Inger Boivie %A Jenny Persson %A Bengt Goransson %A Iordanis Kavathatzopoulos %A Stefan Blomkvist %A Asa Cajander %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 6 %P 375-387 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Work environment and occupational health problems of different nature are constantly increasing in computer supported work. Most efforts to improve the work environment are focused primarily on physical aspects, and to some extent on psychosocial aspects. Mental workload and cognitive problems are of a more complex nature, more difficult to measure and provide efficient solutions to, and are more seldom studied or solved. Solutions to work environment problems are usually applied to already existing work situations through improved equipment and work place design, health programmes, education, reorganizations, etc. The problems are seldom prevented by means of applying relevant methods early in the systems development process, before the artefacts have been designed and implemented. This paper, and the following papers of this special issue, will focus on the need to integrate different interdisciplinary methods at different phases in the development process of computerized support systems, with the ultimate goal to prevent work environment problems and decrease the health risks to the users. %M J.BIT.22.6.389 %T Health effects of 'the Paperless Office' -- evaluations of the introduction of electronic document handling systems %A Carl Aborg %A Anders Billing %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 6 %P 389-396 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X Electronic document handling (EDH) systems can result in increased risks of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and stress-related mental and somatic symptoms. The effects of introducing an EDH system on the physical and psychosocial work environment, and on self-reported health, were studied in two studies at eight Swedish work places. In the first study data were collected on three occasions: before and 6 and 18 months after the introduction of the EDH system. In the second study data were collected 5 months after the introduction. The methods used were interviews, observations, questionnaires, video recordings, technical measurements and expert observation and examination. The results showed an important increase in time spent at a computer after introduction of the EDH system. The findings indicated (a) an increase in workload, (b) participants felt more constrained and controlled, (c) a higher frequency in static work postures, (d) frequent problems with handling the computer system and (e) an increase in health symptoms. %M J.BIT.22.6.397 %T Key principles for user-centred systems design %A Jan Gulliksen %A Bengt Goransson %A Inger Boivie %A Stefan Blomkvist %A Jenny Persson %A Asa Cajander %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 6 %P 397-409 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The concept of user-centred systems design (UCSD) has no agreed upon definition. Consequently, there is a great variety in the ways it is applied, which may lead to poor quality and poor usability in the resulting systems, as well as misconceptions about the effectiveness of UCSD. The purpose of this paper is to propose a definition of UCSD. We have identified 12 key principles for the adoption of a user-centred development process, principles that are based on existing theory, as well as research in and experiences from a large number of software development projects. The initial set of principles were applied and evaluated in a case study and modified accordingly. These principles can be used to communicate the nature of UCSD, evaluate a development process or develop systems development processes that support a user-centred approach. We also suggest activity lists and some tools for applying UCSD. %M J.BIT.22.6.411 %T Addressing users' health issues in software development -- an exploratory study %A Inger Boivie %A Stefan Blomkvist %A Jenny Persson %A Carl Aborg %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 6 %P 411-420 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X In this paper we argue that occupational health expertise should be directly involved in the software design process, and describe an exploratory study where health experts and users participated in the analysis, design and evaluation of a prototype. We addressed the problem of poor overview and control in electronic case handling. We used methods primarily from the participatory design field in combination with a framework describing some of the main risk factors for stress-related disorders in VDU work. We conducted observation interviews where the questions were based on the risk factors of high demand, low control and poor support. The interviews were the main lever for addressing these factors and making them 'visible' in the process. They could then be turned into requirements, design criteria and scenarios that we used as a basis for our design. %M J.BIT.22.6.421 %T As easy as pie %A Margaret Rangecroft %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 6 %P 421-426 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X 3-D or perspective pie charts are popular graphical displays, especially now that they are so easy to produce on computers, but they are problematical because they distort the very features that communicate the information about the data. This paper presents evidence to support the hypothesis that such distortions can lead to mis-information being obtained from such graphs. In particular the orientation of the segments is crucial to the interpretation of the data. This evidence comes from an experiment on a large number of subjects from varied backgrounds and ages who were asked to identify the largest and smallest segments in a 3-D pie chart. For some graphs the numbers of respondents who identified the segments incorrectly far exceeded those who identified them correctly. A control group who carried out the same task for 2-D pie charts were all able to correctly identify the largest and smallest segments in each graph. %M J.BIT.22.6.427 %T Filters on computer displays -- effects on legibility, performance and comfort %A James E. Sheedy %A Manoj V. Subbaram %A John R. Hayes %J BIT %D 2003 %V 22 %N 6 %P 427-433 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Taylor and Francis Ltd. %X The hypothesis is that using a contrast-enhancing filter (CEF) on a computer display will improve display legibility, reading speed and visual comfort. Twenty subjects performed reading tasks, letter counting tasks, and legibility measurements on eight display conditions: a cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) matched for size and luminance -- each at high luminance, with two different CEFs and a lower luminance to match one of the CEFs. The CEFs decreased both luminance and contrast when applied to the displays with the brightness set high, although the contrast was better with the filters compared to a matched luminance display without a filter. The legibility measurements support the positive effect of the CEFs due to improved contrast but the larger negative effect due to reduction in luminance results in a net loss of legibility. Performance on the reading and letter counting tasks was not improved with the CEFs. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI99-2.BA %M C.CHI.99.2.1 %T Specification and simulation of task models with VTMB %S Demonstrations: tools for design %A Matthias Biere %A Birgit Bomsdorf %A Gerd Szwillus %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 1-2 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632718 %X In this live demonstration we present the Visual Task Model Builder (VTMB) tool [1]. Using this tool the user can create and modify rich task models, containing a hierarchical task structure, temporal relations between tasks, conditions of task execution, and objects involved while performing a task. Based on precise semantics the model can be simulated for validation with the future user and the user interface designer. Additionally, it provides the basis for the transformation of the task model into a working dialogue model. %M C.CHI.99.2.3 %T EZ interface techniques for anytime anywhere anyone interfaces %S Demonstrations: tools for design %A Gregg C. Vanderheiden %A Chris Law %A David Kelso %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 3-4 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632719 %X Electronic products are being introduced at an increasingly rapid rate into our schools, workplaces, and daily living environments. Rather than taking the form of standard desktop systems, however, many of these new technologies are small mobile systems which are intended to be used in a wide variety environments. This is calling for the development of new more flexible interface strategies which can be used at various times in eyes free, hands free, silent and noisy situations and environments. In addition, the ability for people with disabilities to be able to access and use these products is an increasingly important issue which also calls for the development of flexible user selectable input and display approaches. Proposed is a package of interface techniques called "EZ Access." Together, these techniques provide users with the ability to operate in a wide range of environments and situations. They similarly are able to accommodate individuals with a wide range of abilities or constraints. The strategies have been designed so that they are flexible enough to be applied to a wide range of products from cellular phones to ATMs to pocket computers, to microwave ovens. %M C.CHI.99.2.5 %T Illuminating light: a casual optics workbench %S Video demonstrations: tangible, dynamic, and accessible interfaces %A John Underkoffler %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 5-6 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632721 %X We describe a novel system for rapid prototyping of laser-based optical and holographic layouts. Users of this experimental direct manipulation tool -- called Illuminating Light -- move physical representations of various optical elements about a workspace; the system tracks these components and projects back onto the workspace surface the simulated propagation of laser light through the evolving layout. This application is built atop the Luminous Room infrastructure, an aggregate of interlinked, computer-controlled projector-camera units called I/0 Bulbs. %M C.CHI.99.2.7 %T Fluid links for informed and incremental hypertext browsing %S Video demonstrations: tangible, dynamic, and accessible interfaces %A Polle T. Zellweger %A Bay Wei Chang %A Jock D. Mackinlay %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 7-8 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632722 %X This paper and video present a novel user interface technique for hypertext, called fluid links, that has several advantages over current methods. Fluid links provide additional information at a link source, termed a gloss, to support readers in choosing among links and understanding the structure of a hypertext. Fluid links present glosses in a convenient location that does not obscure the content or layout of source material. The technique uses perceptually-based animation to provide a natural and lightweight feeling to readers. Fluid links provide a novel hypertext navigation paradigm that blurs the boundary between source and destination: computed glosses supply a "bring from" approach to hypertext, while multi-way links and nested glosses allow readers to skip through intermediate nodes while still attending to their original source context. %M C.CHI.99.2.9 %T Talking to the ceiling: an interface for bed-ridden manually impaired users %S Video demonstrations: tangible, dynamic, and accessible interfaces %A Michael Pieper %A Alfred Kobsa %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 9-10 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632723 %X Even though computer interfaces for handicapped and elderly people have already been investigated for quite some time, little attention has been paid to the special access problems of bed-ridden people. In this video and paper, we present a human-computer interface that enables a person who is almost completely paralyzed and on an artificial respirator to write literary texts on his own again. Many of the observations give clues for the design of interfaces for bed-ridden manually impaired users in general. %M C.CHI.99.2.11 %T Mediating awareness and communication through digital but physical surrogates %S Video demonstrations: interfaces for group work %A Hideaki Kuzuoka %A Saul Greenberg %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 11-12 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632725 %X Digital but physical surrogates are tangible representations of remote people positioned within an office and under digital control. Surrogates selectively collect and present awareness information about the people they represent. By having them react to physical actions of people, surrogates can control the communication capabilities of a media space. This enables the smooth transition from awareness to casual interaction while mitigating concerns about privacy. %M C.CHI.99.2.13 %T CoMedi: using computer vision to support awareness and privacy in mediaspaces %S Video demonstrations: interfaces for group work %A Joelle Coutaz %A Francois Berard %A Eric Carraux %A William Astier %A James L. Crowley %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 13-14 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632726 %X CoMedi is a mediaspace prototype that uses computer vision to provide new solutions to the problems of visual discontinuity and privacy. CoMedi includes a robust face tracker based on cooperation of multiple vision techniques, a tele-exploration tool based on a multi-resolution fovea, and new privacy filter using eigen-space coding. %M C.CHI.99.2.15 %T A revised human interface and educational applications on ideaboard %S Video demonstrations: interfaces for group work %A Masaki Nakagawa %A Koichiro Hotta %A Hirokazu Bandou %A Tsuyoshi Oguni %A Naoki Kato %A Shin-ichi Sawada %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 15-16 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632727 %X Our video demonstrates a new style of human interface with an interactive electronic whiteboard. Its design goal is to realize easy and natural operation of a large board from an arbitrary standing position of the user with a reasonable amount of hand movement, with no hiding of the board by the user's body. We have been attempting to attain this goal by smoothly and naturally extending the current desktop GUI rather than relying on unreliable gesture commands. %M C.CHI.99.2.17 %T AMORE: a world-wide web image retrieval engine %S Demonstrations: visual interfaces %A Sougata Mukherjea %A Kyoji Hirata %A Yoshinori Hara %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 17-18 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632729 %X Advanced Multimedia Oriented Retrieval Engine (AMORE) [2] is a World-Wide Web image retrieval engine integrating several techniques to facilitate effective retrieval of images from the Web. With the explosive growth of information that is available through the WWW, it is becoming increasingly difficult for the users to find the information of interest. Therefore, search engines are becoming very popular and useful. However, most of the popular search engines today are textual. Although most Web pages have images, the current image search engines on the WWW are primitive. For traditional text retrieval the only way to search for relevant documents is by specifying keywords. However, for multimedia retrieval it is essential that the user is provided with various options for retrieving the target image. AMORE allows the user to retrieve images of interest using various techniques. The effectiveness of an information retrieval engine is also dependent on the user interface to show the retrieved images. In AMORE, the retrieved images are shown using thumbnails. Like traditional WWW search engines the user can browse through pages of results. We also allow the user to click on an interesting thumbnail and retrieve similar images. This visual navigation strategy is helpful in quickly retrieving the target images. To help the user if many images are retrieved we have also developed a Query Result Visualization Environment. This interface allows the search results to be organized in various ways. We believe that the integration of information retrieval with visualization is helpful for the user's retrieval tasks. %M C.CHI.99.2.19 %T VIDA: (Visual Information Density Adjuster) %S Demonstrations: visual interfaces %A Allison Woodruff %A James Landay %A Michael Stonebraker %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 19-20 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632730 %X Multiple studies have shown that clutter or sparsity in visual representations can have negative effects ranging from decreased user performance to diminished visual appeal. We have developed a system that assists users in the construction and navigation of visualizations with appropriate visual information density. This system, VIDA (Visual Information Density Adjuster), applies a cartographic principle to minimize clutter and sparsity in visual displays of information. %M C.CHI.99.2.21 %T HyperAudio: location-awareness + adaptivity %S Demonstrations: free-form interaction %A Daniela Petrelli %A Elena Not %A Marcello Sarini %A Oliviero Stock %A Carlo Strapparava %A Massimo Zancanaro %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 21-22 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632732 %X Multiple studies have shown that clutter or sparsity in visual representations can have negative effects ranging from decreased user performance to diminished visual appeal. We have developed a system that assists users in the construction and navigation of visualizations with appropriate visual information density. This system, VIDA (Visual Information Density Adjuster), applies a cartographic principle to minimize clutter and sparsity in visual displays of information. %M C.CHI.99.2.23 %T A motional interface approach based on user's tempo %S Demonstrations: free-form interaction %A Naoko Umeki %A Akira Morishita %A Shunichi Numazaki %A Yasunobu Yamauchi %A Isao Mihara %A Miwako Doi %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 23-24 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632732 %X The HyperAudio system aims at better supporting a user while visiting a museum by combining location awareness and information adaptation. This mixing of information delivery and physical space proposes new challenges for an effective human-computer-environment interaction. The HyperAudio solution interprets the visitor's behavior (i.e. physical and interactive) to create on the fly object presentations on the basis of the user model, the physical context and the history of interaction. %M C.CHI.99.2.25 %T Interstacks end-user "scripting" for hardware %S Demonstrations: advances in graphical interaction %A Peter Lucas %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 25-26 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632735 %X More and more consumer and commercial products contain at least one microprocessor. While efforts to develop "device bus" standards to integrate the automation of these devices have increased the potential for large-scale interoperability, this potential will remain largely unfulfilled for some time. Interstacks is a modular hardware system that empowers even non-technical users to integrate bits of specialized hardware in order to automate and control the flow of information among electronic products. It reinterprets the notions of component architecture and end-user scripting in the domain of hardware devices. %M C.CHI.99.2.27 %T Demonstrating flatland user interfaces %S Demonstrations: advances in graphical interaction %A Takeo Igarashi %A Elizabeth D. Mynatt %A W. Keith Edwards %A Anthony LaMarca %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 27-28 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632736 %X Flatland is an augmented whiteboard designed to assist informal activities in one's office environment. Current research focus is on the software architecture to support stroke-based interaction. This demonstration illustrates the user interface aspects of the board, focusing on its screen real estate management, flexible control of various behaviors working on the surface, and context based search mechanism. The combination of simple user interface based on strokes and advanced stroke management architecture can greatly enhance the basic functionality of physical whiteboards without damaging original strength of them. %M C.CHI.99.2.29 %T Bridging physical and virtual worlds with tagged documents, objects and locations %S Video demonstrations: augmenting reality %A Beverly L. Harrison %A Kenneth P. Fishkin %A Anuj Gujar %A Dmitriy Portnov %A Roy Want %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 29-30 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632738 %X A compelling and provocative vision of the future was presented in Pierre Wellner's video and article on the Digital Desk [8, 9]. Physical office tools such as pens, erasers, books, and paper were seamlessly integrated (or at least almost seamlessly!) with computational augmentation and virtual tools, using projection and image processing. His work, and now our most recent efforts (reported in this paper and [1, 3, 5]), are directed at more seamlessly bridging the gulf between physical and virtual worlds; an area which we believe represents a key future path for the design of user interfaces. A goal of this work is to seamlessly blend the affordances and strengths of physically manipulatable objects with virtual environments or artifacts, thereby leveraging the particular strengths of each. The goal of this video is to visually present scenarios of a number of working physical prototypes we have designed and built which computationally augment everyday objects to support casual interaction using natural manipulations. Unlike previous work [2, 4, 8, 9], we have tried to build invisible interfaces that have little reliance on specialized single-user environments and/or display projection, or custom-designed objects. To this end, we start with everyday objects and embed computation in them in the ubiquitous computing tradition founded at PARC [6, 7]. We have combined four technologies (RFID identifier tags and readers, RF networking, infrared beacons, and portable computing) in a seamless and tightly integrated way. This combination has not been discussed in the literature and is only now being experimented with in research labs working on user interface design. %M C.CHI.99.2.31 %T mediaBlocks: tangible interfaces for online media %S Video demonstrations: augmenting reality %A Brygg Ullmer %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 31-32 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632739 %X MediaBlocks is a tangible interface for physically capturing, transporting, and retrieving online digital media, as well as for physically and digitally manipulating this media. We present a description and video demonstration of mediaBlocks' function, and consider the work as a beginning towards alleviating the abstraction and complexity endemic to traditional computational interfaces. %M C.CHI.99.2.33 %T Manipulative user interfaces: exploring physically embodied user interfaces %S Video demonstrations: augmenting reality %A Anuj Gujar %A Kenneth P. Fishkin %A Beverly L. Harrison %A Roy Want %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 33-34 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632740 %X There has been wide-spread interest in augmented reality and physically-based user interfaces [e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] in the past 6 years. A goal of these efforts is to seamlessly blend the affordances and strengths of physically manipulatable objects with virtual environments or artifacts, thereby leveraging the particular strengths of each. This approach allows us to break free of indirectly manipulating tiny representations trapped within a computer display by leveraging form factor, physical motor skills, and naturalistic associations. Our work is distinguished from previous work in that we are not exploring separate input devices, but rather we employ sensor technologies to make the physical artifact become the input device. In other words we are investigating situations in which the physical manipulations are directly integrated with the device or artifact that is being controlled. We consider these user interfaces to be physically embodied. Our approach has been to experiment with various form factors of several handheld devices, implement some commonly used functions, such as navigation, and iterate on the resulting prototypes. This video shows three implementations of manipulative user interfaces on PDAs to support three simple real world tasks - navigation through long sequential lists, navigation within a book or document by pages, and document annotation. In addition to the three tasks, this document describes a fourth implementation not shown in the video - navigation within a book by "chunks" or by relative location. %M C.CHI.99.2.35 %T Making interactions visible: tools for social browsing %S Senior CHI development consortium %A Elisabeth Davenport %A Reuben Connolly %A Robert Spence %A Kathy Buckner %A Angus Whyte %A Kirsty Barr %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 35-36 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632742 %X The authors describe the problem of 'community myopia': a lack of awareness of people and resources that might assist members of a community to carry out tasks. They present a prototype social browser in two stages: a basic computer based social network diagram using off-the-shelf application software and an advanced social browser using Netmap, a proprietary analytic and visualization software tool. Tradeoffs between functional capability and ease and pleasure in use are discussed. %M C.CHI.99.2.37 %T Building a community of history %S Senior CHI development consortium %A Jason B. Ellis %A Amy S. Bruckman %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 37-38 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632743 %X This paper describes a virtual community tentatively entitled American Timewarp, which aims to bring kids and seniors together, both online and in person, to create shared historical artifacts. The beginnings of the project and future directions are discussed. %M C.CHI.99.2.39 %T Practices to encourage participation of older adults in research and development %S Senior CHI development consortium %A R. Darin Ellis %A Donna L. Cochran %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 39-40 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632744 %X The authors discuss issues surrounding the involvement of older adults in research and development in an urban setting. Transportation and incentive structure arose as important issues in focus groups with older adults. Experiences and insights from a participatory design project involving older adults are also shared. %M C.CHI.99.2.41 %T Technology and learner centered design: reaching out across the life span %S Senior CHI development consortium %A Jean B. Gasen %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 41-42 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632745 %M C.CHI.99.2.43 %T A modern role for the village elders %S Senior CHI development consortium %A Kay Hofmeester %A Anthony Dunne %A Bill Gaver %A Marco Susani %A Elena Pacenti %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 43-44 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632746 %X In this paper, the Presence team describes how, by thinking of older people as active participants in society, rather than as needy and dependent, innovative designs have been developed for systems that help elderly people remain part of the community. The team has done this by involving users in the design process by, engaging them in a dialogue with designers that has allowed both sides to influence each other. %M C.CHI.99.2.45 %T Windows on the world: expanding the view from the nursing home %S Senior CHI development consortium %A Jennifer S. Kay %A Patricia A. J. Kay %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 45-46 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632747 %X About 5% of the US elderly population are institutionalized. Many of these individuals have limited mobility and feel very isolated from the outside world. They often have an acute sense of their loss of independence. While not being a panacea, we believe that the ability to access the Internet community can help to foster a feeling of self-worth and connection to the world around them. %M C.CHI.99.2.47 %T Learning from seniors in network communities %S Senior CHI development consortium %A Elizabeth D. Mynatt %A Annette Adler %A Mizuko Ito %A Charlotte Linde %A Vicki L. O'Day %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 47-48 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632748 %X We conducted an ethnographic study of SeniorNet, an organization focused on helping seniors gain access to computing technology. Our research examines the social and cultural context of access to computing, with a particular focus on the role of community. Our study of SeniorNet has helped us understand the nature of seniors as a group, as we have immersed ourselves in the uniquely supportive and cohesive communities of SeniorNet. At the same time, our stereotypes of seniors have been challenged as we have come to understand the diversity that the category of "senior" so incompletely describes. This diversity has implications for how we approach access issues for the senior population and as we consider the benefits of computing for seniors as well as benefits for others in interacting with seniors. %M C.CHI.99.2.49 %T Teaching IT for seniors %S Senior CHI development consortium %A Bozena (Boba) Mannova %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 49-50 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632749 %X This paper describes the information technology course for seniors which was offered for 1998/99 on the Czech Technical University in Prague. The curriculum of the course is mentioned and basic information and statistics about participants are discussed. %M C.CHI.99.2.51 %T Technology training for older adults %S Senior CHI development consortium %A Wendy A. Rogers %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 51-52 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632750 %X The focus of this paper will be on the importance of providing age-specific training for the use of computer technology. Evidence suggests that age-related cognitive, perceptual, and motor declines may necessitate the need for training that is designed to compensate for these deficits. Moreover, evidence suggests that agist stereotypes that older adults lack interest in new technologies are not well-supported. Many older individuals, especially the healthy and well-educated are very interested in using new technologies, provided they receive adequate training. %M C.CHI.99.2.53 %T Users' perception of privacy in multimedia communication %S Doctoral consortium %A Anne Adams %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 53-54 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632752 %X Perceived infringements of privacy can cause breakdowns in technologically mediated interactions, leading to user rejection of the technology. This research aims to identify the impact that users' perception of privacy has on their attitudes to, and behavior within, multimedia communication environments. Using both qualitative and quantitative data from various multimedia communication settings, 3 major factors have been identified (Information Sensitivity, Receiver & Usage) and integrated into a framework. In addition, a mismatch between perceived and actual privacy risks has been identified, which increases perceived invasions of privacy and produces negative emotive responses. %M C.CHI.99.2.55 %T Skill-specific spoken dialogs in a reading tutor that listens %S Doctoral consortium %A Gregory Aist %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 55-56 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632753 %X Project LISTEN's Reading Tutor listens to children read aloud. A controlled study indicates that the Reading Tutor helps children's reading comprehension. However, the results for word attack (decoding) skills and word identification skills were not statistically better than in the control condition. Our thesis therefore proposes to develop skill-specific dialogs based on cognitive skill models and successful tutoring strategies. These dialogs will be dynamically assembled by the Reading Tutor and include text, speech, illustrations, and dialog parameters. We hypothesize that such dialogs will improve elementary students' reading abilities. %M C.CHI.99.2.57 %T Perceptual localization of surface normal %S Doctoral consortium %A Ming Hou %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 57-58 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632754 %X The objective of this study is to find an effective evaluation method for human perception of surface normal by investigating the influences of surface features on positioning accuracy of a 3D probing tool. Although stereoscopic displays allow enhanced depth perception and object identification, surface contour of objects cannot be easily determined. The research results will not only increase understanding of human visual perception with stereoscopic display, but will also provide insight into human-machine interaction in teleoperation tasks using augmented reality. %M C.CHI.99.2.59 %T Interactive touch: haptic interfaces based upon hand movement patterns %S Doctoral consortium %A Arthur E. Kirkpatrick %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 59-60 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632755 %X Haptic interfaces use specialized hardware to stimulate the user's sense of touch. The haptic sense uses both purposeful movement and sensory receptors. Previous haptic interface designs have focused entirely on producing stimuli for the sensory receptors of the human hand and arm, without taking into account the movements used in haptic perception. This research explores interaction techniques that explicitly support various movement styles used in haptic perception. The resulting interaction techniques should support more rapid and accurate virtual object identification and discrimination. %M C.CHI.99.2.61 %T Evaluation of virtual reality systems for usability %S Doctoral consortium %A Timothy Marsh %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 61-62 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632756 %X The adoption of 3D virtual interfaces is becoming more widespread. Although design guidelines and usability evaluation methods exist for the conventional 2 dimensional Graphical User Interface (GUI), they may or may not however, be appropriate in the design and the evaluation of 3 dimensional virtual interfaces. This paper describes the on-going research to find appropriate ways to evaluate virtual reality (VR) systems for usability. %M C.CHI.99.2.63 %T Recommending expertise in an organizational setting %S Doctoral consortium %A David W. McDonald %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 63-64 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632757 %X This work explores how information systems can be augmented to assist users in finding other individuals who are likely to have specialized, expert information that they need. This paper describes a field study that considers the social and cognitive mechanisms that people use to find candidate sources of expertise. These mechanisms are the basis for a recommender system that can help users find expertise. %M C.CHI.99.2.65 %T Designing 4D contexts for construction planners %S Doctoral consortium %A Kathleen McKinney Liston %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 65-66 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632758 %X Today, no context enables planners to communicate all the information necessary to evaluate a schedule. This thesis work looks at how we can use the 4D (3D + time) context to communicate and interact with descriptive, predictive, and explanative planning content by focusing on three aspects of the design of 4D contexts: 1) Defining the interactions between the elements of a 4D context and between the 4D content and the users; 2) Extending the current representation of planning content to generate these 4D contexts; and 3) Specifying and applying performance criteria to evaluate alternative 4D contexts. %M C.CHI.99.2.67 %T Computer-supported inferential analysis under data overload %S Doctoral consortium %A Emily S. Patterson %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 67-68 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632759 %X A simulation study of inferential analysis under data overload was conducted with professional analysts. Using a process tracing methodology, vulnerabilities in the analysis process were identified that point to design criteria for useful support aids. %M C.CHI.99.2.69 %T Internet search using adaptive visualization %S Doctoral consortium %A Dmitri Roussinov %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 69-70 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632760 %X Automatically created maps of concepts improve navigation in large collections of text documents. My research in progress on leveraging navigation by interactively providing the ability to modify the maps themselves has led me to believe that this functionality increases responsiveness to the user and makes searching more effective. I explored both what adaptive features users perceive to be most helpful and the overall effect of adaptation on achieving information seeking goals. %M C.CHI.99.2.71 %T Web macros by example: users managing the WWW of applications %S Doctoral consortium %A Alex Safonov %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 71-72 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632761 %X As the WWW moves from a web of documents to a web of interactive applications, hypertext organization and navigation tools such as bookmarks do not fully support user activities. I propose the concept of Web macros - parameterized, context-aware WWW navigation programs created by demonstration. Web macros can automate common tasks for their author, as well as be offered for public use with personalized parameters factored out and substituted. I am developing the model, requirements and technology for Web macros, and will investigate authoring by demonstration. %M C.CHI.99.2.73 %T Active retrieval results: if a picture is worth a thousand words, how much is a moving picture worth? %S Doctoral consortium %A Thomas Tan %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 73-74 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632762 %X This research introduces the use of animation in retrieval results presentation as the next step in the evolution of information retrieval visualisation. Some of the issues of using animation in this context are discussed. An implemented Java workbench called WebTree will be used as a framework for the design, development and evaluation of the visualisation interface. %M C.CHI.99.2.75 %T Effective navigation of children in virtual 3D environments %S Doctoral consortium %A Sabine Volbracht %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 75-76 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632763 %X The increasing development of three-dimensional environments for the World Wide Web and of three-dimensional educational software demands a better understanding of children's navigation in virtual 3D environments. This work will compare navigation mechanisms between children and adults to identify and model prerequisites which will allow children to navigate effectively in such environments. %M C.CHI.99.2.77 %T Developing tools for efficient collaborative web browsing %S Doctoral consortium %A Guillermo S. Zeballos %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 77-78 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632764 %X Collaborative web browsing can provide a practical approach for searching the vast quantities of information on the WWW. While browsers that support group web browsing exist, their support is limited to lockstep browsing, in which multiple clients are slaved to one browser. They do not permit individual collaborators to navigate separate paths while coordinating their efforts. This paper discusses my current investigation into modeling the behavior of, and developing tools to support, people making individual contributions to a coordinated group search effort. %M C.CHI.99.2.79 %T Trust me, I'm accountable: trust and accountability online %S Panel %A Batya Friedman %A John C. Thomas %A Jonathan Grudin %A Clifford Nass %A Helen Nissenbaum %A Mark Schlager %A Ben Shneiderman %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 79-80 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632766 %X We live in an increasingly wired world. According to Robert Putnam, people are spending less time in persistent personal face to face interactions and more time in pursuits such as watching TV and using the Internet. At the same time, independently measured "social capital" -- the extent to which we trust and work for a common good -- is declining. In this panel, we explore: the impacts of electronic media on trust and accountability; whether and how electronic media can be designed and used to increase deserved trust and accountability; the relationship between protecting privacy and increasing the efficacy of communication; and how people's tendency to treat computers as social actors impacts these issues. In brief, how can modern technology enhance humanity's humanity? %M C.CHI.99.2.81 %T Senior CHI: how can we make technology "elder-friendly?" %S Panel %A Beth Meyer %A Dominic G. Bouwhuis %A Sara J. Czaja %A Wendy A. Rogers %A Matthias Schneider Hufschmidt %A James L. Fozard %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 81-82 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632767 %X This panel will discuss the needs of older adults in making full use of computers and similar advanced technology. The panelists include representatives from both academic research and industrial organizations; all are experts in the impact of aging on the use of technology. Questions to be addressed by the panel include: What is the most important thing a designer can do to ensure that older adults can use a product? Will there still be issues associated with aging and computer use as the current generation of computer users gets older? Are normal good design methods enough to ensure that a product will work for this population? If not, is it worth the extra effort? %M C.CHI.99.2.83 %T Comparative evaluation of usability tests %S Panel %A Rolf Molich %A Ann Damgaard Thomsen %A Barbara Karyukina %A Lars Schmidt %A Meghan Ede %A Wilma van Oel %A Meeta Arcuri %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 83-84 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632768 %X Seven professional usability labs and one university student team have carried out independent, parallel usability tests of the same state-of-the-art, live, commercial web site. The web site used for the usability tests is www.hotmail.com, a major provider of free web-based e-mail. The panel will discuss similarities and differences in process, results and reporting. %M C.CHI.99.2.85 %T Third generation computer tutors: learn from or ignore human tutors? %S Panel %A Albert Corbett %A John Anderson %A Art Graesser %A Ken Koedinger %A Kurt VanLehn %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 85-86 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632769 %X Current "second generation or "intelligent" computer tutors are approximately one-half as effective as human tutors. How will we develop the next generation of computer tutors that approaches human tutor effectiveness? Does success lie in understanding and emulating the performance of human tutors? If so, should we focus on natural language dialog or human tutor pedagogy? Alternatively, does computer technology afford effective instructional interventions, unavailable to human tutors? Can we modify learning activities and monitor student problem solving in ways that human tutors cannot. %M C.CHI.99.2.87 %T Counting on community in cyberspace %S Panel %A Marc A. Smith %A Steven M. Drucker %A Robert Kraut %A Barry Wellman %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 87-88 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632770 %X In this panel, a group of researchers, each of whom has either constructed tools for communicating and community building in cyberspace or studied the process, present their own work and critically evaluate each other's work. Our perspective explores the relationships between individual usage of these tools and the formation of lasting social relationships and groups. Each panelist presents a current research project that documents the empirical patterns of use and interaction with existing forms of social cyberspaces. The panelists comment on the ways in which the their findings cast new perspective on each other's findings and on the prospects for the formation of both online communities and physical communities augmented by online interaction. %M C.CHI.99.2.89 %T Social navigation: what is it good for? %S Panel %A Alan Wexelblat %A Andreas Dieberger %A Paul Dourish %A Kristina Hook %A Paul Resnick %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 89-90 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632771 %X In this panel, a group of theorists and systems builders, each of whom has constructed a social navigation system, try to generalize beyond their own specific work and discuss what the possible applications and implications of social navigation will be for human-computer interfaces. Perspectives range from the pragmatic to the theoretical. The panelists describe ways in which future systems, influenced by social navigation ideas, might be built. %M C.CHI.99.2.91 %T Is ActiMates Barney ethical?: the potential good, bad, and ugly of interactive plush toys %S Panel %A BJ Fogg %A Allen Cypher %A Allison Druin %A Batya Friedman %A Erik Strommen %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 91-92 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632772 %X Interactive plush toys, such as ActiMates Barney, raise new ethical concerns that we as HCI professionals need to address and understand. This panel is designed to bring those concerns to the forefront and allow panelists and audience members to debate key issues. The panel includes people with expertise in creating interactive plush toys, creating software for children, and investigating ethical issues of technology. %M C.CHI.99.2.93 %T What makes strategic usability fail?: lessons learned from the field %S Panel %A Stephanie Rosenbaum %A Sarah Bloomer %A Dave Rinehart %A Janice Rohn %A Ken Dye %A Judee Humburg %A Jakob Nielsen %A Dennis Wixon %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 93-94 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632773 %X This panel asks a group of well-known usability practitioners what is keeping us from achieving the penetration of strategic usability within organizations. Eight panelists describe the lessons they learned while attempting to make usability pervasive in different organizational environments. %M C.CHI.99.2.95 %T Sci-fi @ CHI-99: science-fiction authors predict future user interfaces %S Plenary %A Aaron Marcus %A Elliot Soloway %A Bruce Sterling %A Michael Swanwick %A Vernor Vinge %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 95-96 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632775 %X Similar to the Sci-Fi@CHI panel of 1992, leading science fiction authors will explore ideas about future user interfaces, their technology support, and their social context. A commentator and the audience will have an opportunity to comment upon the authors' presentations. %M C.CHI.99.2.97 %T How to become an internet felon in three easy steps: will digital libraries become digital stores? %S Plenary %A Barbara Simons %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 97 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632777 %X A few years ago Hollywood and the music industry discovered the Internet and realized, much to their horror, that the technology now exists to make arbitrary numbers of perfect copies of a digitized object. As a result, we have seen an explosion of legislative and treaty proposals. Legislation was recently passed that attempts to protect intellectual property on the Net by outlawing some devices and technologies that can be used to "circumvent" measures restricting access. This legislation has several bad features, among them the unintended side effect of making some legitimate computer security research illegal. It could even criminalize some techniques that are required to correct Y2K problems. Both the legislation that is passed and the manner in which technology is implemented will have a major impact on the rights and responsibilities of creators and users of intellectual property. How will copyright he impacted? What will happen to user rights of fair use and first sale? Are we moving from copyright protection of books and magazines on the net to contract law, and if so, what are the potential repercussions? Will free libraries become a thing of the past, to be replaced by pay-per-view?The manner in which these questions are resolved will have a significant impact on our society. %M C.CHI.99.2.98 %T Civil rights in cyberspace: how online free speech restrictions will inhibit online diversity %S Closing plenary %A Ann Beeson %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 98-99 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632779 %X Federal, state and local governments continue to pass laws that restrict online speech. These laws threaten the quality of the medium as a true marketplace of ideas where everyone gets equal access and an equal voice. %M C.CHI.99.2.100 %T Human-computer interaction: introduction and overview %S Tutorials %A Keith A. Butler %A Robert J. K. Jacob %A Bonnie E. John %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 100-101 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632781 %X The objective of this special introductory seminar is to provide newcomers to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) with an introduction and overview of the field. The material will begin with a brief history of the field, followed by presentation and discussion of how good application development methods pull on the interdisciplinary technologies of HCI. The topics will include the psychology of human-computer interaction, usability engineering, psychologically-based design methods and tools, user interface media and tools, and introduction to user interface architecture. %M C.CHI.99.2.102 %T User interface design for the web %S Tutorials %A David Shen %A Irene Au %A Brian Buschmann %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 102-103 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632782 %X In this half day tutorial, we describe a variety of user interface design principles which are characteristic of Web design. These principles have been implemented by, experimented with, and validated through the experiences of the Yahoo! design team. %M C.CHI.99.2.104 %T Task analysis meets prototyping: seeking seamless UI-development %S Tutorials %A Chris Stary %A Gerrit C. van der Veer %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 104-105 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632783 %X This full-day tutorial introduces a seamless development approach for user interface generation, based on the user-centered Groupware Task Analysis GTA, and the task-based design technique and tool TADEUS (Task Analysis / Design / End User Systems). The seamless procedure ensures (i) for the developers consistency and semantic richness throughout analysis and design, and (ii) for end users context-sensitive and immediate feedback of analysis and design inputs through prototyping from analysis/design representations. The tutorial is held in participatory style and introduces the background, goals, experiences, methodology to be followed, methods and tools to use. It also provides hand-on experiences with existing tools to be used along the lines of development. The methodology will be explained and experienced along one or more projects the participants will identify and specify according to their interest and profile. %M C.CHI.99.2.106 %T Practical observation skills for understanding users and their work in context %S Tutorials %A Susan M. Dray %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 106-107 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632784 %X This tutorial will focus why and how to do observations of users in their own worksite. It will introduce practitioners how to use ethnographic tools, and how to apply what they find to design. %M C.CHI.99.2.108 %T Innovation in design: strategies for designing together %S Tutorials %A Charles D. Kukla %A Thomas Binder %A William L. Porter %A Jacob Buur %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 108-109 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632785 %X Innovation in design is becoming increasingly important as businesses see the limits of cost reduction strategies for improving productivity, profit, and growth. To create innovation in design we will show that designing in skilled practice has an inner logic: a structure that allows it to be understood as a kind of reasoning, a form of inquiry, but that also includes and depends upon the designer's appreciative judgments. Through the use of a research technique called Design Games and a real-life problem situation, participants will explore designing with a variety of tools, techniques and methods. Participants will reflect, analyze, and evaluate their work with others and by doing so will learn how their designs can become more communicative, efficient, and foster innovation through out the design process. The Space Planning and Organizational Research Group (http://destec.mit.edu/sporg/info/) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the User Centered Design Group at Danfoss have provided research and material for this tutorial. %M C.CHI.99.2.110 %T Practical usability methods in website design %S Tutorials %A Darren Gergle %A Tom Brinck %A Scott Wood %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 110-111 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632786 %X This tutorial presents a practical approach to applying usability methods to website design. Website projects are usually done on tight schedules, with limited resources, and without a well-defined approach for achieving usability. For many developers it's easy to dismiss usability methods as an unnecessary overhead cost. We demonstrate how usability methods can be integrated efficiently and effectively into each stage of the website design process. Employing this process, and by using forms, checklists, and other tools to improve communication and workflow, website projects can be managed successfully achieving a highly-usable product. %M C.CHI.99.2.112 %T Visual design for E-commerce and performance tools %S Tutorials %A Aaron Marcus %A Edward Guttman %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 112-113 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632787 %X User interface design requires good visual design of metaphors, mental models, navigation, appearance, and interaction to represent data, functions, tasks, roles, organizations, and people. Techniques of simplicity, clarity, and consistency can improve the communication effectiveness of user interfaces for performance (productivity) tools, multimedia, and the Web. In particular, the use of appropriate typography, layout, color, animation, and symbolism can assist developers to achieve more efficient, effective o communication to more diverse user communities. %M C.CHI.99.2.114 %T Successful strategies for selling usability into organisations %S Tutorials %A Sarah Bloomer %A Susan Wolfe %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 114-115 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632788 %X Usability is successfully integrated into an organisation when a strategy is developed which leads to key usability benefits and supports overall business objectives. Usability is practised by a large number of software developers, but has yet to gain wide acceptance within organisations. Communicating the value of usability must happen across multiple levels of an organisation, and requires speaking several "languages". This practical, hands-on tutorial covers a step by step approach to convincing management or potential clients of the value of usability, in terms each group understands. It examines what is required to develop a usability strategy for a whole organisation to finding data to convince stakeholders of a single usability activity. %M C.CHI.99.2.116 %T Cognitive factors in design: basic phenomena in human memory and problem solving %S Tutorials %A Thomas T. Hewett %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 116-117 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632789 %X This tutorial provides a "hands-on" (actually, "minds-on") exploration of several basic processes and phenomena of human memory, and problem solving. The emphasis is on developing both intuitive and formal knowledge which can serve as background knowledge which will be useful in interpreting design guidelines and in making educated design judgments when design guidelines fail, conflict, or are nonexistent. The demonstrations used emphasize basic general phenomena with which any theory of memory or problem solving must deal. In addition, the tutorial suggests some of the implications of these phenomena for designing interactive computing systems. %M C.CHI.99.2.118 %T Video brainstorming and prototyping: techniques for participatory design %S Tutorials %A Wendy E. Mackay %A Anne Laure Fayard %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 118-119 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632790 %X This tutorial is designed for HCI designers and researchers interested in learning specific techniques for using video to support a range of participatory design activities. Based on a combination of lectures, video demonstrations and hands-on exercises, the tutorial will give participants practical experience using video to observe users in laboratory and field settings, to analyze multimedia data, to explore and capture design ideas (video brainstorming), to simulate interaction techniques with users (Wizard-of-oz and video prototyping) and to present video-based design ideas to users and managers. Participants will gain experience shooting video and will address practical issues such as maintaining video archives and ethical issues such as obtaining informed consent. Although these video techniques are applicable in a variety of design settings, the emphasis here is on participatory design, using video as a tool to help users, researchers and designers gather and communicate design ideas. %M C.CHI.99.2.120 %T CSCW, groupware and workflow: experiences, state of art, and future trends %S Tutorials %A Steven Poltrock %A Jonathan Grudin %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 120-121 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632791 %X Technology to support groups is rapidly coming into use and is starting to have an impact on us, our organizations, and society. This course addresses recent experiences, current possibilities, and future trends and shocks. Lecture and video illustrations are accompanied by discussions in which participants organize and present their collective experiences with and interests in groupware and workflow technologies, and CSCW issues and methods. The instructors summarize the current composition of the CSCW community and the state of the art in technology, and organize discussion of fundamental challenges that face us as users (and developers) of these technologies. %M C.CHI.99.2.122 %T Computer-human interaction and health care: opportunities, roadblocks, tips, and tricks %S Tutorials %A John W. Gosbee %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 122-123 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632792 %X More and more organizations are interested in applying human factors (human-computer interaction -- HCI) to the development of health care information systems. This workshop is designed to accelerate this movement towards usable and useful health care information systems, which will, in turn, benefit end-users in hospitals, clinics, and other medical settings. Workshop participants will learn about: 1) issues in health care that are important to proper HCI design; 2) opportunities and training needed to become a specialist in HCI and healthcare; 3) barriers to accomplishing HCI activities in health care; 4) practical tips and tricks; and 5) hard-to-find case studies. This tutorial will be useful to any student, practitioner, or academic who would like to cultivate opportunities in the area of healthcare information systems (from computerized records to telemedicine). The workshop will provide valuable advice to those HCI personnel involved in medical domain, as well as newcomers to the domain. %M C.CHI.99.2.124 %T Designing speech user interfaces %S Tutorials %A Nicole Yankelovich %A Jennifer Lai %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 124-125 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632793 %X This tutorial focuses on techniques for designing speech interfaces. Topics covered include an introduction to speech input and output, a discussion of speech user interface design issues, and an exploration of ways to involve users in the design process. %M C.CHI.99.2.126 %T Designing interfaces for handheld computers %S Tutorials %A Phillip B. Shoemaker %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 126-127 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632794 %X With the handheld computer finally becoming mainstream, there is a need for designers to become informed about the tips and techniques necessary to design effective handheld applications. Many designers are unfamiliar with the unique requirements of handheld computers, and therefore attempt to use desktop metaphors on their designs. This tutorial will introduce design concepts used by the creators of the most popular and easy-to-use handheld computers. It includes designing screens and dialog boxes, designing for speed, using progressive disclosure, and employing benchmarks. It will also demonstrate the difference between designing for the consumer market and the vertical market. %M C.CHI.99.2.128 %T An introduction to the java foundation classes (JFC) %S Tutorials %A Fintan Culwin %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 128-129 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632795 %X The Java event source/listener protocols are fundamental to the construction of GUIs as the user's interactions with the interface generate events whose listeners supply the required behaviour. The Java 1.2 Java Foundation Class (JFC) user interface toolkit supplies a collection of interface components that have a richer visual appearance and increased functionality compared with the Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) that it replaces. Knowledge of a widget set is necessary, but not sufficient, for the production of artefacts that have a high degree of usability. State Transition Diagrams (STDs) provide a notation for the expression of required behaviour at the initial design stage. STDs can also be used to inform the design of classes within a three (application, presentation and translation) layer architecture; can also be used to validate the behaviour of the completed artefact and used to derive usability metrics. %M C.CHI.99.2.130 %T Design issues for next generation interfaces (NGI) %S Tutorials %A Anne Schur %A Scott D. Decker %A Richard May %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 130-131 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632796 %X The information explosion that has accompanied the technological age has created a world where people are expected to deal with vast quantities of data quickly and interact with others through technology on a daily basis. Facilitating the ability to effectively communicate and use this data requires a radical change in the way human computer interface (HCI) dialogues are provided. This tutorial will introduce new ideas, strategies, and techniques being developed around the world that can be used to create a new generation of interfaces. The characteristics, needs, and issues of NGIs will be identified. The tutorial will focus on three key areas: physical interactions, social interactions, and ambient interactions. New concepts about interaction will be introduced and illustrated by examples. Hands-on exercises will be used to assist participants' awareness and knowledge about how to apply strategies and techniques that can be used to design and think about NGIs. Emphasis will be given to efficient use of sharing interactively distributed resources including people and data in context of people performing activities as part of a small group. %M C.CHI.99.2.132 %T Globalizing usability engineering: current status in Japan %S Tutorials %A Masaaki Kurosu %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 132-133 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632797 %X This half-day tutorial outlines the current status of the usability engineering in Japan by reviewing both the technology and cultural characteristics of usability engineering in Japan. %M C.CHI.99.2.134 %T Drawing on the right side of the brain %S Tutorials %A Brian Bomeisler %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 134 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632798 %X Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain is one of the most effective teaching techniques for drawing ever developed. Brought about by Dr. Betty Edwards' years of research and personal experiences as a professor of art, this technique has proven itself by teaching millions to draw, worldwide. In this tutorial you will learn basic strategies for accessing the visual, perceptual mode of thinking. This type of thinking is learned through the acquisition of very basic drawing skills and the acquisition of an understanding of the nature of drawing. %M C.CHI.99.2.135 %T Programmable user modelling analysis in theory and in practice %S Tutorials %A Ann Blandford %A Jason Good %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 135-136 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632799 %X This tutorial provides a general introduction to cognitive modelling as it relates to work in Human-Computer Interaction and, in particular, to Programmable User Modelling Analysis (PUMA). PUMA is an approach to predictive usability evaluation that focuses on describing the user's knowledge and problem-solving behaviour. The tutorial covers underlying cognitive theory as well as the method of analysis. Examples of various sizes are used to demonstrate how PUMA can be applied within design practice. %M C.CHI.99.2.137 %T Planning and implementing user-centred design %S Tutorials %A Nigel Bevan %A Ian Curson %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 137-138 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632800 %X The tutorial presents a structured approach to user centred design, based on the principles of the International Standard "Human centred design processes for interactive systems" (ISO 13407) and other related standards. A core set of practical methods which support the approach are described. These have been selected by the European Usability Support Centres on the basis of their applicability, maturity, availability, and cost-effectiveness. The tutorial gives an overview of each method, and describes criteria which can be used for selecting appropriate methods. The benefits of demonstrating conformance to ISO 13407 are explained. %M C.CHI.99.2.139 %T Contextual design: using customer work models to drive systems design %S Tutorials %A Karen Holtzblatt %A Hugh Beyer %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 139-140 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632801 %X Field data gathering techniques such as Contextual Inquiry enable a design team to gather the detailed data they need. These techniques produce enormous amounts of information on how the customers of a system work. This creates a new problem--how to represent all this detail in a coherent, comprehensible form, which can be a suitable basis for design. An affinity diagram effectively shows the scope of the customer problem, but is less effective at capturing and coherently representing the details of how people work. Design teams need a way to organize this detail so they can use it in their own development process. In this tutorial we present our latest methods for representing detailed information about work practice and using these representations to drive system design. These methods have been adopted over the last few years by major product development and information systems organizations. We show how to represent the work of individual users in models, how to generalize these to describe a whole market or department, and how to use these to drive innovative design. We present the process by which we build and use the models and practice key steps. We show how these methods fit into the overall design process, and summarize Contextual Design, which gathers field data and uses it to drive design through a well-defined series of steps. The tutorial is appropriate for those who have used field techniques, especially Contextual Inquiry, and would like to put more structure on the process of using field data. We use shopping as our example of work practice throughout this tutorial, since shopping is simple and understood by everyone. We encourage participants to go grocery shopping shortly before the tutorial, and bring any shopping list they may have used, their store receipt, and a drawing of the store layout and their movement through it. %M C.CHI.99.2.141 %T Web sites that work: designing with your eyes open %S Tutorials %A Jared M. Spool %A Will Schroeder %A Tara Scanlon %A Carolyn Snyder %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 141-142 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632802 %X This tutorial is inspired by our observations of users struggling with web sites and our consulting work with clients who face the many challenges of web site development. We've witnessed the effects of less-than-optimal web site design and the pain it causes users. Our client work and research have given us insights into the causes of unusable designs--we've seen similar patterns of behavior in the development processes of different organizations. Many web site designers are unaware of some of the most important factors that will affect the success of their site. By teaching web designers to think differently about their work, we can introduce changes in the development process that will lead to more usable web site designs. %M C.CHI.99.2.143 %T Java based user interface design and development %S Tutorials %A Manfred Tscheligi %A Verena Giller %A Gernot Hueller %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 143-144 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632803 %X The objective of this tutorial is to introduce the Java platform from a design rather then from a programming perspective. It provides an exploration of key issues of the Java technology necessary to create high quality and novel web technology based application environments. Based on the experience of several Java based user interface projects the specific needs of usability engineers will be addressed. User interface potentials embedded in the Java platform will be uncovered. %M C.CHI.99.2.145 %T Visual literacy for interface designers: tips, tools, techniques and inspiration %S Tutorials %A Suzanne Watzman %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 145-146 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632804 %X "To expand our ability to see means to expand our ability to understand a visual message and, even more crucial, to make a visual message." Donis DondisThough Donis Dondis (A Primer of Visual Literacy) wrote this statement in 1973, it has never been more true than today. Our world is one of non-stop messages and images. As we rapidly create and use tools that allow us to deliver more messages and images faster, we have not taken enough time to understand the implications. We make countless decisions every day based on our perception and interpretation of these things, yet we are unaware of what, why and how we respond to visual imagery. This kind of understanding, however, can give us the potential to deliver efficient, effective messages consistent with the intended meaning. The problem is that no one has given us a greater ability to use and understand all this new information. In our rush to use enticing new tools, we have forgotten our goal: that this is all about quality communication. We need to step back and evaluate this visual chaos; learn to see, not just look; learn and understand what the basic principles are to create quality communication as well as the implications of our choices. Our education has made us verbally literate; we must now become visually literate. %M C.CHI.99.2.147 %T The usability engineering lifecycle %S Tutorials %A Deborah J. Mayhew %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 147-148 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632805 %X The purpose of this tutorial is to provide a lifecycle of practical usability tasks and techniques for structuring the process of designing good user interfaces to either traditional software applications or Web pages and applets. The tutorial presents techniques which can be applied at different points in a typical product development lifecycle. Techniques presented include not only requirements analysis, design and testing techniques, but also organizational and managerial strategies. %M C.CHI.99.2.149 %T Information visualization tutorial %S Tutorials %A Nahum Gershon %A Stuart Card %A Stephen G. Eick %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 149-150 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632806 %X Visual representation of information requires merging of data visualization methods, computer graphics, design, and imagination. This course describes the emerging field of information visualization including visualizing retrieved information from large document collections (e.g., digital libraries), the World Wide Web, and databases. The course highlights the process of producing effective visualizations, making sense of information, taking users' needs into account, and illustrating good practical visualization procedures in specific case studies. %M C.CHI.99.2.151 %T Variations of a theme: card-based techniques for participatory analysis and design %S Tutorials %A Daniel Lafreniere %A Tom Dayton %A Michael Muller %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 151-152 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632807 %X This full-day tutorial provides hands-on experience with three card-based techniques for participatory analysis and design: CARD (Collaborative Analysis of Requirements and Design), CUTA (Collaborative Users' Task Analysis) and TOD (Task Object Design).In our tutorial, we will provide brief theoretical backgrounds on participatory design and tips and tricks on conducting successful workshops. We will then guide the participants in a walking review of three work samples illustrating the three techniques (CARD, CUTA and TOD). The participants will divide into small groups; each group will engage in a brief workshop using one of the three techniques. Groups will rotate through the three workshops, so that each participant has experience with each of the three methods. The participants will then compare and contrast their experiences in a plenary discussion, moderated by the instructors. In our closing section, we will compare these practices with other, related practices (e.g., [1,2]), locate these practices in a larger space of participatory methods (per a recent survey chapter by two of the instructors in the new Handbook of HCI [6]), and discuss how participants can adapt the methods to meet their own needs. %M C.CHI.99.2.153 %T Conceptual design %S Tutorials %A Kathy Potosnak %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 153-154 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632808 %X This full-day tutorial introduces conceptual design and a simple, user-centered framework for creating conceptual designs as a basis for organizing the functionality of a product and representing it in the user interface. It covers the purpose, context, benefits, examples, process, and hands-on application of the framework to a sample project. %M C.CHI.99.2.155 %T Designing hands-free, eyes-free, silent (or noisy) environment, and accessible interfaces %S Tutorials %A Gregg Vanderheiden %A Shawn Lawton Henry %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 155-156 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632809 %X This full-day tutorial provides attendees with a thorough understanding of the issues and strategies for creating interfaces that do not depend on particular sensory modalities or physical capabilities. Knowledge gained will help attendees understand related topics, such as the issues of mobile computing and access by intelligent agents, as well as access by users with disabilities and older users. %M C.CHI.99.2.157 %T Distance learning %S Tutorials %A Lisa Neal %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 157-158 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632810 %X This tutorial covers how to design and deliver a distance learning class. The motivation for distance learning programs is presented, along with the selection, deployment, and use of distance learning technologies. We examine how preparing and teaching a distance learning class is different from a face-to-face class and how to evaluate the effectiveness of a distance learning class. Case studies will illustrate the use of distance learning technologies and the broad range of situations and institutions in which distance learning is employed. %M C.CHI.99.2.159 %T Speech user interface design for mobile devices %S Tutorials %A Elisa del Galdo %A Tony Rose %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 159-160 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632811 %X This half-day tutorial provides participants with an understanding of the fundamental concepts in speech recognition and how best to use this technology in the design of user interfaces for personal and mobile devices. A number of guidelines and case studies are presented and discussed. The tutorial finishes with a group exercise that allows participants to apply the design guidelines to an actual device. %M C.CHI.99.2.161 %T Current issues in web design: building the network economy %S Tutorials %A Jakob Nielsen %A Rolf Molich %A Bruce Tog Tognazzini %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 161-162 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632812 %X On the Web, power rests with he or she who clicks the mouse. Make your site user-focused and you will get traffic; make it bloated, confusing, and useless and your hits will drop through the floor. %M C.CHI.99.2.163 %T Basic research symposium %S Workshops %A John F. McGrew %A Yvonne Waern %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 163 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632814 %X The Basic Research Symposium is a special event with a six-year history at CHI. It is a hybrid between a mini-conference and a workshop that presents an opportunity for researchers from different disciplines to share their visions by exchanging new developments and insights from their own fields. The goal of the Symposium is to provide an interactive forum to promote and enhance scientific discussions of developing research issues and areas. It has been central to the BRS to encourage the presentation of early-stage basic research to colleagues for informed feedback and critical review. %M C.CHI.99.2.164 %T Interacting with recommender systems %S Workshops %A Patrick Baudisch %A Loren Terveen %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 164 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632815 %X Many people today live in information-rich worlds, constantly facing the question: what should I do next? Which papers should I read to learn about a new area I am interested in? Which movie should I go to? Which restaurant would I like? The experience of friends and colleagues is a valuable resource for making such decisions, especially friends who are familiar with the subject area and have similar tastes. The field of recommender systems (or collaborative filtering) attempts to automate this process, e.g., by supporting people in making recommendations, finding a set of people who are likely to provide good recommendations for a given person, or deriving recommendations from implicit behavior such as browsing activity, buying patterns, and time on task. %M C.CHI.99.2.165 %T Interaction in the large: developing a framework for integrating models in HCI %S Workshops %A Hilary Johnson %A Eamonn O'Neill %A Peter Johnson %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 165 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632816 %X With the continuing expansion of HCI concerns, the field encompasses many local models. We have, for example, models of individual users and computers; models of group settings of system use, including the modeling of social, organizational and technological features; and models of the context and environment of system use. In the course of systems development, several of these models may be used. But it is in general unclear how they are, or may be, interrelated or integrated with each other. Understandings of how such models may be related and of the semantics of their relationships are important both to HCI as a discipline and to systems development practice. %M C.CHI.99.2.166 %T Research issues in the design of online communities %S Workshops %A Amy Bruckman %A Thomas Erickson %A Wendy Kellogg %A Lee Sproull %A Barry Wellman %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 166 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632817 %X Online communities are rapidly becoming a part of how we work, play, and learn. But how are they designed? What is already known in this emerging field? What are the key questions for future research? Online communities are becoming increasingly pervasive in the personal and professional lives of people from all strata of society; however, our knowledge about them is not increasing apace. The purpose of this workshop is to bring together researchers in this new area to begin to address these questions, and to support the growth of this research field. %M C.CHI.99.2.167 %T Designing electronic books %S Workshops %A Gene Golovchinsky %A Cathy Marshall %A Bill Schilit %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 167 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632818 %X Science fiction introduced the idea of an electronic book; some early prototypes showed the potential of such devices (Kay and Goldberg, 1977); now we have the technology to implement these ideas (Lewis, 1998; Schilit et al., 1998). Still missing, however, is a principled look at interaction design and features that make electronic books useable and useful. This workshop will bring together practitioners, researchers, and designers to explore the future of electronic books with an emphasis on HCI issues. %M C.CHI.99.2.168 %T Interacting with statistics: designing interfaces to statistical databases %S Workshops %A Michael D. Levi %A Frederick G. Conrad %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 168 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632819 %M C.CHI.99.2.169 %T Tool support for task-based user interface design %S Workshops %A Birgit Bomsdorf %A Gerd Szwillus %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 169-170 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632820 %X It is generally accepted today, that knowledge about the tasks the user has to fulfill with a computer system, plays an important role in the design process. The more knowledge about the user tasks is available during design time the more it can be exploited when defining the system's properties and features, leading to a higher degree of user acceptance and user satisfaction. Basically, this process starts with the analysis and modelling of the user's tasks and uses the output of this modelling step in the subsequent system design and evaluation phases. %M C.CHI.99.2.171 %T An international SIGCHI research agenda %S Workshops %A Jean C. Scholtz %A Michael Muller %A David Novick %A Dan R. Olsen, Jr. %A Ben Shneiderman %A Cathleen Wharton %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 171 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632821 %X The goal of this workshop is to articulate an HCI research agenda statement, along with plans for continued refinement with the greater CHI community and plans for disseminating the information beyond the CHI community. There are been several similar prior efforts, including: * 1998 Universal Access program [2] * European community report, "Building the European Information Society for Us All" [1]; * CHI 97 workshop [5] and paper [6], "HCI Research and Practice Agenda based on Human Needs"; * CHI 96 Workshop, "CHI Ten-Year View" [3]; * 1995 US National Science Foundation report, "New Directions in Human-Computer Interaction" [9]; * 1995 report from the US National Research Council [7]; * 1991 report, "... HCI ... Serving Human Needs" [4] %M C.CHI.99.2.172 %T Organizing web site information: principles and practical experience %S Workshops %A Kate Dobroth %A Paul McInerney %A Sharon Smith %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 172 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632822 %X As web sites continue to grow in their complexity, one of the most important usability design decisions is how to structure the web site topic hierarchy. This decision lays the groundwork for designing other aspects of the site, including the home page table of contents, common navigation elements, hypertext links, and for categorizing new documents in the topic structure over the life of the site. Organizing web sites is a timely topic as evidenced by the recent spate of publications on this topic and by NIST's recent release of a tool, WebCAT, to help users participate in organizing their web site. More significantly, the organization is probably the limiting factor on success for web sites that provide useful information. %M C.CHI.99.2.173 %T The hunt for usability: tracking eye movements %S Workshops %A Keith S. Karn %A Steve Ellis %A Cornell Juliano %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 173 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632823 %X Usability testing methods have not changed significantly since the origins of the practice. Usability studies typically address human performance at a readily observable task-level, including measures like time to complete a task, percentage of participants succeeding, type and number of errors, and subjective ratings of ease of use [3]. Certain types of questions are difficult to answer efficiently with these techniques. Imagine, for example, that we observe users spending longer than expected looking at a particular dialog of a software application or web page without making the appropriate selection to complete the task. Participants often have difficulty reporting their behavior and the experimenter is clueless about what went wrong. Is it because the user is overlooking the control? Is the user distracted by another element in the interface -- perhaps an animated graphic? Is the user seeing the control, but failing to comprehend its meaning? Different answers to these questions would clearly lead to different recommendations. If overlooking the control is a problem, increasing its salience is appropriate. If confusion of the control's function is a problem, changing the graphic or text label may be appropriate. If distraction is a problem, decreasing the salience of other stimuli may help. Without answers to these questions, design recommendations have to be implemented by trial and error. Recording the fixation pattern of the participant's eyes can offer additional information to help answer these questions. While this concept is not new, it has been confined primarily to military aircraft cockpit issues [2,4]. Only recently has eye tracking technology advanced to make it practical in the broader usability community. Usability studies of human-computer systems that have included eye tracking, e.g., [1] are beginning to show benefits of these techniques. However, important challenges remain. %M C.CHI.99.2.174 %T End-user programming and blended-user programming %S Workshops %A Howie Goodell %A Carol Traynor %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 174 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632824 %X End-User Programming has not lived up to expectations: today's computer world is dominated by "fatware" programs with hundreds of features, not simple applications built by the users themselves. Yet a strange convergence is taking place between the roles of programmers and end-users. Professional programmers are now end users of complex IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) similar to tools for non-programmers. On the other end of the scale, end users of major applications are gradually eased into real programming by extensive customization, macro recorders, "wizards", and GUI builders. In between are the informally-trained software professionals we call "blended-user programmers" who configure computers and networks, control industrial machines, and build active Web pages and business applications. Like conventional programmers, they are paid to program full-time, and develop skills in a variety of tools. Like end-users, their knowledge is applied and experimental rather than theoretical. Many started as end users, but moved into these software careers instead of becoming "gurus" or "gardeners" [1] who help other users. %M C.CHI.99.2.175 %T HCI in domains: common ground and key differences %S Workshops %A Guy A. Boy %A David G. Novick %A Cathleen Wharton %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 175 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632825 %M C.CHI.99.2.176 %T Designing the user interface for pen and speech multimedia applications %S Workshops %A James A. Larson %A Sharon Oviatt %A David L. Ferro %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 176 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632826 %X This workshop will bring together a small group of researchers and practitioners to discuss how to design applications with both a verbal user interface (the user hears and speaks to the application) and a visual user interface (the user draws/writes and sees the application). Our goal is to better understand the issues that face designers of applications with multimedia interfaces integrating both visual and verbal interaction styles, exchange ideas and information, and increase communication among the diverse groups involved in multimedia interfaces. %M C.CHI.99.2.177 %T The UI design process: planning, managing, and documenting UI design work %S Workshops %A Paul McInerney %A Rick Sobiesiak %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 177 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632827 %X This workshop will examine best practices for managing and documenting the external aspects of UI design work. Participants will have an opportunity to share lessons learned, discuss published literature, and identify issues that remain unresolved. %M C.CHI.99.2.178 %T A task-oriented view of information visualization %S Late-breaking results: seeing is understanding: new visualization techniques %A Stacie L. Hibino %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 178-179 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632829 %X Much of the research in information visualization has primarily focused on providing new views and frameworks to aid users in exploring or accessing data. Very little work has been done to support users through their full analysis process--from transforming their raw data into a set of polished final results. In this pilot study, we conducted a task analysis on five experts' use of an existing information visualization system when analyzing a complex data set. Our preliminary results indicate that users conduct several tasks outside of data exploration--tasks such as preparing the data, collecting results, and gathering evidence for a presentation. In addition, they give these other tasks high importance ratings with respect to the analysis process. %M C.CHI.99.2.180 %T TimeScape: a time machine for the desktop environment %S Late-breaking results: seeing is understanding: new visualization techniques %A Jun Rekimoto %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 180-181 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632830 %X This paper describes a new desktop metaphor/system called TimeScape. A user of TimeScape can spatially arrange information on the desktop. Any desktop item can be removed at any time, and the system supports time-travel to the past or the future of the desktop. The combination of spatial information arrangement and chronological navigation allows the user to organize and archive electric information without being bothered by document folders or file classification problems. %M C.CHI.99.2.182 %T Information management strategies using a spatial-temporal activity structure %S Late-breaking results: seeing is understanding: new visualization techniques %A Koichi Hayashi %A Eriko Tamaru %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 182-183 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632831 %X This paper briefly describes our temporally threaded workspace model, and provides experimental results on its effects on users' information management strategies. The model provides users with a workspace to gather, create, and organize information necessary for each of their activities. It records a series of workspace snapshots to represent the progress of an activity. Through experiments we observed that the snapshot mechanism reduces the mental barrier associated with deleting information. This leads users to represent the current state of the task more clearly. Further, we observed a novel information management strategy, which uses the time dimension, in addition to spatial dimensions. %M C.CHI.99.2.184 %T Exploring a database through interactive visualised similarity scaling %S Late-breaking results: seeing is understanding: new visualization techniques %A Pieter Jan Stappers %A Gert Pasman %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 184-185 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632832 %X Databases often force users to verbalize queries in terms of attribute values. In matters of taste or subjective judgement, as in picking a color, or a meal from a menu, this is difficult and distracting. In our solution, MDS-Interactive, the dialogue between user and database is mediated through a small, evolving set of sample objects, which are presented visually by a real-time multidimensional scaling (MDS) algorithm. Queries are posed by indicating positions between the samples in order to find an object having like similarities to the displayed objects. Three prototype systems have been built and evaluated. %M C.CHI.99.2.186 %T Visualizing the crowds at a web site %S Late-breaking results: seeing is understanding: new visualization techniques %A Nelson Minar %A Judith Donath %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 186-187 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632833 %X A visualization of the crowds of people visiting a web site is developed. Visitors are drawn as icons on a map of the web site; the animation of people's movements conveys the crowd dynamics of visitors. The visualization combines three pieces: a map of the web site, an iconic representation of individual visitors, and an interpretation of the dynamics of visitor patterns to show crowd phenomena. The effect is to make a web site look like a social, active space. %M C.CHI.99.2.188 %T Visualizing the stock market %S Late-breaking results: seeing is understanding: new visualization techniques %A Martin Wattenberg %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 188-189 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632834 %X We describe a new 2-dimensional visualization algorithm capable of presenting detailed information on hundreds of items while emphasizing overall patterns in the data. This display method, which builds on Shneiderman's treemap technique, makes use of both hierarchy and similarity information. We have implemented this display in the SmartMoney Map of the Market, a web page that reports current data on over 500 publicly traded companies. %M C.CHI.99.2.190 %T Agora: a remote collaboration system that enables mutual monitoring %S Late-breaking results: novel collaborative paradigms %A Hideaki Kuzuoka %A Jun Yamashita %A Keiichi Yamazaki %A Akiko Yamazaki %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 190-191 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632836 %X We introduce the video mediated remote collaboration system named Agora. Agora is designed so that embodiment of participants'conducts can be monitored naturally. Design principle, architecture, and initial impressions of the system is described. %M C.CHI.99.2.192 %T The ins and outs of collaborative walls: demonstrating the collaborage concept %S Late-breaking results: novel collaborative paradigms %A Thomas P. Moran %A Eric Saund %A William van Melle %A Robert Bryll %A Anuj U. Gujar %A Kenneth P. Fishkin %A Beverly L. Harrison %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 192-193 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632837 %X A collaborage is a collaborative collage of physically represented information on a surface that is connected with electronic information, such as a physical in/out board connected to a people-locator database. The physical surface (board) contains items that are tracked by camera and machine vision technology. Events on the board trigger electronic services. This paper motivates this concept, sketches the system, describes the first application, and presents some design issues. %M C.CHI.99.2.194 %T Real world teleconferencing %S Late-breaking results: novel collaborative paradigms %A Mark Billinghurst %A Hirokazu Kato %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 194-195 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632838 %X We describe a prototype Augmented Reality conferencing application which uses the overlay of virtual images on the real world to facilitate computer supported collaborative work. Remote collaborators are represented as live video images or virtual avatars which are attached to tangible objects that can be freely positioned about a user in space. The use of augmented reality overcomes some of the limitations associated with traditional video conferencing and allows the user to conference from anywhere in their physical environment. %M C.CHI.99.2.196 %T A collaborative assistant for email %S Late-breaking results: novel collaborative paradigms %A Dan Gruen %A Candy Sidner %A Carolyn Boettner %A Charles Rich %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 196-197 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632839 %X Software agents which communicate and collaborate with users to perform complex tasks constitute a new paradigm for human-computer interaction complementing existing graphical interfaces. We have recently completed a prototype agent of this kind for helping people with their email, based on our studies of people working with human assistants and Wizard-of-Oz studies. The prototype was constructed using application-independent software for modeling collaborative discourse (Collagen, see [4]) jointly developed by Lotus and Mitsubishi Electric and speech understanding technology from IBM Research. Users perform typical email tasks via a flexible combination of spoken language conversation with the agent and graphical interface actions (which are observed by the agent). The agent maintains a model of the user's goals and activities, and can act on its own initiative to assist the user. Having a high-level model of actions and goals allows speech to be used in a more natural, conversational, and effective manner than otherwise possible. %M C.CHI.99.2.198 %T Writing apart and designing together %S Late-breaking results: novel collaborative paradigms %A Andrew L. Cohen %A Debra Cash %A Michael J. Muller %A Curtis Culberson %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 198-199 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632840 %X We report a qualitative study of collaboration in writing and presentation preparation. We highlight one important difference identified between the collaborative writing and the construction of presentations: When collaborating on documents, co-authors seldom constructed text synchronously. However, when collaborating on presentations, co-authors commonly engaged in synchronous construction of presentations. We conclude that tools supporting collaborative writing and presentation-development should provide real-time manipulation for presentation development, but for collaborative writing shared viewing and annotation may be sufficient. %M C.CHI.99.2.200 %T OwnTime: a system for timespace management %S Late-breaking results: novel collaborative paradigms %A Roy Rodenstein %A Gregory Abowd %A Richard Catrambone %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 200-201 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632841 %X We describe OwnTime, a system for facilitating timespace management, and discuss the results of a user study comparing the disruptiveness of meeting establishment without and with the system. The study indicates that the OwnTime system shows potential for improving users' time management. We also raise relevant issues about computer mediation in traditionally interpersonal tasks and note further work to be done in areas such as context-aware and wearable computing. %M C.CHI.99.2.202 %T The SIT book: audio as affective imagery for interactive storybooks %S Late-breaking results: new methapors for user interfaces %A Maribeth Back %A Rich Gold %A Dana Kirsch %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 202-203 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632843 %X We describe a working prototype built as part of our continuing research focus on new document genres and the crossmodal affordances of interactive audio. Our experimental SIT (Sound-Image-Text) Book is a personal interactive reading experience that combines the look and feel of a real book -- a beautiful cover, paper pages and printed images and text -- with the rich, evocative quality of a movie soundtrack. The soundtrack is multi-track and includes music and sound effects. The SIT Book uses electric field sensors located in the book binding to sense the reader's casual book handling and fingering of the page; these sensors control the ambient audio. The particular point of the SIT Book is to explore the use of background sound to provide a sense of place, and to add affect to the experience of reading a book without interrupting the flow of the story. %M C.CHI.99.2.204 %T Employing the periphery: the window as interface %S Late-breaking results: new methapors for user interfaces %A Roy Rodenstein %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 204-205 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632844 %X This paper describes work which employs a room's window as a location for a peripheral interface. Windows have several properties which make them well-suited to unobtrusive display including their transparency, their positive associations for people and natural peripheral use by them, and their nature as a clean and pleasing interface between spaces. We have initially explored the display of graphical weather forecasts, of activity in the space outside the window, and of historical images of the space outside the window, to augment users' sense of spatial and temporal context in their daily lives. %M C.CHI.99.2.206 %T TransWorld: paper world as avatar of electronic world %S Late-breaking results: new methapors for user interfaces %A Noriko Ito %A Naotake Fujita %A Hideo Shimazu %A Noboru Nakajima %A Keiji Yamada %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 206-207 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632845 %X Today, most of paper documents in offices are just like avatars of electronic documents because such paper documents are computer print-outs of original digital data in office computers. We propose a document management model, called TransWorld which supports integration of the paper world and the electronic world. In the model, users' actions to paper documents are automatically reflected to their original electronic documents observed by desk-mounted scanners and vice versa. An experimental system based on the TransWorld model is also described. %M C.CHI.99.2.208 %T StuPad: integrating student notes with class lectures %S Late-breaking results: new methapors for user interfaces %A Khai N. Truong %A Gregory D. Abowd %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 208-209 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632846 %X A classroom environment contains both private (student-generated) and public (teacher-generated) streams of information. This paper discusses a system, StuPad, that integrates publicly available streams of information, such as a lecture presented by an instructor, with notes captured by individual students. We discuss the motivation for StuPad within the Classroom 2000 project and present a prototype to support capture and access/review activities. %M C.CHI.99.2.210 %T Notable: an annotation system for networked handheld devices %S Late-breaking results: new methapors for user interfaces %A Michelle Baldonado %A Steve Cousins %A Brian Lee %A Andreas Paepcke %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 210-211 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632847 %X This paper describes Notable, an annotation system for networked handheld devices. Notable's key features are its separation of the annotation platform from the reading platform and its use of search to link annotations and documents. We outline the scenario that inspired this system, then describe its interaction design, architecture, and prototype implementation. %M C.CHI.99.2.212 %T Swept-frequency, magnetically-coupled resonant tags for realtime, continuous, multiparameter control %S Late-breaking results: new methapors for user interfaces %A Joseph Paradiso %A Kai Yuh Hsiao %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 212-213 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632848 %X We have developed a passive tag reader optimized for applications in human-computer interaction. It sweeps through a 50-300 kHz read frequency, flagging any magnetically-coupled resonators in that range. It is a minimally-complicated circuit, and is able to provide the center frequency, resonance width, and amplitude for each detected tag over a serial line at 30 Hz continuous updates. The tags are easily fashioned, consisting only of an inductor and capacitor or magnetostrictor tag cut to appropriate length. We have written an engaging musical application to demonstrate this system, tagging over 11 different objects and tracking their proximity and state, launching or modifying musical sounds in accordance. %M C.CHI.99.2.214 %T User interface of a nonvisual table navigation method %S Late breaking results: overcoming human limitations %A Chieko Asakawa %A Takashi Itoh %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 214-215 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632850 %X It is fervently hoped that the World Wide Web will become a new information resource for the blind. However, although the use of tables on the Web has been increasing, the currently available talking Web browsers basically read tables horizontally, making it very hard for blind users to understand them. We therefore propose a method that allows users to navigate through a table both horizontally and vertically. Our method is characterized by three features: a table cursor, a table pointer, and a cell-jumping key. In this paper, we describe the user interface of our method, report the results of our evaluation tests, and offer some conclusions. %M C.CHI.99.2.216 %T A web browsing interface for small-screen computers %S Late breaking results: overcoming human limitations %A Atsushi Sugiura %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 216-217 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632851 %X This paper describes a user interface that facilitates daily Web browsing tasks in small-screen computers. A combination of two techniques, hyperlink prediction and Web data clipping, reduces the number of scrolling operations necessary to display a desired hyperlink on the small screen. %M C.CHI.99.2.218 %T Auditory browser for blind and visually impaired users %S Late breaking results: overcoming human limitations %A Patrick Roth %A Lori Petrucci %A Thierry Pun %A Andre Assimacopoulos %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 218-219 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632852 %X This paper presents our work on the development of a multimodal auditory interface which permits blind users to work more easily and efficiently with GUI browsers. A macro-analysis phase, which can be either passive or active, informs on the global layout of HTML documents. A subsequent active micro-analysis phase allows to explore particular elements of the document. The interface is based on : (1) a mapping of the graphical HTML document into a 3D virtual sound space environment, where non-speech auditory cues differentiate HTML elements; (2) the transcription into sound not only of text, but also of images; (3) the use of a touch-sensitive screen to facilitate user interaction. Moreover, in order to validate the sonification model of the images, we have created an audio "memory game", that can be used as a pedagogical tool to help blind pupils learn spatial exploration cues. %M C.CHI.99.2.220 %T Supporting memory for spatial location while reading from small displays %S Late breaking results: overcoming human limitations %A Kenton O'Hara %A Abigail Sellen %A Richard Bentley %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 220-221 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632853 %X Research has shown that when people read paper documents, they develop an incidental memory for the location of information within those documents. However, this kind of spatial memory is undermined in conventional on-line scrolling interfaces. We report on an experiment in which we show that careful design of the interface can reinstate memory for spatial location. As we will show, this has particular implications for the design of interfaces for small screen displays. %M C.CHI.99.2.222 %T The integrated communication 2 draw (IC2D): a drawing program for the visually impaired %S Late breaking results: overcoming human limitations %A Hesham M. Kamel %A James A. Landay %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 222-223 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632854 %X This paper addresses the problem of computer-aided drawing for the visually impaired without using special purpose external devices. We introduce the Integrated Communication 2 Draw (IC2D) system, which has a user interface that enables navigation and drawing on the screen using audio feedback. Navigation and point selection are done via a new recursive scheme based on the layout of the telephone keypad. %M C.CHI.99.2.224 %T Maximising screen-space on mobile computing devices %S Late breaking results: overcoming human limitations %A Stephen A. Brewster %A Peter G. Cryer %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 224-225 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632855 %X One major problem with mobile computing devices is lack of screen space. One way to overcome this is to reduce the size of the graphical components on screen and present information in sound. This paper describes a small pilot study to investigate the usability of sonically-enhanced buttons of different sizes. Results showed that sounds improved usability for both standard and small button sizes and that the most sophisticated sounds were the most effective. %M C.CHI.99.2.226 %T Redirecting direct manipulation or what happens when the goal is in front of you but the interface says to turn left? %S Late-breaking results: exploring the frontiers of interface design %A Wai Tat Fu %A Wayne D. Gray %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 226-227 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632857 %X The feeling of directness arises when the interface permits the user to manipulate an interface object in a way analogous to manipulating the real object. However, we argue here that the essence of direct manipulation is not directness per se, but manipulation of task relevant objects in a task relevant manner. The research reported studies users of HyperCard after 20 hours of practice. We found that when users deviated from taught strategies that 25% of the time they invented new strategies that attempted a more direct manipulation of the task object than that permitted by the design of the interface. %M C.CHI.99.2.228 %T Developing task models from informal scenarios %S Late-breaking results: exploring the frontiers of interface design %A Fabio Paterno %A Cristiano Mancini %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 228-229 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632858 %X The difficulties that designers and developers often have during the development of task models is a strong limitation to their use. Usually the main problem is to identify what is useful for the development of such task models from a lot of informal information. We propose a method, with a related tool, supporting the development of task models able to describe concurrent dynamic activities using an informal scenario as input. %M C.CHI.99.2.230 %T Setting the stage for improvised video scenarios %S Late-breaking results: exploring the frontiers of interface design %A Thomas Binder %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 230-231 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632859 %X This paper presents and discusses how users in collaboration with designers can create improvised use scenarios in their own setting. The paper suggests that videotaping such improvisations is a way for the users to contribute to the design process with their own design artifacts. %M C.CHI.99.2.232 %T Using HTML to create early prototypes %S Late-breaking results: exploring the frontiers of interface design %A Jaya Vaidyanathan %A Jason E. Robbins %A David F. Redmiles %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 232-233 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632860 %X This paper discusses the use of HTML for creating early prototypes of interactive systems. The HTML prototyping technique uses an iterative approach for the creation of early prototypes. Low fidelity prototypes are iteratively refined into higher fidelity versions. The prototypes are easily accessible to project stakeholders. We evaluate the HTML prototyping technique with respect to criteria published in the CHI community. %M C.CHI.99.2.234 %T Visual instruments for an interactive mural %S Late-breaking results: exploring the frontiers of interface design %A Terry Winograd %A Francois Guimbretiere %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 234-235 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632861 %X We present a design for interacting with a prototype device combining a large, high-resolution wall-mounted display and an optically tracked laser pointer. Interactions are supported by an object-based multi-layer open-GL-based graphic system, Millefeuille. We focus here on use-based design considerations for an experimental interface based on visual instruments, currently being implemented. %M C.CHI.99.2.236 %T Evaluating two-handed input techniques: rectangle editing and navigation %S Late-breaking results: exploring the frontiers of interface design %A Didier Casalta %A Yves Guiard %A Michel Beaudouin-Lafon %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 236-237 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632862 %X This paper reports our ongoing design and evaluation of two-handed input techniques for several common tasks found in desktop interfaces: specifying simple geometric shapes, navigating in a large document and navigating between windows on a desktop. %M C.CHI.99.2.238 %T Effects of the form of representation and number of computer agents on conformity %S Late-breaking results: HHI: bridging the gulf between humans and computers %A Eun Ju Lee %A Clifford Nass %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 238-239 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632864 %X In this paper, we demonstrate that the form of representation (character vs. text box) and the number (one vs. four) of computer agents affect people's conformity as well as attitudes toward the agent. A text box, as compared to a simple stick figure, induced more opinion change as well as eliciting more conformity. Interestingly, one text box was rated better than four text boxes in terms of social attractiveness, social presence, and trustworthiness, while the opposite was true of character. %M C.CHI.99.2.240 %T Printertainment: printing with interactive cover sheets %S Late-breaking results: HHI: bridging the gulf between humans and computers %A Jason Hong %A Morgan N. Price %A Bill N. Schilit %A Gene Golovchinsky %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 240-241 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632865 %X We explored a new type of user interface, interactive cover sheets: computer forms laid out on the banner pages of print jobs that people can mark on, scan back into a multifunction printer/scanner, and use as input to applications. Cover sheets are commonly strewn around printer rooms; with interactivity, they can let people see what others have to say, add their own comments, or play games, all while waiting for their print jobs. We designed three prototype applications and deployed them briefly in our research lab. We found that interactive cover sheets can be very appealing, that the sheets must be designed so that people can still identify these pages as cover sheets, and that the slow interaction cycle favors asynchronous applications. %M C.CHI.99.2.242 %T This computer responds to user frustration %S Late-breaking results: HHI: bridging the gulf between humans and computers %A Jonathan Klein %A Youngme Moon %A Rosalind W. Picard %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 242-243 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632866 %X A human-computer interaction (HCI) agent was designed and built to support users in their ability to recover from negative emotional states, particularly frustration. The agent uses social-affective feedback strategies delivered to the user with text-only interaction. The agent's effectiveness was evaluated against two control conditions: (1) user's emotions were ignored, and (2) users were able to report problems and "vent" their feelings and thoughts to the computer. Behavioral results showed that the agent was significantly more effective than the control conditions in helping relieve frustration levels. %M C.CHI.99.2.244 %T Face-to-face interfaces %S Late-breaking results: HHI: bridging the gulf between humans and computers %A Scott Prevost %A Peter Hodgson %A Linda Cook %A Elizabeth Churchill %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 244-245 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632867 %X Recent work on the social nature of human-computer interactions [3] has prompted research on animated, anthropomorphic characters in user interfaces. Such interfaces may simplify user interactions by allowing them to use and interpret natural face-to-face communication techniques such as speech, gestures and facial expressions. We describe our initial implementation, a character that controls the A/V facilities in a state-of-the-art conference room, and outline the goals of our ongoing project. %M C.CHI.99.2.246 %T Presentation of personalized information using anthropomorphous agents %S Late-breaking results: HHI: bridging the gulf between humans and computers %A Tomonari Kamba %A Yuichi Koike %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 246-247 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632868 %X This paper proposes a method to present personalized information effectively using multiple anthropomorphous agents that know the user's preferences. Conventionally, techniques such as filtering and sorting are used to show the information customized for each user, but it is difficult to naturally reflect human multi-dimensional preferences in such a presentation format. In the proposed method, each agent has a specific viewpoint and interactively points at the contents that the user will be interested in. This technique has been applied to an Internet-based information service for registered PC users. %M C.CHI.99.2.248 %T Effects of computer/television convergence on users' perception of content, equipment and affect %S Late-breaking results: HHI: bridging the gulf between humans and computers %A Hadyn K. Kernal %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 248-249 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632869 %X This 2 x 2 between subjects experiment examined the effects of label (computer or television) on users' evaluation of identical equipment and content (comedy show or web page). Content was evaluated more positively on key traits (humor and intelligence) when viewed via the traditional medium. The "computer" was perceived as superior on picture clarity, competence, and quality. "Computer" participants reported greater feelings of involvement, while "television" participants reported greater feelings of ease. "Television" participants demonstrated better memory for traditional television content than "computer" participants. These results extend prior research on labels and technology showing that there are important psychological implications for digital convergence. %M C.CHI.99.2.250 %T Sweeping away disorder with the broom alignment tool %S Late-breaking results: new interaction techniques %A Jason Robbins %A Michael Kantor %A David Redmiles %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 250-251 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632871 %X Design diagrams play an important role in many disciplines. Many types of diagrams use spacing and alignment to communicate implicit relationships between objects within the diagram. We describe and evaluate a direct manipulation alignment tool based on a push-broom metaphor. %M C.CHI.99.2.252 %T Prosodic font: translating speech into graphics %S Late-breaking results: new interaction techniques %A Tara Rosenberger %A Ronald L. MacNeil %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 252-253 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632872 %X The proliferation of speech recognition as input to Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) systems opens up new possibilities for the design of typographic forms. Designers can use the musical expressiveness of the speaking voice to shape letterforms in real time. Letters formed by speech are more representative of the emotional and contextualized person speaking than are fonts now. Prosodic Font is an object-oriented font that assumes a dynamic, temporal form. It emulates the tonal and rhythmic motion in the speaking voice. Preliminary user testing results show that people are able to identify Prosodic Fonts as representative of particular prosodic variations. %M C.CHI.99.2.254 %T Rhythmic menus: toward interaction based on rhythm %S Late-breaking results: new interaction techniques %A Sebastien Maury %A Sylvie Athenes %A Stephane Chatty %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 254-255 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632873 %X In this paper, we evaluate an interaction style based on visual and auditory rhythms. We describe this rhythmic interactor and experimentally compare it to the pull-down menus found in current graphical user interfaces. The main result is that, for short and medium length menus, sound-enhanced rhythmic menus are faster than pull-down menus. %M C.CHI.99.2.256 %T Amplifying spatial rotations in 3D interfaces %S Late-breaking results: new interaction techniques %A Ivan Poupyrev %A Suzanne Weghorst %A Takahiro Otsuka %A Tadao Ichikawa %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 256-257 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632874 %X We have derived the generic equations for the zero-order control-display gain that allow for linear and non-linear amplification of spatial rotations in 3D user interfaces. Sample 3D interaction techniques have been implemented for 3D viewpoint control and object manipulation. %M C.CHI.99.2.258 %T Privacy critics: UI components to safeguard users' privacy %S Late-breaking results: new interaction techniques %A Mark S. Ackerman %A Lorrie Cranor %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 258-259 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632875 %X Creating usable systems to protect online privacy is an inherently difficult problem. Privacy critics are semi-autonomous agents that help people protect their online privacy by offering suggestions and warnings. Two sample critics are presented. %M C.CHI.99.2.260 %T TICLE: a tangible interface for collaborative learning environments %S Late-breaking results: new interaction techniques %A Lori L. Scarlatos %A Yuliya Dushkina %A Shalva Landy %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 260-261 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632876 %X This work explores new ways that technology can enhance education. We are developing a system that "watches" students as they play with a Tangram puzzle on a physical tabletop, and offers help at appropriate times. Thus instead of making the computer a central part of the educational experience, our system acts as a "guide on the side" that students may either turn to for occasional help or ignore completely. This system will be installed and evaluated at the Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science during spring 1999. %M C.CHI.99.2.262 %T Expression glasses: a wearable device for facial expression recognition %S Late-breaking results: MIT is the limit %A Jocelyn Scheirer %A Raul Fernandez %A Rosalind W. Picard %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 262-263 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632878 %X Expression Glasses provide a wearable "appliance-based" alternative to general-purpose machine vision face recognition systems. The glasses sense facial muscle movements, and use pattern recognition to identify meaningful expressions such as confusion or interest. A prototype of the glasses has been built and evaluated. The prototype uses piezoelectric sensors hidden in a visor extension to a pair of glasses, providing for compactness, user control, and anonymity. On users who received no training or feedback, the glasses initially performed at 94% accuracy in detecting an expression, and at 74% accuracy in recognizing whether the expression was confusion or interest. Significant improvement beyond these numbers appears to be possible with extended use, and with-a small amount of feedback (letting the user see the output of the system). %M C.CHI.99.2.264 %T TouchTags: using touch to retrieve information stored in a physical object %S Late-breaking results: MIT is the limit %A Benjamin Vigoda %A Neil Gershenfeld %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 264-265 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632879 %X Information can be stored in inexpensive electronic "tag" microchips which can be embedded in physical objects. We have invented a new tag reader technology which allows information to be transferred into or out of these tag microchips through the human body via touch. Our technology has enabled us to create a novel user interface which can recognize when physical icons are touched, and a wearable system that can inventory packages when they are touched. %M C.CHI.99.2.266 %T GuideShoes: navigation based on musical patterns %S Late-breaking results: MIT is the limit %A Paul Nemirovsky %A Glorianna Davenport %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 266-267 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632880 %X One of the most ubiquitous tasks we have to perform is the need to find our way to unknown destinations. We are left alone to deal with maps, ask people for directions, and understand their instructions. How can we avoid this frustrating and time-consuming process? How can we help all the people who can't or won't use printed or spoken instructions (little kids, the visually-impaired, or users occupied with other urgent tasks)?This paper describes GuideShoes, a wearable system that uses aesthetic forms of expression for direct information delivery. This is a first tool to utilize music as an information medium and musical patterns as a means for navigation in an open space, such as a street. GuideShoes provides musical navigational cues in the background, thus reducing the problem of cognitive information overload. The system consists of a pair of shoes, equipped with a GPS, wireless modem, MIDI synthesizer, CPU, and a base station that acts as the central unit for data processing. %M C.CHI.99.2.268 %T Bringing sketching tools to keychain computers with an acceleration-based interface %S Late-breaking results: MIT is the limit %A Golan Levin %A Paul Yarin %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 268-269 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632881 %X We report the use of an embedded accelerometer as a gestural interface for an extremely small ("keychain") computer. This tilt- and shake-sensitive interface captures the expressive nuances of continuously varying spatio-temporal input, making possible a set of applications heretofore difficult or impossible to implement in such a small device. We provide examples of such applications, including a paint program and some simple animation authoring systems. %M C.CHI.99.2.270 %T Sensory puzzles %S Late-breaking results: MIT is the limit %A Tamara M. Lackner %A Kelly Dobson %A Roy Rodenstein %A Luke Weisman %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 270-271 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632882 %X Traditional jigsaw puzzles provide interesting visual stimulation, but hold diminished rewards for visually impaired users. We have built a puzzle whose pieces play portions of music and include a tangible topology representing their contents, giving auditory and tactile feedback about the pieces' role in the puzzle's overall solution. In addition to providing entertainment, the puzzle pieces support learning about music, experimentation, and social, collaborative construction. By employing multiple senses --hearing, touch, vision-- our sensory puzzle provides a rich interaction, play and learning space accessible to individuals with various sensory abilities. %M C.CHI.99.2.272 %T StoryMat: a play space for collaborative storytelling %S Late-breaking results: MIT is the limit %A Kimiko Ryokai %A Justine Cassell %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 272-273 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632883 %X In this paper, we present the design and prototype of StoryMat: a soft interactive play mat that records and recalls children's storytelling activities. %M C.CHI.99.2.274 %T Evolving use of a system for education at a distance %S Late breaking results: the medium is the message %A Stephen A. White %A Anoop Gupta %A Jonathan Grudin %A Harry Chesley %A Greg Kimberly %A Elizabeth Sanocki %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 274-275 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632885 %X Networked computers increasingly support distributed, real-time audio and video presentations. Flatland is an extensible system that provides instructors and students a wide range of interaction capabilities [3]. We studied Flatland use over multi-session training courses. Even with prior coaching, participants required experience to understand and exploit the features. Effective design and use will require understanding the complex evolution of personal and social conventions for these new technologies. %M C.CHI.99.2.276 %T Design lessons from deployment of on-demand video %S Late breaking results: the medium is the message %A Liwei He %A Anoop Gupta %A Stephen A. White %A Jonathan Grudin %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 276-277 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632886 %X Streaming video to the desktop is increasingly widespread. A key application is in training, making information available over the Internet or corporate intranets, in real time or as archived presentations. How should a presentation be redesigned for retrieval and viewing on demand? Detailed examination of usage logs of 6000 corporate on-demand video sessions provides suggestions. %M C.CHI.99.2.278 %T Annotations for streaming video on the web %S Late breaking results: the medium is the message %A David Bargeron %A Anoop Gupta %A Jonathan Grudin %A Elizabeth Sanocki %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 278-279 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632887 %X Streaming video on the World Wide Web is being widely deployed, and workplace training and distance education are two key applications. The ability to annotate video presentations on the Web can add significant value by enabling "in context" note-taking and asynchronous collaboration through annotation sharing. We present preliminary data on the use of MRAS, a prototype collaborative video annotation system, for personal note-taking and for sharing notes. %M C.CHI.99.2.280 %T Managing temporal detail in virtual environments: relating system responsiveness to feedback %S Late breaking results: the medium is the message %A Benjamin Watson %A Neff Walker %A Bill Ribarsky %A Victoria Spaulding %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 280-281 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632888 %X Recent research has enabled control of the level of graphical detail in virtual environments, and thus system responsiveness (SR). Given such control, what SR is appropriate? This is a preliminary report of the first of a series of experiments addressing this question. Previous research has demonstrated that 2D interactive tasks needing higher levels of feedback require better SR. However, research results for 3D tasks have not been as clear. We present an experiment confirming the SR/feedback relationship for 3D tasks. %M C.CHI.99.2.282 %T Multimodal interaction techniques for the virtual workbench %S Late breaking results: the medium is the message %A A. Fleming Seay %A David Krum %A Bill Ribarsky %A Larry Hodges %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 282-283 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632889 %X The present study investigated the differential levels of effectiveness of various interaction techniques on a simple rotation and translation task on the virtual workbench. Manipulation time and number of collisions were measured for subjects using four device sets (unimanual glove, bimanual glove, unimanual stick, and bimanual stick). Participants were also asked to subjectively judge each device's effectiveness. Performance results indicated a main effect for device but not for number of hands. Subjective results supported these findings, as users expressed a preference for the stick(s). %M C.CHI.99.2.284 %T Superimposing display space on workspace in the context of endoscopic surgery %S Late breaking results: the medium is the message %A Regan L. Mandryk %A Christine L. MacKenzie %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 284-285 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632890 %X An experiment was conducted to determine how performance of an endoscopic surgery task is influenced by the location of the image display. Two tasks were performed under two display conditions. The endoscopic camera view of the workspace was displayed either on a monitor in front of the subject or projected directly above the workspace. Timing results revealed significant order by display interactions. Overall, both tasks were faster when the superimposed display was used first. A post-test questionnaire revealed that image quality was perceived to be superior on the monitor. Results are discussed in terms of the subjects' ability to calibrate the display space with the workspace. Implications for surgical operating theatres are discussed. %M C.CHI.99.2.286 %T An analysis of the index finger as a pointing device %S Late breaking results: experimental answers to interaction issues %A Mehmet Gokturk %A John L. Sibert %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 286-287 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632892 %X We have conducted three related experiments in order to analyze the performance of the index finger as a pointing device. The results indicate that the performance of the index finger is significantly better as a direct pointing device [1] than as an indirect pointing device using an isometric finger-controlled joystick (Trackpoint). We included a mouse as a "control" condition and in two of the three experiments, the mouse and the finger exhibited similar performance. %M C.CHI.99.2.288 %T Exploring the divide between two unified theories of cognition: modeling visual attention in menu selection %S Late breaking results: experimental answers to interaction issues %A Erik Nilsen %A Jake Evans %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 288-289 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632893 %X Two cognitive modeling efforts (EPIC & ACT-R) have proposed computational models of a simple menu selection task involving searching for a single digit in an unordered, pull down menu. This paper presents an empirical study which extends the menu selection task in two dimensions (distance between menu items and whether the items are digits or words). Each of these manipulations should make a difference in selection time according to one of the models but not the other. An analysis of response times reveals that both factors produce significant differences in the direction predicted by the cognitive models. The magnitude of these differences, however, are smaller than predicted (7% for distance and only 3% for word vs. digit). Implications for future modeling of visual attention is briefly addressed. %M C.CHI.99.2.290 %T Natural language and direct manipulation search tools in a multimodal information system %S Late breaking results: experimental answers to interaction issues %A Sheryl L. Miller %A J. Gregory Trafton %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 290-291 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632894 %X This study evaluated the usability of an existing, information-dense workspace, which places burdensome search requirements on its users. Direct manipulation principles were contrasted with natural language and multimodal interaction. The results indicated that natural language was an effective and usable search tool in a complex information workspace. %M C.CHI.99.2.292 %T Learning where to look %S Late breaking results: experimental answers to interaction issues %A Brian D. Ehret %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 292-293 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632895 %X Knowledge of object locations in direct manipulation interfaces improves performance by restricting visual search. This paper explores the effects of label representativeness and practice on the learning of object locations. Results showed that as label representativeness decreased, location knowledge increased. All participants were shown to have learned locations to some extent, however, even those using an interface which offered little benefit to doing so, indicating that such learning is pervasive. %M C.CHI.99.2.294 %T Secondary navigation in software wizards %S Late breaking results: experimental answers to interaction issues %A Mary Burton %A Daina Pupons Wickham %A Lori Phelps %A Kelly Spain %A Janna Crews %A Nicki Rich %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 294-295 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632896 %X The authors conducted a study of three approaches to secondary navigation in software wizards. Secondary navigation refers to user interface navigation controls that are in addition to the standard "Back" and "Next" buttons in a software wizard. We tested three secondary navigation controls: table of contents, tabs, and drop down menu. The goal of this study was to assess the benefits of secondary navigation controls in terms of user success with and user preference for the controls in the context of a software wizard. Thirty participants across three IBM sites tested prototypes of wizards with secondary navigation controls. We found that study participants were more successful with and preferred the table of contents secondary navigation control, participants continued to rely on the Back and Next buttons for navigation in the wizard, and participants preferred a secondary navigation control to having no secondary navigation control in a wizard. %M C.CHI.99.2.296 %T Audiophotography: practice and prospects %S Late breaking results: experimental answers to interaction issues %A David Frohlich %A Ella Tallyn %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 296-297 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632897 %X The value and practice of recording sound with still photographs was explored in an audiocamera field trial. The findings challenge the current industry view that the value of sound capture lies in the voice labelling of photos. Instead they suggest that ambient sounds-of-the-moment have far higher value as a way of bringing photos to life and improving human memory for events. %M C.CHI.99.2.298 %T A visual language for a sketch-based UI prototyping tool %S Student posters %A James Lin %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 298-299 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632899 %X We describe the design of the visual language for SILK 2.0, a sketch-based tool for prototyping user interfaces. The new SILK visual language has been designed to allow user interface designers to quickly prototype the behavior of a user interface. This includes behavior that depends on the state of certain UI elements and the ability to create "sketchy" components to be reused in other sketches. %M C.CHI.99.2.300 %T Quantifying human coordination in HCI %S Student posters %A Maurice R. Masliah %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 300-301 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632900 %X This poster provides a conceptual contribution to the understanding of how to evaluate performance for computer applications that require users to simultaneously control multiple degrees of freedom (dofs). Whereas previous metrics from the literature, efficiency and integrality, are measurements in the space and time domains respectively, coordination should be measured in both dimensions. This poster proposes a definition of coordination and hypothesizes as to what will be found. %M C.CHI.99.2.302 %T Hand posture recognition in a body-face centered space %S Student posters %A Sebastien Marcel %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 302-303 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632901 %X We propose to use a neural network model to recognize a hand posture in an image. Hand gestures are segmented using a space discretisation based on face location and body anthropometry. %M C.CHI.99.2.304 %T Novice heuristic evaluations of a complex interface %S Student posters %A Aleksandra Slavkovic %A Karen Cross %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 304-305 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632902 %X In this paper, we describe the ability of evaluators with limited experience to use Heuristic Evaluation (HE) in assessing a complex interface. We analyze our results in terms of the proportion of problems found by different sets of evaluators in different areas of the interface. Our results illustrate that the 5-10 evaluator size advocated by Nielsen and Molich [3] does not generalize to assessing complex interfaces. Evaluators tend to focus on certain sections of the interface and ignore others. Our results suggest that modification to HE is necessary to most efficiently produce a complete set of usability problems in an interface. %M C.CHI.99.2.306 %T Reservations about the usability of airline web sites %S Student posters %A Paula Selvidge %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 306-307 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632903 %X Designing effective and usable web sites is important to survival in the e-commerce market. The focus of this study was to identify general usability issues on major airline web sites. Seven web sites were compared on the task of locating flight and fare information. Finding flight information across the web sites was a difficult task for many users in this study. Numerous usability issues were identified including problems with logon procedures, non-descriptive and redundant links, round-trip options, and unfamiliar technical language. %M C.CHI.99.2.308 %T Synchronous collaborative navigation on the WWW %S Student posters %A Yann Laurillau %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 308-309 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632904 %X We describe an ongoing research effort in designing synchronous collaborative navigational techniques on the WWW. The goal of the research program is to provide usable tools to collaboratively search information on the WWW. We begin by studying collaborative navigational techniques in the search results space defined by a WWW search engine. We first present our design method. We then characterize four types of collaborative navigation that are embedded in the current prototype, Co-Vitesse. %M C.CHI.99.2.310 %T The importance of coordination devices in text-based, task-oriented conversations %S Student posters %A Jeff Hancock %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 310-311 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632905 %X The present experiment compared the effects of two different interfaces on text-based, computer-mediated communication occurring in real time. In one condition, dyads attempted to solve a figure-matching task while using a WYSIWIS interface in which messages are transmitted character by character. In the other condition, dyads used a standard IRC (Internet Relay Chat) interface in which messages are composed privately and then sent as a message unit. Comparison of the two conditions revealed superior task performance in the IRC condition and more frequent use of verbal turn coordination devices in the WYSIWIS condition. The results are interpreted as evidence for the importance of turn coordination devices in text-based CMC. %M C.CHI.99.2.312 %T Visualizing learning activities to support tutors %S Student posters %A Christian Hardless %A Urban Nulden %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 312-313 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632906 %X This paper describes difficulties when tutoring in virtual learning environments. Activity Visualization (AV) is proposed as technology support for greater awareness and understanding of learning processes. Evaluations based on rich experiences from a course have been conducted. The results are positive confirming a need for technology support and indicating that AV is a promising approach. %M C.CHI.99.2.314 %T Icon size as a function of display screen %S Student posters %A Josey Chu %A Mikael Goldstein %A Mikael Anneroth %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 314-315 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632907 %X As wireless and mobile computing advances, user interface designers are faced with the challenge of designing an interface for miniaturized devices that may be capable of performing Windows applications. The present study attempted to define the optimal icon size for small display with a psychophysical approach -- the method of adjustment. Participants were asked to adjust the icon size in descending and ascending order to satisfy the operational criteria of (1) adjusting the icon to its smallest size, and (2) maintaining recognition of the icon image. Three display areas, 40x40 ram, 120x70 turn and 180x100 mm were used. Results from this study show that icon =5.0 mm may be recommended for displays with limited area. %M C.CHI.99.2.316 %T An alternative to scrollbars on small screens %S Student posters %A Staffan Bjork %A Johan Redstrom %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 316-317 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632908 %X This paper describes a web-browser based on the focus+context technique Flip Zooming. A prototype was developed and evaluated against an ordinary web-browser that used scrollbars on a small screen with a resolution of 160*160 pixels. A preliminary evaluation show that the prototype provides better overview and makes searching for specific items easier compared to the traditional browser. These findings indicate that there are constraints that have to be acknowledged when designing the user interface on small screens. %M C.CHI.99.2.318 %T The BubbleBadge: a wearable public display %S Student posters %A Jennica Falk %A Staffan Bjork %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 318-319 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632909 %X We are exploring the design space of wearable computers by designing "public" wearable computer displays. This paper describes our first prototype, the BubbleBadge. By effectively turning the wearer's private display "inside out", the BubbleBadge transforms the wearable computing concept by making digital information public rather than private. User tests showed that the device introduces a new way to interact with information-providing devices, suggesting that it would be valuable to explore the concept further. %M C.CHI.99.2.320 %T comMotion: a context-aware communication system %S Student posters %A Natalia Marmasse %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 320-321 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632910 %X How many times have you gone to the grocery store but left the grocery list on the refrigerator door? Wouldn't it be more efficient to have a reminder to buy groceries and the shopping list delivered to you when you were in the vicinity of the store?We live in a world in which the information overload is part of our daily life. Many of us receive large quantities of email or voice mail messages. Yet many of these messages are relevant only in a particular context. We can use a system of reminders to keep up with all we have to do, but these reminders are often relevant only to a specific location. If reminders, to-do lists, messages and other information were delivered in the most timely and relevant context, part of the overload would be reduced. This paper describes comMotion, a context-aware communication system for a mobile or wearable computing platform. %M C.CHI.99.2.322 %T People, places and the newspilot %S Student posters %A Per Dahlberg %A Johan Redstrom %A Henrik Fagrell %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 322-323 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632911 %X This paper reports from a project, called NewsPilot, where we explore how context aware computing can be used to support mobile collaborators. An empirical study of journalists at a local radio station in Sweden has informed the design of a prototype system. The system is built using a personal digital assistant (PDA) fitted with a radio transceiver and filters information based on the users physical location in relation to geographic places and other users. %M C.CHI.99.2.324 %T A process for research on aging and computer use %S Student posters %A Sherry E. Mead %A Victoria A. Spaulding Johnson %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 324-325 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632912 %X A process is described for producing interface design and training interventions aimed at making new technologies more accessible to older adults. This method has been used to examine the usability of three computerized systems that older adults are likely to encounter. One of the three systems, automatic teller machines (ATMs), is used an as example of how the proposed intervention design and evaluation process has been successfully carried out. %M C.CHI.99.2.326 %T Musbus: a personalized mouse training program for children with autism %S Student posters %A Erik Eliasson %A Anna Fredrikson %A Martin Rybrand %A Markus Wahl %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 326-327 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632913 %X This paper presents Musbus (Mouse-fun in Swedish), a computer program which trains basic use of a computer mouse. The program is designed and developed for children with autism according to HCI principles adapted to these users. We also discuss the special needs, regarding computer programs, of children with autism and we make recommendations about how programs should be designed for these children. %M C.CHI.99.2.328 %T The Funki Buniz Playground: facilitating multi-cultural affective collaborative play %S Student posters %A Heidy Maldonado %A Antoine Picard %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 328-329 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632914 %X The Funki Buniz Playground is an environment where children can interact with each other simultaneously in both a virtual world -- through their avatars -- and the real world, which we built to study cross cultural affective responses and multi-cultural empathy. This paper describes some of the interaction design challenges we encountered while implementing the Funki Buniz Playground, as well as the constraints and solutions we discovered. %M C.CHI.99.2.330 %T Virtual interaction using robust color skin detection %S Student posters %A David Saxe %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 330-331 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632915 %X Virtual Interaction refers to a low immersion virtual reality system that allows users to participate in a scene with computer-generated graphics. The system's purpose is to provide interactive environments that allow physical activity for individuals with disabilities. This extended abstract briefly describes the current silhouette-based system and discusses the ongoing work of improving the system with the incorporation of a robust skin detection algorithm. Virtual Interaction with only the user's hands is discussed with regard to both two and three-dimensional environments. %M C.CHI.99.2.332 %T WebStickers: using physical objects as WWW bookmarks %S Student posters %A Peter Ljungstrand %A Lars Erik Holmquist %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 332-333 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632916 %X We describe a low-cost distributed method for associating web pages with physical objects, thus making the objects act as physical bookmarks to the World Wide Web. By doing this, we can inherit the physical properties of the objects, such as persistency and availability. The system utilizes stickers with pre-printed barcodes -- WebStickers -- to associate URLs with physical objects. Users can return to a desired web page by scanning the barcode attached to an object. The associations are stored in a networked server, making it easy to move and share physical bookmarks between users. Preliminary evaluations show that the system is easy to use, even for novice users. %M C.CHI.99.2.334 %T Design support for interactive 3D illustrations %S Student posters %A Volker Paelke %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 334-335 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632917 %X Interactive 3D illustrations of spatial and dynamic properties have many promising applications in presentation, teaching and training. The goal of this research is to analyze their design process, identify the problems that currently prevent widespread use and develop a system of techniques and tools to support their effective development. %M C.CHI.99.2.336 %T The goms sig: troubleshooting lessons learned novel applications teaching techniques, & future research %S Special interest group %A Wayne D. Gray %A Bonnie E. John %A David E. Kieras %A Deborah A. Boehm-Davis %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 336 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632919 %X GOMS is many things to many people. It is the only validated analytic usability evaluation method (UEM) in the field of human-computer interaction. It is being used by practitioners at some of the world's largest and some of the smallest software companies. It is a research agenda that is being pursued at universities the world over. It is a task analysis technique with roots in both cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence. It is a flexible tool that can be used with protocol analysis. It is a technique that makes detailed profiling possible. It is an important adjunct to usability testing. It is something that can be done at the early stages of the design process. It is a way of intelligently playing what if games with interface possibilities. It is all of these things and more. %M C.CHI.99.2.337 %T Making minds meet in your local chapter: the case of SIGCHI.NL %S Special interest group %A Peter Boersma %A Eddy Boeve %A Boyd de Groot %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 337 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632920 %X SIGCHI.NL, the local chapter of SIGCHI in the Netherlands, decided at its first conference in January 1998 that most, if not all, communication to and between members should take place electronically. This also meant that the website should play a vital role in supporting the local HCI community in Holland. The newly appointed website committee was given the tough job of building the 'perfect' website for an opiniated audience of 500 usability experts. The website committee soon learned that in this case 'designing by committee' didn't prove effective enough. A 'surgical team' of two members was formed, joined by a member of the board to generate enough momentum to build the site in just a few months time. Despite the fact that the site had to be designed and built in the scarce free hours of its members, the surgical team managed to introduce the new website at the second SIGCHI.NL conference on September 7th, 1998.The website (http://sigchi.nl) was well received by the members and is visited by approximately 40 people per day with only mouth-to-mouth (or better: mail-to-mail) promotion. Here is what we feel worked good when we designed and built the website * Rapid (online) prototyping to quickly get feedback from all of the committees of SIGCHI.NL * The surgical team did the 'cutting' while other members gave comments and support * Community support = adding 'real' interactivity to a website * Frequent updates: at this moment 4-6 updates a month Soon to be introduced are password-protected area's for internal reports and documentation and a password-protected update system, where committees can change pages when necessary, meanwhile enforcing the necessary layout and navigational guidelines. %M C.CHI.99.2.338 %T Visual interaction design SIG %S Special interest group %A Karen Graham %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 338 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632921 %X The purpose of this Special Interest Group is to provide a forum for visual interaction designers and other interested CHI attendees to meet others with similar interests. This SIG provides for informal discussions and presentations on the following: * Ideas and happenings within the field of visual interaction design * Issues for the future of our SIG * Current applied works and the lessons learned The Visual Interaction Design SIG has been meeting at CHI since 1992 (excepting 1998). The attendees represent many aspects of visual interaction design such as: graphical user interface designers, human factors professionals, multimedia and web designers, industrial and graphic designers, design educators and students, and other CHI attendees interested in the visual representation of interactive software applications and presentations. The Visual Interaction Design SIG's discussions continue through out the year on our email distribution list:VISUAL-L DISCUSSION LIST at VISUAL-L@VTVM1.CC.VT.EDU. %M C.CHI.99.2.339 %T Computer supported co-operative design: towards effective solutions %S Special interest group %A Andree Woodcock %A Paul Rodgers %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 339 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632922 %X Many stages in the product design and development process, particularly the latter stages, are well supported by computers. Computer Supported Co-operative Design (CSCD), however, embraces the use of computers to support a greater number of various tasks such as relationships (e.g. designer to designer communications), processes (e.g. CAD/CAM) and specific design tasks (e.g. concept generation). CSCD has been developed as a means of helping organizations produce higher quality and more diverse products in the light of several significant pressures. It should be noted, however, that no one system can support the diversity of design tasks which form the fundamental basis of creative design activity. %M C.CHI.99.2.340 %T The impact of unified messaging on the user %S Special interest group %A Hans de Graaff %A Angelien Sanderman %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 340 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632923 %X In the last few years the topic Unified Messaging (UM) has become important. UM means that users can deal with messages of all kinds regardless of their location, the communication device and medium used, or the connection used. Until now much of the discussion has focused on the technical feasibility of integrating different types of messages in a single messaging box. The perspective of the user has not been given as much attention. It is often assumed that users will appreciate the fact that all their messages are handled by a single institution, and are presented in a uniform way. We do not believe that this is necessarily the case, and we want to explore this issue based on several scenarios. %M C.CHI.99.2.341 %T Examining computer-mediated interactions: tasks, measures and featured information %S Special interest group %A Simon Bee %A Caroline Gale %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 341 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632924 %X A number of conventions exist regarding how best to empirically study computer-mediated interactions. These conventions are spread across a range of disciplines. Within the general field of group communication we find sociologists studying group dynamics, psychologists investigating the structure and meaning of communication and technologists devising new platforms for multi-participant interaction. The purpose of this SIG is to bring together a diverse group of people currently studying computer-mediated interactions (CMI) with a view to discussing a variety of pertinent issues in this field. %M C.CHI.99.2.342 %T SIG on one size fits all?: cultural diversity in user interface design %S Special interest group %A Aaron Marcus %A Nuray Aykin %A Apala Lahiri Chavan %A Girish V. Prabhu %A Massaki Kurosu %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 342 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632925 %X This SIG discusses cultural diversity in user-interface design, especially in the light of international products, new laws, and universal access to the Web. The panelists will debate whether/how to alter conventional user-interface paradigms and the tradeoffs among design tactics gained by professionals who carefully researched and/or engaged in designing cross-cultural user interfaces. %M C.CHI.99.2.343 %T User interfaces for electronic product catalogs %S Special interest group %A Markus Stolze %A Jurgen Koenemann %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 343 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632926 %X The number of Internet users and goods sold over the Internet is increasing rapidly. To keep this momentum user interfaces for electronic shops have to adapt to and anticipate the changing needs of buyers and merchants on the Internet. A CHI98 workshop on future interfaces for e-commerce [1] confirmed that electronic product catalogs are a a rapidly evolving area where advanced HCI techniques can play an important role in the creation of successful product catalogs. Only recently these catalogs have started to evolve from a static set of inter-linked web-pages into dynamic interfaces that better exploit the possibilities of the computational and networked medium. There are a number of driving forces for this development: * Increased competition between catalog operators makes it important to design catalogs in such a way that they attract customers, keep customers exploring, and make customers return. * Marketing new types of products requires new types of interfaces. For example selling complex products electronically will require additional support for buyers to make them confident in their choice. * The increased number of products, product options, product reviews, and supplier evaluations create the challenge of organizing this information in a way that is useful for the needs of individual buyers. * With the increased number of Internet users, new classes of buyers with very different needs and expectations become apparent. For example, a catalog that wants to attract shoppers that mainly come for entertainment will be different from a catalog that wants to attract bargain hunters. Some of these buyers might also be interested in new ways of buying like auctions and request-for-proposals, that were traditionally only available for professionals. A number of HCI techniques have been applied to electronic product catalogs. Among them direct manipulation, information visualization, personalization, user modeling, and anthropomorphic interface agents. The goal of this SIG is to deepen the understanding of the challenges that have to be approached by electronic product catalogs, collect information about prototypical systems, and to share experiences gained with applying HCI techniques to improve electronic product catalogs. %M C.CHI.99.2.344 %T The consultants' forum %S Special interest group %A Austin Henderson %A Jeff Johnson %A Aaron Marcus %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 344 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632927 %X The proposed SIG will provide the subcommunity of culsltants attending CHI 99 with the opportunity to share and discuss issue concerning HCI consulting. %M C.CHI.99.2.345 %T Consolidating a new HCI community: the brazilian experience %S Special interest group %A Raquel O. Prates %A Clarisse S. de Souza %A Juliana P. Salles %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 345 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632928 %X In 1996 many people in Brazil were working with HCI, but most of them did not have any interaction with others. During CHI'96 in Vancouver, Brazilian participants realized the benefits of joining a wider HCI community and started thinking about creating our own national community. We started out by sending messages to the Brazilian Computing Society discussion list reporting our experience in CHI'96 and proposing to publish the names of people working with HCI in Brazil and their main area of interests. We were surprised to find out how many people were working with HCI in Brazil. This list soon turned into a discussion list and we started making plans on how to turn this group into a community. %M C.CHI.99.2.346 %T Current issues in assessing and improving documentation usability %S Special interest group %A Stephanie Rosenbaum %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 346 %K documentation, documentation standards, documentation usability, information design, information development, product development, usability testing %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632929 %M C.CHI.99.2.347 %T Universal web access: delivering services to everyone %S Special interest group %A Gary Perlman %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 347 %K CHIkids, SIGCAPH, accessibility, aging, assistive technology, character set, children, disabilities, disabled, diversity, elderly, female, global, globalisation, globalization, group and individual differences, handicapped, i18n, impaired, impairment, intercultural, international, internationalisation, internationalization, male, multilingual, software localisation, software localization, special needs, translation, universal access %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632930 %X To deliver services to more users, developers can try to reach more diverse users (language / culture, handicapped / disabled, gender, age, etc.). By developing and sharing methods and resources to address many dimensions of diversity, developers may improve accessibility for all. %M C.CHI.99.2.348 %T HCI journals: valuable reading or wasted paper? %S Special interest group %A John Karat %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 348 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632931 %X Because it is the leading conference in the field of human-computer interaction, researchers and practitioners devote considerable attention to presenting their work at the ACM SIGCHI Conference. However, CHI papers are not the only forum for disseminating interesting work related to the broad field of human-computer interaction. While conference papers are intended to be brief and timely, journals can provide for more in depth consideration of theory and practice. However, this model of synergy between conference proceedings and journal articles seems far from accurate in describing the world of HCI publications. Academic work and concerns (e.g., tenure) dominate journal content, and practitioners have little incentive to develop ideas beyond conference proceedings page limits. This SIG will bring together representatives of the editorial boards of the leading human-computer interaction journals for an overview of each journals view of its role in the community and their acquisition and review policies. The session will provide a forum for discussion of the roles of various kinds of publications in the dissemination of information in the diverse HCI community. %M C.CHI.99.2.349 %T SIGCHI's role in influencing technology policy %S Special interest group %A Jeff Johnson %A Ben Shneiderman %A Elliot Soloway %A Austin Henderson %A Barbara Simons %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 349 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632932 %X Computer technology is having a pervasive influence on the lives of people in the developed world. The Internet is rapidly becoming mainstream. Both are having a growing impact on people's privacy, security, health, education, transportation, financial well-being, and even family life. Technology policy is therefore becoming a more important part of overall social policy. This trend will continue into the 21st Century. %M C.CHI.99.2.350 %T Usability in on-line/distance education S.I.G. %S Special interest group %A Matthew Tarpy %A Teresa Arnold %A Matt LaSaine %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 350 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632933 %X As the Internet becomes ubiquitous, institutions of higher learning and major corporations are turning to this "new" medium to in the hopes that it can help them deliver high quality, on-line and distance education products. Shifting towards this new product delivery model challenges fundamental assumptions about instructional design, usability, and human-machine interaction. Today's on-line/distance education usability professional is in a desert of information hiding. This is caused by the facts that these professionals primarily work in other domains and the recent advent of this area has not provided a great deal of practical knowledge that the professional can draw upon. It must therefore follow that there are not a large number of resources that the usability professional has access to, either on the Internet (such as a research report from a University or research consortium) or through other, more traditional means, of information distribution (books or journals). The method of information "passing" is akin to oral histories: passed along by word of mouth. This S.I.G. would seek to remedy this situation by providing a forum where ideas, methodologies, and anecdotal evidence can be shared. %M C.CHI.99.2.351 %T CHI 99 special interest group on natural language in computer-human interaction %S Special interest group %A Nancy Green %A David G. Novick %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 351 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632934 %X With the growing interest in human-computer interfaces that use natural language in some way, researchers and practitioners who work on these interfaces are finding that two general fields of research, CHI and natural language processing (NLP), are complementary and converging. In the CHI research community, there have been investigations on a number of related issues such as usability of text and graphics in on-line documentation, hypertext, spoken-dialogue interfaces, and language/audio resources. In the NLP research community, there is increasing interest in use of natural language, both spoken and written, in intelligent multimodal and multimedia interfaces, e.g., International Symposium on Spoken Dialogue (ISSD-96), COOP 98 Workshop on The Use of Herbert H. Clark's Models of Language Use for the Design of Cooperative Systems, 1998 AAAI Workshop on Representations for Multi-Modal Human-Computer Interaction, and Coling-ACL'98 Workshop on Content Visualizations and Intermedia Representations (CVIR'98).Some technical issues of possible interest to both communities are: 1. For what and under what conditions is NL effective in the human-computer interface? For what types of tasks or communication? How does modality influence its effectiveness? How does its effectiveness in computer media differ from that in traditional forms of communication such as face-to-face conversation and print media? How do performance limitations of NLP technologies (e.g., .speech recognition errors) influence effectiveness? 2. What are the critical technical requirements for NLP to be effective in the human-computer interface, e.g., coordination of generated text and graphics, incremental and robust interpretation, and modeling turn-taking and initiative in dialogue? What technical requirements arise in transferring technology developed for one language to systems for users of another language (e.g., languages using different writing systems)? How should effectiveness of NLP technologies be evaluated? %M C.CHI.99.2.352 %T Use cases in task modeling and user interface design %S Special interest group %A Larry L. Constantine %A Lucy A. D. Lockwood %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 352 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632935 %X Use cases are increasingly recognized as a particularly versatile form of task model. Use cases are related to scenarios, which have a long history of application to computer-human interaction [2], but may offer distinct advantages. A use case comprises a single case of use of a system that is complete, well-defined, and meaningful from the perspective of an external user [5,8]. Concrete instances of multiple use cases can be combined into plausible sequences to form the narrative vignettes usually associated with scenario-based design, but because use cases are a finer-grained formal construct at a higher level of abstraction, they lend themselves to more rigorous definition and more systematic and structured expression. The structured narratives of use cases can be interrelated through formally defined constructs [6,8] to form a comprehensive model of the tasks to be supported by a system under design. %M C.CHI.99.2.353 %T Encouraging CHI collaboration in Latin America %S Special interest group %A Cleotilde Gonzalez %A Alfredo Sanchez %A Raquel O. Prates %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 353 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632936 %X Designing truly international interfaces requires the participation of a representative international community. The perception of ACM-SIGCHI as an "American" conference is starting to change. ACM-SIGCHI has taken initial action to increase participation from international audiences by creating the International Issues Committee (IIC) (Novick, 98). However, differences in cultures, languages, and traditions, make real international collaboration a very challenging endeavor. Some differences among international research communities were originally identified in CHI '97 (Boy and Novick, 1997): language, style for writing and reviewing papers, economic disparities, lack of awareness, among others. We believe that, one way to foster international cooperation is to create "cultural clusters," that is, groups that share similar culture, problems and other characteristics. %M C.CHI.99.2.354 %T Measuring website usability %S Special interest group %A Jared M. Spool %A Tara Scanlon %A Carolyn Snyder %A Will Schroeder %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 354 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632937 %X Web design is still primarily an artistic endeavor. However, we are beginning to see empirical research results that tell us what pitfalls to avoid in order to create successful websites. In this SIG, we will discuss the latest research results available. Individuals designing websites can share successful strategies, and discuss questions still unanswered. This SIG also will be a forum for researchers to discuss methods and share objectives. Researchers will have an opportunity to interact with website designers to understand the research still required to identify the keys to successful design. Following the session, we intend to consolidate the discussion into a 4-to-5 page summary and send it to all participants. %M C.CHI.99.2.355 %T Automated data collection for evaluating collaborative systems %S Special interest group %A Jill Drury %A Tari Fanderclai %A Frank Linton %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 2 %P 355 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/632716.632938 %X The purpose of this Special Interest Group (SIG) session is to share lessons learned about using automated logging techniques to collect data for evaluating collaborative (multi-user) systems. Automated logging techniques are frequently used in evaluating the human-computer interaction of single-user systems. There has been much less experience in using logging techniques for evaluating collaborative systems. We will discuss logging to collect data that are useful for evaluating collaborative systems. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CSCW04.BA %M C.CSCW.04.1 %T Towards dynamic collaboration architectures %S Dynamic architectures %A Goopeel Chung %A Prasun Dewan %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 1-10 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031609 %X In this paper, we introduce the concept of dynamically changing between centralized, replicated, and hybrid collaboration architectures. It is implemented by providing users a function that dynamically changes the mapping between user-interface and program components. We decompose the function into more primitive commands that are executed autonomously by individual users. These commands require a mechanism to dynamically replicate user-interface and program components on a user's site. We present a logging approach for implementing the mechanism that records input (output) messages sent to one incarnation of a program (user-interface) component, and replays the recorded messages to a different incarnation of the component. Preliminary experiments with an implementation of the mechanism show that response and completion times can improve by dynamically changing the architecture to adapt to changes to the set of users in a collaboration session involving a mix of mobile and stationary devices. %M C.CSCW.04.11 %T Separating data and control: support for adaptable consistency protocols in collaborative systems %S Dynamic architectures %A Yi Yang %A Du Li %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 11-20 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031610 %X Consistency control is critical for the correct functioning of distributed collaboration support systems. A large number of consistency control methods have appeared in the literature with different design tradeoffs and usability implications. However, there has been relatively little work on how to accommodate different protocols and variations in one framework to address the dynamic needs of collaboration. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for supporting adaptable consistency protocols in collaborative systems. Our approach cleanly separates data and control, allowing consistency protocols to be dynamically attached to shared data at the object level. Protocols can be switched at run time without modifying source code. %M C.CSCW.04.21 %T Introducing collaboration into an application development environment %S Dynamic architectures %A Susanne Hupfer %A Li-Te Cheng %A Steven Ross %A John Patterson %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 21-24 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031611 %X We present contextual collaboration, an approach to building collaborative systems that embeds collaborative capabilities into core applications, and discuss its advantages. We describe the Jazz collaborative application development environment that we are using to explore this concept and discuss design guidelines that have emerged from our experience. %M C.CSCW.04.25 %T Retrofitting collaboration into UIs with aspects %S Dynamic architectures %A Li-Te Cheng %A Steven L. Rohall %A John Patterson %A Steven Ross %A Susanne Hupfer %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 25-28 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031612 %X Mission critical applications and legacy systems may be difficult to revise and rebuild, and yet it is sometimes desirable to retrofit their user interfaces with new collaborative features without modifying and recompiling the original code. We describe the use of Aspect-Oriented Programming as a lightweight technique to accomplish this, present an example of incorporating presence awareness deeply into an application's user interface, and discuss the implications of this technique for developing CSCW software. %M C.CSCW.04.29 %T Collaborative knowledge management supporting mars mission scientists %S Collaboration involving large displays %A Irene Tollinger %A Michael McCurdy %A Alonso H. Vera %A Preston Tollinger %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 29-38 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031614 %X This paper describes the design and deployment of a collaborative software tool, designed for and presently in use on the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) 2003 mission. Two central questions are addressed. Does collaborative content like that created on easels and whiteboards have persistent value? Can groups of people jointly manage collaboratively created content? Based on substantial quantitative and qualitative data collected during mission operations, it remains difficult to conclusively answer the first question while there is some positive support for the second question. The MER mission provides a uniquely rich data set on the use of collaborative tools. %M C.CSCW.04.39 %T Augmenting the social space of an academic conference %S Collaboration involving large displays %A Joseph F. McCarthy %A David W. McDonald %A Suzanne Soroczak %A David H. Nguyen %A Al M. Rashid %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 39-48 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031615 %X Academic conferences provide a social space for people to present their work, learn about others' work, and interact informally with one another. However, opportunities for interaction are unevenly distributed among the attendees. We seek to extend these opportunities by allowing attendees to easily reveal something about their background and interests in different settings through the use of proactive displays: computer displays coupled with sensors that can sense and respond to the people nearby. We designed, implemented and deployed a suite of proactive display applications at a recent academic conference: AutoSpeakerID augmented formal conference paper sessions; Ticket2Talk augmented informal coffee breaks. A mixture of qualitative observation and survey response data are used to frame the impacts of these applications from both individual and group perspectives, highlighting the creation of new opportunities for both interaction and distraction. We end with a discussion of how these social space augmentations relate to the concepts of focus and nimbus as well as the problem of shared interaction models. %M C.CSCW.04.49 %T The introduction of a shared interactive surface into a communal space %S Collaboration involving large displays %A Harry Brignull %A Shahram Izadi %A Geraldine Fitzpatrick %A Yvonne Rogers %A Tom Rodden %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 49-58 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031616 %X We describe a user study of a large multi-user interactive surface deployed for an initial period within a real world setting. The surface was designed to enable the sharing and exchange of a wide variety of digital media. The setting for the study was the common room of a high school where students come together to mix, socialize, and collaborate throughout the day. We report on how the students use the new technology within their own established communal space. Findings show that the system was used extensively by the students in a variety of ways, including sharing of photos, video clips, and websites, and for facilitating social interaction. We discuss how the interactive shared surface was appropriated by the students and introduced into their everyday lives in ways that both mirrored and extended their existing practices within the communal space. %M C.CSCW.04.59 %T Online political organizing: lessons from the field %S Panel %A Keri Carpenter %A Bonnie Nardi %A James Moore %A Scott Robertson %A Daniel Drezner %A Ian Benson %A Kirsten Foot %A Quintus Jett %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 59-62 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031618 %X In this panel, a group of practitioners and researchers in the area of online political organizing will present their own research in this area and discuss the relevance of online political organizing to the current political scene - including the U.S. general presidential election, which has just been completed. Panelists come from across the political spectrum and also represent views of the political process in countries other than the United States. What are the tools used in online political organizing? What role do each of these new tools bring to the campaign/election process? How effective have they proven in this election cycle? What is their utility outside the scope of the presidential election cycle? Are they merely "teaser" tools to get people in the door or do they have the potential to facilitate lasting political change in all political arenas large and small? In addition, electronic voting is a current open research area. What do systems need to take into account to assure voters' confidence that their votes are being collected and tallied correctly and securely? What information needs to be presented to the voter at the time of polling to ensure the most effective voting systems available? What do we know at this point and where are the future research areas that need scrutiny? Each panelist will present their current research related to this area and comment on the ways in which their findings add to the current body of knowledge. Particular attention will be paid to articulating research streams that currently need to be addressed and positing methods to address these open research questions. %M C.CSCW.04.63 %T Sometimes you need to see through walls: a field study of application programming interfaces %S Knowledge sharing in software engineering %A Cleidson R. B. de Souza %A David Redmiles %A Li-Te Cheng %A David Millen %A John Patterson %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 63-71 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031620 %X Information hiding is one of the most important and influential principles in software engineering. It prescribes that software modules hide implementation details from other modules in order to decrease the dependency between them. This separation also decreases the dependency among software developers implementing modules, thus simplifying some aspects of collaboration. A common instantiation of this principle is in the form of application programming interfaces (APIs). We performed a field study of the use of APIs and observed that they served many roles. We observed that APIs were successful indeed in supporting collaboration by serving as contracts among stakeholders as well as by reifying organizational boundaries. However, the separation that they accomplished also hindered other forms of collaboration, particularly among members of different teams. Therefore, we think argue that API's do not only have beneficial purposes. Based on our results, we discuss implications for collaborative software development tools. %M C.CSCW.04.72 %T Group awareness in distributed software development %S Knowledge sharing in software engineering %A Carl Gutwin %A Reagan Penner %A Kevin Schneider %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 72-81 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031621 %X Open-source software development projects are almost always collaborative and distributed. Despite the difficulties imposed by distance, these projects have managed to produce large, complex, and successful systems. However, there is still little known about how open-source teams manage their collaboration. In this paper we look at one aspect of this issue: how distributed developers maintain group awareness. We interviewed developers, read project communication, and looked at project artifacts from three successful open source projects. We found that distributed developers do need to maintain awareness of one another, and that they maintain both a general awareness of the entire team and more detailed knowledge of people that they plan to work with. Although there are several sources of information, this awareness is maintained primarily through text-based communication (mailing lists and chat systems). These textual channels have several characteristics that help to support the maintenance of awareness, as long as developers are committed to reading the lists and to making their project communication public. %M C.CSCW.04.82 %T Learning from project history: a case study for software development %S Knowledge sharing in software engineering %A Davor CubraniC %A Gail C. Murphy %A Janice Singer %A Kellogg S. Booth %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 82-91 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031622 %X The lack of lightweight communication channels and other technical and sociological difficulties make it hard for new members of a non-collocated software development team to learn effectively from their more experienced colleagues while they are coming up-to-speed on a project. To address this situation, we have developed a tool, named Hipikat, that provides developers with efficient and effective access to the group memory for a software development project that is implicitly formed by all of the artifacts produced during the development. This project memory is built automatically with little or no change to existing work practices. We report an exploratory case study evaluating whether software developers who are new to a project can benefit from the artifacts that Hipikat recommends from the project memory. To assess the appropriateness of the recommendations, we investigated when and how developers queried the project memory, how the evaluated the recommended artifacts, and the process by which they utilized the artifacts. We found that newcomers did use the recommendations and their final solutions exploited the recommended artifacts, although most of the Hipikat queries came in the early stages of a change task. We describe the case study, present qualitative observations, and suggest implications of using project memory as a learning aid for project newcomers. %M C.CSCW.04.92 %T Situating evaluation in scenarios of use %S Evaluation methods %A Steven R. Haynes %A Sandeep Purao %A Amie L. Skattebo %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 92-101 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031624 %X We report on the use of scenario-based methods for evaluating collaborative systems. We describe the method, the case study where it was applied, and provide results of its efficacy in the field. The results suggest that scenario-based evaluation is effective in helping to focus evaluation efforts and in identifying the range of technical, human, organizational and other contextual factors that impact system success. The method also helps identify specific actions, for example, prescriptions for design to enhance system effectiveness. However, we found the method somewhat less useful for identifying the measurable benefits gained from a CSCW implementation, which was one of our primary goals. We discuss challenges faced applying the technique, suggest recommendations for future research, and point to implications for practice. %M C.CSCW.04.102 %T Physiological indicators for the evaluation of co-located collaborative play %S Evaluation methods %A Regan L. Mandryk %A Kori M. Inkpen %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 102-111 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031625 %X Emerging technologies offer new ways of using entertainment technology to foster interactions between players and connect people. Evaluating collaborative entertainment technology is challenging because success is not defined in terms of productivity and performance, but in terms of enjoyment and interaction. Current subjective methods are not sufficiently robust in this context. This paper describes an experiment designed to test the efficacy of physiological measures as evaluators of collaborative entertainment technologies. We found evidence that there is a different physiological response in the body when playing against a computer versus playing against a friend. These physiological results are mirrored in the subjective reports provided by the participants. We provide an initial step towards using physiological responses to objectively evaluate a user's experience with collaborative entertainment technology. %M C.CSCW.04.112 %T Evaluating computer-supported cooperative work: models and frameworks %S Evaluation methods %A Dennis C. Neale %A John M. Carroll %A Mary Beth Rosson %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 112-121 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031626 %X Evaluating distributed CSCW applications is a difficult endeavor. Frameworks and methodologies for structuring this type of evaluation have become a central concern for CSCW researchers. In this paper we describe the problems involved in evaluating remote collaborations, and we review some of the more prominent conceptual frameworks of group interaction that have driven CSCW evaluation in the past. A multifaceted evaluation framework is presented that approaches the problem from the relationships underlying joint awareness, communication, collaboration, coordination, and work coupling. Finally, recommendations for carrying out multifaceted evaluations of remote interaction are provided. %M C.CSCW.04.122 %T Does CSCW need organization theory? %S Panel %A Stephen R. Barley %A William H. Dutton %A Sara Kiesler %A Paul Resnick %A Robert E. Kraut %A JoAnne Yates %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 122-124 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031628 %X CSCW as a field has been driven primarily by researchers' desire to solve real world problems of groups and organizations, and to use new technology to solve these problems. The field has accumulated a set of empirically-based interdisciplinary studies and many interesting new applications. The question to be addressed in this panel is whether CSCW as a field is ready for theory--whether theory is needed to move the field along, or on the contrary, whether the problems and the technology are still too new or are changing too fast to accommodate theory. The panelists will describe some of the organization theories that could be applied to CSCW, and debate their usefulness, taking both sides of the question. %M C.CSCW.04.125 %T Accountability in an alarming environment %S Medical applications %A Rebecca Randell %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 125-131 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031630 %X This paper considers how adjustable alarms support collaborative monitoring work within the intensive care unit. Drawing on examples from an observational study, it hopes to stimulate new ways of thinking about the role that alarms play in supporting awareness of not only changes in the environment but also awareness of colleagues' actions. Adjustable alarms allow nurses to fit the alarm limits to both the patient state and the nurse's level of experience. The setting of alarm limits is an accountable activity, being visible to and observed by colleagues. %M C.CSCW.04.132 %T Maintaining redundancy in the coordination of medical emergencies %S Medical applications %A Aksel Tjora %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 132-141 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031631 %X This paper reports from a study of Norwegian medical emergency call (AMK) centres, in which advanced radio and telephone communication technologies are handled by a team of nurses and ambulance personnel to coordinate medical emergency resources (ambulances, doctors, helicopters, and so on). The AMK centres have made use of a range of technologies since they were established 15-20 years ago. During the last 5 years, several of the centres have implemented an information system, AMIS to integrate several functions that before were handled by using separate specialised systems. By observation in seven medical emergency call centres and a survey covering 38 of 43 such centres in Norway in the period 1996-2002, this study focuses on collaboration and use of communication technologies in a teamwork setting. It is found that important aspects of the AMK centre teamwork include redundancy of communication, competence and technologies, as well as a well-developed overall attention from the operators. These aspects support a transparent social integration of technologies in use. The use of integrated systems, such as the AMIS, may challenge this transparency, by which one operator may follow the other operator's actions. It is concluded that serious care must be taken to introduce larger information systems, so that basic principles, which have emerged during the teamwork practice to secure high service reliability, are maintained. %M C.CSCW.04.142 %T Supporting informality: team working and integrated care records %S Medical applications %A Gillian Hardstone %A Mark Hartswood %A Rob Procter %A Roger Slack %A Alex Voss %A Gwyneth Rees %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 142-151 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031632 %X This paper reports findings from an ethnographic study of the work of Adult and Care of the Elderly Community Mental Health Teams in the context of the deployment of an Electronic Medical Record. Our findings highlight the importance of informal discussions and provisional judgments as part of the process by which teams achieve consensual clinical management decisions over time. We show how paper-based documentation supports this collaborative work by affording both the revision of preliminary clinical management options and the accretion of contributions by team members with different clinical perspectives and expertise. Finally, we consider the implications both for teamwork and the Integrated Care Record (ICR) as clinical documentation becomes increasingly held and distributed electronically. %M C.CSCW.04.152 %T Lessons from the reMail prototypes %S Systems %A Daniel Gruen %A Steven L. Rohall %A Suzanne Minassian %A Bernard Kerr %A Paul Moody %A Bob Stachel %A Martin Wattenberg %A Eric Wilcox %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 152-161 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031634 %X Electronic mail has become the most widely-used application for business productivity and communication, yet many people are frustrated with their email. Though email usage has changed, our email clients largely have not. In this paper, we describe a prototype email client developed out of a multi-year iterative design process aimed at providing those who "live in their email" with an improved, integrated email experience. We highlight innovative features and describe the user trials for each version of the prototype with resulting modifications. Finally, we discuss how these studies have recast our understanding of the email "habitat" and user needs. %M C.CSCW.04.162 %T Leveraging single-user applications for multi-user collaboration: the coword approach %S Systems %A Steven Xia %A David Sun %A Chengzheng Sun %A David Chen %A Haifeng Shen %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 162-171 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031635 %X Single-user interactive computer applications are pervasive in our daily lives and work. Leveraging single-user applications for multi-user collaboration has the potential to significantly increase the availability and improve the usability of collaborative applications. In this paper, we report an innovative transparent adaptation approach for this purpose. The basic idea is to adapt the single-user application programming interface to the data and operational models of the underlying collaboration supporting technique, namely Operational Transformation. Distinctive features of this approach include: (1) Application transparency: it does not require access to the source code of the single-user application; (2) Unconstrained collaboration: it supports concurrent and free interaction and collaboration among multiple users; and (3) Reusable collaborative software components: collaborative software components developed with this approach can be reused in adapting a wide range of single-user applications. This approach has been applied to transparently convert MS Word into a real-time collaborative word processor, called CoWord, which supports multiple users to view and edit any objects in the same Word document at the same time over the Internet. The generality of this approach has been tested by re-applying it to convert MS PowerPoint into CoPowerPoint. %M C.CSCW.04.172 %T High-performance telepointers %S Systems %A Jeff Dyck %A Carl Gutwin %A Sriram Subramanian %A Christopher Fedak %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 172-181 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031636 %X Although telepointers are valuable for supporting real-time collaboration, they are rarely seen in commercial groupware applications that run on the Internet. One reason for their absence is that current telepointer implementations perform poorly on real-world networks with varying traffic, congestion, and loss. In this paper, we report on a new implementation of telepointers (HPT) that is designed to provide smooth, timely, and accurate telepointers in real-world groupware: on busy networks, on cable and dialup connections, and on wireless channels. HPT maintains performance at usable levels with a combination of techniques from multimedia and distributed systems research, including UDP transport, message compression, motion prediction, adaptive rate control, and adaptive forward error correction. Although these techniques have been seen before, they have never been combined and tailored to the specific requirements of telepointers. Tests of the new implementation show that HPT provides good performance in a number of network situations where other implementations do not work at all - we can provide usable telepointers even over a lossy 28K modem connection. HPT sets a new standard for telepointers, and allows designers to greatly improve the support that groupware provides for real-time interaction over distance. %M C.CSCW.04.182 %T Controlling interruptions: awareness displays and social motivation for coordination %S Social awareness and availability %A Laura Dabbish %A Robert E. Kraut %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 182-191 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031638 %X Spontaneous communication is common in the workplace but can be disruptive. Such communication usually benefits the initiator more than the target of the disruption. Previous research has indicated that awareness displays showing the workload of a target can reduce the harm interruptions inflict, but can increase the cognitive load on interrupters. This paper describes an experiment testing whether team membership influences interrupters' motivation to use awareness displays and whether the informational-intensity of a display influences its utility and cost. Results indicate interrupters use awareness displays to time communication only when they and their partners are rewarded as a team and that this timing improves the target's performance on a continuous attention task. Eye-tracking data shows that monitoring an information-rich display imposes a substantial attentional cost on the interrupters, and that an abstract display provides similar benefit with less distraction. %M C.CSCW.04.192 %T The AWARE architecture: supporting context-mediated social awareness in mobile cooperation %S Social awareness and availability %A Jakob E. Bardram %A Thomas R. Hansen %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 192-201 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031639 %X Maintaining social awareness of the working context of fellow co-workers is crucial to successful cooperation. For mobile, non co-located workers, however, this social awareness is hard to maintain. In this paper we present the concept of Context-Mediated Social Awareness to denote how context-aware computing can be used to facilitate social awareness. We illustrate the concept in a case study of mobile collaboration in a hospital and present the 'AwarePhone', which is designed to support context-mediated social awareness among hospital clinicians. Based on this conceptual and empirical basis, the paper presents the AWARE architecture, which is a generic platform for supporting context-mediated social awareness. %M C.CSCW.04.202 %T Putting systems into place: a qualitative study of design requirements for location-aware community systems %S Social awareness and availability %A Quentin Jones %A Sukeshini A. Grandhi %A Steve Whittaker %A Keerti Chivakula %A Loren Terveen %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 202-211 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031640 %X We present a conceptual framework for location-aware community systems and results from two studies of how socially-defined places influence people's information sharing and communication needs. The first study identified a relationship between people's familiarity with a place and their desire for either stable or dynamic place-related information. The second study explored the utility of various system features highlighted by our conceptual framework. It clarified the role of place information in informal social interaction; it also showed that people valued, and were willing to provide information such as ratings, comments, and event records relevant to a place. These preliminary findings have important implications for the design of location-aware community systems. In particular, they suggest that such systems must integrate information about places with data about users' personal routines and social relationships. %M C.CSCW.04.212 %T Using social psychology to motivate contributions to online communities %S Communities %A Gerard Beenen %A Kimberly Ling %A Xiaoqing Wang %A Klarissa Chang %A Dan Frankowski %A Paul Resnick %A Robert E. Kraut %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 212-221 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031642 %X Under-contribution is a problem for many online communities. Social psychology theories of social loafing and goal-setting can provide mid-level design principles to address this problem. We tested the design principles in two field experiments. In one, members of an online movie recommender community were reminded of the uniqueness of their contributions and the benefits that follow from them. In the second, they were given a range of individual or group goals for contribution. As predicted by theory, individuals contributed when they were reminded of their uniqueness and when they were given specific and challenging goals, but other predictions were not borne out. The paper ends with suggestions and challenges for mining social science theories as well as implications for design. %M C.CSCW.04.222 %T Blogging as social activity, or, would you let 900 million people read your diary? %S Communities %A Bonnie A. Nardi %A Diane J. Schiano %A Michelle Gumbrecht %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 222-231 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031643 %X "Blogging" is a Web-based form of communication that is rapidly becoming mainstream. In this paper, we report the results of an ethnographic study of blogging, focusing on blogs written by individuals or small groups, with limited audiences. We discuss motivations for blogging, the quality of social interactivity that characterized the blogs we studied, and relationships to the blogger's audience. We consider the way bloggers related to the known audience of their personal social networks as well as the wider "blogosphere" of unknown readers. We then make design recommendations for blogging software based on these findings. %M C.CSCW.04.232 %T Flash forums and forumReader: navigating a new kind of large-scale online discussion %S Communities %A Kushal Dave %A Martin Wattenberg %A Michael Muller %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 232-241 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031644 %X We describe a popular kind of large, topic-centered, transient discussion, which we term a flash forum. These occur in settings ranging from web-based bulletin boards to corporate intranets, and they display a conversational style distinct from Usenet and other online discussion. Notably, authorship is more diffuse, and threads are less deep and distinct. To help orient users and guide them to areas of interest within flash forums, we designed ForumReader, a tool combining data visualization with automatic topic extraction. We describe lessons learned from deployment to thousands of users in a real world setting. We also report a laboratory experiment to investigate how interface components affect behavior, comprehension, and information retrieval. The ForumReader interface is well-liked by users, and our results suggest it can lead to new navigation patterns. We also find that, while both visualization and text analytics are helpful individually, combining them may be counterproductive. %M C.CSCW.04.242 %T Individual audio channels with single display groupware: effects on communication and task strategy %S Interactions with shared displays %A Meredith Ringel Morris %A Dan Morris %A Terry Winograd %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 242-251 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031646 %X We introduce a system that allows four users to each receive sound from a private audio channel while using a shared tabletop display. In order to explore how private audio channels affect a collaborative work environment, we conducted a user study with this system. The results reveal differences in work strategies when groups are presented with individual versus public audio, and suggest that the use of private audio does not impede group communication and may positively impact group dynamics. We discuss the findings, as well as their implications for the design of future audio-based "single display privacyware" systems. %M C.CSCW.04.252 %T Avoiding interference: how people use spatial separation and partitioning in SDG workspaces %S Interactions with shared displays %A Edward Tse %A Jonathan Histon %A Stacey D. Scott %A Saul Greenberg %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 252-261 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031647 %X Single Display Groupware (SDG) lets multiple co-located people, each with their own input device, interact simultaneously over a single communal display. While SDG is beneficial, there is risk of interference: when two people are interacting in close proximity, one person can raise an interface component (such as a menu, dialog box, or movable palette) over another person's working area, thus obscuring and hindering the other's actions. Consequently, researchers have developed special purpose interaction components to mitigate interference techniques. Yet is interference common in practice? If not, then SDG versions of conventional interface components could prove more suitable. We hypothesize that collaborators spatially separate their activities to the extent that they partition their workspace into distinct areas when working on particular tasks, thus reducing the potential for interference. We tested this hypothesis by observing co-located people performing a set of collaborative drawing exercises in an SDG workspace, where we paid particular attention to the locations of their simultaneous interactions. We saw that spatial separation and partitioning occurred consistently and naturally across all participants, rarely requiring any verbal negotiation. Particular divisions of the space varied, influenced by seating position and task semantics. These results suggest that people naturally avoid interfering with one another by spatially separating their actions. This has design implications for SDG interaction techniques, especially in how conventional widgets can be adapted to an SDG setting. %M C.CSCW.04.262 %T Beyond "social protocols": multi-user coordination policies for co-located groupware %S Interactions with shared displays %A Meredith Ringel Morris %A Kathy Ryall %A Chia Shen %A Clifton Forlines %A Frederic Vernier %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 262-265 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031648 %X The status quo for co-located groupware is to assume that "social protocols" (standards of polite behavior) are sufficient to coordinate the actions of a group of users; however, prior studies of groupware use as well as our own observations of groups using a shared tabletop display suggest potential for improving groupware interfaces by incorporating coordination policies - direct manipulation mechanisms for avoiding and resolving conflicts. We discuss our observations of group tabletop usage and present our coordination framework. We conclude with example usage scenarios and discuss future research suggested by this framework. %M C.CSCW.04.266 %T Toward universal mobile interaction for shared displays %S Interactions with shared displays %A Tim Paek %A Maneesh Agrawala %A Sumit Basu %A Steve Drucker %A Trausti Kristjansson %A Ron Logan %A Kentaro Toyama %A Andy Wilson %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 266-269 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031649 %X Researchers have noted conflicting trends in collaboration technologies between delivering more information on larger displays and exploiting mobility on smaller devices. Large, shared displays provide greater choice in the presentation of information, but mobile devices offer greater flexibility in the access of information. We describe a platform that leverages the best of both worlds by allowing multiple users to access and interact with a large, shared display using their own personal mobile devices, such as a cell phone, laptop, or wireless PDA. We highlight three applications built on top of the platform that demonstrate its generality and utility in a variety of group settings: namely, web browsing, polling, and entertainment. %M C.CSCW.04.270 %T CSCW and cyberinfrastructure: opportunities and challenges %S Panel %A Guy Almes %A Jonathon Cummings %A Jeremy P. Birnholtz %A Ian Foster %A Tony Hey %A Bill Spencer %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 270-273 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031651 %X This panel will provide a forum for a discussion of important and timely issues surrounding the global deployment of cyberinfrastructure to support science and engineering research activities. Representatives of funding agencies, existing cyberinfrastructure projects, specific technologies and social scientists involved in the evaluation of these technologies will be brought together to address questions about the key obstacles to the operational deployment of cyberinfrastructure, whether or not cyberinfrastructure will improve research, and what the role of the CSCW community is and can or should be in this deployment. %M C.CSCW.04.274 %T Lumisight table: a face-to-face collaboration support system that optimizes direction of projected information to each stakeholder %S Tabletop design %A Mitsunori Matsushita %A Makoto Iida %A Takeshi Ohguro %A Yoshinari Shirai %A Yasuaki Kakehi %A Takeshi Naemura %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 274-283 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031653 %X The goal of our research is to support cooperative work performed by stakeholders sitting around a table. To support such cooperation, various table-based systems with a shared electronic display on the tabletop have been developed. These systems, however, suffer the common problem of not recognizing shared information such as text and images equally because the orientation of their view angle is not favorable. To solve this problem, we propose the Lumisight Table. This is a system capable of displaying personalized information to each required direction on one horizontal screen simultaneously by multiplexing them and of capturing stakeholders' gestures to manipulate the information. %M C.CSCW.04.284 %T Exploring the effects of group size and table size on interactions with tabletop shared-display groupware %S Tabletop design %A Kathy Ryall %A Clifton Forlines %A Chia Shen %A Meredith Ringel Morris %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 284-293 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031654 %X Interactive tabletops have been previously proposed and studied in the domain of co-located group applications. However, little fundamental research has been done to explore the issue of size. In this paper we identify a number of size considerations for tabletop design, and present an experiment to explore some of these issues, in particular the effects of group size and table size on the speed at which the task was performed, the distribution of work among group members, issues of shared resources, and user preference for table size. Our findings shed light on (1) how work strategies are affected by group size, (2) how social interaction varies with respect to table size, and (3) how the speed of task performance is influenced by group size but not by table size. In addition, our experiments revealed that for larger groups, designers might need to add additional vertical displays for shared information. This finding opens the door for extending single-display groupware to shared-display groupware settings that involve multiple, shared displays. %M C.CSCW.04.294 %T Territoriality in collaborative tabletop workspaces %S Tabletop design %A Stacey D. Scott %A M. Sheelagh %A T. Carpendale %A Kori M. Inkpen %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 294-303 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031655 %X Researchers seeking alternatives to traditional desktop computers have begun exploring the potential collaborative benefits of digital tabletop displays. However, there are still many open issues related to the design of collaborative tabletop interfaces, such as whether these systems should automatically orient workspace items or enforce ownership of workspace content. Understanding the natural interaction practices that people use during tabletop collaboration with traditional media (e.g., pen and paper) can help to address these issues. Interfaces that are modeled on these practices will have the additional advantage of supporting the interaction skills people have developed over years of collaborating at traditional tables. To gain a deeper understanding of these interaction practices we conducted two observational studies of traditional tabletop collaboration in both casual and formal settings. Our results reveal that collaborators use three types of tabletop territories to help coordinate their interactions within the shared tabletop workspace: personal, group, and storage territories. Findings from a spatial analysis of collaborators' tabletop interactions reveal important properties of these tabletop territories. In order to provide a comprehensive picture of the role of tabletop territoriality in collaboration, we conclude with a synthesis of our findings and previous research findings and with several relevant design implications. %M C.CSCW.04.304 %T Behind the help desk: evolution of a knowledge management system in a large organization %S Organizational issues %A Christine A. Halverson %A Thomas Erickson %A Mark S. Ackerman %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 304-313 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031657 %X This paper examines the way in which a knowledge management system (KMS)-by which we mean the people, processes and software-came into being and evolved in response to a variety of shifting social, technical and organizational pressures. We draw upon data from a two year ethnographic study of a sophisticated help desk to trace the KMS from its initial conception as a "Common Problems" database for help desk personnel, to its current instantiation as a set of Frequently Asked Questions published on an intranet for help desk clients. We note how shifts in management, organizational structure, incentives, software technologies, and other factors affected the development of the system. This study sheds light on some of the difficulties that accompany the implementation of CSCW systems, and provides an analysis of how such systems are often designed by bricolage. %M C.CSCW.04.314 %T The diffusion of reachOut: analysis and framework for the successful diffusion of collaboration technologies %S Organizational issues %A Vladimir Soroka %A Michal Jacovi %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 314-323 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031658 %X While virtual communities become more and more dominant, little attention has been directed towards understanding the conditions for creating a successful community. Significant progress has been made in understanding the diffusion of collaborative tools in the workplace. We read stories about the extraordinary success of some communities, and about the harsh failure of others. This paper argues that lessons learnt from these stories should be analyzed using the theoretical foundations of Diffusion of Innovations theories, and systematized to create a set of guidelines for community creators to make their efforts more efficient. We begin by presenting a theoretical background for analyzing technology diffusion. We then analyze the stories of diffusion of ReachOut - a tool for peer support and community building developed in our Research Lab - in two different communities, using this theory. Finally, we propose a framework for planning for successful diffusion of collaborative tools, using our experiences with ReachOut. %M C.CSCW.04.324 %T Return on investment and organizational adoption %S Organizational issues %A Jonathan Grudin %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 324-327 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031659 %X This paper considers the complexity of measuring the return on investment for technology adoption. A brief case study of technology adoption in a large design and construction firm provides a clear view of factors that came into play. The technology considered is simple; the apparent costs and benefits are relatively clear. Four parties are involved: diverse employees interested in using dual monitors, the information technology support group in the organization, an executive who had worked his way up from drafting, and employees of a software company that is considering expanding their support for dual monitor use. In the construction company, a seemingly logical and inexpensive hardware upgrade was subject to a wide range of technical and social pressures, some obstructing and others promoting adoption. Decisions are made in a manner that did not fit the model held by the product planners and designers in the software company. %M C.CSCW.04.328 %T Leveraging social networks for information sharing %S Organizational issues %A Jeremy Goecks %A Elizabeth D. Mynatt %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 328-331 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031660 %X Saori is a computation infrastructure that enables users and end-user applications to leverage social networks to mediate information dissemination. Saori provides users with awareness of and control over the information dissemination process within social networks; Saori enables users to employ both technological and social methods to manage information sharing. Saori users can create policies that mediate sharing by exploiting social network structures. Saori also provides social data to users; this data encourages users to be accountable for how they share information. We integrated Saori into a Wiki Wiki Web to demonstrate a concrete use of the infrastructure. %M C.CSCW.04.332 %T Assembling the senses: towards the design of cooperative interfaces for visually impaired users %S Distilling knowledge %A Fredrik Winberg %A John Bowers %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 332-341 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031662 %X The needs of blind and visually impaired users are seriously under-investigated in CSCW. We review work on assistive interfaces especially concerning how collaboration between sighted and blind users across different modalities might be supported. To examine commonly expressed design principles, we present a study where blind and sighted persons play a game to which the former has an auditory interface, the latter a visual one. Interaction analyses are presented highlighting features of interface design, talk and gesture which are important to the participants' abilities to collaborate. Informed by these analyses, we reconsider design principles for cooperative interfaces for the blind. %M C.CSCW.04.342 %T I know my network: collaboration and expertise in intrusion detection %S Distilling knowledge %A John R. Goodall %A Wayne G. Lutters %A Anita Komlodi %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 342-345 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031663 %X The work of intrusion detection (ID) in accomplishing network security is complex, requiring highly sought-after expertise. While limited automation exists, the role of human ID analysts remains crucial. This paper presents the results of an exploratory field study examining the role of expertise and collaboration in ID work. Through an analysis of the common and situated expertise required in ID work, our results counter basic assumptions about its individualistic character, revealing significant distributed collaboration. Current ID support tools provide no support for this collaborative problem solving. The results of this research highlight ID as an engaging CSCW work domain, one rich with organizational insights, design challenges, and practical import. %M C.CSCW.04.346 %T Cutting to the chase: improving meeting effectiveness by focusing on the agenda %S Distilling knowledge %A Ana Cristina Bicharra Garcia %A John Kunz %A Martin Fischer %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 346-349 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031664 %X We propose an agenda planning technique with a built-in incentive mechanism, based on the VCG (Vickrey-Clarke-Groves) method from game theory, to help project managers in the engineering construction industry create a more effective agenda. Preliminary results have shown an improvement in both instrumented and perceived meeting quality. %M C.CSCW.04.350 %T CSCW at play: 'there' as a collaborative virtual environment %S Gaming %A Barry Brown %A Marek Bell %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 350-359 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031666 %X Video games are of increasing importance, both as a cultural phenomenon and as an application of collaborative technology. In particular, many recent online games feature persistent collaborative virtual environments (CVEs), with complex social organisation and strong social bonds between players. This paper presents a study of 'There', one such game, focusing on how There has been appropriated by its players. In particular we describe how its flexibility has allowed players to develop their own forms of play within the game. Three aspects of There are discussed: first, how the environment supports a range of social activities around objects. Second, how the chat environment is used to produce overlapping chat and how the game itself provides topics for conversation. Lastly, how the 'place' of There is a fluid interaction space that supports safe interactions between strangers. The paper concludes by drawing design lessons concerning the importance of supporting shared online activity, interaction between strangers, and the difficulties of designing for play. %M C.CSCW.04.360 %T The social side of gaming: a study of interaction patterns in a massively multiplayer online game %S Gaming %A Nicolas Ducheneaut %A Robert J. Moore %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 360-369 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031667 %X Playing computer games has become a social experience. Hundreds of thousands of players interact in massively multiplayer online games (MMORPGs), a recent and successful genre descending from the pioneering multi-user dungeons (MUDs). These new games are purposefully designed to encourage interactions among players, but little is known about the nature and structure of these interactions. In this paper, we analyze player-to-player interactions in two locations in the game Star Wars Galaxies. We outline different patterns of interactivity, and discuss how they are affected by the structure of the game. We conclude with a series of recommendations for the design and support of social activities within multiplayer games. %M C.CSCW.04.370 %T Hiding and revealing in online poker games %S Gaming %A Scott A. Golder %A Judith Donath %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 370-373 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031668 %X Poker is largely a game of social and psychological information. However, online card room interfaces do not support the subtle communication between players that is integral to the psychological aspect of the game, making the games less authentic and less enjoyable than they could be. We explore how card room interfaces can better support the psychological aspects of the game by critiquing the dominant methods of visualizing players: with generic avatars, and with text-only handles. %M C.CSCW.04.374 %T FishPong: encouraging human-to-human interaction in informal social environments %S Gaming %A Jennifer Yoon %A Jun Oishi %A Jason Nawyn %A Kazue Kobayashi %A Neeti Gupta %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 374-377 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031669 %X In this paper we introduce FishPong, an interactive system designed to stimulate informal computer-supported cooperative play (CSCP) in public spaces such as coffeehouses and cafes. FishPong consists of a tabletop tangible user interface (TUI) that allows users to control a fish-themed video game using magnetically tagged coffee cups. FishPong has been designed as an "icebreaker" technology to encourage spontaneous social interaction among coffeehouse patrons. This work serves as an example of how environments might be subtly and unobtrusively augmented in order to facilitate informal human-to-human interaction. %M C.CSCW.04.378 %T Where am I and who am I?: issues in collaborative technical help %S Cases from the field %A Michael Twidale %A Karen Ruhleder %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 378-387 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031671 %X In a study of collaborative help-giving within several organizations settings, we identified two forms of trouble and bewilderment that we explore further in this paper. In one case, the user is confused about where they, their files, or other resources are within a larger technical infrastructure (Where am I?). In the second case, the user isn't sure which login is needed and which actions are allowed (Who am I?). We believe that these issues carry important implications for the design of interfaces that can explicitly support repair and problem-solving, and that they are essential to consider in the development of CSCW and ubiquitous computing applications. %M C.CSCW.04.388 %T Field studies of computer system administrators: analysis of system management tools and practices %S Cases from the field %A Rob Barrett %A Eser Kandogan %A Paul P. Maglio %A Eben M. Haber %A Leila A. Takayama %A Madhu Prabaker %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 388-395 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031672 %X Computer system administrators are the unsung heroes of the information age, working behind the scenes to configure, maintain, and troubleshoot the computer infrastructure that underlies much of modern life. However, little can be found in the literature about the practices and problems of these highly specialized computer users. We conducted a series of field studies in large corporate data centers, observing organizations, work practices, tools, and problem-solving strategies of system administrators. We found system administrators operate within large-scale, complex environments that present significant technical, social, cognitive, and business challenges. In this paper, we describe system administrator tool use in critical, high-cost, labor-intensive work through observational, survey, and interview data. We discuss our findings concerning administrator needs for coordinating work, maintaining situation awareness, planning and rehearsing complex procedures, building tools, and supporting complicated interleaved workflows. %M C.CSCW.04.396 %T Collaborating around collections: informing the continued development of photoware %S Cases from the field %A Andy Crabtree %A Tom Rodden %A John Mariani %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 396-405 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031673 %X This paper explores the embodied interactional ways in which people naturally collaborate around and share collections of photographs. We employ ethnographic studies of paper-based photograph use to consider requirements for distributed collaboration around digital photographs. Distributed sharing is currently limited to the 'passing on' of photographs to others, by email, webpages, or mobile phones. To move beyond this, a fundamental challenge for photoware consists of developing support for the practical achievement of sharing 'at a distance'. Specifically, this entails augmenting the natural production of accounts or 'photo-talk' to support the distributed achievement of sharing. %M C.CSCW.04.406 %T Communities and technologies: an approach to foster social capital? %S Panel %A Mark Ackerman %A Marlene Huysman %A John M. Carroll %A Barry Wellman %A Giorgio DeMichelis %A Volker Wulf %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 406-408 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031675 %X Communities are social entities whose actors share common needs, interests, or practices: they constitute the basic units of social experience. With regard to communities, social capital captures the structural, relational and cognitive aspects of the relationships among their members. Social capital is defined as a set of properties of a social entity (e.g. norms, level of trust, and intensive social networking) which enables joint activities and cooperation for mutual benefit. It can be understood as the glue which holds communities together. On this panel we will discuss whether and how information technology can strengthen communities by fostering social capital. %M C.CSCW.04.409 %T Capturing and supporting contexts for scientific data sharing via the biological sciences collaboratory %S Distributed teams %A George Chin, Jr. %A Carina S. Lansing %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 409-418 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031677 %X Scientific collaboration is largely focused on the sharing and joint analysis of scientific data and results. Today, a movement is afoot within the scientific computing community to shift "collaboratory" development from traditional tool-centric approaches to more data-centric ones. Yet, to effectively support data sharing means more than providing a common repository for storing and retrieving shared data sets. In order to reasonably comprehend and apply another researcher's data set, the scientist must grasp the various contexts of the data as it relates to the overall data space, applications, experiments, projects, and the scientific community. Under development at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, the Biological Sciences Collaboratory (BSC) enables the sharing of biological data and analyses through diverse capabilities such as metadata capture, electronic laboratory notebooks, data organization views, data provenance tracking, analysis notes, task management, and scientific workflow management. Overall, BSC strives to identify and capture the various social and scientific contexts in which data sharing collaborations in biology take place and to provide collaboration tools and capabilities that can effectively support and facilitate these important data sharing contexts. %M C.CSCW.04.419 %T Meeting central: making distributed meetings more effective %S Distributed teams %A Nicole Yankelovich %A William Walker %A Patricia Roberts %A Mike Wessler %A Jonathan Kaplan %A Joe Provino %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 419-428 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031678 %X The Meeting Central prototype is a suite of collaboration tools designed to support distributed meetings. The tools' minimalist design provides only those features that have the most impact on distributed meeting effectiveness. The collaboration suite is built on top of a distributed, extensible, and scalable framework. %M C.CSCW.04.429 %T In-group/out-group effects in distributed teams: an experimental simulation %S Distributed teams %A Nathan Bos %A N. Sadat Shami %A Judith S. Olson %A Arik Cheshin %A Ning Nan %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 429-436 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031679 %X Modern workplaces often bring together virtual teams where some members are collocated, and some participate remotely. We are using a simulation game to study collaborations of 10-person groups, with five collocated members and five isolates (simulated 'telecommuters'). Individual players in this game buy and sell 'shapes' from each other in order to form strings of shapes, where strings represent joint projects, and each individual players' shapes represent their unique skills. We found that the collocated people formed an in-group, excluding the isolates. But, surprisingly, the isolates also formed an in-group, mainly because the collocated people ignored them and they responded to each other. %M C.CSCW.04.437 %T Operational transformation for collaborative word processing %S Operational transformation %A David Sun %A Steven Xia %A Chengzheng Sun %A David Chen %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 437-446 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031681 %X Operational Transformation (OT) is a technique originally invented for supporting consistency maintenance in collaborative text editors. Word processors have much richer data types and more comprehensive operations than plain text editors. Among others, the capability of updating attributes of any types of object is an essential feature of all word processors. In this paper, we report an extension of OT for supporting a generic Update operation, in addition to Insert and Delete operations, for collaborative word processing. We focus on technical issues and solutions involved in transforming Updates for both consistency maintenance and group undo. A novel technique, called Multi-Version Single-Display (MVSD), has been devised to resolve conflict between concurrent Updates, and integrated into the framework of OT. This work has been motivated by and conducted in the CoWord project, which aims to convert MS Word into a real-time collaborative word processor without changing its source code. This OT extension is relevant not only to word processors but also to a range of interactive applications that can be modelled as editors. %M C.CSCW.04.447 %T Grouping in collaborative graphical editors %S Operational transformation %A Claudia-Lavinia Ignat %A Moira C. Norrie %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 447-456 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031682 %X Often collaborative graphical systems lag behind well accepted single-user applications in terms of features supported. The frequently used operations of group/ungroup offered by almost every single-user graphical editor have not been considered by the collaborative graphical editing systems that try to preserve the intentions of the users involved in the concurrent editing. In this paper we present a novel algorithm based on operation serialisation for consistency maintenance in collaborative graphical editing dealing not only with simple operations such as create, delete, move, change colour or position, but also with group/ungroup operations. Based on the classification of conflicts into real and resolvable, an undo/redo mechanism is used in order to re-execute the operations in an imposed serialisation order. %M C.CSCW.04.457 %T Preserving operation effects relation in group editors %S Operational transformation %A Du Li %A Rui Li %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 457-466 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031683 %X Consistency maintenance is a critical and challenging issue in many interactive groupware applications that can be modeled as group editors. This paper addresses two open consistency problems: divergence and operation effects relation violation. While the former has been partly solved, the latter has never been addressed in any published work. We propose a novel approach to solving both problems in the same framework. Particularly it preserves the effects relation of concurrent operations so that convergence is achieved automatically. Our work provides a new perspective into group editors and operational transformation algorithms. %M C.CSCW.04.467 %T Shadow communication: system for embodied interaction with remote partners %S Gesturing, moving and talking together %A Yoshiyuki Miwa %A Chikara Ishibiki %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 467-476 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031685 %X "Shadow Communication" system has been developed allowing others to communicate by means of their "shadows" in remote space. This is designed so that each participant's shadow enters into a space through a semi-transparent screen and interacts with another subject's shadow. This interaction occurs at a common 'stage' (a co-existing space) that can be self-organized. The interaction takes place in a spatial relationship ("ma"- perceptive distance or "Maai" in Japanese) and generates a situation where, seemingly, the participants are actually talking to each other in a face-to-face manner. Experiments on collaborative drawings or remote lecturing conducted with various subjects resulted in the different groups being properly positioned in their co-existing space, thus suggesting that the co-creative activities between the groups were successfully established. %M C.CSCW.04.477 %T Mediating dual ecologies %S Gesturing, moving and talking together %A Hideaki Kuzuoka %A Jun'ichi Kosaka %A Keiichi Yamazaki %A Yasuko Suga %A Akiko Yamazaki %A Paul Luff %A Christian Heath %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 477-486 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031686 %X In this paper we investigated systems for supporting remote collaboration using mobile robots as communication media. It is argued that the use of a remote-controlled robot as a device to support communication involves two distinct ecologies: an ecology at the remote (instructor's) site and an ecology at the operator's (robot) site. In designing a robot as a viable communication medium, it is essential to consider how these ecologies can be mediated and supported. In this paper, we propose design guidelines to overcome the problems inherent in dual ecologies, and describe the development of a robot named GestureMan-3 based on these guidelines. Our experiments with GestureMan-3 showed that the system supports sequential aspects of the organization of communication. %M C.CSCW.04.487 %T Action as language in a shared visual space %S Gesturing, moving and talking together %A Darren Gergle %A Robert E. Kraut %A Susan R. Fussell %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 487-496 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031687 %X A shared visual workspace allows multiple people to see similar views of objects and environments. Prior empirical literature demonstrates that visual information helps collaborators understand the current state of their task and enables them to communicate and ground their conversations efficiently. We present an empirical study that demonstrates how action replaces explicit verbal instruction in a shared visual workspace. Pairs performed a referential communication task with and without a shared visual space. A detailed sequential analysis of the communicative content reveals that pairs with a shared workspace were less likely to explicitly verify their actions with speech. Rather, they relied on visual information to provide the necessary communicative and coordinative cues. %M C.CSCW.04.497 %T Predictors of availability in home life context-mediated communication %S May I interrupt? %A Kristine S. Nagel %A James M. Hudson %A Gregory D. Abowd %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 497-506 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031689 %X A number of studies have explored issues of interruption and availability in workplace environments, but few have examined how attitudes toward availability play out in home life. In this paper, we begin to explore factors in the home that might be useful for signaling availability to close friends and family. In particular, we use the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to measure subjects' current activities and self-reported availability to interruption. Based on follow-up interviews, we develop a number of hypotheses that we test through a hierarchical linear regression analysis. Results indicate that individual differences, certain home locations, and leisure activities play an important role in determining patterns of availability. This study has implications for the development of CSCW systems with automatic sensing of activity to deal with interruption and activity recognition both inside and out of the home. %M C.CSCW.04.507 %T BusyBody: creating and fielding personalized models of the cost of interruption %S May I interrupt? %A Eric Horvitz %A Paul Koch %A Johnson Apacible %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 507-510 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031690 %X Interest has been growing in opportunities to build and deploy statistical models that can infer a computer user's current interruptability from computer activity and relevant contextual information. We describe a system that intermittently asks users to assess their perceived interruptability during a training phase and that builds decision-theoretic models with the ability to predict the cost of interrupting the user. The models are used at run-time to compute the expected cost of interruptions, providing a mediator for incoming notifications, based on a consideration of a user's current and recent history of computer activity, meeting status, location, time of day, and whether a conversation is detected. %M C.CSCW.04.511 %T Lilsys: Sensing Unavailability %S May I interrupt? %A James Bo Begole %A Nicholas E. Matsakis %A John C. Tang %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 511-514 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031691 %X As communications systems increasingly gather and propagate information about people's reachability or "presence", users need better tools to minimize undesired interruptions while allowing desired ones. We review the salient elements of presence and availability that people use when initiating face-to-face communication. We discuss problems with current strategies for managing one's availability in telecommunication media. We describe a prototype system called Lilsys which passively collects availability cues gathered from users' actions and environment using ambient sensors and provides machine inferencing of unavailability. We discuss observations and design implications from deploying Lilsys. %M C.CSCW.04.515 %T QnA: augmenting an instant messaging client to balance user responsiveness and performance %S May I interrupt? %A Daniel Avrahami %A Scott E. Hudson %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 515-518 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031692 %X The growing use of Instant Messaging for social and work-related communication has created a situation where incoming messages often become a distraction to users while they are performing important tasks. Staying on task at the expense of responsiveness to IM buddies may portray the users as impolite or even rude. Constantly attending to IM, on the other hand, may prevent users from performing tasks efficiently, leaving them frustrated. In this paper we present a tool that augments a commercial IM client by automatically increasing the salience of incoming messages that may deserve immediate attention, helping users decide whether or not to stay on task. %M C.CSCW.04.519 %T Instant messages: a framework for reading between the lines %S May I interrupt? %A Jeffrey D. Campbell %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 519-522 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031693 %X A framework is described for analyzing keystroke level data from instant messages (IM). This is unlike other analyses of IM which employ server-based logs of messages. This framework can be used to identify metrics for evaluating the usability of IM during message composition. The current objective is evaluating awareness features. The model also identifies quantifiable factors that can be computed automatically during IM usage that could allow the system to adapt to different styles of IM usage. Data from a representative usability evaluation scenario is utilized to illustrate some results of using this framework. Computational aspects of the framework have been implemented in GLogger. %M C.CSCW.04.523 %T Only touching the surface: creating affinities between digital content and paper %S Bridging the physical and the digital %A Paul Luff %A Christian Heath %A Moira Norrie %A Beat Signer %A Peter Herdman %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 523-532 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031695 %X Despite the wide-ranging recognition that paper remains a pervasive resource for human conduct and collaboration, there has been uncertain progress in developing technologies to bridge the paper-digital divide. In this essay we discuss the design of a technology that interweaves developments in new materials, electronics and software, and seeks to provide a cheap and accessible solution to creating new affinities between digital content, in whatever form, and ordinary paper. The technology and its design draws from a broad range of field studies, including research in classrooms and museums. These delineate the requirements and considerations that inform solutions to enhancing paper whilst preserving its integrity. The paper also discusses a naturalistic experiment, an evaluation in a museum, where we assessed the technology and the solution. We also chart the progressive development of this solution and the ways in which seemingly simple actions and issues became reconstituted as highly complex technical and analytic problems. %M C.CSCW.04.533 %T Where the wild things work: capturing shared physical design workspaces %S Bridging the physical and the digital %A Wendy Ju %A Arna Ionescu %A Lawrence Neeley %A Terry Winograd %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 533-541 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031696 %X We have built and tested WorkspaceNavigator, which supports knowledge capture and reuse for teams engaged in unstructured, dispersed, and prolonged collaborative design activity in a dedicated physical workspace. It provides a coherent unified interface for post-facto retrieval of multiple streams of data from the work environment, including overview snapshots of the workspace, screenshots of in-space computers, whiteboard images, and digital photos of physical objects. This paper describes the design of WorkspaceNavigator and identifies key considerations for knowledge capture tools for design workspaces, which differ from those of more structured meeting or classroom environments. Iterative field tests in workspace environments for student teams in two graduate Mechanical Engineering design courses helped to identify features that augment the work of both course participants and design researchers. %M C.CSCW.04.542 %T List making in the home %S Bridging the physical and the digital %A Alex S. Taylor %A Laurel Swan %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 542-545 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031697 %X This paper presents research on the use of household lists. Drawing on an ethnographic study of mothers' work, it focuses on the centrality of paper lists in home- and child-care arrangements, and reveals that they provide a useful means for organizing the complex interrelations between a household's people, activities and tasks. However, paper lists are also shown to be poor at handling the separation, or classification, of these things. In conclusion, both these positive and negative aspects of list making are used to raise broad pointers for CSCW and system design. %M C.CSCW.04.546 %T Concepts that support collocated collaborative work inspired by the specific context of industrial designers %S Bridging the physical and the digital %A H. Wang %A E. Blevis %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 546-549 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031698 %X Based on a naturalistic study of industrial designers engaged in collocated collaborative design work in a technologically unsophisticated environment, we observed a number of interactions that lead to a number of insights, namely, (1) seating and the shape and orientation of the working surface has an effect on line of sight and eye-contact behaviors, (2) being able to reach objects on the working surface effects an individual collaborator's ability to become the focus of attention, (3) in collaborative work, people may work on the same document or divide labors to work on different documents simultaneously, (4) supporting the use of conventional artifacts that users are familiar with is as important as supporting the use of informational devices, (5) large workspaces with different privacy levels support both the needs of sharing information and the needs of keeping information private, (6) changes of document orientation socially represents a corresponding change of control and privacy level. From these insights and from other sources in the literature, we describe and illustrate a number of concepts for integrated technologies and environments that can support collocated collaborative work specifically in the context of design work. These concepts are intended as an exercise in divergent design thinking that owes to carefully constructed insights based on observations. %M C.CSCW.04.550 %T Digital backchannels in shared physical spaces: attention, intention and contention %S Panel %A Joseph F. McCarthy %A danah boyd %A Elizabeth F. Churchill %A William G. Griswold %A Elizabeth Lawley %A Melora Zaner %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 550-553 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031700 %X There are a variety of digital tools for enabling people who are separated by time and space to communicate and collaborate on shared interests and tasks. The widespread use of some of these tools, such as instant messaging and group chat, coupled with the increasingly widespread availability of wireless access to the Internet (WiFi), have created new opportunities for using these collaboration tools by people sharing physical spaces in real time. The use of these tools to augment face-to-face meetings has created benefits for some participants and distractions-and detractions-for others. Our panelists will discuss some of the advantages and disadvantages of these emerging uses of collaborative tools. %M C.CSCW.04.554 %T End-user controlled group formation and access rights management in a shared workspace system %S Information sharing and access %A Joerg M. Haake %A Anja Haake %A Till Schummer %A Mohamed Bourimi %A Britta Landgraf %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 554-563 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031702 %X Group formation and access rights management become crucial issues when shared workspaces are used to support flexible, emerging group work. End-Users should be able to form groups and adapt access rights for changing groups and workspaces. Current shared workspace systems do not support this sufficiently. Our approach combines a room metaphor-based shared workspace with the key-metaphor for facilitating both, end-user controlled flexible group formation and access rights management. An evaluation of this approach during four month of use has indicated that end-users can form groups and manage the access rights of their shared spaces. %M C.CSCW.04.564 %T The multiple views of inter-organizational authoring %S Information sharing and access %A David W. McDonald %A Chunhua Weng %A John H. Gennari %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 564-573 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031703 %X Collaborative authoring is a common workplace task. Yet, despite improvements in word processors, communication software, and file sharing, many problems continue to plague co-authors. We conducted a qualitative study in a setting where participants are loosely connected, physically separated, and work together over a period of 4-9 months to author a complex technical document-a clinical trial protocol. Our study differs from most prior work in that the collaboration is longer-lived, and that the collaborators do not share equivalent status, background, nor domains of expertise. Our data demonstrates that the participants do not share the same view or representation of the authoring process, even though it has a long organizational history. Nonetheless, the participants can still coordinate their activity while maintaining only partially consistent representations of what they are doing. We contend that partial consistency in the participants' concept of the collaborative process is a feature for their asynchronous collaboration at a distance. Based on our findings we suggest a number of improvements for both tools and tool usage that have direct impact on support for collaborative authoring. %M C.CSCW.04.574 %T Collaborative modeling: hiding UML and promoting data examples in NEMo %S Information sharing and access %A Patricia Schank %A Lawrence Hamel %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 574-577 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031704 %X Domain experts are essential for successful software development, but these experts may not recognize their ideas when abstracted into Unified Modeling Language (UML) or ontologies. We describe a Web-based tool for modeling that creates and manipulates a simple data model without representing it in UML, while promoting collaboration and the use of examples to compare and validate the model. The open-source tool, "NEMo," is a by-product of a team effort to invent and refine a complex data model and library of examples. %M C.CSCW.04.578 %T Asynchronous collaborative writing through annotations %S Information sharing and access %A Chunhua Weng %A John H. Gennari %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 578-581 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031705 %X Annotation is central to iterative reviewing and revising activities in asynchronous collaborative writing. Currently most digital annotation models and systems assume static context information and provide far less functionality than physical annotations. We extend prior annotation research by Marshall and Cadiz and design an activity-oriented annotation model to mimic the rich functionality of physical annotations for an enhanced collaborative writing process. In this model, we define an annotation life cycle and support annotation version control. We implement a collaborative writing system that supports improved in-situ communication and cross-role feedback based on our annotation model. %M C.CSCW.04.582 %T Six degrees of Jonathan Grudin: a social network analysis of the evolution and impact of CSCW research %S Understanding CSCW: looking from above %A Daniel B. Horn %A Thomas A. Finholt %A Jeremy P. Birnholtz %A Dheeraj Motwani %A Swapnaa Jayaraman %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 582-591 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031707 %X In this paper, we describe the evolution and impact of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) research through social network analysis of coauthorship data. A network of authors as nodes and shared papers as links is used to compare patterns of growth and collaboration in CSCW with other domains, such as high-energy physics and computer science. Further, the coauthorship network data are used to depict dynamic changes in the structure of CSCW collaborations over time. Examination of these changes shows high volatility in the composition of the CSCW research community over decade-long time spans. These data are augmented by a brief citation analysis of recent CSCW conferences. We discuss the implications of the CSCW findings in terms of the influence of CSCW research on the larger field of HCI research as well as the general utility of social network analysis for understanding patterns of collaboration. %M C.CSCW.04.592 %T Emergent networks, locus of control, and the pursuit of social capital %S Understanding CSCW: looking from above %A Michael Stefanone %A Jeffery Hancock %A Geri Gay %A Anthony Ingraffea %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 592-595 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031708 %X In this paper we examine the relationship between emergent social network characteristics in a computer-supported collaborative learning course and locus of control. An emergent communication network of engineering students that took place in a distributed distance learning environment was examined. Three measures of an actor's social network, density, brokerage, and reach, and participants' locus of control, internal vs. external, were assessed. The data suggest that, relative to participants with external locus of control, participants with internal locus of control decreased their network density over time but increased their brokerage and reach. The results are discussed in the context of instrumental action, through which participants are assumed to develop personal networks in pursuit of maximizing potential social capital. %M C.CSCW.04.596 %T Student social graphs: visualizing a student's online social network %S Understanding CSCW: looking from above %A Jeffrey S. Saltz %A Starr Roxanne Hiltz %A Murray Turoff %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 596-599 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031709 %X Most research applying Social Network Analysis (SNA) to online learning has been focused on understanding the social network of the class as an entity. This work, on the other hand, explores student specific analysis (i.e. analyzing each student individually). This student-centered analysis uses a graphical metaphor to provide the instructor an intuitive understanding of the student's interactions within the class. The paper presents a prototype of the visual metaphor and reports on a pilot study of the application of the prototype to students within a web-based course. %M C.CSCW.04.600 %T A framework for real-world software system evaluations %S Understanding CSCW: looking from above %A Jean Scholtz %A Michelle Potts Steves %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 600-603 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031710 %X This paper introduces an evaluation method that provides the capability of comparing results of like-structured evaluations that occur over time and with changing toolsets or environmental conditions. This makes use of the framework ideal for comparison of collaboration tools. The framework helps to structure evaluations by mapping system goals to evaluation objectives, metrics, and measures. The upper-most levels of the framework are conceptual in nature, while the bottom level is implementation-specific, i.e., evaluation-specific. Careful attention during construction of the conceptual elements for an evaluation template allows for its reuse in a series of like-structured evaluations and comparison of those results. %M C.CSCW.04.604 %T Taking it out of context: collaborating within and across cultures in face-to-face settings and via instant messaging %S Synchronous collaboration %A Leslie D. Setlock %A Susan R. Fussell %A Christine Neuwirth %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 604-613 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031712 %X As new communications media foster international collaborations, we would be remiss in overlooking cultural differences when assessing them. In this study, 24 pairs in three cultural groupings--American-American (AA), Chinese-Chinese (CC) and American-Chinese (AC) --worked on two decision-making tasks, one face-to-face and the other via IM. Drawing upon prior research, we predicted differences in conversational efficiency, conversational content, interaction quality, persuasion, and performance. The quantitative results combined with conversation analysis suggest that the groups viewed the task differently--AA pairs as an exercise in situation-specific compromise; CC as consensus-reaching. Cultural differences were reduced but not eliminated in the IM condition. %M C.CSCW.04.614 %T Influencing group participation with a shared display %S Synchronous collaboration %A Joan Morris DiMicco %A Anna Pandolfo %A Walter Bender %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 614-623 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031713 %X During face-to-face interactions, groups frequently overly rely on the dominant viewpoint to lead the group in its decision-making process. We begin with a discussion of this phenomenon and the possibility for technology to assist in addressing it. We then present findings from a behavioral study that examines how a shared display of individual speaker-participation rates can impact the behavior of the group during a collaboration task. The results from the study indicate that the presence of such a display influences the behavior of group participants in the extremes of over and under participation. While influencing the quantity of time someone speaks is not directly equivalent to influencing the topics discussed, we suggest that this approach of providing peripheral displays of social information is promising for improving certain types of group interactions. %M C.CSCW.04.624 %T Remote meetings between farmers and researchers: a case study on asymmetry %S Synchronous collaboration %A Stefanie Kethers %A Dean Hargreaves %A Ross Wilkinson %B CSCW04 %D 2004 %P 624-627 %* (c) Copyright 2004 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1031607.1031714 %X In this Note, we describe the preliminary analysis of the use of NetMeeting (NM) to share outputs of a simulation model between farmers and researchers at a distance. We mainly describe issues relating to the asymmetries between the two groups, which lead to different technology preferences and needs. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): DL97.BA %M C.DL.97.1 %T Digital Libraries in the Media Industry %S Keynote Address %A Jim Reimer %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 1 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %M C.DL.97.3 %T Finding Text in Images %S Images and Multimedia %A Victor Wu %A R. Manmatha %A Edward M. Riseman %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 3-12 %K Text reading system, Character recognition, Multimedia indexing, Text detection, Texture segmentation, Filters, Hierarchical processing, Binarization, Background removal, Connected-components analysis %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p3-wu/p3-wu.pdf %X There are many applications in which the automatic detection and recognition of text embedded in images is useful. These applications include digital libraries, multimedia systems, and Geographical Information Systems. When machine generated text is printed against clean backgrounds it can be converted to a computer readable form (ASCII) using current Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology. However, text is often printed against shaded or textured backgrounds or is embedded in images. Examples include maps, advertisements, photographs, videos and stock certificates. Current document segmentation and recognition technologies cannot handle these situations well. In this paper, a four-step system which automatically detects and extracts text in images is proposed. First, a texture segmentation scheme is used to focus attention on regions where text may occur. Second, strokes are extracted from the segmented text regions. Using reasonable heuristics on text strings such as height similarity, spacing and alignment, the extracted strokes are then processed to form rectangular boxes surrounding the corresponding text strings. To detect text over a wide range of font sizes, the above steps are first applied to a pyramid of images generated from the input image, and then the boxes formed at each resolution level of the pyramid are fused at the image in the original resolution level. Third, text is extracted by cleaning up the background and binarizing the detected text strings. Finally, better text bounding boxes are generated by using the binarized text as strokes. Text is then cleaned and binarized from these new boxes, and can then be passed through a commercial OCR engine for recognition if the text is of an OCR-recognizable font. The system is stable, robust, and works well on images (with or without structured layouts) from a wide variety of sources, including digitized video frames, photographs, newspapers, advertisements, stock certificates, and personal checks. All parameters remain the same for all the experiments. %M C.DL.97.13 %T Organization and Retrieval in a Pictorial Digital Library %S Images and Multimedia %A Yuri Quintana %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 13-20 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p13-quintana/p13-quintana.pdf %X This paper describes a knowledge based approach to organizing and retrieving pictures. Methods are described for using the human perceptions of pictures to create a frame knowledge base that represents the semantic content of pictures. A pictorial knowledge base management system is described that uses a conceptual clustering algorithm to learn new conceptual categories of pictures. A comparison is done between machine and human created conceptual categories. The paper shows how a frame knowledge based system can be used for intelligent picture retrieval using learned categories. %M C.DL.97.21 %T Multimedia Abstractions for a Digital Video Library %S Images and Multimedia %A Michael G. Christel %A David B. Winkler %A C. Roy Taylor %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 21-29 %K Multimedia abstraction, Digital video library, Video abstraction, Video browsing %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p21-christel/p21-christel.pdf %X Multimedia abstractions form essential components of digital video libraries because they enable a user to determine a video's distinguishing content without investing long viewing times or requiring high network-transfer speeds. This paper presents usage and evaluation data for abstractions implemented the Informedia Digital Video Library, and discusses implications for video delivery over the Web. %M C.DL.97.30 %T Using Words and Phonetic Strings for Efficient Information Retrieval from Imperfectly Transcribed Spoken Documents %S Images and Multimedia %A Michael J. Witbrock %A Alexander G. Hauptmann %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 30-35 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p30-witbrock/p30-witbrock.pdf %X Searching for relevant material in documents containing transcription errors presents new challenges for Information Retrieval. This paper examines information retrieval effectiveness on a corpus of spoken broadcast news documents. For documents transcribed using speech recognition, a substantial number of retrieval errors are due to query terms that occur in the spoken document, but are not transcribed because they are not within the speech recognition system's lexicon, even if that lexicon contains twenty thousand words. It has been shown that a phonetic lattice search in conjunction with full word search regains some of the information lost due to out-of-vocabulary words. In this paper an efficient alternative to this search is proposed that does not require a complete search of the phoneme lattices for all documents at run-time. By using fixed length strings of phonemes instead of phonetic lattices, an information retrieval system can search the phoneme space of a spoken document just as efficiently as a normal word document collection. Experimental evidence is presented that this technique permits the system to recapture some of the information lost due to out-of-vocabulary words in the speech recognition transcripts. %M C.DL.97.37 %T Evaluating Dewey Concepts as a Knowledge Base for Automatic Subject Assignment %S Knowledge Representation %A Roger Thompson %A Keith Shafer %A Diane Vizine-Goetz %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 37-46 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p37-thompson/p37-thompson.pdf %X This article presents the results of our exploration of the Dewey Decimal Classification (Dewey) as a concept definition source for the Scorpion project. Particularly, we show that Dewey demonstrates a high degree of class integrity and thus is a good knowledge base for an automatic subject assignment tool. %M C.DL.97.47 %T Metadata for Digital Libraries: Architecture and Design Rationale %S Knowledge Representation %A Michelle Baldonado %A Chen-Chuan K. Chang %A Luis Gravano %A Andreas Paepcke %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 47-56 %K Metadata architecture, Interoperability, Attribute model, Attribute model translation, Metadata Repository, InfoBus, Proxy architecture, Heterogeneity, Digital libraries, CORBA %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p47-baldonado/p47-baldonado.pdf %X In a distributed, heterogeneous, proxy-based digital library, autonomous services and collections are accessed indirectly via proxies. To facilitate metadata compatibility and interoperability in such a digital library, we have designed a metadata architecture that includes four basic component classes: attribute model proxies, attribute model translators, metadata facilities for search proxies, and metadata repositories. Attribute model proxies elevate both attribute sets and the attributes they define to first-class objects. They also allow relationships among attributes to be captured. Attribute model translators map attributes and attribute values from one attribute model to another (where possible). Metadata facilities for search proxies provide structured descriptions both of the collections to which the search proxies provide access and of the search capabilities of the proxies. Finally, metadata repositories accumulate selected metadata from local instances of the other three component classes in order to facilitate global metadata queries and local metadata caching. In this paper, we outline further the roles of these component classes, discuss our design rationale, and analyze related work. %M C.DL.97.57 %T Hypertext Construction using Statistical and Semantic Similarity %S Knowledge Representation %A Dongwook Shin %A Sejin Nam %A Munseok Kim %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 57-63 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p57-shin/p57-shin.pdf %X Automatic construction of hypertext has been gaining growing attention recently in that a number of documents being produced is beginning to be made in the form of hypertext, which calls for an enormous amount of intellectual work by experts. In this decade, several studies have been carried out, employing techniques mainly developed for retrieving relevant documents to user needs. Among these, most studies underlie the vector space model and well-known weighting schemes, from which the notion of similarity (statistical similarity) has been devised and applied for creating hypertexts. However, in order to create well-organized hypertexts, semantics of the contents should be also investigated, since generating hypertexts involves highly intellectual works -- understanding contents, splitting them into nodes, finding keywords, and making links between entities that are supposed to be related. This paper addresses how to create good hypertexts, combining the notion of statistical and semantic similarity in an appropriate manner. The notion of statistical similarity is based on a weighting scheme by tf x idf and inner vector product, whereas the notion of semantic similarity underlies thesaurus and partial match. We carry out an experiment with several theses and technical reports written in Korean, measuring how the method proposed here creates hypertext well, compared to the result made by human experts. The result shows that the method makes hypertexts closer to those by human experts than that using only statistical method does. %M C.DL.97.65 %T Shopping Models: A Flexible Architecture for Information Commerce %S Agents %A Steven P. Ketchpel %A Hector Garcia-Molina %A Andreas Paepcke %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 65-74 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p65-ketchpel/p65-ketchpel.pdf %X In a digital library, there are many different interaction models between customers and information providers or merchants. Subscriptions, sessions, pay-per-view, shareware, and pre-paid vouchers are different models that each have different properties. A single merchant may use several of them. Yet if a merchant wants to support multiple models, there is a substantial amount of work to implement each one. In this paper, we formalize the shopping models which represent these different modes of consumer to merchant interaction. In addition to developing the overall architecture, we define the application program interfaces (API) to interact with the models. We show how a small number of primitives can be used to construct a wide range of shopping models that a digital library can support, and provide examples of the shopping models in operation, demonstrating their flexibility. Two models have been implemented as part of the Stanford Digital Library Project, to begin validating re-usability of key architectural components. %M C.DL.97.75 %T AGS: Introducing Agents as Services Provided by Digital Libraries %S Agents %A J. Alfredo Sanchez %A John J. Leggett %A John L. Schnase %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 75-82 %K User agents, Interface agents, Digital library interfaces, Digital library architectures, Open architectures, AGS, TAGS %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p75-sanchez/p75-sanchez.pdf %X This paper presents an architecture for digital libraries that introduces user agents as one of the services available to publishers, librarians and patrons. User agents are the fundamental component of an emerging style of human-computer interaction based on the concept of delegation and indirect management of tasks. In the agent-enabled digital library architecture, termed "AGS", service providers define classes of agents that describe helpful tasks for patrons. Patrons, in turn, delegate work by selecting agents from the available agent classes and assigning specific tasks to be performed. AGS enables the development of agents that rely on a wide variety of construction approaches while maintaining a unified view of an active environment. AGS is intended to serve as a testbed to investigate alternative user interfaces to digital libraries and, in particular, a host of unexplored issues raised by the introduction of user agents. %M C.DL.97.83 %T Seed Ontologies: Growing Digital Libraries as Distributed, Intelligent Systems %S Agents %A Peter Weinstein %A Gene Alloway %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 83-91 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p83-weinstein/p83-weinstein.pdf %X Ontologies are more than a particularly elaborate approach to the description and classification of information. They can be used to support the operation and growth of a new kind of digital library, implemented as a distributed, intelligent system. We describe the design and use of ontologies in the University of Michigan Digital Library. These ontologies will model all aspects of the digital library, including content, services, and licenses. We have refined and extended the IFLA hierarchy for the realization of work, and are starting to use ontologies to support reasoning about content search. We have also used the ontologies to classify the capabilities of computational elements of the system (agents), in a dynamic way that sustains functionality as new agents are added to the system. %M C.DL.97.93 %T Multiple Search Engines in Database Merging %S System Issues %A Ellen M. Voorhees %A Richard M. Tong %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 93-102 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p93-voorhees/p93-voorhees.pdf %X A database merging technique is a strategy for combining the results of multiple independent searches into a single cohesive response. While a variety of techniques have been developed to address a range of problem characteristics, our work focuses on environments in which search engines work in isolation. This paper shows that the behavior of two previously developed isolated techniques is indeed independent of the particular search engines that participate in the search. Two very different search engines, SMART and TOPIC, were each used to retrieve documents from five subcollections. The relative effectiveness of the merged result compared to the effectiveness of a corresponding single collection run is comparable for both engines. The effectiveness of the merged result is improved when both search engines search the same five subcollections but participate in a single merging. The improvement is such that this 10-collection merge is sometimes more effective than the single collection run. This last finding suggests that these methods may be able to improve the effectiveness of World Wide Web searches by merging the output from several engines. %M C.DL.97.103 %T Evaluating the Cost of Boolean Query Mapping %S System Issues %A Chen-Chuan K. Chang %A Hector Garcia-Molina %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 103-112 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p103-chang/p103-chang.pdf %X Non-uniform query languages make searching over heterogeneous information sources difficult. Our approach is to allow a user to compose Boolean queries in one rich front-end language. For each user query and target source, we transform the user query into a subsuming query that can be supported by the source but that may return extra documents. The results are then processed by a filter query to yield the correct final results. This post-filtering approach may involve significant cost because the documents that the users will not see may have to be retrieved and filtered. There are generally two ways to implement post-filtering: batch post-filtering and incremental post-filtering. In this paper we evaluate the costs of both methods for different search features such as proximity operators. The experimental results show that in many cases incremental post-filtering cost may be acceptable, while the batch post-filtering cost may sometimes be extremely large. %M C.DL.97.113 %T Copyright and Digital Libraries %S Plenary Session %A Pamela Samuelson %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 113 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %M C.DL.97.115 %T Citation Linking: Improving Access to Online Journals %S Digital Scholarship %A S. Hitchcock %A L. Carr %A S. Harris %A J. M. N. Hey %A W. Hall %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 115-122 %K Electronic journals, Hypertext, Hypermedia, Citation linking, Link services %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p115-hitchcock/p115-hitchcock.pdf %X The most innovative online journals are maturing rapidly and distinctive new features are emerging. Foremost among these features is the hypertext link, popularised by the World Wide Web and which will form the basis of a new, highly integrated scholarly literature. Journal integration in this instance seeks to recognise, extend and exploit relationships at the level of journal content -- the papers -- while maintaining some of the familiar contexts, in some cases journal identities, that define the content hierarchy and inform decision-making by readers. Links are a powerful tool for journal integration, most immediately in the form of citation linking. The paper reviews examples of citation linking in practice, and describes a new system, a link service, which is being developed to support novel and flexible linking mechanisms on the Web. One application of this link service is the Open Journal project, which is working with journal publishers to investigate the most effective ways of applying these powerful link types to enhance online journals. %M C.DL.97.123 %T Secure Distribution of Watermarked Images for a Digital Library of Ancient Papers %S Digital Scholarship %A Christian Rauber %A Joe O. Ruanaidh %A Thierry Pun %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 123-130 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p123-rauber/p123-rauber.pdf %X The electronic publishing, storage and distribution of documents is growing increasingly important and will have profound implications for our economy, culture and society. The multimedia digitalisation of libraries and the distribution of the contents of museums is revolutionising these organisations and will make these resources available to a much wider audience than was previously possible. The main goal of our MEDIA project (Mobile Electronic Documents with Interacting Agents) is the development of a system for the archival, retrieval, and distribution of electronic documents. For this purpose, a mobile agent platform is used to securely distribute these documents. Information is accessed by a search mechanism that allows the retrieval of text and images according to their content. An important feature of the system is a digital watermarking tool which embeds hidden signatures in images. This provides copyright protection and helps to ensure that the image will not be copied and sold and without proper authorisation. The management of the database of documents and images is accomplished by an extensible object relational database management system. In addition, documents and data can be accessed through the World Wide Web network. %M C.DL.97.131 %T Annotation: From Paper Books to the Digital Library %S Digital Scholarship %A Catherine C. Marshall %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 131-140 %K Annotation, Markings, Study, Digital library reading tools, Annotation systems design %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p131-marshall/p131-marshall.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p137-marshall/p137-marshall.pdf %X Readers annotate paper books as a routine part of their engagement with the materials; it is a useful practice, manifested through a wide variety of markings made in service of very different purposes. This paper examines the practice of annotation in a particular situation: the markings students make in university-level textbooks. The study focuses on the form and function of these annotations, and their status within a community of fellow textbook readers. Using this study as a basis, I discuss issues and implications for the design of annotation tools for a digital library setting. %M C.DL.97.142 %T The Digital Library Integrated Task Environment (DLITE) %S Digital Library Workstyles %A Steve B. Cousins %A Andreas Paepcke %A Terry Winograd %A Eric A. Bier %A Ken Pier %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 142-151 %K Digital library, User interface, Direct-manipulation, World-Wide Web, Holophrasting %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p142-cousins/p142-cousins.pdf %X We describe a case study in the design of a user interface to a digital library. Our design stems from a vision of a library as a channel to the vast array of digital information and document services that are becoming available. Based on published studies of library use and on scenarios, we developed a metaphor called workcenters, which are customized for users' tasks. Due to our scenarios and to prior work in the CHI community, we chose a direct-manipulation realization of the metaphor. Our system, called DLITE, is designed to make it easy for users to interact with many different services while focusing on a task. Users have reacted favorably to the interface design in pilot testing. We conclude by describing our approaches to this problem. %M C.DL.97.152 %T Web-Based Collaborative Library Research %S Digital Library Workstyles %A Scott Robertson %A Sherif Jitan %A Kathy Reese %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 152-160 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p152-robertson/p152-robertson.pdf %X The U S WEST Research & Information Group, the corporate research library, has recently moved many of its resources and services to the company's intranet. Principle among the group's functions is conducting information searches and research analyses for employees. This paper describes a web-based system that employees can use to interact with library researchers. The system also automates tracking of research service usage and indexing and archiving of research requests and actions. Library clients initiate research requests using a personal web page. Each request generates its own web page on which interaction between client and researcher takes place. Researchers and clients can post comments, record actions, use e-mail, and upload and download files through the request web page. When the interaction is over, the client may record an evaluation using the same web page and all actions are saved for administrative purposes. Research interactions are maintained in a searchable archive which can be viewed by all employees. %M C.DL.97.161 %T Understanding Complex Information Environments: A Social Analysis of Watershed Planning %S Digital Library Workstyles %A Lisa R. Schiff %A Nancy A. Van House %A Mark H. Butler %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 161-168 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p161-schiff/p161-schiff.pdf %X This paper presents an approach to social analysis for the development of digital libraries. If digital libraries are viewed as both social and technological artifacts, then effective design requires that we must understand the social world in which each functions. The theoretical framework of Pierre Bourdieu and the situated action approach are suggested as sound bases for this understanding. Initial findings of our work in the arena of watershed planning, as part of the UC Berkeley Digital Library Project, are reported. %M C.DL.97.170 %T LDC Online: A Digital Library for Linguistic Research and Development %S Digital Library Collections %A Zhibiao Wu %A Mark Liberman %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 170-174 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p170-wu/p170-wu.pdf %X The Linguistic Data Consortium (LDC), an open consortium of universities, companies and government research laboratories, creates, collects and distributes speech and text databases, lexicons, and other resources for research and development purposes. The LDC has published more than 200 CD-ROMs for use by speech recognition engineers, natural language processing researchers, and linguists, at more than 130 member organizations and 300 non-member sites. The volume of LDC data roughly doubles every year. Few organizations have been able to afford to store and index all LDC data, or to develop the software needed for efficient search and retrieval. Therefore, we have established a web-accessible digital library (accessible via http://www.ldc.upenn.edu), containing all LDC data, including data not yet published on CD-ROM, accessible through a variety of sophisticated and efficient search and display algorithms. %M C.DL.97.175 acmdl3 missing pdf link 1999-07-31 corrected %T Managing a Digital Library of Legislation %S Digital Library Collections %A Timothy Arnold-Moore %A Philip Anderson %A Ron Sacks-Davis %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 175-183 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p175-arnold-moore/p175-arnold-moore.pdf %X We provide an overview of the Themis system, a commercial implementation of a digital library of legislation. Themis uses SGML to store legislation. This allows a single source document to be exported in a number of different formats and presentations. Themis also allows access to different versions of legislation by specifying a point-in-time at which the law is required. We discuss how this is achieved in Themis and how versioning impacts the storage of fragments of documents and management of references within and between documents. %M C.DL.97.185 %T CONTENT: A Practical, Scalable, High-Performance Multimedia Database %S Databases %A Lawrence Yapp %A Craig Yamashita %A Gregory Zick %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 185-192 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p185-yapp/p185-yapp.pdf %X This paper describes Content, a practical, scalable, and high-performance text-indexed multimedia database system. The novelty of Content is in its approach of integrating high-volume storage, fast searching and browsing, easy multimedia acquisition, effective updates, scalability, extendibility, and an API based on HTTP. Content is also a low-cost solution for large multimedia databases that is available today. Standard Web-based browsers such as Netscape can query the Content server. The API is flexible so that different and unique Content clients on multiple platforms can be built to access multiple Content servers. The Content architecture permits any multimedia type to be stored. Text descriptions are used as indices for images and videos. Content includes an easy-to-use Windows-based acquisition station for acquiring images and video. Currently, Content is being used in a real library setting and contains more than 25,000 multimedia objects that span two different collections of valuable historical photographs. In terms of performance, Content can access a single image in a database of over one million images in less than a second. %M C.DL.97.193 acmdl3 missing PDF because incorrectly listed as starting on p 192 1999-07-31 corrected %T TINTIN: A System for Retrieval in Text Tables %S Databases %A Pallavi Pyreddy %A W. Bruce Croft %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 193-200 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p193-pyreddy/p193-pyreddy.pdf %X Tables form an important kind of data element in text retrieval. Often, the gist of an entire news article or other exposition can be concisely captured in tabular form. In this paper, we examine the utility of exploiting information other than the key words in a digital document to provide the users with more flexible and powerful query capabilities. More specifically, we exploit the structural information in a document to identify tables and their component fields and let the users query based on these fields. Our empirical results have demonstrated that heuristic method based table extraction and component tagging can be performed effectively and efficiently. Moreover, our experiments in retrieval using the TINTIN system have strongly indicated that such structural decomposition can facilitate better representation of user's information needs and hence more effective retrieval of tables. %M C.DL.97.202 %T I Read the News Today, Oh Boy: Reading and Attention in Digital Libraries %S User Communities %A David M. Levy %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 202-211 %K Digital library, Reading, Attention, Hypertext %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p202-levy/p202-levy.pdf %X This is a paper at the intersection of two topics now receiving considerable attention. The question of reading -- of what it is to read and how reading has changed over time -- has been attracting some interest in recent days, no doubt due in part to the very visible transformation of technology now under way. To a lesser but still substantial extent, the topic of human attention is also the subject of increasing discussion. There is growing awareness of attention as a highly limited resource, stemming in part from the realization that an abundance of information, good though it is in many ways, is also a tax on our attention. This paper examines current assumptions about what it means (or will mean) to read digital documents and to read "in" digital libraries. It suggests that current work in digital library design and development is participating in a general societal trend toward shallower, more fragmented, and less concentrated reading and, by calling attention to this phenomenon, offers an opportunity to question this movement. %M C.DL.97.212 %T Content + Connectivity => Community: Digital Resources for a Learning Community %S User Communities %A Gary Marchionini %A Victor Nolet %A Hunter Williams %A Wei Ding %A Josephus Beale, Jr. %A Anne Rose %A Allison Gordon %A Ernestine Enomoto %A Lynn Harbinson %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 212-220 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p212-marchionini/p212-marchionini.pdf %X Digital libraries offer new opportunities to provide access to diverse resources beyond those held in school buildings and to allow teachers and learners to reach beyond classroom walls to other people to build distributed learning communities. Creating learning communities requires that teachers change their behaviors and the Baltimore Learning Community Project described here is based on the premise that access to resources should be tied to the assessment outcomes that increasingly drive curricula and classroom activity. Based on examination of curriculum guides and discussions with project teachers, an interface for the BLC digital library was prototyped. Three components (explore, construct, and present) of this user interface that allows teachers to find text, video, images, web sites, and instructional modules and create their own modules are described. Although the technological challenges of building learning communities are significant, the greater challenges are mainly social and political. %M C.DL.97.221 %T Talking in the Library: Implications for the Design of Digital Libraries %S User Communities %A Andy Crabtree %A Michael B. Twidale %A Jon O'Brien %A David M. Nichols %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 221-228 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p221-crabtree/p221-crabtree.pdf %X We describe the use of ethnomethodologically-informed ethnography as a means of informing the requirements elicitation, design, development and evaluation of digital libraries. We present the case for the contribution of such studies to the development of digital library technology to support the practices of information-searching. This is illustrated by a particular study of the help desk at a university library, examining the implications it has for designing appropriate functionality for a digital library. This requires us to address the problems of using ethnographic data in systems design. %M C.DL.97.230 acmdl3 missing pdf link 1999-07-31 corrected %T Browsing in Digital Libraries: A Phrase-Based Approach %S Navigation and Browsing %A Craig G. Nevill-Manning %A Ian H. Witten %A Gordon W. Paynter %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 230-236 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p230-nevill-manning/p230-nevill-manning.pdf %X The thrust of this research is to build systems that let users become familiar with the content of a digital library by browsing a hierarchical structure of phrases that are repeated frequently within the collection. Despite our syntactic approach to phrase identification, the structures that are obtained in practice frequently correspond to plausible conceptual hierarchies. This permits large corpora of text to be browsed efficiently, with access to a particular document requiring a number of steps that varies with the logarithm of the size of the corpus. The method shows promise for collections of up to 50 Mbyte, but still poses significant practical problems before it can be adopted on a wider scale. We plan to investigate ways to scale the hierarchical inference by building multiple hierarchies and merging them. On the browsing side, we are developing a disk -- rather than memory-based system that can run efficiently on client-class machines. We believe that in the context of large information bases such as the New Zealand Digital Library, this interface will obviate the "query and hope" approach to browsing, and allow users to develop an intuition that would otherwise be very difficult to acquire. %M C.DL.97.237 %T Lexical Navigation: Visually Prompted Query Expansion and Refinement %S Navigation and Browsing %A James W. Cooper %A Roy J. Byrd %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 237-246 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p237-cooper/p237-cooper.pdf %X We have designed a document search and retrieval system, termed Lexical Navigation, which provides an interface allowing a user to expand or refine a query based on the actual content of the collection. In this work we have designed a client-server system written in Java to allow users to issue queries, have additional terms suggested to them, explore lexical relationships, and view documents based on keywords they contain. Lexical networks containing domain-specific vocabularies and relationships are automatically extracted from the collection and play an important role in this navigation process. The Lexical Navigation methodology constitutes a powerful set of tools for searching large text collections. %M C.DL.97.247 %T Auto-Adaptive Illustration through Conceptual Evocation %S Navigation and Browsing %A Michel Crampes %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 247-254 %K Hypertext, Conceptual graphs, Conceptual evocation, Conceptual evocative links, Conceptual evocative engine, Auto-adaptivity %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p247-crampes/p247-crampes.pdf %X When engaged in reading, a reader is permanently building up associations of ideas either freely, or guided by the evocative power of the text and his imagination. This paper finds its inspiration in this natural mechanism to consider a formal model of Conceptual Evocation that could be used for automatic adaptative illustration or, more generally, dynamic and auto-adaptative hypernavigation in hypermedia applications. We borrow from Sowa's Conceptual Graphs a theoretical framework for node conceptual modelling. In search of more creative mechanisms, we introduce Conceptual State Vectors to tag the nodes, and a Conceptual Evocative Engine to dynamically create Conceptual Evocative Links between nodes. Finally a mock-up is presented that shows the operationality of all the concepts in the context of a TV program composition. %M C.DL.97.256 acmdl3 missing pdf because it is attached to the previous paper 1999-07-31 still broken %T Quantitative Analysis and Visualization Regarding Interactive Learning with a Digital Library in Computer Science %S Posters %A Ghaleb Abdulla %A Winfield S. Heagy %A Edward A. Fox %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 256 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %M C.DL.97.257 %T GeoScience Self-Organizing Map and Concept Space %S Posters %A Hsinchun Chen %A Terry R. Smith %A Tobun Dorbin Ng %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 257 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p257-chen/p257-chen.pdf %M C.DL.97.257 %T Internet Browsing and Searching: User Evaluations of Category Map and Concept Space Techniques %S Posters %A Hsinchun Chen %A Bruce R. Schatz %A Andrea L. Houston %A Robin R. Sewell %A Tobun Dorbin Ng %A Chienting Lin %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 257 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p257-chen/p257-chen.pdf %M C.DL.97.258 %T The Itsy Bitsy Spider %S Posters %A Hsinchun Chen %A Bruce R. Schatz %A Marshall Ramsey %A Y-Ming Chung %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 258 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p258-chen/p258-chen.pdf %M C.DL.97.258 %T Medical Information Retrieval %S Posters %A Hsinchun Chen %A Bruce R. Schatz %A Susan M. Hubbard %A Tamas E. Doszkocs %A Andrea L. Houston %A Robin R. Sewell %A Kristin M. Tolle %A Tobun D. Ng %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 258 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p258-chen/p258-chen.pdf %M C.DL.97.258 %T LIBClient: A Tool for Legal Research on the Web %S Posters %A Bert J. Dempsey %A Robert C. Vreeland %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 258-259 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p259-jansen/p259-jansen.pdf %M C.DL.97.259 %T An Information Retrieval Application for Simulated Annealing %S Posters %A Bernard J. Jansen %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 259-260 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p258-chen/p258-chen.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p259-jansen/p259-jansen.pdf %M C.DL.97.260 %T Cognitive Load Effects and Design of Computer Based Instruction %S Posters %A Slava Kalyuga %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 260 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p260-kalyuga/p260-kalyuga.pdf %M C.DL.97.260 %T Packaging Digitized Images for Access from an OPAC %S Posters %A Virginia Kerr %A Claire Dougherty %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 260-261 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p260-kalyuga/p260-kalyuga.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p261-krichhoff/p261-krichhoff.pdf %M C.DL.97.261 %T Storage Structures in Digital Libraries: JSTOR %S Posters %A Amy J. Kirchhoff %A Mark Ratliff %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 261 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p261-krichhoff/p261-krichhoff.pdf %M C.DL.97.261 %T Branch Libraries for Multimedia Repositories %S Posters %A Michael Kozuch %A Wayne Wolf %A Andrew Wolfe %A Don McKay %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 261-262 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p261-krichhoff/p261-krichhoff.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p262-meyer/p262-meyer.pdf %M C.DL.97.262 %T Exporting a BRS/Search Structured Database to an Access Database on a Web Accessible Windows NT Server %S Posters %A Jeffrey Meyer %A Charles Cooper %A Stephanie Normann %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 262 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p262-meyer/p262-meyer.pdf %M C.DL.97.262 %T Building Multi-Discipline Digital Libraries %S Posters %A Michael L. Nelson %A Kurt Maly %A Stewart N. T. Shen %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 262-263 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p262-meyer/p262-meyer.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p263-rowe/p263-rowe.pdf %M C.DL.97.263 %T Distinguishing the Picture Captions on the World Wide Web %S Posters %A Neil C. Rowe %A Brian Frew %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 263 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p263-rowe/p263-rowe.pdf %M C.DL.97.263 %T On Page Coherence for Dynamic HTML Pages %S Posters %A Antonio Si %A Hong Va Leong %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 263-264 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p263-rowe/p263-rowe.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p264-song/p264-song.pdf %M C.DL.97.264 %T Neighboring Graphs as Alternative Organizations for Information Retrieval %S Posters %A Fei Song %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 264 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p264-song/p264-song.pdf %M C.DL.97.264 %T Bibliographic Integration in Digital Document Libraries %S Posters %A Atsuhiro Takasu %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 264-265 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p264-song/p264-song.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p265-thompson/p265-thompson.pdf %M C.DL.97.265 %T Connecting Citizens to the National Spatial Data Infrastructure via Local Libraries %S Posters %A Derek Thompson %A Jeffrey Burka %A Gary Marchionini %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 265 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p265-thompson/p265-thompson.pdf %M C.DL.97.266 %T Multilingual Newspaper Clippings Image Database %S Posters %A Susanna S. Y. Tsang %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 266 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/263690/p266-tsang/p266-tsang.pdf %M C.DL.97.267 %T HELIOS %S Demonstrations %A Edward Galloway %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 267 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %M C.DL.97.267 %T Lexical Navigation System %S Demonstrations %A James Cooper %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 267 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %M C.DL.97.267 %T USIA Digital Library %S Demonstrations %A Cynthia Borys %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 267 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %M C.DL.97.267 %T Accessing Statistical Information Via the Internet %S Demonstrations %A Cathryn Dipp %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 267 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %M C.DL.97.268 %T Digital Libraries in Museums and Galleries %S Panels %A Joseph A. Busch %A Jim Blackaby %A Robin Dowden %A Joseph Busch %A Beth Sandore %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 268 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %X Museums and galleries have been investigating a range of technical challenges in user interface design and information retrieval that are key items on the digital libraries research agenda. Presentations by this panel will include discussion of issues related to: * access to content-rich photographic archive and related source materials; * contextualization and re-purposing of research materials; * evaluation of instructional uses of images; * relevance judgments based on image properties such as color, shape, and texture; * authentication and control of intellectual property; * distributed participation in data collection; and * search redirection and knowledge discovery. This panel will illustrate how these challenges are being met today through demonstrations of exemplary applications. %M C.DL.97.269 %T NCSTRL: Experience with a Global Digital Library %S D-Lib Panels on Interoperability %A Carl Lagoze %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 269 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %M C.DL.97.269 %T NDLF: A Shared Architecture for Research Libraries %S D-Lib Panels on Interoperability %Q National Digital Library Federation %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 269 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %M C.DL.97.269 %T Issues in Metadata %S D-Lib Panels on Interoperability %A Stuart Weibel %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 269 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %M C.DL.97.269 %T Infobus: Experience in Linking Heterogeneous Systems %S D-Lib Panels on Interoperability %Q Stanford University Digital Library Initiative %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 269 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %M C.DL.97.271 %T Thesauri and Metadata %S Workshops %A Joseph A. Busch %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 271 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %X During the past two years consensus has been growing on the Dublin Core, a core set of extensible metadata elements to describe document-like objects. The impetus for reaching this agreement has been to improve the performance of Inter- and intranet searching generally through the use of proprietary text search engines such as AltaVista, Lycos, etc. This workshop will focus on the development and application of thesauri and related tools (such as cross-reference and authority files) as mechanisms for coordinating resource discovery through the searching and processing of metadata attribute data values. The goal of the workshop will be to develop an agenda of issues related to metadata attribute data values including, for example, a proposed mechanism for developing guidelines on the creation and use of thesauri for networked resource discovery. %M C.DL.97.271 %T Education and Curriculum Development for Multimedia, Hypertext and Information Access: Focus on Digital Libraries and Information Retrieval %S Workshops %A Edward Fox %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 271 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %X This workshop is part of a series of meetings that began in 1995 to develop guidelines for curricula and courses in the broad area of "information"; see about Multimedia, Hypertext and Information Access at http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~fox/MHIA/. Attendees will help draft guidelines (similar to those by SIGGRAPH, SIGCHI) for curricula, courses and training programs in this area. Educators will present syllabi and describe courseware for courses or training programs about digital libraries or information retrieval. Employers will describe knowledge and skills they seek when recruiting in these areas. Researchers will explain testbeds that can be used by learners. Workshop results will be disseminated over WWW and later through ACM publications, and also will be made available through online courseware for undergraduate and graduate students. %M C.DL.97.272 %T Collaboration in the Digital Library %A Michael Twidale %A David Nichols %A Jon O'Brien %A Bob Sandusky %B DL97 %D 1997 %P 272 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %X This workshop will explore collaboration in digital libraries. It will: assess and compare studies of collaborative activity in information searching; attempt to spot emerging themes across the different studies; and consider recommendations for improving collaboration. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): HCII03-1.B %M C.HCII.03.1.3 %T Use Case Maps: A Visual Notation for Scenario-Based User Requirements %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Alsumait %A A. Seffah %A T. Radhakrishnan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 3-7 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.8 %T A Socio-centric Model of User Interactions %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Ambaye %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 8-12 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.13 %T Tools for task-based interaction and collaboration analysis %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Avouris %A G. Fiotakis %A N. Tselios %A V. Komis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 13-17 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.18 %T The Semiotic Engineering Use of Models for Supporting Reflection-in-Action %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Barbosa %A C. S. de Souza %A M. G. de Paula %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 18-22 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.23 %T Levels of Guidance %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Basden %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 23-27 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.28 %T Guidelines and Freedom in Proximal User Interfaces %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Basden %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 28-32 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.33 %T It's all in a days work of a software engineer %S Human factors and ergonomics %A I. Boivie %A J. Gulliksen %A B. Goransson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 33-37 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.38 %T Semiotic Conference: Work Signs and Participatory Design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Bonacin %A M. C. Baranauskas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 38-42 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.43 %T Creative Design of Interactive Products and Use of Usability Guidelines - a Contradiction? %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Burmester %A J. Machate %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 43-47 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.48 %T Study of Spatial Biological Systems using a Graphical User Interface %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Burroughs %A G. Tsibidis %A W. Gaze %A L. Wellington %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 48-52 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.53 %T The use of Metaphors for Interaction between Children and Children's sites %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Carusi %A V. Nojima %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 53-57 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.58 %T Can novice designers apply usability criteria and recommendations to make web sites easier to use? %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Chevalier %A M. Ivory %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 58-62 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.63 %T Learning from Museum Visits: Shaping Design Sensitivities %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Ciolfi %A L. Bannon %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 63-67 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.68 %T Scenarios in the model-based process for design and evolution of cooperative applications %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. David %A R. Chalon %A O. Delotte %A G. Vaisman %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 68-72 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.73 %T Configuring the Design Process - Applying the JIET Design Process Framework %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Degen %A S. Pedell %A S. Schoen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 73-77 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.78 %T Finding Decisions Through Artefacts %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Dix %A D. Ramduny-Ellis %A P. Rayson %A V. Onditi %A I. Sommerville %A A. Mackenzie %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 78-82 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.83 %T The Constrained Ink Metaphor %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. Eiderback %A S. Lindquist %A B. Westerlund %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 83-87 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.88 %T Meta-Design: Beyond User-Centered and Participatory Design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Fischer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 88-92 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.93 %T Usability Patterns in Software Architecture %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Folmer %A J. Bosch %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 93-97 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.98 %T Bridging the Gap between Scenarios and Formal Models %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Forbrig %A A. Dittmar %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 98-102 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.103 %T A Layered Approach for Designing Multiple User Interfaces from Task and Domain Models %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Furtado %A J. J. a. Furtado %A Q. Limbourg %A J. Vanderdonckt %A W. B. Silva %A D. W. T. Rodrigues %A L. da Silva Taddeo %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 103-107 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.108 %T A Pattern Framework for Eliciting and Delivering UCD Knowledge and Practices %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Gaffar %A H. Javahery %A A. Seffah %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 108-112 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.113 %T Towards virtual intuitive tools for computer aided design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Gardan %A E. Malik %A E. Perrin %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 113-117 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.118 %T Engineering the HCI profession or softening development processes %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Gulliksen %A S. Blomkvist %A B. Goransson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 118-122 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.123 %T Experiences with User Centered Development (UCD) for the Front End of the Virtual Medical Campus Graz %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Holzinger %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 123-127 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.128 %T Interface Metaphors for Automated Mobile Phone Services %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Howell %A S. Love %A M. Turner %A D. Van Laar %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 128-132 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.133 %T Ecological Interface Design in Practice: A Design for Petrochemical Processing Operations %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Jamieson %A W. Ho %A D. V. Reising %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 133-137 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.138 %T Lightweight Contextual Design - a Case Study in Process Control Environment %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Kontio %A J. Rauhamaa %A M. Nieminen %A T. Koskinen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 138-142 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.143 %T Process Snapshots Supporting Operators' Expertise Management %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Koskinen %A M. Nieminen %A H. Paunonen %A J. Oksanen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 143-147 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.148 %T Aspect Model-Based Methods for Scenarios and Prototype Development %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y.-k. Lim %A K. Sato %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 148-152 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.153 %T DESK-H: Building Meaningful Histories in an Editor of Dynamic Web Pages %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. A. M. Iglesias %A P. C. Azpilicueta %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 153-157 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.158 %T MetroWeb: a Tool to Support Guideline-Based Web Evaluation %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Mariage %A J. Vanderdonckt %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 158-162 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.163 %T Deriving Manuals from Formal Specifications %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Massink %A D. Latella %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 163-167 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.168 %T Towards a Systematic Empirical Validation of HCI Knowledge Captured as Patterns %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Metzker %A A. Seffah %A A. Gaffar %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 168-172 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.173 %T User-centered Design in the Software Engineering Lifecycle: Organizational, Cultural and Educational Obstacles to a Successful Integration %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Metzker %A A. Seffah %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 173-177 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.178 %T Delegation Systems: Staying in Charge of Highly Flexible Automation %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Miller %A R. Goldman %A H. Funk %A R. Parasuraman %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 178-182 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.183 %T Designing for Proficient Users: Drawing from the Realities of Practice %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Nathanael %A N. Marmaras %A B. Papantoniou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 183-187 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.188 %T Mindtape - a Technique in Verbal Protocol Analysis %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Nielsen %A N. Christiansen %A T. Clemmensen %A C. Yssing %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 188-192 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.193 %T Development of GUI Design Consistency Auto-Scoring System %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Okada %A T. Asahi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 193-197 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.198 %T Automatic Generation of Interactive Systems: Why A Task Model is not Enough %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Palanque %A R. Bastide %A M. Winckler %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 198-202 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.203 %T Loosing Reality in the Modeling Process %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Persson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 203-207 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.208 %T Metaphors in Design - out of date? %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Pirhonen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 208-212 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.213 %T A Theory of Information Scent %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Pirolli %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 213-217 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.218 %T Social Network Analysis of a Participatory Designed Online Foreign Language Course %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. S. Rajasekaran %A P. Zaphiris %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 218-222 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.223 %T A Comprehensive Process Model for Usable Information Architecture Systems: Integrating Top-down and Bottom-up Information Architecture %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Reichenauer %A T. Komischke %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 223-227 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.228 %T A New Approach to Software Reuse Based on Interpretative Approach to Analogical Reasoning %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Reyhani %A K. Badie %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 228-232 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.233 %T MenuSelector: Automated Generation of Dynamic Menus with Guidelines Support %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Spoidenne %A J. Vanderdonckt %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 233-237 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.238 %T From Scenarios to Interactive Workflow Specifications %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Stary %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 238-242 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.243 %T Synthesising Creativity: Systems to support interactive human processes for aesthetic product design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Stavrakis %A T. Spyrou %A J. Darzentas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 243-247 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.248 %T Task-Object Models for the Development of Interactive Web Sites %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Szwillus %A B. Bomsdorf %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 248-252 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.253 %T Coordination Patterns -Towards Declarative Modeling of Coordination Requirements within Cooperative Work Arrangements %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Thies %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 253-257 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.258 %T System Development Influenced by Rituals and Taboos %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. T. Levinsen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 258-262 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.263 %T TOMBOLA: Simulation and User-Specific Presentation of Executable Task Models %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Uhr %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 263-267 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.268 %T Development of a Crew Station Design Tool %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. Walters %A S. Archer %A S. Pray %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 268-272 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.273 %T A Methodology for the Component-Based Development of Web Applications %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Wissen %A J. Ziegler %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 273-280 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.281 %T Eighteen Classes of Functionality: The D.EU.PS. Model of Information Systems Use %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Agerfalk %A E. Eliason %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 281-285 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.286 %T Use Cases and User Interface Artefacts %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Balfe %A F. O'Connor %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 286-290 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.291 %T Delta: Modelling Cognitive Performance %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Bayssie %A L. Chaudron %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 291-295 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.296 %T Expanding HCI Methodologies to Incorporate Motivational Evaluation %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. Burleson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 296-300 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.301 %T Event Cycle and Knowledge Development in NASA Mission Control Center %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. Caldwell %A E. Wang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 301-305 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.306 %T Need for Action Oriented Design and Evaluation of Information Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Cronholm %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 306-310 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.311 %T Interaction Literacy: Form, Function and Fitness at the Interface %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Davenport %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 311-315 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.316 %T Web Design, Interface Design, Usability, Software Ergonomics: Mixing All Those Approaches %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. de Moraes %A R. Santos %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 316-320 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.321 %T Integrating Data Analysis, Navigation and Knowledge Transfer by Visualizing Conceptual Models %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Eibl %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 321-325 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.326 %T The Copernican Shift: HCI Education & the Design Enterprise %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Faiola %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 326-330 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.331 %T Conceptualising an Experience Framework for HCI %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Fiore %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 331-335 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.336 %T Improving Knowledge Transfer Through Ubiquitous Multimedia Applications %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Giff %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 336-340 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.341 %T The New Demographic: Transforming the HCI Curriculum %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. Gribbons %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 341-345 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.346 %T A Tentative Model for Procuring Usable Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Holmlid %A H. Artman %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 346-350 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.351 %T Conceptual Modeling for Interaction Design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Q. Hua %A H. Wang %A M. Hemmje %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 351-355 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.356 %T The HCI landscape: a historical perspective %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Jorgensen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 356-360 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.361 %T Interaction and Distance Education %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Levialdi %A M. De Marsico %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 361-365 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.366 %T The Etiquette Perspective on Human-Computer Interaction %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Miller %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 366-370 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.371 %T The Imaginative Powers of the User'S Mind - a prerequisite in human-computer interaction %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Nielsen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 371-375 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.376 %T CII: A Taxonomic Model of Innovations in Human-Computer Interaction %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Partala %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 376-380 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.381 %T End-User Requirements for Seamless and Transparent Middleware %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Poyry %A L. Repokari %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 381-385 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.386 %T The Role of Voluntary Attention in HCI %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Pravettoni %A S. Bagnara %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 386-390 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.391 %T The Challenges of Teaching HCI Online: It's Mostly About Creating Community %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. J. Preece %A C. Abras %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 391-395 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.396 %T "A Role With No Edges": The Work Practices of Information Architects %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Robertson %A C. Hewlett %A S. Harvey %A J. Edwards %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 396-400 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.401 %T Problem-Based Learning in New Media Education: The Case for Human-Computer Interaction %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Rosenbaum %A M. Swan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 401-405 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.406 %T Human-system Interaction Container Paradigm %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Sedogbo %A P. Bisson %A O. Grisvard %A T. Poibeau %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 406-410 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.411 %T Measuring the Immeasurable: System Usability, User Satisfaction and Quality Management %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Sikorski %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 411-418 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.419 %T Coping with Increasing SW Complexity - Stepwise Feature Introduction and User-Centred Design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Anttila %A R.-J. Back %A P. Ketola %A K. Konkka %A J. Leskela %A E. Rysa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 419-423 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.424 %T User-Centered Software Design and Development: Ensuring Customer Satisfaction %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Aykin %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 424-428 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.429 %T Accreditation of Usability Professionals %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Bevan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 429-433 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.434 %T Usability Net Methods for User Centred Design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Bevan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 434-438 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.439 %T Usability Design for the Home Media Station %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Chorianopoulos %A D. Spinellis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 439-443 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.444 %T Usability Support for Managers %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Claridge %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 444-448 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.449 %T Usage-Centered Design: Scalability and Integration with Software Engineering %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Constantine %A H. Windl %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 449-453 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.454 %T User Research at Adobe: Establishing a User-Centered Culture %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Ehrlich %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 454-458 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.459 %T Usability Evaluation as a Component of the OPEN Development Framework %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Eklund %A M. Baker %A D. Lowe %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 459-463 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.464 %T How to Integrate Usability and Functional Requirements: A Usability Requirements Model %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Fransson %A E. Bosson %A E. Svensson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 464-468 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.469 %T ObSys - a Tool for Visualizing Usability Evaluation Patterns with Mousemaps %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Gellner %A P. Forbrig %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 469-473 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.474 %T Lightweight Usability Engineering Scaling Usability-Evaluation to a Minimum? %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Hartwig %A C. Darolti %A M. Herczeg %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 474-478 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.479 %T State of the Art: Approaches to Behaviour Coding in Usability Laboratories in German-Speaking Countries %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. Hofmann %A M. Hummer %A P. Blachani %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 479-483 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.484 %T Communication across the HCI/SE divide: ISO 13407 and the Rational Unified Process %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. John %A L. Bass %A R. J. Adams %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 484-488 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.489 %T Systematic Determination of Quantitative Usability Requirements %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Jokela %A N. Iivari %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 489-493 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.494 %T Diary as a Usability Testing Method %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Kangas %A J. Sinisammal %A S. Paihonen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 494-498 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.499 %T Usability of Ergonomics Softwares in the Design Process %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Kaygin %A C. Erbug %A M. Alibaba %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 499-503 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.504 %T Why Can't Software Engineers and HCI Practitioners Work Together? %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Kazman %A J. Gunaratne %A B. Jerome %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 504-508 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.509 %T Usability Support for EU Projects Experiences and Actions %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Kirakowski %A M. Tscheligi %A V. Giller %A P. Froehlich %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 509-513 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.514 %T Designing the UsabilityNet Web Site: A Case Study %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Kirakowski %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 514-518 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.519 %T Usability Testing on All Products (UTAP): how it was incorporated into software development process %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Kobayashi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 519-523 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.524 %T Usability in India - An Uneven Journey %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. L. Chavan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 524-528 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.529 %T An Account of Factors that Determine HCI Design Uptake in a Techno-Centered Country Like Singapore %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Y. Lim %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 529-533 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.534 %T Promoting Usability Engineering in China %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Z. Liu %A H. Zhang %A J. Chen %A L. Zhang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 534-538 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.539 %T Usability Metrics in Adaptive Agent-based Tutoring Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A V. Lopez-Jaquero %A F. Montero %A A. Fernandez-Caballero %A M. L. Perez %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 539-543 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.544 %T Procuring Usable Systems - An Analysis of a Commercial Procurement Project %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Markensten %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 544-548 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.549 %T Usability of Software Online Documentation: A User Study %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Moallem %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 549-553 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.554 %T The Common Industry Format: A Way for Vendors and Customers to Talk about Software Usability %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Scholtz %A E. Morse %A S. Laskowski %A A. Wichansky %A K. Butler %A K. Sullivan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 554-558 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.559 %T Ten Factors Affecting Adobe's Overseas Research %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Shade %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 559-563 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.564 %T Usability and HCI in India: cultural and technological determinants %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Smith %A K. Ghosh %A A. Joshi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 564-568 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.569 %T Usability Challenges in Social Projects in Brazil: Lessons Learned about the Digital Divide %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. S. de Souza %A S. Barbosa %A R. O. Prates %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 569-573 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.574 %T Example of a motorcycle manufacturer's approaches to usability %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Sugizaki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 574-578 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.579 %T Scenarios, Models and the Design Process in Software Engineering and Interactive Systems Design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Sutcliffe %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 579-583 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.584 %T A European Usability Forum Collaborating on Strategic Initiatives %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Tscheligi %A V. Giller %A P. Froehlich %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 584-588 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.589 %T A Usability Study of an Object-Based Undo Facility %S Human factors and ergonomics %A I. Vargas %A J. Borges %A M. Perez-Quinones %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 589-593 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.594 %T Usability Engineering in South Africa Today: Challenges and Opportunities %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Wesson %A D. Van Greunen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 594-598 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.599 %T Usability of Usability Engineers: Usability Activities in Developing Office Products %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Yamasaki %A R. Shimamura %A T. Inagaki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 599-603 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.604 %T User Interface Design in Korea: Research Directions for a Digital Society %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. C. Yoon %A S.-H. Yoo %A D.-S. Lee %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 604-610 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.611 %T Establishing user requirements in HCI - a case-study in medical informatics %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Andersen %A V. Andersen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 611-615 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.616 %T Too Many Hierarchies? The Daily Struggle for Control of the Workspace %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Boardman %A R. Spence %A M. A. Sasse %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 616-620 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.621 %T Do Interrupted Users Work Faster or Slower? The Micro-analysis of Computerized Text Editing Task %S Human factors and ergonomics %A I. Burmistrov %A A. Leonova %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 621-625 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.626 %T Experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of expert online help strategies %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Capobianco %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 626-630 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.631 %T Automatic vs. Intellectual Document Clustering: Evaluating 2D Topographic Maps %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Eibl %A T. Mandl %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 631-635 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.636 %T Evaluation of Story-Based Content Structure and Navigation for a Learning Module in SCORM %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. Gauss %A C. Hausmanns %A R. Zerry %A G. Wozny %A L. Urbas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 636-640 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.641 %T Assessment and Improvement of the Integrated Hazard Avoidance System for General Aviation Interface %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S.-L. Hwang %A W.-Y. Chen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 641-645 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.646 %T Usability Evaluation for the Commercial Aircraft Cockpit %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Kaber %A M. Clamann %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 646-650 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.651 %T A <> Approach in the Case of CBL Environment: The <> Experience %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Karoulis %A S. Demetriadis %A A. Pombortsis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 651-655 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.656 %T A Comparative Study of Design Solutions for Industrial Process Control Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Komischke %A G. Govindaraj %A K. Rose %A M. Takahashi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 656-660 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.661 %T Multimodal interfaces evaluation with virtual reality simulation %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Le Bodic %A P. Deloor %A J. Kahn %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 661-665 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.666 %T A Remote Camera Control Interface to Decrease the Influence of the Delay Time %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Murata %A Y. Shibuya %A I. Kuramoto %A Y. Tsujino %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 666-670 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.671 %T Mobile and Stationary User Interfaces - Differences and Similarities Based on Two Examples %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. G. Nilsson %A O.-W. Rahlff %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 671-675 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.676 %T Understanding the tradeoffs of Interface Evaluation Methods %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. L. Nogueira %A A. C. B. Garcia %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 676-680 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.681 %T Live the Vision character- and plot-driven scenarios in case-based material %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Orngreen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 681-685 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.686 %T A Comparison of Four New Communication Technologies %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Rettie %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 686-690 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.691 %T Design Process for Product Families - a case study of a software application package for hearing acousticians %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Sandweg %A H. Bergmeier %A S. Pedell %A B. Knapp %A E. Kaiser %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 691-695 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.696 %T Impact of Cognitive Style upon Sense of Presence %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Sas %A G. O'Hare %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 696-700 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.701 %T 3D Modelling Is Not for WIMPs %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Scali %A M. Wright %A A. M. Shillito %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 701-705 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.706 %T PICK - A Scenario-based Approach to Sensor Selection for Interactive Applications %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Sheridan %A J. Allanson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 706-710 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.711 %T A proposal of guideline for colour arrangement on screen design used in VDT works %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Takemoto %A Y. Okada %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 711-715 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.716 %T Development and Validation of a Tool for Measuring Online Trust %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Thomas %A C. Corritore %A B. Kracher %A S. Wiedenbeck %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 716-720 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.721 %T User Interface Evaluation Methods for Internet Banking Web Sites: A Review, Evaluation and Case Study %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Wenham %A P. Zaphiris %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 721-725 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.726 %T Analysis of interaction for shape modification during conceptual design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Wiegers %A R. Dumitrescu %A J. Vergeest %A C. Wang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 726-732 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.733 %T A Fuzzy Model to Measure Colour Contrast as an aspect of Web Usability %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Abulkhair %A S. North %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 733-737 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.738 %T Brazil: Corporate Web Sites and Human-Computer Interaction, a Case Study %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Agner %A A. de Moraes %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 738-742 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.743 %T Usability Evaluation of Architecture Based Web Sites %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Akoglu %A O. Ozcan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 743-747 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.748 %T MiLE: a reuse-oriented usability evaluation method for the web %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Bolchini %A L. Triacca %A M. Speroni %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 748-752 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.753 %T Evaluation of Tourism Website Effectiveness: Methodological Issues and Survey Results %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Corfu %A L. Manuel %A C. Costa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 753-757 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.758 %T At the Right Time: when to sort web history and bookmarks %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Dix %A J. Marshall %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 758-762 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.763 %T ANTS: An Automatic Navigability Testing System for Web Sites %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. G. Gallego %A M. del Puerto Paule Ruiz %A J. R. P. Perez %A M. G. Rodriguez %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 763-767 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.768 %T Presenting Results of a Search Engine for Recorded Lectures in order to Support Relevance Decisions by the User %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. Huerst %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 768-772 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.773 %T Characteristics of Web Site Designs: Reality vs. Recommendations %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Ivory %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 773-777 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.778 %T The Effects of Expertise in Web Searching %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Jenkins %A C. Corritore %A S. Wiedenbeck %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 778-782 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.783 %T Web-site quality evaluation,a case study on European cultural web-sites %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Z. Karagiorgoudi %A E. G. Karatzas %A T. S. Papatheodorou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 783-787 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.788 %T Improving web site usability through a clustering approach %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Koutri %A S. Daskalaki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 788-792 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.793 %T Web Usability: Its Impact on Human Factors and Consumer Search Behaviour %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. Lydon %A T. Fennell %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 793-797 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.798 %T Deconstructing Web Pages %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Maidou %A H. Polatoglou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 798-802 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.803 %T A Quality Model For Testing the Usability of Web Sites %S Human factors and ergonomics %A F. Montero %A V. Lopez-Jaquero %A M. L. Perez %A P. G. Lopez %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 803-807 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.808 %T Usability Evaluation of a Web-based Authoring Tool for Building Intelligent Tutoring Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Moundridou %A M. Virvou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 808-812 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.813 %T WebTracer: Evaluating Web Usability with Browsing History and Eye Movement %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Nakamichi %A M. Sakai %A J. Hu %A K. Shima %A M. Nakamura %A K. Matsumoto %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 813-817 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.818 %T IOWA Intuitive-use Oriented Webtool for the creation of Adapted contents %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. O. Barriales %A M. del Puerto Paule Ruiz %A M. G. Rodriguez %A J. R. P. Perez %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 818-822 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.823 %T From Web Usability to Web Comfortability: A Paradigm Shift %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Okada %A Y. Watanabe %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 823-827 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.828 %T Tools for Remote Web Usability Evaluation %S Human factors and ergonomics %A F. Paterno %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 828-832 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.833 %T Feijoo.net: An Approach to Adapted Learning Using Learning Styles %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. del Puerto Paule Ruiz %A J. R. P. Perez %A M. G. Rodriguez %A S. O. Barriales %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 833-837 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.838 %T WebSCORE Expert Screening - a low-budget method for optimizing web applications %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Peissner %A F. Heidmann %A I. Wagner %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 838-842 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.843 %T Interactive Design Elements to Improve Information Presentation on Web Pages %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Rathke %A V. Schreiweis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 843-847 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.848 %T Usability evaluation of e-commerce sites based on design patterns and heuristic criteria %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Sartzetaki %A Y. Psaromiligkos %A S. Retalis %A P. Avgeriou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 848-852 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.853 %T A Web Agent for Automatic Extraction of Language Resources from Hypermedia Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Sgarbas %A G. E. Londos %A N. D. Fakotakis %A G. K. Kokkinakis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 853-857 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.858 %T Supporting Novices in Detecting Web Site Usability Problems: A Comparison of the Think-Aloud and Questionnaire Methods %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Skov %A J. Stage %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 858-862 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.863 %T Web Browsing Activity Visualization System For Administrator Assistance using Browsing Information %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Togawa %A K. Kanenishi %A Y. Yano %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 863-867 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.868 %T Creating sophisticated web sites using well-known interfaces %S Human factors and ergonomics %A F. Vitali %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 868-872 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.873 %T The Effectiveness of the Common Industry Format for Reporting Usability Testing: A Case Study on an Online Shopping Website %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Y. Wong %A M. Maguire %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 873-877 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.878 %T An Ergonomical Analysis of the Information Architecture of Websites: Developers vs Users; a Case Study of Brazilian University's Websites %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Zilse %A A. de Moraes %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 878-882 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.883 %T Automatic Web Resource Discovery for Subject Gateways %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Zygogiannis %A C. Papatheodorou %A K. Chandrinos %A K. Makropoulos %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 883-890 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.891 %T Social mechanisms for content quality control in web-based learning: An agent approach %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Avouris %A K. Solomos %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 891-895 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.896 %T Reinventing the Lecture: Webcasting Made Interactive %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Baecker %A G. Moore %A A. Zijdemans %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 896-900 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.901 %T Development of an Instructional Training Model and Diagnostics in Support of e-Learning %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Callahan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 901-905 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.906 %T Rapid Development of IMS compliant - E-Learning Content %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Caumanns %A H. Elmasgunes %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 906-910 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.911 %T Context-Based Autonomous Monitoring Module for Web Educational Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Despotakis %A G. Palaigeorgiou %A P. Siozos %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 911-915 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.916 %T Shared 3D Internet environments for education: usability, educational, psychological and cognitive issues %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Di Blas %A P. Paolini %A C. Poggi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 916-920 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.921 %T Main Features of a CBIR Prototype supporting Cartoon Production %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Di Mascio %A L. Tarantino %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 921-925 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.926 %T Instructional Use of Engineering Visualization: Interaction-Design in e-Learning for Civil Engineering %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Ebner %A A. Holzinger %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 926-930 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.931 %T Multimedia in Education: Myths and Realities %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Evaggelatos %A M. Constantopoulou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 931-935 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.936 %T Innovating Web Based Collaborative Learning by Applying the Case Method %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Frank %A L. Suhl %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 936-940 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.941 %T A prototype application for helping to teach how to read numbers %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Freitas %A H. Ferreira %A V. Carvalho %A D. Fernandes %A F. Pedrosa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 941-945 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.946 %T Usability Engineering in Computer Aided Learning Contexts Results from usability tests and questionnaires %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Hartwig %A I. Schon %A M. Herczeg %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 946-950 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.951 %T Developing Context- and User Groups Sensitive Learning Scenarios with XML Configuration %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Hellenschmidt %A N. Braun %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 951-955 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.956 %T Integrating Shared and Personal Spaces to Support Collaborative Learning %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Hosoi %A M. Sugimoto %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 956-960 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.961 %T Exploring Medium-Tool Relations: Field Trials in Construction of Hypermedia in Schools %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Kluge %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 961-965 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.966 %T Learning to Dance via Multiple Representations %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Kolleros %A A. Parkes %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 966-970 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.971 %T Educational Software Interfaces and Teacher's Use %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. C.-B. Lins %A A. S. Gomes %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 971-975 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.976 %T Mindshifts - An adventure journey into the land of learning %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Merkel %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 976-980 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.981 %T Designing Appropriate Technology for Group Learning %S Human factors and ergonomics %A I. Mulder %A J. Swaak %A J. Kessels %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 981-985 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.986 %T Visual Knowledge Construction Algorithms for Supporting Learner-Instructor Interaction %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Nakamura %A K. Sato %A Y. Miyadera %A A. Koyama %A Z. Cheng %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 986-990 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.991 %T Bringing History Online: Plimoth Plantation's Online Learning Center %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Neal %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 991-995 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.996 %T User-Centered Design of Workflows in E-Learning %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Neto %A A. S. Gomes %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 996-1000 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1001 %T A case-study application of tour & time travel metaphors to structure an e-learning software %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. L. Ng %A K. Y. Lim %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1001-1005 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1006 %T Making the Network Visible to the User in Virtual Environments and Online Games %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Oliveira %A M. Slater %A J. Crowcroft %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1006-1010 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1011 %T Dream3D: Design and Implementation of an Online 3D Game Engine %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T.-J. Park %A S. H. Pyo %A C. W. Chu %A S. W. Ryu %A D. Kim %A K. H. Shim %A B. T. Choi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1011-1015 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1016 %T Added-Value Functionality for Learning Management Systems: the selection process within a German insurance company %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Reckmann %A P. Swatman %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1016-1020 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1021 %T Effects of WWW Cooperative Learning on Children Education %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Roselli %A E. Faggiano %A A. Grasso %A P. Plantamura %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1021-1025 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1026 %T DSTool: A Reflection-based debugger for data structures comprehension in Computing Science Learning %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. S. Villanueva %A J. R. P. Perez %A S. O. Barriales %A M. G. Rodriguez %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1026-1030 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1031 %T Artificial Ant Colonies and E-Learning: An Optimisation of Pedagogical Paths %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Semet %A Y. Jamont %A R. Biojout %A E. Lutton %A P. Collet %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1031-1035 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1036 %T The electronic bulletin board system "IS-Board" which supports the information education %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Shinozawa %A T. Uetake %A S. Takao %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1036-1040 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1041 %T MARILYN: A Novel Platform For Intelligent Interactive TV (IITV) %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Soha %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1041-1045 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1046 %T Speech Interaction for Networked Video Games %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Spyridou %A I. Palmer %A E. Williams %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1046-1050 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1051 %T Is every kid having fun? A gender crossover approach to interactive toy design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Stienstra %A J. Hoonhout %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1051-1055 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1056 %T Investigating the Role of User Cognitive Style in an Adaptive Educational System %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Triantafillou %A A. Karoulis %A A. Pombortsis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1056-1060 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1061 %T A system for e-learning via annotated audio/video clips and asynchronous collaboration %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Tsoutsias %A S. Retalis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1061-1065 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1066 %T Lecture Enhancement by Community Portal %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Tsuji %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1066-1070 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1071 %T SpyCam and RoboCam: An Application of the Future Technology Workshop Method to the Design of New Technology for Children %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Vavoula %A M. Sharples %A J. Cross %A C. Baber %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1071-1075 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1076 %T Enriching the Pedagogical Value of an Asynchronous HCI Course: Adding Value Through Synchronous Collaborative Knowledge Building %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Vick %A B. Auernheimer %A M. Crosby %A M. Iding %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1076-1080 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1081 %T Learning to Learn: HCI-Methods for personalised eLearning %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Voigt %A P. Swatman %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1081-1085 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1086 %T Saccadic Processes in Listening-Comprehension Processing as Cognitive Interactions between Listeners and Texts in a Computer-Based Learning Environment %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Wakabayashi %A K. Kurahasi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1086-1090 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1091 %T Designing A Tool for Taking Class Notes %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Ward %A H. Tatsukawa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1091-1095 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1096 %T Satisfaction and Learnability in Edutainment: A usability study of the knowledge game Laser Challenge' at the Nobel e-museum %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Wiberg %A K. Jegers %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1096-1102 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1103 %T Improving Interaction in an Augmented Reality System using Multiple Cameras %S Human factors and ergonomics %A I. D. Baetge %A G. Baratoff %A H. Regenbrecht %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1103-1107 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1108 %T Non-Zero-Sum Gaze in Immersive Virtual Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Beall %A J. Bailenson %A J. Loomis %A J. Blascovich %A C. S. Rex %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1108-1112 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1113 %T Augmented Reality on Handheld Computers to Flight Displays %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Behringer %A J. Molineros %A V. Sundareswaran %A M. Vassiliou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1113-1117 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1118 %T Interacting with Hierarchical Information Structures in Immersive Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Blach %A H. Hoffmann %A O. Stefani %A M. Dangelmaier %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1118-1122 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1123 %T Virtual Reality - Ergonomic Solutions for Overcoming the Complexity Trap %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Bullinger %A M. F. Kuntze %A F. Mueller-Spahn %A A. Amditis %A R. Mager %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1123-1127 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1128 %T Crossing from Physical Workplace to Virtual Workspace: be AWARE! %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Christiansen %A K. Maglaughlin %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1128-1132 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1133 %T Automatic Behavioral Responses as a Measure of Immersion in Virtual Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Cohn %A C. Balaban %A E. Muth %A K. Brendley %A R. Stripling %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1133-1137 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1138 %T Interaction with Human Models in Virtual Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Dangelmaier %A O. Stefani %A A. Amditis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1138-1142 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1143 %T Developing a mixed reality co-visiting experience for local and remote museum companions %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Galani %A M. Chalmers %A B. Brown %A I. MacColl %A C. Randell %A A. Steed %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1143-1147 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1148 %T Development of a Mixed-Mock-Up-Simulator for Work Science Related Studies %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Hagenmeyer %A M. Braun %A D. Spath %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1148-1152 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1153 %T Collaborative City-Planning System based on Augmented Reality %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Kato %A K. Tachibana %A T. Nakajima %A Y. Fukuda %A M. Tanabe %A A. Cheok %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1153-1157 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1158 %T No Silver Bullet but Basic Rules User Interface Design for Virtual Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Knopfle %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1158-1162 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1163 %T Comparison of Hand- and Wand Related Navigation in Virtual Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Laakso %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1163-1167 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1168 %T Phobia Treatment Using a Virtual Reality System %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Leitao %A V. Cunha %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1168-1172 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1173 %T Being Confident - Development of a TV-based Tele-Assistance System %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Machate %A I. Karaseitanidis %A M. F. Gabrera %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1173-1177 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1178 %T Cognitive Ergonomics in the Development of Virtual Reality: A Neurophysiological approach %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Mager %A R. Stoermer %A M. F. Kuntze %A F. Mueller-Spahn %A A. Amditis %A E. Bekiaris %A A. Bullinger %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1178-1182 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1183 %T A User Interface for Virtual Maintainability in Immersive Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Marcelino %A N. Murray %A T. Fernando %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1183-1187 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1188 %T Interactivity, Control of Movement and Realism: Establishing the Factors Influencing Virtual Reality Training %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Marshall %A S. Nichols %A J. Wilson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1188-1192 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1193 %T Developing 3D UIs using the IDEAS Tool: A case of study %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. P. M. Masso %A P. G. Lopez %A M. L. Perez %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1193-1197 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1198 %T Visual Tracking for a Virtual Environment %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Murray %A J. Y. Goulermas %A T. Fernando %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1198-1202 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1203 %T Mixed Systems: Combining Physical and Digital Worlds %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Nigay %A E. Dubois %A P. Renevier %A L. Pasqualetti %A J. Troccaz %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1203-1207 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1208 %T Virtual Assembly Based on Stereo Vision and Haptic Force Feedback Virtual Reality %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Nikolakis %A G. Fergadis %A D. Tzovaras %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1208-1212 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1213 %T Virtual Environment Design for Gene Selection Using Gene Expression Data %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Nishimura %A S. Ishikawa %A K. Abe %A S. Tsutsumi %A H. Aburatani %A K. Hirota %A M. Hirose %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1213-1217 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1218 %T RTSA - Reaction Time Sensitivity Analysis: A Methodology to Design an Augmented Reality User Interface for a Head Based Virtual Retinal Display %S Human factors and ergonomics %A O. Oehme %A B. Sommer %A H. Luczak %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1218-1222 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1223 %T ThumbsUp: Integrated Command and Pointer Interactions for Mobile Outdoor Augmented Reality Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. Piekarski %A B. H. Thomas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1223-1227 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1228 %T When a house controls its master - Universal design for smart living environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. Ringbauer %A F. Heidmann %A J. Biesterfeldt %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1228-1232 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1233 %T Immersive HMD-Delivered 360 Degree Panoramic Video Environments: Research on Creating Useful and Usable Applications %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Rizzo %A K. Ghahremani %A L. Pryor %A S. Gardner %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1233-1237 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1238 %T Multimodal Interaction Techniques for Astronaut Training in Virtual Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Ronkko %A R. Launonen %A S. Laukkanen %A E. Gaia %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1238-1242 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1243 %T The improvement of the perception of space and depth by the help of virtual reality (programmed by VRML and HTML) %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. S. Lanyi %A A. Tilinger %A Z. Kosztyan %A Z. Lanyi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1243-1247 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1248 %T Developing Virtual Environments Using Speech as an Input Device %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Stedmon %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1248-1252 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1253 %T Methodologies and Evidence in Support of a Human-Centred Approach to Virtual Environment Systems Design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Stone %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1253-1257 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1258 %T Contribution to task representation in Model-Based user interface Design: application to new people-organization interactions %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Tabary %A M. Abed %A C. Kolski %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1258-1262 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1263 %T User-Centred Evaluation Criteria for a Mixed Reality Authoring Application %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Traskback %A T. Koskinen %A M. Nieminen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1263-1267 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1268 %T Continuity as a Usability Property %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Trevisan %A J. Vanderdonckt %A B. Macq %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1268-1272 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1273 %T Model-Based Approach and Augmented Reality Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Trevisan %A J. Vanderdonckt %A B. Macq %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1273-1277 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1278 %T Flexible Force Grid Field for Three Dimensional Modeling %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Tsubouchi %A T. Ogi %A T. Yamada %A H. Noguchi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1278-1282 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1283 %T Anticipation in a VR-based Anthropomorphic Construction Assistant %S Human factors and ergonomics %A I. Voss %A I. Wachsmuth %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1283-1287 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1288 %T SR:DistoPointer using a tracked laser-range-meter as an augmented-reality ray-pick interaction device %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Wagner %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1288-1292 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1293 %T Embedding Public Displays in Non-technical Artifacts: Critical Issues and Lessons Learned From Augmenting a Traditional Office Door Whiteboard With Ubiquitous Computing Technology %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Wiberg %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1293-1297 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1298 %T Integration of 3D Sound Feedback into Virtual Assembly Environment %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Zhang %A N. Murray %A T. Fernando %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1298-1302 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.1.1303 %T A Bayesian Framework for Real-Time 3D Hand Tracking in High Clutter Background %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Zhou %A T. Huang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 1 %P 1303-1308 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates fpack:!@#$%^&*(): HCII03-2.B %M C.HCII.03.2.3 %T MobiGuiding, an European Multimodal and Multilingual System for Ubiquitous Access to Leisure and Cultural Contents %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Aliprandi %A M. Athenour %A S. C. Martinez %A N. Patsis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 3-7 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.8 %T Advanced User Interface for the SAFEGUARD professional driver seat %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Amditis %A I. Karaseitanidis %A O. Stefani %A S. Sartor %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 8-12 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.13 %T Key Issues in Automotive HMI for Elderly and Disabled Drivers - The CONSENSUS Approach %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Baten %A M. Panou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 13-17 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.18 %T Developing In-Car PDA-Based Tour Guides %S Human factors and ergonomics %A F. Bellotti %A R. Berta %A M. Margarone %A A. De Gloria %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 18-22 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.23 %T Providing Traffic and Route Guidance Information to Tourists %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Breker %A K. Brookhuis %A P. Rama %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 23-27 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.28 %T Delivery of Services on Any Device From Java Code to User Interface %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Carboni %A A. Piras %A S. Sanna %A G. Paddeu %A S. Giroux %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 28-32 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.33 %T Function analysis and control panel design of in-car computer systems (E-Car) %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J.-K. Chiu %A S.-L. Hwang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 33-37 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.38 %T Architecture for a full-dynamical Interaction in Pervasive Computing %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Courant %A S. Maffioletti %A B. Hirsbrunner %A S. Le Peutrec %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 38-42 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.43 %T Effective Warning of a Drowsy Driver - the AWAKE Experience %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Dangelmaier %A D. Spath %A E. Bekiaris %A C. Marberger %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 43-47 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.48 %T Pen-based Ubiquitous Computing System for visually Impaired Person %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Ezaki %A K. Kiyota %A H. Takizawa %A S. Yamamoto %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 48-52 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.53 %T Design Principles For A Collaborative Hypervideo User Interface Concept In Mobile Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Finke %A M. Grimm %A M.-R. Tazari %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 53-57 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.58 %T Developing a Ubiquitous reception-hall using the User-Centred design Usability Engineering Process Model %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Granollers %A J. Lores %A J. Sola %A X. Rubio %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 58-62 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.63 %T User Interface Techniques for Mobile Agents %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Grimm %A M.-R. Tazari %A M. Finke %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 63-67 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.68 %T Ambient Interfaces: Design Challenges and Recommendations %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Gross %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 68-72 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.73 %T Interacting with Mobile Intelligence %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Hall %A A. Gordon %A R. James %A L. Newall %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 73-77 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.78 %T Embedded versus portable interfaces for personalizing shared ubiquitous devices %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Hilbert %A J. Trevor %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 78-82 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.83 %T Supporting ubiquitous information on very small devices is harder than you think %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Hilbert %A J. Trevor %A B. Schilit %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 83-87 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.88 %T COMUNICAR: Subjective Mental Effort when driving with an Information Management System %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Hoedemaeker %A R. Schindhelm %A C. Gelau %A F. Bellotti %A A. Amditis %A R. Montanari %A S. Mattes %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 88-92 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.93 %T Destination entry while driving: The benefit of constrained options to act in multitask situations exemplified by two route guidance systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Jahn %A A. Keinath %A J. Krems %A C. Gelau %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 93-97 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.98 %T Interface or Interspace? Mediated Communication for Nomadic Knowledge Workers %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Kammas %A S. Foley %A D. Rosenberg %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 98-102 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.103 %T Telemurals: catalytic connections for remote public spaces %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Karahalios %A J. Donath %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 103-107 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.108 %T Visual Interfaces for Mobile Handhelds %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. Karstens %A R. Rosenbaum %A H. Schumann %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 108-112 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.113 %T Collaborative Visual Jockey using Mobile Phones %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Katayose %A T. Miyamichi %A N. Mitsuda %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 113-117 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.118 %T A Circular Fashion Menu System Based on Human Motor Control Knowledge for the Pen-based Computer %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Kiyota %A N. Ezaki %A H. Takizawa %A S. Yamamoto %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 118-122 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.123 %T Evaluating the Usability of Mobile Systems: Exploring Different Laboratory Approaches %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Kjeldskov %A M. Skov %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 123-127 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.128 %T Towards a model for an Internet content pre-caching agent for small computing devices %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Komninos %A M. Dunlop %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 128-132 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.133 %T Adaptive Smart Home System %S Human factors and ergonomics %A V. Lauruska %A P. Serafinavicius %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 133-137 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.138 %T Effects of Chinese Character Font and Size on Visual Performance between Different Age Groups %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T.-Z. Lee %A J.-Z. Huang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 138-142 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.143 %T Pitfalls in International User Testing, and How to Avoid (some of) Them - A Case Study %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Lif %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 143-147 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.148 %T Browsing and Visualisation of Recorded Collaborative Meetings on Small Devices %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Luz %A M. Masoodian %A G. Weng %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 148-152 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.153 %T User-Interface Design and Culture %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Marcus %A V.-J. Baumgartner %A E. Chen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 153-157 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.158 %T Vehicle UI and Information-Visualization Design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Marcus %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 158-162 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.163 %T User Requirements and Customer Benefit Analysis in the Design of a Novel Driver Support System for Night Vision %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Mariani %A S. Palmieri %A L. Andreone %A F. Tango %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 163-167 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.168 %T ARK: Augmented Reality Kiosk %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Matos %A P. Pereira %A A. Marcos %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 168-172 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.173 %T End-user programming tools in ubiquitous computing applications %S Human factors and ergonomics %A I. Mavrommati %A A. Kameas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 173-177 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.178 %T Visibility and accessibility of a component-based approach for Ubiquitous Computing applications: the e-Gadgets case %S Human factors and ergonomics %A I. Mavrommati %A A. Kameas %A P. Markopoulos %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 178-182 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.183 %T Vehicle navigation systems: case studies from VDO Dayton %S Human factors and ergonomics %A I. Mavrommati %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 183-187 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.188 %T Off Board Networking of Car Navigation Systems & Services %S Human factors and ergonomics %A F. McKimm %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 188-192 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.193 %T GUI for graphical data retrieval by means of semantic filtering %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Z. Mikovec %A M. Klima %A R. Foldyna %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 193-197 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.198 %T A Framework for Transferring Desktop Images and Remote Operations in Multiple Computer Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Miura %A B. Shizuki %A J. Tanaka %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 198-202 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.203 %T The Effects of Display Orientation and Target Position on Target Pointing Tasks on a PDA %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Ogasawara %A S. Mizobuchi %A X. Ren %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 203-207 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.208 %T An Evaluation of Text Entry Methods in a Standing Posture for Application to an Immersive Virtual Environment %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Osawa %A X. Ren %A M. Suzuki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 208-212 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.213 %T A Simple Learning Procedure for Gesture Based Control of Robot Arm Movement %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Pandiyan %A G. Sainarayanan %A R. Nagarajan %A S. Yaacob %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 213-217 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.218 %T Novice Drivers Training in ADAS HMI The TRAINER Results %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Panou %A E. Bekiaris %A J. F. Dolls %A C. Knoll %A T. Falkmer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 218-222 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.223 %T Wireless Input Devices and Their Communication Module for Wearable Computers %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. H. Park %A J. W. Jeon %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 223-227 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.228 %T Development of Ergonomic Mock-Ups for Usability Testing of In-Vehicle Communicating Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Pauzie %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 228-232 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.233 %T Travel Planning on the Web: A Cross-Cultural Case Study of Where Differences Become Evident Within the Design Process %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Pedell %A H. Degen %A K.-L. Lubin %A J. Zheng %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 233-237 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.238 %T Warning Strategies Adaptation in a collision avoidance/vision enhancement system %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Polychronopoulos %A D. Kempf %A M. Martinetto %A A. Amditis %A H. Widlroither %A P. C. Cacciabue %A L. Andreone %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 238-242 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.243 %T A Study of Navigation Support Tools for Mobile Devices %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P.-L. P. Rau %A Y.-J. Wang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 243-247 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.248 %T Short Span Interaction in Mobile Phone Answering Situations %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Repokari %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 248-252 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.253 %T Cross Cultural Usability: An International Study on Driver Information Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Roessger %A J. Hofmeister %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 253-257 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.258 %T Designing a Speech Operated Calendar Application for Mobile Users %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Ronkainen %A J. Kela %A J. Marila %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 258-262 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.263 %T Basics of Intercultural Engineering: Analysis of User Requirements in Mainland China %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Rose %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 263-267 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.268 %T Web-based applications using pen-based interfaces and network-based on-line handwriting recognition %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Sakurada %A M. Yorifuji %A M. Onuma %A M. Nakagawa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 268-272 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.273 %T Information Hiding with a Handwritten Message on PDA %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Segawa %A Y. Murayama %A M. Miyazaki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 273-277 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.278 %T An Intuitive Information Space Navigation Method based on the Window Metaphor %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Shibuya %A T. Narita %A T. Yoshida %A I. Kuramoto %A Y. Tsujino %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 278-282 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.283 %T Optical Stain: Amplifying vestiges of a real environment by light projection %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Shirai %A T. Owada %A K. Kamei %A K. Kuwabara %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 283-287 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.288 %T Evaluation of a Text Entry Method for Mobile Devices %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Tarasewich %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 288-292 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.293 %T Modelling User Context %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M.-R. Tazari %A M. Grimm %A M. Finke %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 293-297 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.298 %T Mobile contexts of use: Socio-spatial attributes %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Toiskallio %A S. Tamminen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 298-302 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.303 %T Blind-handwriting Interface for Wearable Computing %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Tokuno %A N. Akira %A M. Nakai %A H. Shimodaira %A S. Sagayama %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 303-307 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.308 %T A Run-time System for Context-Aware Multi-Device User Interfaces %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Van den Bergh %A K. Luyten %A K. Coninx %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 308-312 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.313 %T Location-Transparent User Interaction for Heterogenous Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Vandervelpen %A K. Luyten %A K. Coninx %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 313-317 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.318 %T An Event-Based Communication Mechanism to Realize a Mobile Collaborative AR Environment %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Wichert %A M. Finke %A M. Hamadou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 318-322 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.323 %T On designing automotive HMIs for elderly drivers: the AGILE initiative %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Widlroither %A L. Hagenmeyer %A S. Breker %A M. Panou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 323-327 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.328 %T A Human-Computer-Interface Concept for Mobile Devices to support Service & Maintenance Staff in Industrial Domains %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Wittenberg %A B. Otto %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 328-332 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.333 %T What Tasks are Suitable for Handheld Devices? %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Xu %A X. Fang %A S. Chan %A J. Brzezinski %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 333-337 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.338 %T SAMIR: A Jack of all Trades Clerk %S Human factors and ergonomics %A F. Zambetta %A G. Catucci %A F. Abbattista %A G. Semeraro %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 338-344 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.345 %T Using context information to generate dynamic user interfaces %S Human factors and ergonomics %A X. Alaman %A R. Cabello %A F. Gomez-Arriba %A P. Haya %A A. Martinez %A J. Martinez %A G. Montoro %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 345-349 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.350 %T Web site adaptation: a model-based approach %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Avouris %A M. Koutri %A S. Daskalaki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 350-354 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.355 %T User Modelling Based on Topic Maps %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. Beinhauer %A F. Koller %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 355-359 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.360 %T Practice of Gathering Requirements with Focus Group in China %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. Chen %A W. Yang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 360-364 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.365 %T Use-centered interface design for an adaptable administration system for chemical process design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Foltz %A B. Westfechtel %A L. Schmidt %A H. Luczak %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 365-369 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.370 %T A Toolkit for Exploring Affective Interface Adaptation in Videogames %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. M. Gilleade %A J. Allanson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 370-374 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.375 %T Envisioning Systems Using a Photo-Essay Technique and a Scenario-Based Inquiry %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Go %A Y. Takamoto %A J. M. Carrol %A A. Imamiya %A H. Masuda %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 375-379 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.380 %T User Learning Modeling in Learnware Design - Case Study with Dynamic Geometry Software %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. S. Gomes %A A. E. de Melo Queiroz %A F. de Assis Tenorio de Carvalho %A F. Alves %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 380-384 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.385 %T Incorporating Adaptivity in User Interface for Computerized Educational Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Granic %A V. Glavinic %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 385-389 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.390 %T Model of Intention Inference Using Bayesian Network %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Hatakeyama %A K. Furuta %A K. Nakata %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 390-394 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.395 %T User Centred Design Utilizing Sensory Analysis %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Hosono %A H. Inoue %A Y. Tomita %A Y. Yamamoto %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 395-399 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.400 %T Adaptive Fuzzy Inference Neural Network %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Iyatomi %A M. Hagiwara %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 400-404 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.405 %T Adaptive Help for e-mail Users %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Kabassi %A M. Virvou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 405-409 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.410 %T A Kansei-based Color Conspicuity Model and Its Application to the Design of Road Signs %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Kamei %A E. Cooper %A N. Fujiiwara %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 410-414 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.415 %T A design and evaluation of the user authentication system by using characteristics of mouse movements on a soft keyboard %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Kotani %A K. Horii %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 415-419 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.420 %T Field Methods Applied to the Development of e-Learning System %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Kurosu %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 420-424 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.425 %T A Framework for Dynamic Adaptation in Information Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Mandl %A M. Schudnagis %A C. Womser-Hacker %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 425-429 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.430 %T Constructing the user %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Nielsen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 430-434 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.435 %T UISB - The User Interface Specification Browser %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Nieminen %A T. Koskinen %A M. Johnson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 435-439 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.440 %T Development of Radiological Emergency Assistance System "MEASURES" - Situation Awareness Support Tool for Nuclear Emergency Response Activities - %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Nukatsuka %A O. Watanabe %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 440-444 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.445 %T GUI Navigator/Cover: GUI Transformation Systems for PC Novice Users %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Okada %A T. Asahi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 445-449 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.450 %T On the Role of User Models and User Modeling in Knowledge Management Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Razmerita %A A. Angehrn %A T. Nabeth %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 450-454 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.455 %T An Adaptive Human-Computer Design Method Led By Objectives %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Santoni %A P. Aubert %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 455-459 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.460 %T Mutual Awareness as a Basis for Defining and Assessing Team Situation Awareness in Cooperative Work %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Shu %A K. Furuta %A K. Nakata %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 460-464 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.465 %T The Role of Adaptable Context Representations in Computer Aided Design Activities %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Stellingwerff %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 465-469 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.470 %T Scenario-Based Acceptability Research %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Tahira %A H. Urokohara %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 470-474 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.475 %T Integrating Machine Learning Methods throughout the Temporal Extent of a Web-based Student Model %S Human factors and ergonomics %A V. Tsiriga %A M. Virvou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 475-479 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.480 %T Relating Error Diagnosis and Performance Characteristics for Affect Perception and Empathy in an Educational Software Application %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Virvou %A G. Katsionis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 480-484 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.485 %T Acting User Scenario for User Centered Design Team %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Yamazaki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 485-492 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.493 %T Walkable shared virtual space with avatar animation for remote communication %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Fujita %A T. Shimoji %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 493-497 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.498 %T "Moving" Avatars: Emotion Synthesis in Virtual Worlds %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Karpouzis %A A. Raouzaiou %A S. Kollias %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 498-502 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.503 %T Personality Engineering for Emotional Interactive Avatars %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Lock %A P. Rayson %A J. Allanson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 503-507 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.508 %T Design of Co-existing space by Shoji interface showing Shadow %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Miwa %A C. Ishibiki %A T. Watanabe %A S. Itai %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 508-512 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.513 %T Co-creation in Human-Computer Interaction %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Miyake %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 513-517 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.518 %T Anthropomorphic Dialog Agent Development Tool Using Facial Image Synthesis and Lip Synchronization %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Morishima %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 518-522 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.523 %T Developing life-like Agent and Personality that is Familiar with the User-Comic strip for child- %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Mushiake %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 523-527 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.528 %T The Implementation of RobotPHONE %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Sekiguchi %A M. Inami %A S. Tachi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 528-532 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.533 %T 2.5D Video Avatar for Networked VRPhoto System %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Suh %A D. Hong %A W. Woo %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 533-537 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.538 %T Social Influence of Agent's Presence in Desktop Interaction %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Takeuchi %A K. Watanabe %A Y. Katagiri %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 538-542 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.543 %T Construction of Meaning Acquisition Model Using Prosodic Information: Toward a Smooth Human-Agent Interaction %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Utsunomiya %A T. Komatsu %A K. Suzuki %A K. Ueda %A K. Hiraki %A N. Oka %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 543-547 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.548 %T Anthropomorphic characteristics of Interface agents %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. V. Cea %A E. E. Izquierdo %A J. Canas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 548-552 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.553 %T AVICE: Evolving Avatar's Movements %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Wakaki %A H. Iba %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 553-557 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.558 %T SAKURA: Voice-Driven Embodied Group-Entrained Communication System %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Watanabe %A M. Okubo %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 558-562 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.563 %T Intimate virtual communication place supported with networked "lazy Susan" %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Wesugi %A K. Ishikawa %A Y. Miwa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 563-570 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.571 %T Keyboard Encoding of Hand Gestures %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Adamo-Villani %A G. Beni %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 571-575 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.576 %T Multimodality and learning: linking science to everyday activities %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Anastopoulou %A M. Sharples %A C. Baber %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 576-580 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.581 %T Making Machines Understand Facial Motion & Expressions Like Humans Do %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. A. del Valle %A J.-L. Dugelay %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 581-585 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.586 %T Human Information Retrieval Based on Face Recognition in Video Image through Multi-modal Interaction Using Speech and Hand Pointing Action %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Ariki %A M. Fujimoto %A N. Yamamoto %A M. Kumano %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 586-590 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.591 %T Arbitrating Multimodal Outputs: Using Ambient Displays as Interruptions %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Arroyo %A T. Selker %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 591-595 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.596 %T Parallel Versus Sequential Grammar Systems for Modelling Dialogues %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Aydin %A H. Jurgensen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 596-600 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.601 %T Non Hierarchical Mergeable Dialogs %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Blechschmitt %A C. Strodecke %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 601-605 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.606 %T The Development of 'Hybrid' Multimodal Shopping Systems Within a 'Rapid Ethnographic' Methodology %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Booth %A S. Westerman %A K. Khakzar %A T. Berger %A H.-M. Pohl %A K. Dubracova %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 606-610 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.611 %T A rhetorical model to augment the functionality of adaptive interfaces %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Calvi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 611-615 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.616 %T Designing Auditory Spaces: The Role of Expectation %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Chueng %A P. Marsden %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 616-620 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.621 %T Blending Speech and Touch Together to facilitate Modelling Interactions %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. De Boeck %A C. Raymaekers %A K. Coninx %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 621-625 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.626 %T When Marketing meets HCI: multi-channel customer relationships and multi-modality in the personalization perspective %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Derycke %A J. Rouillard %A V. Chevrin %A Y. Bayart %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 626-630 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.631 %T Temporal Context and the Recognition of Emotion from Facial Expression %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. El Kaliouby %A P. Robinson %A S. Keates %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 631-635 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.636 %T Tablet PC - Using Field Trials to Define Product Design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Feldman %A E. Pennington %A J. Ireland %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 636-640 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.641 %T Using Confidence Scores to Improve Hands-Free Speech-Based Navigation %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Feng %A A. Sears %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 641-645 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.646 %T Foresight Scope: An Interaction Tool for Quickly and Efficiently Browsing Linked Contents %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Fukatsu %A A. Akutsu %A Y. Tonomura %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 646-650 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.651 %T Magic Pages - Providing Added Value to Electronic Documents %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Gotze %A S. Schlechtweg %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 651-655 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.656 %T Interface Issues for Accessing and Skimming Speech Documents in Context with Recorded Lectures and Presentations %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. Huerst %A L. S. K. A. Venkata %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 656-660 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.661 %T TOOL DEVICE: Handy Haptic Feedback Devices Imitating Everyday Tools %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Ikeda %A A. Kimura %A K. Sato %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 661-665 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.666 %T Tangible Media Player with embedded RF tags %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Jang %A N. Zhang %A W. Woo %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 666-670 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.671 %T Multi-Modal Fusion Model, a design based on D.A.I.M. the Decoupled Application Interaction Model %S Human factors and ergonomics %A I.-M. Jonsson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 671-675 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.676 %T Multi-Session Group Scenarios for Speech Interface Design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Kanto %A M. Cheadle %A B. Gamback %A P. Hansen %A K. Jokinen %A H. Keranen %A J. Rissanen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 676-680 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.681 %T Speech-based cursor control: Understanding the effects of variable cursor speed on target selection %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Karimullah %A A. Sears %A M. Lin %A R. Goldman %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 681-685 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.686 %T The Optimal Sizes for Pen-Input Character Boxes on PDAs %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Kato %A X. Ren %A Y. Sakai %A Y. Machi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 686-690 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.691 %T A User Study On Advanced Interaction Techniques in the Virtual Dressmaker Application %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Keckeisen %A S. Stoev %A M. Wacker %A M. Feurer %A W. Strasser %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 691-695 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.696 %T Visually Supported Design of Auditory User Interfaces %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Klante %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 696-700 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.701 %T VRIO: A Speech Processing Unit for Virtual Reality and Real-World Scenarios - An Experience Report %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Kranzlmueller %A A. Ferscha %A P. Heinzlreiter %A M. Pitra %A J. Volkert %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 701-705 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.706 %T Flow of action in mixed interaction modalities %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Kruijff %A S. Conrad %A A. Mueller %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 706-710 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.711 %T Clues for the Identification of Implicit Information in Multimodal Referring Actions %S Human factors and ergonomics %A F. Landragin %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 711-715 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.716 %T Specifying the User Interface as an Interactive Message %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Leite %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 716-720 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.721 %T Gesture-based Interaction in Digital Museum %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Z. Li %A X. Meng %A H. Xiang %A C. Yang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 721-725 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.726 %T Sivit ShopWindow - a video-based interaction system %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Lutzeler %A J. Racky %A H. Rottger %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 726-730 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.731 %T Pointing Gesture Recognition and Indicated Object Detection %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Mashita %A Y. Iwai %A M. Yachida %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 731-735 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.736 %T Laser Pointer Interaction with Hand Tremor Elimination %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Matveyev %A M. Goebel %A P. Frolov %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 736-740 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.741 %T Influential Words: Natural Language in Interactive Storytelling %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Mead %A M. Cavazza %A F. Charles %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 741-745 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.746 %T Interactive Sight: A New Interaction Method For Real World Environment %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Mitsudo %A K. Mogi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 746-750 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.751 %T Sounds@Work - Auditory Displays for Interaction in Cooperative and Hybrid Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Mueller-Tomfelde %A N. Streitz %A R. Steinmetz %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 751-755 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.756 %T Human Cognitive Characteristics in Speech Control for Virtual 3D Simulation on 2D Screen %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Nakanishi %A Y. Okada %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 756-760 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.761 %T An XML Based Interactive Multimedia News System %S Human factors and ergonomics %A I. Pandzic %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 761-765 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.766 %T Speech-based Text Entry for Mobile Devices %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Price %A A. Sears %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 766-770 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.771 %T Proposal of Grasping Force Interface as Realtime Mickey Ratio Adjuster for Pointing Tasks of Mouse %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Sato %A M. Kitajima %A Y. Fukui %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 771-775 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.776 %T Novel Interaction Techniques for Virtual Heritage Applications using Chinese Calligraphy Brush and Virtual Avatar %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Song %A T. Elias %A W. Mueller-Wittig %A T. Chan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 776-780 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.781 %T DynaGraffiti: Hand-written Annotation System for Interactive and Dynamic Digital Information %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Tano %A D. Ogisawa %A M. Iwata %A Y. Sasaki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 781-785 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.786 %T EDEMO-Gesture Based Interaction with Future Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Vehmas %A S. Kallio %A J. Kela %A J. Plomp %A E. Tuulari %A H. Ailisto %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 786-790 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.791 %T Malleable Paper: A User Interface for Reading and Browsing %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Wang %A C. Jiang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 791-795 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.796 %T FreeDraw: a Drawing System with Multimodal User Interface %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Wang %A W. Yue %A J. Tan %A H. Wang %A S. Dong %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 796-800 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.801 %T Enhancing Tangible User Interfaces with Physically Based Modeling %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Weidenhausen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 801-805 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.806 %T Modelling Emphatic Events from Non-Speech Aware Documents in Speech Based User Interfaces %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Xydas %A D. Spiliotopoulos %A G. Kouroupetroglou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 806-810 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.811 %T A Direct Manipulation Interface with Vision-based Human Figure Control %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Yonemoto %A R.-i. Taniguchi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 811-815 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.816 %T Combining Usability with Field Research: Designing an Application for the Tablet PC %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. Zhu %A L. Birtley %A N. Burgess-Whitman %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 816-820 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.821 %T A Universal Approach to Multimodal User Interfaces %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Zikovsky %A Z. Mikovec %A P. Slavik %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 821-828 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.829 %T Evaluating an Online Academic Community: 'Purpose' is the Key %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Abras %A D. Maloney-Krichmar %A J. J. Preece %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 829-833 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.834 %T Socio-Technical Evaluation of Computer Supported Work and Learning Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Akar %A J. H. E. Andriessen %A J. Attema %A B. Tuncer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 834-838 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.839 %T FLIRT: Social services for the urban context %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Bell %A B. Hooker %A F. Raby %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 839-843 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.844 %T Approaches to the Design and Measurement of Social and Information Awareness in Augmented Reality Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A F. Biocca %A J. Rolland %A G. Plantegenest %A C. Reddy %A C. Harms %A C. Owen %A W. Mou %A A. Tang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 844-848 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.849 %T An interface for supporting versioning in a cooperative editor %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Borges %A A. Meire %A J. Pino %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 849-853 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.854 %T Suspenseful User Experiences in Collaborative Virtual Spaces, Enabled by Interactive Narration %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Braun %A O. Schneider %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 854-858 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.859 %T Collaboration and Core Competence in the Virtual Enterprise %S Human factors and ergonomics %A R. Breite %A H. Vanharanta %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 859-863 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.864 %T Supporting Operations-Reference Knowledge Development Cycles for Collaborative, Distributed Research %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. Caldwell %A S. Ghosh %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 864-868 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.869 %T Data Analysis and Visualization for Usability Evaluation for Collaborative Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Campbell %A E. Stanziola %A A. Sears %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 869-873 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.874 %T Capillary CSCW %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. David %A R. Chalon %A G. Vaisman %A O. Delotte %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 874-878 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.879 %T Man Machine Cooperation %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. David %A A. Skaf %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 879-883 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.884 %T Requirements for Intelligent Access to Mankind's Collective Memory in I-Mass %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. de Haan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 884-888 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.889 %T Creating social presence through peripheral awareness %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. De Ruyter %A C. Huijnen %A P. Markopoulos %A W. Ijsselstein %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 889-893 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.894 %T Shared displays to increase social presence %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Divitini %A B. A. Farshchian %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 894-898 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.899 %T An Interactive Ontology-Based Query Formulation Approach for Exploratory Styles of Interaction %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Garcia %A M. A. Sicilia %A P. Diaz %A I. Aedo %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 899-903 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.904 %T Modeling Collaborative Environment %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Gea %A F. Gutierrez %A J. L. Garrido %A J. Canas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 904-908 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.909 %T Ontology Based Search for Distributed Agent Platforms %S Human factors and ergonomics %A V. Glavinic %A M. Cupic %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 909-913 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.914 %T The Treatment of Collaboration in the Usability Evaluation Models for Collaborative Virtual Environments %S Human factors and ergonomics %A I. Heldal %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 914-918 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.919 %T A Support System for Collaborative Decision Making by People of Different Countries %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Hong %A M. Nagata %A T.-S. Kim %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 919-923 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.924 %T Staying in Touch Social Presence and Connectedness through Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication Media %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. Ijsselstein %A J. Van Baren %A F. van Lanen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 924-928 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.929 %T Development of an Education System for Surface Mount Work of a Printed Circuit Board %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Ishii %A T. Kobayashi %A H. Fujino %A Y. Nishimura %A H. Shimoda %A H. Yoshikawa %A W. Wei %A N. Terashita %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 929-933 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.934 %T Virtual manufacturing approach to collaborative design and production for hard-tissue implants %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Ito %A T. Sato %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 934-938 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.939 %T MetaChart - Using Creativity Methods in a CSCW Environment %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Janssen %A T. Schlegel %A M. Wissen %A J. Ziegler %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 939-943 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.944 %T Designing Online Communities: Community-Centered Development for Intensively Focused User Groups %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Kalaitzakis %A G. A. Dafoulas %A L. A. Macaulay %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 944-948 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.949 %T Collaborative searching and browsing with a large interactive display %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Knowles %A S. J. Cunningham %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 949-953 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.954 %T CoVitesse: A Groupware Interface for Collaborative Navigation on the WWW %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Laurillau %A L. Nigay %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 954-958 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.959 %T Engineering and Evaluation of Community Support in useworld.net %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Leuchter %A L. Urbas %A K. Rose %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 959-963 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.964 %T An End Users Dedicated New Language for Geographical Information Retrieval %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Limam %A M. Gaio %A J. Madelaine %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 964-968 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.969 %T Study on A Retrieval Method which Reflects Individual Preferences by Preference Analysis with Mediation Variables %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Mitsuishi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 969-973 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.974 %T Developing of an Interactive Virtual Space Station %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Mujber %A T. Szecsi %A M. S. J. Hashmi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 974-978 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.979 %T A Tsunami Hazard Mitigation System from the Viewpoint of Human Interface %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Nakatani %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 979-983 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.984 %T Investigating Intra-Family Communication Using Photo Diaries %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Nassla %A D. Carr %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 984-988 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.989 %T Teaching Teamwork Online %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Neal %A E. Entin %A F. Lai %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 989-993 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.994 %T Providing Access to Humour Manipulation for Individuals with Complex Communication Needs %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. O. Mara %A A. Waller %A J. Todman %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 994-998 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.999 %T GraphSQL: a Visual Query Specification Language for Relational Databases %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Porta %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 999-1003 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1004 %T Sociality of an Interface Agent for Sharing Mutual Beliefs in Collaborative Monitoring of Complex Artifact Systems with a Human Operator %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Sawaragi %A Y. Horiguchi %A Y. Nishimoto %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1004-1008 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1009 %T Integration of Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Suguri %A E. Kodama %A M. Miyazaki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1009-1013 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1014 %T Transparent Community: Creating a Novel Community Framework Using P2P Technologies %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Tamura %A T. Hidaka %A T. Oishi %A K. Kikuma %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1014-1018 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1019 %T A Proposal for Under-the-Door Communications on the Network %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Tomita %A Y. Murayama %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1019-1023 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1024 %T CMS: A Collaborative Work Environment for the Assurance of Conference Proceedings Quality %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. T. Fernandez %A S. O. Barriales %A M. G. Rodriguez %A J. R. P. Perez %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1024-1028 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1029 %T Collaboration Table: An Alternative Medium for Multi-user Multi-site Cooperation %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Umemuro %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1029-1033 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1034 %T The Design of a Recollection Supporting Device A Study into Triggering Personal Recollections %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. van den Hoven %A B. Eggen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1034-1038 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1039 %T Evaluating technologies in domestic contexts: extending diary techniques with field testing of prototypes %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. van Vugt %A P. Markopoulos %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1039-1043 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1044 %T A Collective of Smart Artefacts Hopes for Collaboration with the Owner %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Vildjiounaite %A E.-J. Malm %A J. Kaartinen %A P. Alahuhta %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1044-1048 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1049 %T Integrated Information System for Supporting Maintenance Activities of Nuclear Power Plants %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. Wei %A T. Ohi %A Y. Ozaki %A Y. Zhou %A H. Yoshikawa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1049-1053 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1054 %T Advanced methods of search query refinement in web environment %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Zikovsky %A P. Slavik %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1054-1060 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1061 %T A Training System for Coronary Stent Implant Simulation %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Aloisio %A L. De Paolis %A L. Provenzano %A M. Cafaro %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1061-1065 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1066 %T prototyping.ppt - Power Point for interface - simulation of complex machines %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. Bonisch %A J. Held %A H. Krueger %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1066-1070 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1071 %T Computer simulations according to different learning theories %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Broder %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1071-1075 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1076 %T Simulation Supported Learning of Soft Computing Models %S Human factors and ergonomics %A B. D. Basic %A V. Glavinic %A M. Cupic %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1076-1080 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1081 %T Experimental Interfaces for Visual Browsing of Large Collections of Images %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Demontis %A M. Mosconi %A M. Porta %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1081-1085 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1086 %T The relationship between simulator sickness and presence: positive, negative, none? %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Duh %A J. Lin %A D. Parker %A T. Furness %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1086-1090 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1091 %T Synergistic Use of Visualisation Technique and Web Navigation Model for Information Space Exploration %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C. Freitas %A R. Cava %A M. Winckler %A P. Palanque %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1091-1095 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1096 %T Visualizing Activity in Shared Information Spaces %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. Grather %A W. Prinz %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1096-1100 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1101 %T The Development from Physical to Interaction based Simulation Procedures on the Example of Virtual Cables or Hose Simulations %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Hergenrother %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1101-1105 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1106 %T Visualizing Metadata: LevelTable vs. GranularityTable in the SuperTable/Scatterplot Framework %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Limbach %A P. Klein %A F. Muller %A H. Reiterer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1106-1110 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1111 %T 'SnapShots' - A Household Visualisation and Planning Tool %S Human factors and ergonomics %A J. Matthews %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1111-1115 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1116 %T Development of an OS Visualization System for Learning Systems Programming %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Nishino %A E. Hayakawa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1116-1120 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1121 %T Lessons Learned in Designing a 3D Interface for Collaborative Inquiry in Scientific Visualization %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Olbrich %A N. Jensen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1121-1125 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1126 %T Visualizing Social Navigation in Scientific Literature %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Pu %A P. Gupta %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1126-1130 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1131 %T Visual Interfaces for Opportunistic Information Seeking %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Pu %A P. Janecek %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1131-1135 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1136 %T Visualization and interaction in a SCADA throughout GIS components %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. S. Touza %A J. T. Gonzalez %A J. F. Gonzalez %A J. Del Rio Cumbreno %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1136-1140 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1141 %T Hybrid Visualization of Manufacturing Management Information for the Shop Floor %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Stowasser %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1141-1145 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1146 %T Visualizing aircraft properties: An empirical study %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Tavanti %A G. Flynn %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1146-1152 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1153 %T Usability Tests with Interactive Maps %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Andrienko %A G. Andrienko %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1153-1157 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1158 %T Supporting the Evocation Process in Creative Design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Bonnardel %A E. Marmeche %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1158-1162 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1163 %T The Use of m-Commerce Services and Technologies as an Instrument of Personnel Marketing - Conceptual Considerations and Empirical Studies %S Human factors and ergonomics %A I. Bruns %A O. Oehme %A H. Luczak %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1163-1167 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1168 %T Developing a Framework for HCI Influences on Creativity %S Human factors and ergonomics %A W. Burleson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1168-1172 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1173 %T Direct Manipulation for E-commerce Sites: a New Approach %S Human factors and ergonomics %A G. Capozzo %A M. Mosconi %A M. Porta %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1173-1177 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1178 %T A Prototype of a Graphical Guiding System %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y.-T. Chen %A Y.-n. Lai %A Z.-Y. Xua %A W.-L. Jian %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1178-1182 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1183 %T Developing Interactive Art Using Visual Programming %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Edmonds %A L. Candy %A M. Fell %A R. Knott %A S. Pauletto %A A. Weakley %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1183-1187 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1188 %T Persistent Cart Design: A Review of Implementations %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Fletcher %A M. Fletcher %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1188-1192 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1193 %T Adaptive Plant Human-Machine Interface Based on State Recognition and Machine Learning %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Furuta %A I. Kataoka %A K. Nakata %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1193-1197 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1198 %T Development of a Dynamic Operation Permission System for CRT-based operation interfaces %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Gofuku %A Y. Ozaki %A T. Ohi %A K. Ito %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1198-1202 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1203 %T Optimization of Instrument Calibration Intervals by On-line Sensor Monitoring Techniques %S Human factors and ergonomics %A N. Hayashi %A M. Nomura %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1203-1207 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1208 %T Development of Maintenance Knowledge Management System for Power Plant %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Hirai %A T. Ohi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1208-1212 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1213 %T Customer Relationship Management in E-business %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Horn %A R. Feinberg %A G. Salvendy %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1213-1217 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1218 %T A Computerized Graphic Interface on Emergency Operating Procedure (EOP) %S Human factors and ergonomics %A F.-H. Hwang %A S.-L. Hwang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1218-1222 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1223 %T Usability of Spatial Decision Support Tools for Collaborative Water Resource Planning %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Jankowski %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1223-1227 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1228 %T An Interface for Mapping Spatio-Temporal Elements of Urban Air Pollution %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Koussoulakou %A D. Sarafidis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1228-1232 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1233 %T Attitudes Towards Technology Use in Public Areas: The Influence of External Factors on ATM use %S Human factors and ergonomics %A L. Little %A P. Briggs %A D. Knight %A L. Coventry %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1233-1237 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1238 %T The Interface Design of Alarm Signals for Improving the Performance of the Second Vigilance %S Human factors and ergonomics %A C.-L. Liu %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1238-1242 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1243 %T Incorporating graphical interface technique into development of a training system for emergency response center %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Liu %A Y.-M. Gu %A S.-L. Hwang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1243-1247 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1248 %T The automated construction of relevance maps using spatial data mining %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. May %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1248-1252 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1253 %T Information Support for Annual Maintenance with Wearable Device %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Nagamatsu %A T. Ohtuji %A H. Ishii %A H. Shimoda %A H. Yoshikawa %A W. Wei %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1253-1257 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1258 %T Toward A Taxonomy of Interaction Design Techniques for Externalizing in Creative Work %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Nakakoji %A Y. Yamamoto %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1258-1262 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1263 %T Dynamic Query Choropleth Maps for Information Seeking and Decision Making %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. L. Norman %A H. Zhao %A B. Shneiderman %A E. Golub %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1263-1267 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1268 %T Design and Prototype Development of Building Energy Management Agent System %S Human factors and ergonomics %A F. Obayashi %A Y. Tokunaga %A J. Nomura %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1268-1272 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1273 %T Development of an Advanced Human-machine Interface System to Enhance Operating Availability of Nuclear Power Plants %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Ohi %A W. Wei %A Y. Ozaki %A H. Yoshikawa %A T. Sawaragi %A M. Kitamura %A K. Furuta %A A. Gofuku %A K. Ito %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1273-1277 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1278 %T Supporting Creative Work %S Human factors and ergonomics %A D. Oppenheim %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1278-1282 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1283 %T Cell Phone vs. Computer: A Comparison of Electronic Commerce and Mobile Commerce from the User's Perspective %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. A. Ozok %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1283-1287 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1288 %T How to Treat Your Customers: Guidelines for Consistency in E-Commerce %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. A. Ozok %A G. Salvendy %A K. Oldenburger %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1288-1292 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1293 %T A Study of Culture Differences for Browsing Hypertext on Handheld Devices %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P.-L. P. Rau %A Y.-J. Chen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1293-1297 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1298 %T When Computers Fade... Pervasive Computing and Situationally-Induced Impairments and Disabilities %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Sears %A M. Lin %A J. Jacko %A Y. Xiao %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1298-1302 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1303 %T Fostering Motivation and Creativity for Computer Users %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Selker %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1303-1307 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1308 %T Inspection and Condition Monitoring Service on the Web for Nuclear Power Plants %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Sonoda %A Y. Hirose %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1308-1312 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1313 %T Implication of Cognitive Style Questionnaire-MBTI in User Interface Design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K.-W. Su %A S.-L. Hwang %A S.-H. Lee %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1313-1317 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1318 %T Information Provision for Maintenance Work with Distributed DB Framework %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Takahashi %A Y. Ito %A H. Sato %A M. Kitamura %A W. Wei %A T. Ohi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1318-1322 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1323 %T Navigating Data - Selections, Scales, Multiples %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Theus %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1323-1327 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1328 %T The Advanced Main Control Board for Next Japanese PWR Plants %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Tsuchiya %A T. Yano %A K. Ito %A M. Kitamura %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1328-1332 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1333 %T The Evaluation of the Graphical User Interfaces of Four B2C E-commerce Websites in Taiwan %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S.-T. Uang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1333-1337 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1338 %T Perception of E-commerce: A View from an Industrial Engineer's Perspective %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. M. Yenisey %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1338-1342 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1343 %T An evaluation of Turkish e-commerce sites according to several guidelines: An empirical study %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. M. Yenisey %A C. E. Bozdag %A P. Nisari %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1343-1350 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1351 %T Ergonomic Analysis of a Distributed System %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Cakir %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1351-1355 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1356 %T A Training System for Maintenance Personnel in Nuclear Power Plants %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Fukuda %A Y. Ohga %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1356-1360 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1361 %T Evaluation of Workplace for People with Alternative Abilities %S Human factors and ergonomics %A E. Gorska %A J. Lewandowski %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1361-1365 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1366 %T Symptoms of depression in the VDT - operators %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Janocha %A E. Salomon %A L. Borodulin-Nadzieja %A R. Skalik %A M. Sobieszczanska %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1366-1370 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1371 %T Human Factors as a Determinant of Quality of Work %S Human factors and ergonomics %A A. Kawecka-Endler %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1371-1375 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1376 %T Technostress, Quality of Work Life, and Locus of Control %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Khan %A J. Fisher %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1376-1380 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1381 %T The Framework for Indirect Management Features of Process Control User Interfaces %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Koskinen %A M. Nieminen %A H. Paunonen %A J. Oksanen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1381-1385 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1386 %T The Assessment of the Working Computer Systems in the Enterprise Made by Computer Operators %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Lis %A J. Olszewski %A M. Szczubelek %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1386-1390 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1391 %T Operator's Contribution to the Success of Control Board Renewal Project of Genkai 1&2 of Japanese PWR Nuclear Power Plant %S Human factors and ergonomics %A S. Miyanari %A k. Tomita %A K. Hattori %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1391-1395 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1396 %T Definition and prototyping of ErgoMonitor - an online monitoring system for ergonomic evaluation of human-computer interaction in a Web environment %S Human factors and ergonomics %A M. Morandini %A W. de Abreu Cybis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1396-1400 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1401 %T The State of Ergonomic Consciousness of Employees as An Index of Safety Quality of the Organisation %S Human factors and ergonomics %A T. Musiol %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1401-1405 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1406 %T The Adaptation to Main Control Room of a New Human Machine Interface Design %S Human factors and ergonomics %A Y. Niwa %A H. Yoshikawa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1406-1410 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1411 %T A Phenomenon of Computer in Human Life %S Human factors and ergonomics %A P. Nowakowski %A J. Charytonowicz %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1411-1415 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1416 %T Have Operators to Forget the Old System in Order to Acquire the New One? A Case Study in the Health Care Context %S Human factors and ergonomics %A F. Rizzo %A O. Parlangeli %A S. Bagnara %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1416-1420 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1421 %T An Operator Training System based on Man Machine Simulator %S Human factors and ergonomics %A K. Sasou %A K. Takano %A M. Ebisu %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1421-1425 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.2.1426 %T Experimental Studies of Computerized Support System from Human-Centered Aspect %S Human factors and ergonomics %A H. Yoshikawa %A T. Ozawa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1426-1430 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates fpack:!@#$%^&*(): HCII03-3.B %M C.HCII.03.3.3 %T Position of the arm and the musculoskeletal disorders %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Aaras %A G. Horgen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 3-7 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.8 %T Physical Environments for Human Computer Interaction in Scandinavia %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. E. Andersen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 8-12 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.13 %T Engineering Workplaces: Advanced Workplace Concept %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A W. Baumeister %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 13-17 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.18 %T Interactions of Visual and Motor Demands on Reaching Actions at Workstations %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. J. Dainoff %A L. Mark %A D. Gardner %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 18-22 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.23 %T Two Field Trials of Brief Rest Breaks to Reduce Musculoskeletal Symptoms %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Faucett %A J. Meyers %A J. Miles %A I. Janowitz %A F. Fathallah %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 23-27 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.28 %T VDU-work and the preferred line-of-sight after long term exposure to different monitor placements %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. I. Fostervold %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 28-32 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.33 %T Anisotropic characteristics of LCD TFTs and their impact on visual performance: "Everything's superior with TFTs?" %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A T. Groeger %A M. Ziefle %A D. Sommer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 33-37 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.38 %T Reduced productivity due to musculoskeletal symptoms: Associations with workplace and individual factors among white collar computer users %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Hagberg %A E. W. Tornqvist %A A. Toomingas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 38-42 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.43 %T Support of Creative Knowledge Workers in Flexible Office Environments Through a Positioning System %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A U.-E. Haner %A A. Greisle %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 43-47 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.48 %T Use of Electronic Performance Monitoring to Promote Individual and Team-managed Rest Breaks: a Summary of Laboratory Research %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A R. Henning %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 48-52 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.53 %T Visual Discomfort Among VDU-users wearing Single Vision Lenses compared to VDU-progressive Lenses? %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Horgen %A A. Aaras %A M. Thoresen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 53-57 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.58 %T Effect of Bezel Reflectance on People Using a Computer Monitor %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A C. Hunter %A P. R. Boyce %A J. Watt H %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 58-62 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.63 %T Stress in the Office: the Influence of Software-Ergonomic Quality %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Hurtienne %A J. Prumper %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 63-67 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.68 %T Flexible Working Hours, Stress Factors and Well-being among IT Professionals %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. Huuhtanen %A M. Kivisto %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 68-72 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.73 %T The effect of mental demand on performance and muscle activity during computer use %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A B. Jensen %A B. Laursen %A A. H. Garde %A A. Jorgensen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 73-77 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.78 %T Information Technology and Moral Stress - How to Avoid Moral Stress and How to Promote Health %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A I. Kavathatzopoulos %A J. Persson %A C. Aborg %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 78-82 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.83 %T Can Computer Work Retard Aging? %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A U. Kristijuhan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 83-87 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.88 %T Effects of data system changes on job characteristics and well-being of hospital personnel - A longitudinal study %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Lindstrom %A M. Turpeinen %A J. Kinnunen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 88-92 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.93 %T An Observational and Interview Study on Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Uses by Clinicians in Different Contexts %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y.-C. Lu %A Y. Xiao %A A. Sears %A J. Jacko %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 93-97 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.98 %T Task Performance with a Wearable Augmented Reality Interface for Welding %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Luczak %A M. Park %A B. Balazs %A S. Wiedenmaier %A L. Schmidt %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 98-102 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.103 %T The effect of alternative keyboards on musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Moore %A N. Swanson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 103-107 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.108 %T Human Characteristics of Pointing an Object on Small Screen of Personal Digital Assistant by Pen Based Interface %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Morimoto %A T. Kurokawa %A A. Mukae %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 108-112 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.113 %T Changing Requirements of Laboratory Design %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A I. M. Muller %A C. Heinekamp %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 113-117 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.118 %T What is the Most Beneficial Type of Recreation for Computer Operators? %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A I. Ogawa %A T. Sakamoto %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 118-122 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.123 %T Computer Input with Gesture Recognition: Comfort and Pain Ratings of Hand Postures %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A D. Rempel %A E. Hertzer %A R. Brewer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 123-127 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.128 %T Impact of Information Technology on Work Processes and Job Characteristics in the Printing Industry %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. Seppala %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 128-132 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.133 %T Situated Interaction with Ambient Information: Facilitating Awareness and Communication in Ubiquitous Work Environments %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A N. Streitz %A C. Rocker %A T. Prante %A R. Stenzel %A D. van Alphen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 133-137 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.138 %T Quantitative Evaluation of Emotional Reaction Induced by Visual Stimulation Based on Cross-Correlation between Blood Pressure and Heart Rate %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A N. Sugita %A M. Yoshizawa %A A. Tanaka %A K.-i. Abe %A T. Yambe %A S.-i. Nitta %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 138-142 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.143 %T World Wide Web and Sustainable Workplaces with Visual Display Units %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Taal %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 143-147 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.148 %T The User-Computer Relation as an Anticipator of Musculoskeletal Strain in VDU Work %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Tuomivaara %A R. Ketola %A P. Huuhtanen %A R. Toivonen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 148-152 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.153 %T Lighting of VDT Workstands and Users' Visual Discomfort - Results of an Experimental Study %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Wolska %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 153-157 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.158 %T Is the trackball a serious alternative to the mouse? A comparison of trackball and mouse with regard to cursor movement performance in manipulation tasks %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Ziefle %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 158-164 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.165 %T Human Performance in Cognitive Tasks Involving Multimodal Speech Interfaces %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Ali %A P. Marsden %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 165-169 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.170 %T Performance on Mobile Phones: Does it Depend on Proper Cognitive Mapping? %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Bay %A M. Ziefle %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 170-174 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.175 %T Developments in the Area of Cognitive Systems: Reducing the Gap Between Production Systems and Naturalistic Decision Making %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A N. Brannon %A R. Koubek %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 175-179 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.180 %T A road-based evaluation of a Head-Up Display for presenting navigation information %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Burnett %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 180-184 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.185 %T Analysis and Verification of Human-Automation Interfaces %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Degani %A M. Heymann %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 185-189 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.190 %T GHOST: experimenting countermeasures to cure pilots from the perseveration syndrome %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A F. Dehais %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 190-194 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.195 %T Source Recommendation System for Information Search and Retrieval %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A N. Edala %A L. Koppaka %A S. Narayanan %A D. Loritz %A R. Daley %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 195-199 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.200 %T Symbols, Signs, Messages in Ergonomics of Social Space %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Foltarz %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 200-204 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.205 %T The automated measurement of icon complexity; a feasibility study %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Forsythe %A N. Sheehy %A M. Sawey %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 205-209 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.210 %T Improving System Usability Through the Automation of User's Routine Intentions: an Image Edition Tool Case Study %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Frery %A A. Leitao %A A. Furtado %A F. da CA. Neto %A F. De Souza %A G. Andrade %A J. E. de AFilho %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 210-214 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.215 %T Self-Organized Criticality of Color Information of Impressionist's Art Works %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Fukumoto %A D. S. Cai %A M. Yasumura %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 215-219 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.220 %T Cognitive Aspects of Computer Aided Planning Tasks %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Giannacourou %A L. Laios %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 220-224 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.225 %T Technology as an Equalizer: Can it be Used to Improve Novice Inspection Performance? %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Gramopadhye %A A. Duchowski %A J. Greenstein %A S. Kaewkuekool %A M. Khasawneh %A S. Bowling %A N. Cournia %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 225-229 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.230 %T Measuring Team Situation Awareness by means of Eye Movement Data %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Hauland %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 230-234 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.235 %T Difference Presentation: A Method for Facilitating Users' Adaptation to Software Upgrade %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Hayama %A K. Ueda %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 235-239 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.240 %T Generating Insights from Agent-Model Emergent Behavior %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A R. Hill %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 240-244 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.245 %T A Case Study of two experiences of group-based student projects: Cognitive model vs. Situated learning %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K.-H. Huang %A K. Wang %A S. Y. Chiu %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 245-249 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.250 %T Design and Implementation of Steganography based on 2-Tier File Encryption Algorithm %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y. S. Kim %A Y.-M. Kim %A S. G. Min %A D.-K. Baik %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 250-254 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.255 %T Situation Awareness and Situation Dependent Behaviour Adjustment in the Maritime Work Domain %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A T. Koester %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 255-259 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.260 %T Optimizing Text Layout for Small-screens: the Effect of Hyphenation and Centering %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Laarni %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 260-264 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.265 %T Evaluating Situation Awareness in Different Levels of Fidelity of Synthetic Environments: Virtual Cockpit Versus Conventional Flight Simulator %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A U. Laptaned %A S. Nichols %A J. Wilson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 265-269 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.270 %T Developing a Testbed for Studying Human-Robot Interaction in Urban Search and Rescue %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Lewis %A K. Sycara %A I. Nourbakhsh %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 270-274 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.275 %T Using symbol size and colour to effect performance confidence %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A F. Lichacz %A G. Craig %A L. Bridgman %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 275-279 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.280 %T User Studies on Tactile Perception of Vibrating Alert %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Linjama %A M. Puhakka %A T. Kaaresoja %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 280-284 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.285 %T Identifying and Refining the Tasks in a Cockpit Data Link Model %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A L. Martin %A S. Verma %A A. Jadhav %A V. Raghavan %A S. Lozito %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 285-289 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.290 %T Use of a Computer Simulation Model to Predict Survival from Metastatic Cancer %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A L. Mehl-Madrona %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 290-294 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.295 %T A SPN-Agents based model for Functional Modeling of Brain Regions Interaction %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Mertoguno %A D. Kavraki %A N. Bourbakis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 295-299 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.300 %T Multimodal Interface for Remote Vehicles Command and Control %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Narakesari %A S. Narayanan %A J. Gallimore %A M. Draper %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 300-304 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.305 %T Applying an eye-tracking based process measure for analysing team situation awareness in aviation %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A R. Pedersen %A H. Andersen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 305-309 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.310 %T Enhancing Human-Computer-Cooperation by Grounding the Engineering Process on a Uniform, Cognitive Model %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Putzer %A R. Onken %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 310-314 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.315 %T A Methodology for Reengineering Courses for the Web %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J.-M. Robert %A L. Gamez %A W. de Abreu Cybis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 315-319 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.320 %T Explorations in Modeling Human Decision Making in Dynamic Contexts %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A L. Rothrock %A A. Kirlik %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 320-324 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.325 %T Analyzing Emotional Human-Computer Interaction as Distributed Cognition: The Affective Resources model %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A I. Tarnanas %A A. Karoulis %A I. Tsoukalas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 325-329 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.330 %T Cognition and Autonomy in Distributed Intelligent Systems %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A R. Taylor %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 330-334 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.335 %T Bring Out Creativity! %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Tedjasaputra %A E. R. Sari %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 335-339 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.340 %T An Aircraft Preference Study on the Application of Vector Maps in U.S. Navy Tactical Aircraft %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Trenchard %A M. Lohrenz %A S. Edwards %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 340-344 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.345 %T Task Decomposition: Why do Some Novice Users Have Difficulties in Manipulating the User-interfaces of Daily Electronic Appliances? %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Ueda %A M. Endo %A H. Suzuki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 345-349 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.350 %T Study of Wearable Computer for Subjective Visual Recording %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A R. Ueoka %A K. Hirota %A M. Hirose %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 350-354 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.355 %T Intelligent Agents as Cognitive Team Members %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. Urlings %A J. Tweedale %A C. Sioutis %A N. Ichalkaranje %A L. Jain %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 355-359 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.360 %T The Influence of Colour Coding on Information Extraction from Computer-Presented Tables %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A D. Van Laar %A K. Chapman %A M. Turner %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 360-364 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.365 %T Emergence of Shared Mental Models During Distributed Teamwork: Integration of Distributed Cognition Traces %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A R. Vick %A M. Crosby %A B. Auernheimer %A M. Iding %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 365-369 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.370 %T Learning and Forgetting Aspects in Student Models of Educational Software %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Virvou %A K. Manos %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 370-374 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.375 %T Biologically Inspired Analysis of Complex Systems:Back to Nature %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Wheatly %A S. Narayanan %A R. Koubek %A C. Harvey %A L. Rothrock %A P. Smith %A M. Haas %A W. Nanry %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 375-379 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.380 %T Location of the Titles Matters in Performance with Tables and Graphs %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A L. Zhang %A X. Fu %A Y. Xuan %A X. Yuan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 380-386 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.387 %T Assessment and Training Using a Low Cost Driving Simulator %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A R. W. Allen %A T. Rosenthal %A G. Park %A D. Fiorentino %A E. Viirre %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 387-391 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.392 %T Clinical System User Interface derived from cognitive task analysis of the physicians' diagnostic process %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A N. Alshebel %A P. Dew %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 392-396 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.397 %T Task Analysis Method of Advertising Design Process Using Computer Media Based on Cognitive Behaviour Description and Eye Tracking Technique %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Aoki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 397-401 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.402 %T Remote Web Usability Testing: a Proxy Approach %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Baravalle %A V. Lanfranchi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 402-406 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.407 %T Development of an Error Management Taxonomy in ATC %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A T. Bove %A H. Andersen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 407-411 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.412 %T Use of a Train Signal Control Simulator to Develop a Valid Measure of Shared Mental Models %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A N. Bristol %A S. Nichols %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 412-416 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.417 %T Scenario Development for Testing Safety Devices in Automotive Environments %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. C. Cacciabue %A M. Martinetto %A S. Montagna %A A. Re %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 417-421 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.422 %T Designing a Pleasurable Web Pad User Interface with the Participatory Function Analysis %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A C.-H. Chen %A H.-T. Wang %A H. L. Hsu %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 422-426 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.427 %T Incorporating Cognitive Usability into Software Design Processes %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Feary %A L. Sherry %A P. Polson %A K. Fennel %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 427-431 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.432 %T Usability Laboratories - Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A R. Freitag %A W. Dzida %A B. Majonica %A K. Nebe %A N. Woletz %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 432-436 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.437 %T Perceptual Distributed Multimedia Quality: A Cognitive Style Perspective %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Ghinea %A S. Chen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 437-441 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.442 %T Definition of a Common Work Space %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A B. Guiost %A S. Debernard %A P. Millot %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 442-446 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.447 %T A Multidimensional Scale for Road Vehicle Handling Qualities %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A D. Harris %A J. Chan-Pensley %A S. McGarry %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 447-451 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.452 %T From Browsing Behavior to Usability Matters %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A E. Herder %A B. Van Dijk %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 452-456 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.457 %T A Formal Method for Analysing Field Data and Setting the Design Requirements for Scheduling Tools %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. Higgins %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 457-461 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.462 %T Evaluating Crew Interaction via Task Performance and Eye Tracking Measures: Evidence from a Simulated Flightdeck Task %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A B. Hilburn %A P. Hoogeboom %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 462-466 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.467 %T Input Requirements to a Performance Monitoring System %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A E. Hollnagel %A Y. Niwa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 467-471 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.472 %T Requirements Analysis and Task Design in Dynamic Environments %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Hoorn %A G. van der Veer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 472-476 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.477 %T Human Factors in Web-assisted Personal Finance %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A I. Juvina %A H. Van Oostendorp %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 477-481 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.482 %T An Evaluation Framework of Human Factors in ODL Programs %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Karoulis %A I. Tarnanas %A A. Pombortsis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 482-486 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.487 %T Making Instructions 'Visible' on the Interface: An Instructional Approach to the Acquisition and Retention of Fault-finding Skills %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A T. Kontogiannis %A N. Linou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 487-491 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.492 %T Reading News from a Pocket Computer: an Eye-movement Study %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Laarni %A I. Kojo %A L. Karkkainen %A P. Isotalus %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 492-496 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.497 %T Personal Assistant for onLine Services: Addressing human factors %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Lindenberg %A S. Nagata %A M. Neerincx %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 497-501 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.502 %T The Use of Haptic Cues Within a Control Interface %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Lomas %A G. Burnett %A M. Porter %A S. Summerskill %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 502-506 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.507 %T Hazard Perception training in the BSM Driver-Training Simulator %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. McCormack %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 507-511 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.512 %T Scenario-based drama as a tool for investigating user requirements with application to home monitoring for elderly people %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. McKenna %A F. Marquis-Faulkes %A P. Gregor %A A. Newell %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 512-516 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.517 %T A Human Interface for In-Vehicle Information Space Using Drivers' Eye Movements %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Mori %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 517-521 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.522 %T Different Ways of Data-Reduction for Driver Simulator Validation %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A T. Mulder-Helliesen %A L. Dorn %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 522-526 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.527 %T The Development of a Bus Simulator for Bus Driver Training %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Muncie %A L. Dorn %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 527-531 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.532 %T An Analysis of Potential of Human Error in Hospital Work %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y. Okada %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 532-536 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.537 %T Reducing Interaction Style Errors in Task-Switching %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Oulasvirta %A H. Kuoppala %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 537-541 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.542 %T Pupil Dilation as an Indicator of Cognitive Workload in Human-Computer Interaction %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Pomplun %A S. Sunkara %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 542-546 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.547 %T Locating Relevant Categories in Web Menus: Effects of Menu Structure, Aging and Task Complexity %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J.-F. Rouet %A C. Ros %A G. Jegou %A S. Metta %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 547-551 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.552 %T Measuring Driver Fatigue and Establishing KOLINTANG Music Treatment for Decreasing Fatigue in Driver: A Preliminary Study to Develop Smart Sensor of Fatigue for Car Driver %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A I. Rozmi %A Y. Kurniawan %A I. Maakip %A M. S. A. Ghani %A M. J. M. Nor %A D. Sulaiman %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 552-556 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.557 %T Designing for Psychological Effects: Towards Mind-Based Media and Communications Technologies %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A T. Saari %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 557-561 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.562 %T Effects of perceptual and semantic grouping on the acquisition of hypertext conceptual models %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A L. Salmeron %A J. Canas %A I. Fajardo %A M. Gea %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 562-566 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.567 %T Predicting Design Induced Pilot Error: A comparison of SHERPA, Human Error HAZOP, HEIST and HET, a newly developed aviation specific HEI method %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. Salmon %A N. Stanton %A M. Young %A D. Harris %A J. Demagalski %A A. Marshall %A T. Waldmann %A S. Dekker %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 567-571 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.572 %T The Presentation of Conflict Resolution Advisories to Air Traffic Controllers - A Human Factors Perspective %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A D. Schaefer %A M. Flynn %A G. Skraaning %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 572-576 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.577 %T The Man without a Face, and other Stories about Human-Centred Automation in Nuclear Process Control %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Skraaning %A A. B. M. Skjerve %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 577-581 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.582 %T Situational Awareness Displays in Driving %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A N. Stanton %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 582-586 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.587 %T Predicting Pilot Error: Assessing the Performance of SHERPA %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A N. Stanton %A P. Salmon %A D. Harris %A J. Demagalski %A A. Marshall %A T. Waldmann %A S. Dekker %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 587-591 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.592 %T Assessing the Effect of New Technology on Driver Behavior - a Theoretical Model %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A R. Stewart %A D. Harris %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 592-596 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.597 %T Modeling of Knowledge Structure Transformation with First-Order Clauses in Dynamic Systems %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K.-H. Tang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 597-601 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.602 %T Mental models of search engines: How does a WWW search engine work? %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Thatcher %A M. Greyling %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 602-606 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.607 %T Generation of Cognitive Ergonomic Dynamic Hypertext for E-Learning %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Trausan-Matu %A A. Marhan %A G. Iosif %A I. Juvina %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 607-611 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.612 %T Operational barrier to control human error %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A F. Van Der Haegen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 612-616 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.617 %T E-TRACKING: eye tracking analysis in the evaluation of e-learning systems %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A D. Zambarbieri %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 617-621 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.622 %T A systematic barrier removal methodology: application for transportation system %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Z. Zhang %A F. Van der haegen %A P. Polet %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 622-628 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.629 %T Web Interfaces between users and a centralized MAS for the technological watch %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A E. Adam %A M. Lecomte %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 629-633 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.634 %T Semantically Enhanced Hypermedia: A First Step %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A I. Alfaro %A M. Zancanaro %A A. Cappelletti %A M. Nardon %A A. Guerzoni %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 634-638 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.639 %T A Methodology for the Administration of a Web-Based Questionnaire %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Antunes %A E. Castro %A O. Mealha %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 639-643 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.644 %T Properties of Controlling Models for Expressions Linked to Visual Knowledge %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A E. Bamba %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 644-648 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.649 %T Are Users Ready for Electronic Prescription Processing? %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A D. Bell %A P. Marsden %A M. Kirby %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 649-653 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.654 %T Assuring Information Quality in Industrial Enterprises: Experiments in an ERP Environment %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A T. Bellocci %A M. Lehto %A S. Nof %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 654-658 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.659 %T Visualization Techniques for Personal Tasks on Mobile Computers %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Bieber %A C. Tominski %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 659-663 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.664 %T Agent-Based User Interface Customization in a System-Mediated Collaboration Environment %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Brocks %A U. Thiel %A A. Stein %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 664-668 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.669 %T Organisational Learning: An Investigation of Response to Rapid Change in a Traditional Environment %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Buckner %A E. Davenport %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 669-673 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.674 %T Explication and Legitimisation of Arguments and Outcomes in Sense-making and Innovation by Groups: Some Implications for Group Support Systems %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. Coetzee %A J. Phahlamohlaka %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 674-678 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.679 %T Users driven optimization for a web-based university Management Information System %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Del Rio Cumbreno %A J. T. Gonzalez %A J. F. Gonzalez %A M. G. Sobradelo %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 679-683 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.684 %T A learning companion - design of personal assistance in an adaptive information and learning ambience %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Englemeier %A J. Pereira %A N. Cerpa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 684-688 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.689 %T Design of ICT support for Communities of Practice: Case study of a Trade union information system %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A L. Ericson %A N. Hallberg %A T. Timpka %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 689-693 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.694 %T Human Computer Interaction and Cooperative Learning in Mobile Environments %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A B. Essmann %A T. Hampel %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 694-698 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.699 %T Modeling Business Information in Virtual Environment %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A D. Folinas %A V. Manthou %A M. Vlachopoulou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 699-703 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.704 %T Cyber Crime Advisory Tool - C{*CAT: a holistic approach to electronic evidence processing %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Frings %A M. Stanisic-Petrovic %A J. Falkner %A R. Urry %A N. Mitchison %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 704-708 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.709 %T Discussion over a shared file system %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y. Furui %A K. Matsunaga %A K. Shidoji %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 709-713 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.714 %T The Competence Card A Tool to improve Service %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A W. Ganz %A A.-S. Tombeil %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 714-718 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.719 %T A Group Development System for Improving Motivation, Performance and Team Climate in Virtual Teams %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Geister %A U. Konradt %A G. Hertel %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 719-723 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.724 %T Intercultural virtual cooperation: Psychological challenges for coordination %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A E. Grant %A H. Schulze %A S. Haasis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 724-728 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.729 %T Self-Administered Cooperative Knowledge Areas - Evaluation of the WWW Interface in Terms of Software Ergonomics - %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A T. Hampel %A B. Essmann %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 729-733 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.734 %T Changing Technology - Equal Opportunities? %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A N. Helminen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 734-738 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.739 %T Group Knowledge Acquisition System Using Two or More Domain Knowledge %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y. Hijikata %A T. Takenaka %A Y. Kusumura %A S. Nishida %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 739-743 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.744 %T Auditory Pointing for Interaction with Wearable Systems %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Hirota %A M. Hirose %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 744-748 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.749 %T Audience of Local Online Newspapers in Sweden, Slovakia and Spain - a comparative study %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A C. Ihlstrom %A J. Lundberg %A F. P. Sapina %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 749-753 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.754 %T iFlashBack: A Wearable System for Reinforcing Memorization Using Interaction Records %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y. Ikei %A Y. Hirose %A K. Hirota %A M. Hirose %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 754-758 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.759 %T Retrieval System for CAD Data on the Internet %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H.-S. Jung %A B.-G. Lee %A C.-M. Joo %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 759-763 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.764 %T Knowledge Management: An Essential Ingredient for Learning Organisations %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A B. Kayis %A A. Ahmed %A C. Reidsema %A O. Webster %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 764-768 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.769 %T Approaching Online Self-Representation in a Community of Practice %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A C. Kremer %A J. Ramey %A C. S. de Souza %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 769-773 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.774 %T Management of Information and Knowledge in Human Computer Interaction using System for Cusp Surface Analysis %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y. Kume %A C.-Y. Liu %A L. Cobb %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 774-778 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.779 %T Contextualizing Search Results in Networked Directories %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A C. Kunz %A V. Botsch %A J. Ziegler %A S. Dieter %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 779-783 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.784 %T Methods for Estimating the Person's Busyness as Awareness Information in the Medium-sized Laboratory Environment %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A I. Kuramoto %A Y. Shibuya %A T. Takeuchi %A Y. Tsujino %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 784-788 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.789 %T A Design that Meets User's Goals Creates Usable Security %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Latva-Koivisto %A Y. Kortesniemi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 789-793 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.794 %T Integrating and Evolving a Mob: The Growth of a Smart Mob into a Wireless Community of Practice %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Lester %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 794-798 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.799 %T Fruitful Collaborations: Integrating Research and Practice %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Levi %A G. Marchionini %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 799-803 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.804 %T Practices of KM for high-tech industry: Empirical study in Taiwan's industries %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A C.-Y. Liu %A T.-H. Lo %A Y. Kume %A B. J. C. Yuan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 804-808 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.809 %T Quality Assurance in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publications Office %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. McGlothlin %A V. P. Anderson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 809-813 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.814 %T Human oriented Intelligence Image Processing System for Integrated Visual Inspection %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Nakagawa %A H. Nakayasu %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 814-818 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.819 %T TV Viewing and Internet Use:Experiences from a Large-Scale Broadband Field Trial in Norway %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Nilsen %A K. Hamnes %A K. Thrane %A R. Ling %A M. Jensen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 819-823 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.824 %T Web LogVisualizer: a Tool for Communication and Information Management %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Nunes %A F. Zamfir %A O. Mealha %A B. Santos %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 824-828 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.829 %T Innovative UI Concepts for Mobile Devices %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A B. Otto %A F. Kaiser %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 829-833 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.834 %T Observations from the Introduction of an awareness Tool into a Workplace, and from the Use of its 'Status'-field %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Pekkola %A N. Kaarilahti %A P. Pohjola %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 834-838 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.839 %T Making Privacy Protocols Usable for Mobile Internet Environments %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. S. Pettersson %A C. Thoren %A S. Fischer-Hubner %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 839-843 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.844 %T The Conceptual Model for E-Learning Meta-Data Structure %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. Poyry %A L. Repokari %A H. Kautonen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 844-848 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.849 %T Col*Leccio: Collective Bookmark Discussion Applying Social Navigation %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Rodriguez %A N. Sylvie %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 849-853 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.854 %T Cognitive Strategies and the Process of Teaching and Learning %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Silva %A V. Almeida %A R. Orbolato %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 854-858 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.859 %T Towards an understanding of Common Information Spaces in Distributed and Mobile Work %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Spinelli %A J. Brodie %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 859-863 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.864 %T Adaptive and Context-Aware Information Environments based on ODIN - Using Semantic and Task Knowledge for User Interface Adaptation in Information Systems %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Stempfhuber %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 864-868 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.869 %T Use of the Kansei Engineering Approach in a Decision Support System for the Improvement of Medium-sized Supermarket Chains %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y. Taguchi %A T. Tabe %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 869-873 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.874 %T A Simple Representation of Socio-emotional Interactions to Promote On-line Community Involvement for Knowledge Sharing %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Takao %A M. Nagata %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 874-878 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.879 %T Mobile communication, image messaging and photo sharing: A preliminary comparison of Japanese and Finnish teenagers %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Tamminen %A S. Hari %A K. Toiskallio %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 879-883 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.884 %T Designing and evaluating Government Websites within the context of the Electronic Democracy %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A B. van der Vyver %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 884-888 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.889 %T The Use and Usability of Communication, Collaboration and Knowledge Management Tools in Virtual Organizations %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Vartiainen %A M. Hakonen %A N. Kokko %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 889-893 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.894 %T Putting Order to Episodic and Semantic Learning Memories:The Case for KLeOS %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Vavoula %A M. Sharples %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 894-898 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.899 %T Automated Identification and Correction of Coding Errors in an Accident Narrative Database %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Wellman %A M. Lehto %A G. Sorock %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 899-903 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.904 %T Estimation of Useful Field of View on the Situation of Driving Work %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Yamanaka %A H. Nakayasu %A K. Maeda %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 904-910 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.911 %T An automated system for studying brain function and brain connectivity in a clinical setting %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Arfanakis %A I. Heaton %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 911-915 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.916 %T The Clinical Perspective of Large Scale Projects: A Case Study with Pediatric Brain Tumors & Multiparametric MR Imaging %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A L. Astrakas %A A. Tzika %A F. Makedon %A S. Kapidakis %A S. Ye %A J. Ford %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 916-920 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.921 %T Theories on the impact of Information and Communication Technology and Psychosocial Life Environment %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Bradley %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 921-925 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.926 %T "Stressors of organizational conditions" - a new design-oriented work analysis instrument %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Buch %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 926-930 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.931 %T Breaking New Ground in Interactive Configuration of Production Environments by the Use of Intelligent Computer Tool %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A F. Butke %A T. Rist %A W. Sihn %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 931-935 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.936 %T A System to Manage the Information Related to the Reinforced Concrete Decay %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Colajanni %A R. Corrao %A A. de Vecchi %A A. Giammanco %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 936-940 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.941 %T Young urban knowledge workers - Relationship between ICT and psychosocial life environment %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A U. Danielsson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 941-945 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.946 %T Combining Virtual Reality with an Easy to Use and Learn Interface in a tool for Planning and Simulating Interventions in Radiologically Controlled Areas %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. de Antonio %A X. Ferre %A J. Ramirez %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 946-950 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.951 %T Empowering the User in Product Design with Virtual Reality %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A O. Demirbilek %A A. Aurum %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 951-955 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.956 %T A Strategy for Formal Service Product Model Specification %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K.-P. Fahnrich %A S. Auer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 956-960 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.961 %T State of the Art in Service Engineering and Management %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K.-P. Fahnrich %A W. Ganz %A T. Meiren %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 961-965 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.966 %T Holistic development of new services %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Freitag %A T. Meiren %A H. Wurps %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 966-970 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.971 %T "Job redesign" - still between work organization and work rationalization %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A E. Frieling %A S. Stormer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 971-975 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.976 %T Successful Business Models of Telemedical Services %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. G. Gemuenden %A C. Schultz %A K. Salomo %A S. Salomon %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 976-980 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.981 %T Visualization of Interaction Patterns in Collaborative Knowledge Networks for Medical Applications %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. Gloor %A R. Laubacher %A S. Dynes %A Y. Zhao %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 981-985 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.986 %T The usage of CRM system at modelling quality of products(CRM FQ - Customer Relationship Management for Quality) %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Golinski %A J. Kalkowska %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 986-990 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.991 %T Designing a Data Management System for Monitoring Camera in Emergency %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y. Hijikata %A Y. Wang %A S. Nishida %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 991-995 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.996 %T New Interaction Concept toward Reestablishing the Human Bonds in Daily Life %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A N. Hirasawa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 996-1000 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1001 %T The Computer Human Interface as a Partner in the Doctor Patient Relationship %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A D. Hoch %A S. Prady %A Y. Finegan %A L. Daly %A J. Lester %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1001-1005 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1006 %T Communicating the Company Brand in the Investor Market: The Collocational Analysis of the Case Company's Quarterly Reports %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. Jarvi %A H. Vanharanta %A C. Magnusson %A A. Arppe %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1006-1010 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1011 %T The Development of a CAD System for Carbon Fishing Rod %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A C.-M. Joo %A H.-S. Jung %A B.-G. Lee %A Y. Kume %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1011-1015 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1016 %T Virtual museum of informatics history in Siberia %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A V. Kasyanov %A G. Nesgovorova %A T. Volyanskaya %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1016-1020 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1021 %T The Impact of Flexibility Management on Total Chain of Manufacturing %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A B. Kayis %A S. Kara %A K. Skutalakul %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1021-1025 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1026 %T Interaction in a Relaxed Attitude %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y. Kinoe %A T. Hama %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1026-1030 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1031 %T Comprehension-Based Approach to HCI for Designing Interaction in Information Space %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Kitajima %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1031-1035 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1036 %T The Concept of New Interface Design for Elder Persons %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A D. Kobayashi %A S. Yamamoto %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1036-1040 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1041 %T Managing industrial service portfolios using a platform approach %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. R. Kuster %A V. Liestmann %A V. Stich %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1041-1045 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1046 %T Enhancing Remote Control Performance: Enabling Tele-Presence Via a 3D Stereoscopic Display %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Y. Lim %A R. Quek %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1046-1050 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1051 %T Intelligent Human Interface for Road Tunnel Fire Ventilation Control System %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Maeda %A I. Nakahori %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1051-1055 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1056 %T Multi-Functional Data Collection Interfaces for Biomedical Research Collaboration %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A F. Makedon %A T. Steinberg %A L. Rahme %A A. Tzika %A H. Wishart %A Y. Wang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1056-1060 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1061 %T Maintenance Support of Corporate Directories with Social-filtering %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Misue %A T. Ugai %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1061-1065 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1066 %T SeL-Mixer: A Music Authoring Environment Fusing Virtual and Physical Activities %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Mori %A K. Azuma %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1066-1070 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1071 %T Coordinated Interfaces for Real-time Decision Making in Hierarchical Structures %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Nakatani %A S. Yamazaki %A S. Nishida %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1071-1075 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1076 %T Future Trends of Human Interfaces for Public Facilities in Japan %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y. Nishikawa %A S. Nishida %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1076-1080 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1081 %T Visualizing Medical Imagery in Situ: Augmented Reality as X-Ray Vision %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A C. Owen %A A. Tang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1081-1085 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1086 %T Implementation Studies with GUIs utilizing Fisheye Lens - Application for CCTV based Surveillance and Interactive TV - %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A N. Ozaki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1086-1090 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1091 %T New Heuristics for Improving Heuristic Evaluation %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. Patsula %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1091-1095 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1096 %T Towards a Unified Model of Simple Physical and Virtual Environments %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A T. Pederson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1096-1100 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1101 %T Monitoring and Control of Systems by Interactive Virtual Environments %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. M. Quick %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1101-1105 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1106 %T Web-based Toolkits for the Management of Customer Integrated Innovation %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A R. Reichwald %A S. Seifert %A D. Walcher %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1106-1110 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1111 %T Work and Off-the-Job Acticities: An Important New Field of Work Analysis %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Resch %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1111-1115 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1116 %T New technology driven processes for the construction sector - the research project ViBaL %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Rieck %A W. Bauer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1116-1120 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1121 %T Training and Assistance to Maintenance in an Augmented Reality environment %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A B. Schwald %A B. de Laval %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1121-1125 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1126 %T The Internet in the home: Changing the domestic landscape %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Sloane %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1126-1130 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1131 %T Framing the Flightdeck of the Future: Human Factors Issues in Freeflight and Datalink %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Stedmon %A S. Nichols %A G. Cox %A H. Neale %A S. Jackson %A J. Wilson %A T. Milne %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1131-1135 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1136 %T Asymmetric Communication Mode to Realize Collaboration between Remotely Located Participants for Dealing with Failures %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A T. Tanaka %A H. Yajima %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1136-1140 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1141 %T Interrogating Search Engine Design using Claims Analysis and General Design Heuristics %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y.-L. Theng %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1141-1145 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1146 %T Overview of Process Trend Analysis %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Triki %A B. Riera %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1146-1150 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1151 %T A Study of a Southern California Wired Community: Where Technology Meets Social Utopianism %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Venkatesh %A S. Chen %A V. M. Gonzales %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1151-1155 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1156 %T Collaborative Architectural Design Supported by an Information and Knowledge Pump %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Verbeke %A M. Stellingwerff %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1156-1160 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1161 %T Communicating in the Home: A Research Agenda for the Emerging Area of Home Informatics %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A V. Vimarlund %A S. Hagglund %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1161-1165 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1166 %T Knowledge Management Systems: Issues concerning collaboration %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Vouros %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1166-1170 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1171 %T Usability Testing in Chinese Industries %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A X. Yuan %A X. Fu %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1171-1175 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1176 %T Reliability Analysis and Design in Computer-Assisted Surgery %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Zimolong %A K. Rademacher %A M. Stockheim %A B. Zimolong %A G. Rau %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1176-1180 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1181 %T Constraint-Based Teamwork Analysis in the Software Industry %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A B. Zimolong %A T. Uhle %A S. Kolominski %A P. Wiederhake %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1181-1185 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1186 %T Prognostic Work Analysis Using a Simulation Approach %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Zulch %A S. Stowasser %A R. Schwarz %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1186-1192 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1193 %T Mining Network Quality of Service with Neural Networks %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Abraham %A J. Thomas %A G. Ghinea %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1193-1197 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1198 %T Testing Software Packages Using Mouse Clicks Controls %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. A. Aburas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1198-1202 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1203 %T Nine Principles for Actable Systems Design %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. Agerfalk %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1203-1207 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1208 %T Holistic Communication Modelling: Enhancing Human-Centred Design through Empowerment %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A E. Berki %A H. Isomaki %A M. Jakala %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1208-1212 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1213 %T The Context Quintet: Narrative Elements Applied to Context Awareness %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Brooks %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1213-1217 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1218 %T Software evaluation by the ergonomic assessment tool EKIDES %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Bubb %A I. Jastrzebska-Fraczek %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1218-1222 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1223 %T Researches on Pen-Based User Interface %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Dai %A T. Feng %A L. Jie %A Q. Yanyan %A A. Xiang %A W. Weixin %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1223-1227 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1228 %T On the relevance of 3D shapes for use as interfaces to architectural heritage data %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A I. Dudek %A J.-Y. Blaise %A P. Benistant %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1228-1232 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1233 %T Designing a box of inspirations: a story about intecreation from an information portal for puppetry %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Englmeier %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1233-1237 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1238 %T Comparing Presentation Styles of Help for Shoppers on the Web %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Q. Gao %A P.-L. P. Rau %A Z. Wei %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1238-1242 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1243 %T Grid Transparent Windows %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. G. Lorente %A J. R. Iglesias %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1243-1247 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1248 %T Methods for exploring workplace activities and user contexts employing intermediate objects - self-photos, personal view records, and skit performance %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Hasuike %A E. Tamaru %A M. Tozaki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1248-1252 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1253 %T An examination method of human interface using physiological information %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y. Hayasaka %A T. Kimura %A S. Ogawa %A N. Segawa %A K. Yamazaki %A M. Miyazaki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1253-1257 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1258 %T Interactive Maps on Mobile, Location-Based Systems: Design Solutions and Usability Testing %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A F. Hermann %A F. Heidmann %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1258-1262 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1263 %T Searching for Patient Educational Information Using Electronic Resources: An Exploration of Nurses' Search Behavior %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Jones %A M. J. Smith %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1263-1267 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1268 %T InfoSky: Visual Exploration of Large Hierarchical Document Repositories %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A F. Kappe %A G. Droschl %A W. Kienreich %A V. Sabol %A J. Becker %A K. Andrews %A M. Granitzer %A K. Tochtermann %A P. Auer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1268-1272 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1273 %T VisJex - a Tool for Interactive Information Visualization %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Kleindienst %A C. Rathke %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1273-1277 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1278 %T Qualitative Evaluation of TT-Net Project %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Kruckeberg %A S. Goll %A M. Behrends %A I. Koster %A H. Matthies %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1278-1282 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1283 %T Computer-Supported Design Tools for Incorporating Multiple Levels of Cultural Context %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K.-P. Lee %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1283-1287 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1288 %T Towards a methodology for DSS user-centered design %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A S. Lepreux %A C. Kolski %A G. Queric %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1288-1292 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1293 %T Concept Design of Mobile Phone for Chinese Deaf Mutes %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y. Li %A W. Yang %A R. Yang %A X. Li %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1293-1297 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1298 %T Computer Mediated Communication: A Study of Student Interaction with the Resources %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A L. Morris %A L. Genua %A G. Wood %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1298-1302 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1303 %T Text comprehension processes and hypertext design %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Naumann %A J. Waniek %A A. Brunstein %A J. Krems %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1303-1307 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1308 %T A method for compression of three dimensional bi-level image %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Nishio %A K. Kobori %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1308-1312 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1313 %T Human-Human Collaborative Intentions in Learning Environment through Computer Graphics Interactions %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A C. Osuna-Gomez %A L. Sheremetov %A M. Romero-Salcedo %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1313-1317 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1318 %T Experiments Using Combinations of Auditory Stimuli to Communicate E-mail Data %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A D. Rigas %A D. Memery %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1318-1322 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1323 %T Context Sensitive Interactive Systems Design: A Framework for Representation of contexts %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Sato %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1323-1327 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1328 %T Filter Effects of Mediating Technologies %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Svendsen %A B. Evjemo %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1328-1332 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1333 %T Technical and Social Standards to support Appropriate Use of Digital Everyday Appliances %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Tamura %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1333-1337 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1338 %T A Method of Volume Metamorphosis by Using Mathematical Morphology %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A Y. Teshima %A K. Kobori %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1338-1342 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1343 %T Designing Self-directed Learning Environments in Museum Settings: A Context Sensitive Approach %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Tichy %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1343-1347 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1348 %T On the Statistical Distribution of Features in Content-Based Image Retrieval %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A G. Tsihrintzis %A A. Theodossi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1348-1352 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1353 %T Dying Link %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Tsukada %A S. Takabayashi %A T. Masui %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1353-1357 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1358 %T Redesign the Data Dump - Statistical Vector Field %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. von Hellberg %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1358-1362 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1363 %T The Mars Exploration Rover / Collaborative Information Portal %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Walton %A R. Filman %A J. Schreiner %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1363-1367 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1368 %T The Application of User-Centered Interaction Concepts to the Design of a Wireless Signal Strength Test Analyzer - A Case Study %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H.-T. Wang %A C.-H. Chen %A H. L. Hsu %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1368-1372 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1373 %T The WWW of Information Structures Design for Chinese Users %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A C. Zhao %A K. Zhang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1373-1380 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1381 %T Evaluation Consolidation of Virtual Reality Tools and Applications within VIEW project %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Amditis %A I. Karaseitanidis %A N. Boutsikaki %A E. Bekiaris %A J. Wilson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1381-1385 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1386 %T Networked VR for Virtual Heritage %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. Ando %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1386-1390 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1391 %T Co-located interaction in virtual environments via de-coupled interfaces %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A V. Bayon %A G. Griffiths %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1391-1395 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1396 %T Building Virtual Environments using the Virtual Environment Development Structure: A Case Study %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A M. D. Cruz %A A. Stedmon %A J. Wilson %A P. Modern %A G. Sharples %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1396-1400 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1401 %T Haptics in Museum Exhibitions %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A K. Hirota %A M. Hirose %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1401-1405 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1406 %T Wearable Computers and Field Museum %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Hiyama %A M. Hirose %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1406-1410 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1411 %T Towards i-dove, an interactive support tool for building and using virtual environments with guidelines %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. Karampelas %A D. Grammenos %A A. Mourouzis %A C. Stephanidis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1411-1415 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1416 %T GestureMan PS: Effect of a Head and a Pointing Stick on Robot Mediated Communication %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A H. Kuzuoka %A J. Kosaka %A S. Oyama %A K. Yamazaki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1416-1420 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1421 %T The Factory of the Future? The Integration of Virtual Reality for Advanced Industrial Applications %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A P. Modern %A A. Stedmon %A M. D. Cruz %A J. Wilson %A G. Sharples %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1421-1425 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1426 %T Virtual Prints: An Empowering Tool for Virtual Environments %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Mourouzis %A D. Grammenos %A M. Filou %A P. Papadakos %A C. Stephanidis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1426-1430 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1431 %T Avatar Communication: Virtual Instructor in the Demonstration Exhibit %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A T. Ogi %A T. Yamada %A T. Kayahara %A Y. Kurita %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1431-1435 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1436 %T Two Methods and a Case Study: Human Factors Evaluations for Virtual Environments %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A A. Stedmon %A M. D. Cruz %A J. Tromp %A J. Wilson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1436-1440 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1441 %T Design of Interaction Devices for Optical Tracking in Immersive Environments %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A O. Stefani %A H. Hoffmann %A J. Rauschenbach %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1441-1445 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1446 %T Implementation of a Scalable Virtual Environment %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A T. Tanikawa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1446-1450 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1451 %T VIEW-IT: A VR/CAD Inspection Tool for use in Industry %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Tromp %A S. Nichols %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1451-1455 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.3.1456 %T Another small step for real use of virtual environments?: the VIEW of the Future project %S Human-centred computing : cognitive, social and ergonomic aspects %A J. Wilson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 3 %P 1456-1460 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates fpack:!@#$%^&*(): HCII03-4.B %M C.HCII.03.4.3 %T Teaching design for all in HCI %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Abascal %A N. Garay %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 3-7 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.8 %T CoU: Context of Use Model for User Interface Designing %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A R. Abi-Aad %A D. Sinnig %A T. Radhakrishnan %A A. Seffah %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 8-12 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.13 %T SIMPLEX: a simple user check-model for Inclusive Design %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A R. Adams %A P. Langdon %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 13-17 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.18 %T Universal Access Heuristics for Blind and Visually Impaired People Who Use ICT %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A R. Adams %A G. Whitney %A P. Langdon %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 18-22 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.23 %T The Synergies between Universal Design and User-Centred Design %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Astbrink %A J. Beekhuyzen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 23-27 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.28 %T I2BN: Exemplified Best Practice for Access to Internet Resources for Handicapped User Groups %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Baum %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 28-32 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.33 %T Task Modeling for Customization of Web Applications %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A B. Bomsdorf %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 33-37 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.38 %T Addressing Print Disabilities in Adult Foreign-language Acquisition %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Brown %A P. Robinson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 38-42 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.43 %T Disability Participation to Design an Assistive Product for Cerebral Palsy Patient %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C.-H. Chen %A H.-T. Ke %A F.-G. Wu %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 43-47 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.48 %T Stiftung Digitale Chancen - Digital Opportunities Foundation and Aktionsbundnis fur barrierefreie Informationstechnik - Alliance for barrier free Information Technology %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Croll %A C. Buhler %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 48-52 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.53 %T Design for All Key Knowledge and Skill Sets for Information and Communication Products, Services and Systems %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Darzentas %A J. Darzentas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 53-57 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.58 %T Usability and Accessibility Investigation of E-Banking Registration Processes %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Dodd %A R. Stevens %A P. Langdon %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 58-62 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.63 %T An Assessment of Braided Learning: An Including Educational Philosophy for IT-related Education %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Donnelly %A R. McGuirk %A B. Holmes %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 63-67 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.68 %T The Emotional Hearing Aid: An Assistive Tool for Autism %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A R. El Kaliouby %A P. Robinson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 68-72 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.73 %T Teaching design for all: the needs and expectations of industry from a DfA curriculum %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Engelen %A C. Strobbe %A J. Darzentas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 73-77 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.78 %T Distributed Cognition: A Conceptual Framework for Design-for-All %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Fischer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 78-82 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.83 %T Interfacing Business Object and User Models with Action Models %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Forbrig %A A. Dittmar %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 83-87 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.88 %T A Framework to Ensure Continuous Accessibility, Acceptability and, Usability of Systems %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A E. Furtado %A O. C. Junior %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 88-92 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.93 %T Multimedia Courses for Social Work Students - More than Reading a Book Online %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Goll %A J. Kruckeberg %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 93-97 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.98 %T Technology, Society and Mind %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Ilmonen %A J. Kontkanen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 98-102 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.103 %T Goal-Oriented vs. Open-Ended Applications %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Ilmonen %A J. Kontkanen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 103-107 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.108 %T Investigating Mobile Use for Wearable Product Concept Design %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Karvonen %A J. Parkkinen %A L. Poropudas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 108-112 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.113 %T Cognitive Capability Scales for Design for Participation %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Langdon %A R. Adams %A P. J. Clarkson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 113-117 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.118 %T A comparison between Universal design practical guidelines and participatory design %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Matsunobe %A T. Yamaoka %A K. Adachi %A C. Tanaka %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 118-122 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.123 %T A structured approach to the interaction in 3D %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A Z. Mikovec %A P. Slavik %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 123-127 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.128 %T BIKA - Competence Center Barrier-Free Information and Communication Technologies for All %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A Y. Mohamad %A H. Gappa %A G. Nordbrock %A D. Stegemann %A C. Velasco %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 128-132 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.133 %T IDCnet - A thematic network for Inclusive Design Curricula: aims and objectives %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A Y. Mohamad %A C. Velasco %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 133-137 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.138 %T Universal Design for Information Technology: Application to Research and Development %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A Y. Motomiya %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 138-142 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.143 %T Empathic Modelling in Teaching Design for All %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Nicolle %A M. Maguire %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 143-147 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.148 %T Current Status of Universal Design for Information Technology in Japan %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Sekine %A N. Sakakibara %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 148-152 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.153 %T Towards a framework for creating design support environments for adaptive systems %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Spyrou %A E. Vlachogiannis %A A. Arnellos %A J. Darzentas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 153-157 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.158 %T Observation Threshold of Cellular Phone Represented Angles and Its Related Factors %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A F.-G. Wu %A E. Chang %A C.-H. Chen %A R. Chen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 158-162 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.163 %T A concept and method of proposed Universal Design Practical Guideline %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Yamaoka %A K. Yamazaki %A A. Okada %A S. Saitoh %A M. Nomura %A K. Yanagida %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 163-167 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.168 %T Proposal for design process and user segments table for universal practical guidelines %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Yamazaki %A A. Okada %A S. Saitoh %A K. Yanagida %A T. Yamaoka %A M. Nomura %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 168-172 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.173 %T Using the UD matrix to extract problems of an application form %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Yoshioka %A T. Matsunobe %A T. Yamaoka %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 173-180 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.181 %T Automated Vocabulary Collection to Allow Topical Conversation for Non-Speaking People %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Ashraf %A I. Ricketts %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 181-185 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.186 %T Accessibility of web applications: different approaches for different fields %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A L. Burzagli %A P. Graziani %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 186-190 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.191 %T Technology in the Workplace: Implications for Older Workers %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Czaja %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 191-195 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.196 %T Will the interfaces be more human in the future? %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Ekberg %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 196-200 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.201 %T Evaluating the Usability of Joystick Control of a Screen Magnifier with Visually Impaired Users %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Evans %A H. Kurniawan %A A. King %A P. Blenkhorn %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 201-205 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.206 %T Eye tracking approach for gerontechnology %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A R. Fukuda %A H. Bubb %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 206-210 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.211 %T A Sign Language Interface for Web-Based Bilingual / Bicultural Education of Deaf Children %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A V. Hanson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 211-215 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.216 %T Non-Manual Signals in Japanese Sign Language %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Kanda %A A. Ichikawa %A Y. Nagashima %A M. Terauchi %A D. Hara %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 216-220 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.221 %T Intelligent Wheelchair Looking at Pedestrians and the Caregiver %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A Y. Kuno %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 221-225 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.226 %T A Web Browser for People with Quadrip legia %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Larson %A J. Gips %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 226-230 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.231 %T Distance Training for the Inclusion of Low-incidence Groups %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A L. Moniz-Pereira %A C. Espadinha %A E. Saragoca %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 231-235 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.236 %T An Investigation into the performance of a Virtual Mirror Box for the treatment of Phantom Limb Pain in Amputees using Augmented Reality Technology %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. O'Neill %A A. de Paor %A M. MacLachlan %A G. McDarby %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 236-240 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.241 %T Problems in Healthcare Website Designs: Implications for Usability and Comprehension in the Elderly %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A R. Ownby %A S. Czaja %A J. T. Gray %A C. N. Carmin %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 241-245 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.246 %T Technology -based Caregiver Intervention Research %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A R. Schulz %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 246-250 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.251 %T Enabling Access to the Graphical User Interface for People with Vision Impairments %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A R. Sinclair %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 251-255 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.256 %T Issues in Human Computer Interaction seen from an Assistive Technology perspective %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Soede %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 256-260 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.261 %T A Research on JSL Conversation Process %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Terauchi %A Y. Nagashima %A K. Kanda %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 261-265 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.266 %T Better accessibility to promote human-computer interaction for all %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Tjader %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 266-270 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.271 %T Design for Older People: Standardization vs. Personal Fit %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Umemuro %A H. Ogi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 271-275 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.276 %T e-AAC: Making Internet-based Interpersonal Communication and WWW Content Accessible for AAC Symbol Users %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Viglas %A G. Kouroupetroglou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 276-280 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.281 %T A Proposal for a Communication Device with a Finger and a Palm for the Deaf-blind %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Wada %A Y. Wada %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 281-288 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.289 %T Mobile interfaces for people with severe motor restrictions %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Abascal %A D. Cagigas %A N. Garay %A L. Gardeazabal %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 289-293 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.294 %T Service Adaptation and Personalisation in the PALIO Project %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Andreadis %A P. Fedele %A G. Giambene %A J. Santoro %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 294-298 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.299 %T Traveling Narrative and Mediated Instruments %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Bationo %A F. Decortis %A J. Kahn %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 299-303 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.304 %T User-friendly interaction/interface control of intelligent home for movement-disabled people %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A Z. Z. Bien %A J.-H. Do %A J.-B. Kim %A D. Stefanov %A K.-H. Park %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 304-308 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.309 %T "In the pocket": an Empirical Study of Multimodal Devices for Mobile Activities %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Calvet %A J. Kahn %A P. Salembier %A M. Zouinar %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 309-313 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.314 %T Technology for people localization in smart homes %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A R. Casas %A J. Falco %A J. I. Artigas %A J. Falco %A A. Gallego %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 314-318 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.319 %T Supporting Access to Museum Information for Mobile Visitors %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Ciavarella %A F. Paterno %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 319-323 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.324 %T Standard Buses for Domotics: Technology & Convergence %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Civit %A G. Jimenez %A J. L. Sevillano %A S. Vicente %A F. Diaz %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 324-328 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.329 %T Cultural Probes: Eliciting Requirements for Dependable Ubiquitous Computing in the Home %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Clarke %A K. Cheverst %A G. Dewsbury %A D. Fitton %A J. Hughes %A M. Rouncefield %A I. Sommerville %A T. Hemmings %A T. Rodden %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 329-333 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.334 %T Components for a ubiquitous learning environment %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A D. Cuartielles %A L. Malmborg %A P. Schlaucher %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 334-338 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.339 %T A user evaluation study of a multi-modal mobile navigation aid %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. de Heer %A M. Eisenhauer %A V. Siochos %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 339-343 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.344 %T 3D audio news presentations modeling for mobile environment %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Djennane %A S. Goose %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 344-348 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.349 %T Accessible User Interfaces for Smart Homes %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A D. Eguzkiza %A N. Garay %A L. Gardeazabal %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 349-353 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.354 %T Mobile information systems for all %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Eisenhauer %A R. Oppermann %A B. Schmidt-Belz %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 354-358 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.359 %T Real World Object Annotation for See-Through Displays %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Ferscha %A M. Keller %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 359-363 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.364 %T Intelligent User Interface for Integrated Alert System in Tele-homecare %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A E. Fugger %A M. Asslaber %A A. Hochgatterer %A B. Prazak %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 364-368 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.369 %T Evaluating the Double-Deck Desk %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A W. Gaver %A A. Boucher %A H. Martin %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 369-373 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.374 %T Ubiquitous Access to Documents: Using Storytelling to Alleviate Cognitive Problems %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A D. Goncalves %A J. Jorge %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 374-378 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.379 %T Mobile 3D Visualization and Interaction in an Industrial Environment %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Goose %A S. Guven %A X. Zhang %A S. Sudarsky %A N. Navab %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 379-383 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.384 %T A new approach to Interoperability of Distributed Devices %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Gutknecht %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 384-388 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.389 %T Building the Brief: Action and Audience in Augmented Reality %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Halkia %A G. Local %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 389-393 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.394 %T Facing the future: Including elderly users when considering universal access %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A V. Hanson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 394-398 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.399 %T Sentinel: Universal Access to Ambient Devices %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Harper %A C. Goble %A S. Pettitt %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 399-403 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.404 %T Universal Design for Mobile Electronic Health Records %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A E. Hofvenschiold %A F. Heidmann %A S. Eiblmaier %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 404-408 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.409 %T Service Challenges of Wireless Composite Networks %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A D. Ikonomou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 409-413 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.414 %T Re-appearing interfaces of objects %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Kameas %A I. Mavrommati %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 414-418 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.419 %T Architectures for Multimodal Interactive Assistant Systems %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Kirste %A S. Rapp %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 419-423 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.424 %T A Reference Framework for Multi-Surface Interaction %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Lachenal %A J. Coutaz %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 424-428 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.429 %T Discovery in a Dynamically Composable Personal System %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Lalis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 429-433 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.434 %T Decreasing the Annoyance of Your Mobile Device A Case Study in Context Awareness %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Lashina %A F. Vignoli %A V. Buil %A S. van de Wijdeven %A J. Hoonhout %A G. Hollemans %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 434-438 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.439 %T Designing for older and inexperienced mobile phone users %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Maguire %A Z. Osman %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 439-443 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.444 %T Ubiquitous-computing enabled wireless devices %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A D. Majoe %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 444-448 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.449 %T Levels of design: from usability to experience %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Marti %A A. Rizzo %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 449-453 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.454 %T Adaptive Brain Interfaces for Communication and Control %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. del RMillan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 454-458 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.459 %T A conceptual model to support device-independent and accessible authoring and publishing by a next generation Web Publishing Framework %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A Y. Mohamad %A C. Velasco %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 459-463 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.464 %T Human-smart environment interaction in case of severe disability %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Mokhtari %A M. A. Feki %A B. Abdulrazak %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 464-468 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.469 %T The Ubiquitous Interactor - Universal Access to Mobile Services %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Nylander %A M. Bylund %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 469-473 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.474 %T Moving Target: Designing for Evolving Practice %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A B. Papantoniou %A D. Nathanael %A N. Marmaras %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 474-478 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.479 %T Ubiquitous Computing and the Elderly %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Riekki %A J. Roning %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 479-483 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.484 %T Conceptual Architecture for Mobility Context %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A E. Rubegni %A M. Caporali %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 484-488 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.489 %T Dynamic environment-adapted mobile interfaces: the Voyager Toolkit %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Savidis %A C. Stephanidis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 489-493 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.494 %T Needs of the Active Elderly for Mobile Phones %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Tuomainen %A S. Haapanen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 494-498 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.499 %T A Standard for Controlling Ubiquitous Computing and Environmental Resources from Any Personal Device %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. C. Vanderheiden %A G. Zimmermann %A S. Trewin %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 499-506 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.507 %T Animated Chatting -Universal access by Converting Text Information into Animation,Symbols, and Background Pictures %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Ando %A S. Hori %A J. Matsuda %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 507-511 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.512 %T Learning Affective Behavior %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A E. Andre %A M. Mueller %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 512-516 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.517 %T Applying Logic Inference Techniques for Gaining Flexibility and Adaptivity in Tutoring Systems %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Baldoni %A C. Baroglio %A V. Patti %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 517-521 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.522 %T Improving Web Interaction through Personalization %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Buono %A M. F. Costabile %A S. P. Guida %A R. Lanzilotti %A A. Piccinno %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 522-526 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.527 %T Network Shared Knowledge, Veridiction and Support to Trusted Network Relationships in an Interpretative-Semiotics Framework %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Bussotti %A M. C. Pettenati %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 527-531 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.532 %T Domain-Expert Users and their Needs of Software Development %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. F. Costabile %A D. Fogli %A C. Letondal %A P. Mussio %A A. Piccinno %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 532-536 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.537 %T Dynamic Adaptation of Navigation Models in Hypermedia: Project Tirsus, a case of Study %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. De la Puente Salan %A J. R. Perez %A S. O. Barriales %A M. G. Rodriguez %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 537-541 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.542 %T Challenges for End-User Development in CE devices %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A B. De Ruyter %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 542-546 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.547 %T PALIO as an enabling platform for disabled and elderly people %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. L. Emiliani %A A. Paramythis %A L. Burzagli %A C. Stephanidis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 547-551 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.552 %T Addressing User Interaction Requirements in Real Time using Adaptive Interactive Dialogs %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. G. Rodriguez %A M. del Puerto Paule Ruiz %A J. R. P. Perez %A S. O. Barriales %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 552-556 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.557 %T User Modeling with Sequential Data %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A N. Jacobs %A H. Blockeel %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 557-561 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.562 %T Shared initiative:Cross-fertilisation between system adaptivity and adaptability %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Klann %A M. Eisenhauer %A R. Oppermann %A V. Wulf %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 562-566 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.567 %T Ontology Switching as Interaction Technique for the Semantic Web %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Mandl %A C. Womser-Hacker %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 567-571 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.572 %T Building Adaptive Training and Therapeutic Systems by Considering the User's Affective States %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A Y. Mohamad %A C. Velasco %A H. Tebarth %A T. Berlage %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 572-576 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.577 %T User-Centered Point of View to End-User Development %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Palanque %A R. Bastide %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 577-581 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.582 %T Personalisable, Context-aware Services: The PALIO approach %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Paramythis %A C. Alexandraki %A I. Segkos %A N. Maou %A C. Stephanidis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 582-586 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.587 %T The PALIO Framework for Hypermedia Adaptations %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Paramythis %A C. Alexandraki %A I. Segkos %A N. Maou %A C. Stephanidis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 587-591 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.592 %T From Model-based to Natural Development %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A F. Paterno %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 592-596 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.597 %T An Intelligent Agent-Based Personalized Information System %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Petit-Roze %A E. G.-L. Strugeon %A G. Uster %A C. Kolski %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 597-601 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.602 %T Pipelined Filter Combination in Product Personalization %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A V. Renneberg %A U. M. Borghoff %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 602-606 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.607 %T Towards a Next Generation of Embodied Conversational Characters - Making them Learn %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Rist %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 607-611 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.612 %T Plastic ML and its toolkit %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Rouillard %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 612-616 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.617 %T Exploiting supervised learning techniques to model user preferences: personalized e-salespersons for personalized e-stores %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Semeraro %A M. Degemmis %A P. Lops %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 617-621 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.622 %T Contributions, Costs and Prospects for End-User Development %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Sutcliffe %A D. Lee %A N. Mehandjiev %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 622-626 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.627 %T RepairML: Linking Tools for Web Accessibility %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Takagi %A K. Fukuda %A C. Asakawa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 627-631 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.632 %T Extensions to the Method of Using Conceptual Graphs for User Modeling %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Tzanavari %A P. Paulson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 632-636 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.637 %T An Approach for Personalisation and Content Adaptation for Accessible Internet Services Based on User and Device Profiles %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A N. Viorres %A P. Koutsabasis %A A. Arnellos %A J. Darzentas %A C. Velasco %A Y. Mohamad %A T. Spyrou %A J. Darzentas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 637-641 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.642 %T Services and Methods for Personalized Customer Interaction %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Vlachakis %A H. Beckmann %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 642-646 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.647 %T How game- like tests can be used in the development of a user model for a Universal Access interface %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A L. White %A J. Jerrams-Smith %A D. Heathcote %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 647-651 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.652 %T Can a web page layout be optimized? %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. M. Yenisey %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 652-656 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.657 %T An Influence Diagrams-Based Approach to Location Aware Mobile Computing %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A V. Zarikas %A C. Stephanidis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 657-664 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.665 %T Towards an Informatics System enabling Disabled people universal access to information and assistance services %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Amditis %A I. Karaseitanidis %A M. F. Gabrera %A E. Bekiaris %A J. Machate %A J. C. Naranjo %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 665-669 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.670 %T Paralle Coordinates for Interactive Exploration of Association Rules %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A D. Bruzzese %A C. Davino %A D. Vistocco %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 670-674 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.675 %T Analysing Association Rules with an Interactive Graph-Based Technique %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Buono %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 675-679 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.680 %T Spoken Books: Multimodal Interaction and Information Repurposing %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A L. Carrico %A N. Guimaraes %A C. Duarte %A T. Chambel %A H. Simoes %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 680-684 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.685 %T Robust Semantic Analysis for Adaptive Speech Interfaces %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Cheadle %A B. Gamback %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 685-689 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.690 %T Distributed Multimedia Content with P2P JXTA Technology %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Contreras %A S. Johnstone %A F. Murtagh %A K. Englmeier %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 690-694 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.695 %T NLP-based knowledge markup %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Declerck %A P. Buitelaar %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 695-699 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.700 %T Setting the scene for context-aware information providing %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Englmeier %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 700-704 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.705 %T Language Independent Querying for Information Discovery (LIQUID) %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Esteban %A A. S. Valderrabanos %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 705-709 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.710 %T Visual User Interaction in Three Dimensional Environments %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Farid %A F. Murtagh %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 710-714 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.715 %T Modeling the information contained in an organizational memory to facilitate its access %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J.-Y. Fortier %A G. Kassel %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 715-719 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.720 %T Towards a General Theory for Information Supply %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A B. Gils %A E. Proper %A P. van Bommel %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 720-724 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.725 %T New Perspectives on Accessible Information for Visually Impaired People %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Gladstone %A C. Rundle %A S. King %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 725-729 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.730 %T Natural Interaction in Spoken Dialogue Systems %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Jokinen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 730-734 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.735 %T Visual Data Mining: An Experience with the Users %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Kimani %A T. Catarci %A G. Santucci %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 735-739 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.740 %T Abductive retrieval for multimedia information seeking %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Lalmas %A T. Rolleke %A I. Ruthven %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 740-744 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.745 %T Technology Survey on Knowledge Based Multilinguality %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Leger %A M. Boualem %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 745-749 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.750 %T Intelligent Human Language Query Processing in Mkbeem %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Lehtola %A J. Heinecke %A C. Bounsaythip %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 750-754 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.755 %T A Component-Based Architecture Supporting Visual Data Mining Applications %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Leissler %A G. Jaeschke %A M. Hemmje %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 755-759 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.760 %T The Usability and Content Accessibility of the E-government in the UK %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. H.-Y. Ma %A P. Zaphiris %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 760-764 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.765 %T Information mining and information retrieval: methods and applications %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Mothe %A C. Chrisment %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 765-769 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.770 %T An automatic system to build resource databases for researchers %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Orasan %A R. Evans %A R. Mitkov %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 770-774 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.775 %T Collaborative Filtering of User Profiles using MPEG-7/MPEG-21 %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Parmar %A D. Knight %A M. Angelides %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 775-779 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.780 %T Multimedia Content Personalisation using MPEG-7/MPEG-21 %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Parmar %A D. Knight %A M. Angelides %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 780-784 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.785 %T Ontology integration in a multilingual e-retail system %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. T. Pazienza %A A. Stellato %A M. Vindigni %A A. Valarakos %A V. Karkaletsis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 785-789 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.790 %T Helping users get started with visual interfaces: multi-layered interfaces, integrated initial guidance and video demonstrations %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Plaisant %A H. Kang %A B. Shneiderman %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 790-794 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.795 %T Supporting Population Centered Medical Decision Making: Design Recommendations and Preliminary Assessment %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Potamias %A L. Koumakis %A G. Charissis %A V. Moustakis %A M. Tsiknakis %A S. Orphanoudakis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 795-799 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.800 %T Television and Visual Impairment: Prospects for the Accessibility of Interactive Television %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Rice %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 800-804 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.805 %T Interactive Retrieval and Visualization of Semantically Complex Data in Domain-Specific Information Systems %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Stempfhuber %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 805-809 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.810 %T Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Techniques for Visualizing a 3rd Data Dimension %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Wittenburg %A T. Lanning %A C. Forlines %A A. Esenther %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 810-816 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.817 %T Usability for those with cognitive Impairments: A Case Study and Preliminary Experimental Findings with dysphasic Subjects %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Abbott %A C. Davies %A M. Mourtzoukos %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 817-821 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.822 %T How Age Can Inform the Future Design of the Mobile Phone Experience %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Brodie %A J. Chattratichart %A M. Perry %A R. Scane %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 822-826 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.827 %T Domesticating technology - In-home requirements gathering with frail older people %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Dickinson %A J. Goodman %A A. Syme %A R. Eisma %A L. Tiwari %A O. Mival %A A. Newell %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 827-831 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.832 %T Primary school pupils with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms working with ICT: the role of educational software, learning activities, and collaborative work %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A F. Garagouni-Areou %A C. Solomonidou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 832-836 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.837 %T Identifying the Needs and Expectations of Users with Learning Disabilities %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A L. Hall %A G. Mallalieu %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 837-841 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.842 %T The VISTA project: universal access to Electronic Programme Guides for digital TV %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A F. Hamilton %A H. Petrie %A A. Carmichael %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 842-846 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.847 %T Speech Based Subtitles for Live Performance %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Hewitt %A C. Lyon %A R. Ahmed %A A. Lambourne %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 847-851 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.852 %T The Design of Kiosks for Providing Access to E-Information for Older Adults %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Keates %A J. Clarkeson %A P. Robinson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 852-856 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.857 %T Age-Related Differences in Subjective Ratings of Hierarchical Information %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Kurniawan %A P. Zaphiris %A R. D. Ellis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 857-861 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.862 %T Older Adults' Comprehension of Speech as Interactive Domestic Alarm System Output: A Field Study %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A L. Lines %A K. Hone %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 862-866 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.867 %T User needs for Digital TV services among older users %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Maguire %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 867-871 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.872 %T The Web accessible for all: guidelines for seniors %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Michel %A U. Benoit %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 872-876 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.877 %T Designing for Older Adults - Are they a Special Group? %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Noyes %A M. Sheard %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 877-881 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.882 %T Usability Evaluation Techniques for Interactive Television %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A L. Pemberton %A R. N. Griffiths %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 882-886 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.887 %T Studying the Usability of a web site focused on children %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A F. P. Sapina %A T. G. Saltiveri %A M. Gonzalez %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 887-891 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.892 %T Adapting the Web for Older Users %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Richards %A V. Hanson %A S. Trewin %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 892-896 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.897 %T The Development of Control Devices for Virtual Environments for Use by People with Intellectual Disabilities %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Standen %A D. Brown %A N. Anderton %A S. Battersby %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 897-901 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.902 %T A memory aid with remote communication for elderly and memory-impaired users %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Szymkowiak %A K. Morrison %A E. Inglis %A P. Gregor %A P. Shah %A J. Evans %A B. Wilson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 902-906 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.907 %T Investigating Digital TV design issues: A usability test of Interactive Advertising %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Vassilopoulou %A G. Lekakos %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 907-911 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.912 %T Voice XML: a New Opportunity for Older Adults %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Zajicek %A A. Lee %A R. Wales %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 912-916 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.917 %T Mathematical Formulation of Age Related Differences in Mouse Movement Tasks %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Zaphiris %A H. Kurniawan %A R. D. Ellis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 917-924 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.925 %T A Web Service for Automatic Accessibility Analysis of Web Pages Based on the Use of XML Structures %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Abascal %A M. Arrue %A N. Garay %A J. Tomas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 925-929 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.930 %T Application of Barrier free Internet in German Legislation %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Buhler %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 930-934 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.935 %T How will mobile devices contribute to an accessible ubiquitous iTV scenario %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. C. Roibas %A R. Sala %A S. Simola %A A. Hill %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 935-939 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.940 %T Table of Heuristic Evaluation for Communication of the Multimedia Systems %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A F. C. Ficarra %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 940-944 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.945 %T Use of Card Sorting for Cultural Web-Preferences Data Elicitation: The Case of Egyptian Internet Users %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. El Said %A K. Hone %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 945-949 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.950 %T Towards a Cognitive Accessibility Guideline based on Empirical Evidences of Deaf Users Web Interaction %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A I. Fajardo %A J. Canas %A L. Salmeron %A J. Abascal %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 950-954 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.955 %T On the application of W3C Guidelines in Website Design from scratch %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A D. Freitas %A H. Ferreira %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 955-959 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.960 %T An assist method for realizing a Web page structure for blind people %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Fukuda %A H. Takagi %A J. Maeda %A C. Asakawa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 960-964 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.965 %T Usability Engineering Process Model. Integration with Software Engineering %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Granollers %A J. Lores %A F. Perdrix %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 965-969 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.970 %T Multimedia Clip Type: Quality of Perception Impact on Users With and Without Hearing Loss %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. R. Gulliver %A G. Ghinea %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 970-974 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.975 %T Specifying Usability Requirements for e-Government Portals: Processes and Target Groups as Key Criteria %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A U. Holler %A M. A. Wimmer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 975-979 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.980 %T An investigation to the searching strategies for the information on foreign web sites %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K.-H. Huang %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 980-984 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.985 %T On Expert-Based Interface Evaluation of Web Resources Regarding Accessibility Issues: A Preliminary Investigation %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Karoulis %A A. Polyxenidou %A A. Pombortsis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 985-989 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.990 %T Detour Ahead: Current Roadblocks to Web Accessibility %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Lazar %A C. Schroeder-Thomas %A A. Jones %A K. Greenidge %A P. Beere %A J. Clements %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 990-994 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.995 %T Extension of W3C Standards for Real Web Accessibility %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A F. Maurel %A M. Raynal %A B. Oriola %A N. Vigouroux %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 995-999 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1000 %T Evaluating the Accessibility of Course Design Software and Online Learning Portals %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Meiselwitz %A J. Lazar %A J. Clements %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1000-1004 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1005 %T Evaluating User Interfaces for Accommodation of Individual Differences in Spatial Abilities and Way-Finding Strategies %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A E. D. Murphy %A S. M. Nusser %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1005-1009 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1010 %T A Study of Web Accessibility for the Hearing Impaired %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Namatame %A M. Kobayashi %A A. Harada %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1010-1014 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1015 %T High Quality Scenarios for Raising Web Content Accessibility Awareness %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A L. Nevile %A O. Burmeister %A C. McCathieNevile %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1015-1019 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1020 %T Aphasiahelp: Developing an Accessible Website for People with Communication Disabilities %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Newbery %A S. Parr %A B. Moss %A B. Petheram %A S. Byng %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1020-1024 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1025 %T Prospectives of the Benefits of Agent and Semantic Web-Based Wireless Applications for the Elderly User %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. A. O'Connell %A J. L. Burgett %A C. M. Jonker %A K. Silz %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1025-1029 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1030 %T A User-Centered Quality Model for Web Applications %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A F. Paganelli %A M. C. Pettenati %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1030-1034 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1035 %T Enhancing Usability Testing Skills of Novice Testers:A Longitudinal Study %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Skov %A J. Stage %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1035-1039 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1040 %T Automatic Accessibility Guideline Validation of XML Documents Based on a Specification Language %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A Y. Takata %A T. Nakamura %A H. Seki %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1040-1044 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1045 %T The computerized method for heuristic aiding of ergonomic design process %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A E. Tytyk %A A. Lasota %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1045-1049 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1050 %T Computer Aiding Method of Decision Making for Ergonomic Design of Man-Machine Systems %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A E. Tytyk %A K. Ragin-Skorecka %A K. Siemieniak %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1050-1054 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1055 %T Universal Interface Sockets and Virtual AT as Access Approaches for People with Severe, Extreme, and Multiple Disabilities %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. C. Vanderheiden %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1055-1062 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1063 %T A Validated Code of Practice for Universal Access in Health Telematics %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A D. Akoumianakis %A C. Stephanidis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1063-1067 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1068 %T MIAU - Supporting Group Decisions in E-Commerce Applications %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Baldes %A M. Bauer %A D. Dengler %A D. Kudenko %A G. Paul %A T. Rist %A C. Schmitt %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1068-1072 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1073 %T Universal Design for Learning: Accessing the Curriculum through Digitized Text %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A D. Bauder %A T. Simmons %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1073-1077 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1078 %T W3C-WAI Content Guidelines: application in a health scenario %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A L. Burzagli %A P. L. Emiliani %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1078-1082 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1083 %T Mayo Clinic/IBM Computational Biology Collaboration: A Simple User Interface for Complex Queries %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. C. de Groen %A R. Dettinger %A P. Johnson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1083-1087 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1088 %T TeleTendo: a New Multimedia and Web Based Interface for e-Learning and e-Testing in Medical Imaging %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. De Moor %A B. Claerhout %A B. Van Grimbergen %A G. Thienpont %A K. Verstraete %A H. Buysse %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1088-1092 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1093 %T Considerations on Universal Access and Universal Design as concerns Educational Software %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Dettori %A M. Ott %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1093-1097 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1098 %T Lessons Learned from Multilingual Collaboration in Global Virtual Teams %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Funakoshi %A A. Yamamoto %A S. Nomura %A T. Ishida %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1098-1102 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1103 %T Providing ICT/IST professionals with access to resources in Special Educational Needs (SEN) and vice versa - a European network approach %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Greve %A V. Soriano %A H. Weber %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1103-1107 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1108 %T Universal Access to Groupware with Multimodal Interfaces %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Gross %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1108-1112 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1113 %T Collaborative Virtual Environments Based on Real Work Spaces %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A L. Guerrero %A C. Collazos %A J. Pino %A S. Ochoa %A F. Aguilera %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1113-1117 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1118 %T The teaching wheel: an agent for site viewing and subsite building %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M.-C. Haton %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1118-1122 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1123 %T Accessibility and Usability of Learning Environments for Disabled: an Example %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Ileana %A J. Terstriep %A S. Engert %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1123-1127 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1128 %T Using Cultural Differences in Educational Program Design and Approaches to Computers for Adaptation Concepts of Multimedia Learning %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A E. Kamentz %A C. Womser-Hacker %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1128-1132 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1133 %T Libraries as Social Spaces %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A N. Kings %A D. Alsmeyer %A F. Owston %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1133-1137 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1138 %T Building Adaptive Learning Material with Distinct Authors %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Kurhila %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1138-1142 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1143 %T Facilitating VR Museums Web Presence %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Lepouras %A A. Katifori %A C. Vassilakis %A A. Harissi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1143-1147 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1148 %T Video-based Interaction for a Mixed Reality Kiosk System %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Malerczyk %A M. Schnaider %A T. Gleue %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1148-1152 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1153 %T ECDL PD: Access to a Standard Certificate Based on Universal Access to HCI %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Miesenberger %A A. Petz %A D. Leahy %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1153-1157 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1158 %T AmbieSense - interactive information channels in the surroundings of the mobile user %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Myrhaug %A A. Goker %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1158-1162 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1163 %T Open Source Software Development with Your Mother Language: Intercultural Collaboration Experiment 2002 %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Nomura %A T. Ishida %A M. Yasuoka %A N. Yamashita %A K. Funakoshi %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1163-1167 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1168 %T The Integrated Electronic Health Record: Accessibility, Usability and Security Issues %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Orphanoudakis %A M. Tsiknakis %A D. Anthoulakis %A C. Stephanidis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1168-1172 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1173 %T TransSMS: A Multi-Lingual SMS Tool %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Othman %A B. Lakhmichand %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1173-1177 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1178 %T Electronic Behavior Settings in Distributed Cooperation %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A U. Pankoke-Babatz %A E. Raybourn %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1178-1182 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1183 %T Evolving Multimedia Systems in Education %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Patterson %A S. Moffett %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1183-1187 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1188 %T Focus on Content: helping Irish teachers to access, identify and customize educational software for classroom use %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Phelan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1188-1192 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1193 %T Nonresponse Bias of Non-Native Speakers in Web-Based Research %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A D. Pyle %A S. Giff %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1193-1197 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1198 %T Towards the design of an advanced cooperative system: Adaptive Cruise Control %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A B. Rajaonah %A N. Tricot %A M.-P. Pacaux %A F. Anceaux %A J.-C. Popieul %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1198-1202 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1203 %T 3D Interactive Augmented Reality in Early Stages of Product Design %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Santos %A H. Graf %A T. Fleisch %A A. Stork %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1203-1207 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1208 %T Model-Based Role-Adapted Interaction - A Health-Care Case %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Stary %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1208-1212 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1213 %T Participatory Approaches towards Universal Access - Results of a Case Study in the Healthcare Domain %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Stroetmann %A M. Pieper %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1213-1217 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1218 %T Group Storytelling to Support Tacit Knowledge Externalization %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Valle %A E. Raybourn %A W. Prinz %A M. Borges %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1218-1222 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1223 %T Realizing Human Centered Systems via Socially Deliberating Agents %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Vouros %A I. Partsakoulakis %A V. Kourakos-Mavromichalis %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1223-1227 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1228 %T ICT enabling access to the curriculum: UK initiatives %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Waller %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1228-1237 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1238 %T Tools for Second Language Support %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Weir %A G. Lepouras %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1238-1244 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1245 %T INSIGHT: A Comprehensive System for Converting Braille based Mathematical Documents to Latex %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A N. Annamalai %A D. Gopal %A G. Gupta %A H. Guo %A A. I. Karshmer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1245-1249 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1250 %T A Proposal for a Dial-based Interface for Voice Output Based on Blind Users' Cognitive Listening Abilities %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Asakawa %A H. Takagi %A S. Ino %A T. Ifukube %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1250-1254 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1255 %T Towards an improvement of the accessibility of Brazilian Federal Government websites to people with low vision %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A E. M. Barboza %A E. Nunes %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1255-1259 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1260 %T Parser for the Marburg Mathematical Braille Notation NIDRR Project: Universal Math Converter %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Batusic %A K. Miesenberger %A B. Stoger %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1260-1264 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1265 %T Ergonomic evaluation of computer games for visually impaired children %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Buaud %A D. Archambault %A B. Roussel %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1265-1269 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1270 %T TACTOS: A Special Computer Interface for the Reading and Writing of 2D Forms in Blind People %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A O. Gapenne %A A. A. Ammar %A C. Lenay %A K. Rovira %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1270-1274 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1275 %T Neural Implants for Artificially Generated Sensation and Feedback Control %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Gasson %A P. Kyberd %A B. Hutt %A I. Goodhew %A K. Warwick %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1275-1279 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1280 %T Accessibility, Usability and Cognitive Considerations in Evaluating Systems with Users who are Blind %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Graupp %A K. Gladstone %A C. Rundle %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1280-1284 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1285 %T GUI Objects Represented by New Localized Sounds using HRTF %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Itoh %A M. Shimizu %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1285-1289 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1290 %T How Well Can We Read Equations to Blind Mathematics Students: Some Answers from Psychology %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. I. Karshmer %A D. Gillan %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1290-1294 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1295 %T Evaluating the Usability of a Screen Reader with Blind Users %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Kurniawan %A A. Sutcliffe %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1295-1299 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1300 %T A Haptics Experiment in Assistive Technology for Undergraduate HCI Students %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A B. Liffick %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1300-1304 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1305 %T A Shared Interface Model for Services Dedicated to Visual Impaired Pupils %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Moulin %A C. Lai %A A. Pintus %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1305-1309 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1310 %T Interaction of Visually Impaired Users in Virtual Environment with Spatial Sound Enhancement %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A V. Nemec %A A. J. Sporka %A P. Slavik %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1310-1314 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1315 %T Mental-Map Creation Support System for Blind Person-Fusion of Verbal Message and Somesthetic Sense- %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A Y. Nomura %A H. Kakehashi %A T. Sugiura %A N. Kato %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1315-1319 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1320 %T Experiments in Translating and Navigating Digital Formats for Mathematics (A Progress Report) %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A B. Palmer %A E. Pontelli %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1320-1324 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1325 %T Access to Mathematical Expressions in MathML for the Blind %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Rotard %A K. Bosse %A W. Schweikhardt %A T. Ertl %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1325-1329 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1330 %T Haptic help for orientation in unknown environments %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Sodren %A S. Semwal %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1330-1334 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1335 %T Automatic translator for mathematical Braille %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Victor %A D. Archambault %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1335-1339 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1340 %T The Use of Design for All to Support Elderly Blind and Partially Sighted Users to Retain their Independence %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Whitney %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1340-1346 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1347 %T A Framework for Speech and Multimodal Interaction on Mobile Devices %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Anastasakos %A A. Gupta %A H. Bliss %A W. Thompson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1347-1351 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1352 %T Embodied Conversational Agents Research Questions and Applications %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Bente %A N. Kramer %A H. Blens %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1352-1356 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1357 %T Counting Fingers in Real Time: A Webcam-Based Human-Computer Interface with Game Applications %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Crampton %A M. Betke %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1357-1361 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1362 %T Experiences with and lessons learned from working with a modular natural language dialogue architecture %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A N. Dahlback %A A. Jonsson %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1362-1366 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1367 %T A Virtual Showcase with Intuitive Hands-Free View Control %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Dohi %A M. Ishizuka %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1367-1371 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1372 %T Emotionally-rich Man-machine Interaction Based on Ges-ture Analysis %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Drosopoulos %A T. Balomenos %A S. Ioannou %A K. Karpouzis %A S. Kollias %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1372-1376 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1377 %T Talking Tactile Diagrams %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Eramian %A H. Jurgensen %A H. Li %A C. Power %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1377-1381 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1382 %T Multimodal Control Interface of a Nanohandling Robot in a Scanning Electron Microscope %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Fatikow %A A. Shirinov %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1382-1386 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1387 %T Investigations into a Dual Modality P300 Based Brain-Computer Interface %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Finucane %A D. Burke %A A. de Paor %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1387-1391 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1392 %T Designing Systems that Make Use of Analogous Communication:a Distributed Cognition Perspective %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A D. Giordano %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1392-1396 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1397 %T Artificial Intelligence to Enhance a Brain Computer Interface %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Gnanayutham %A C. Bloor %A G. Cockton %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1397-1401 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1402 %T Multimodal Interactions on Mobile Devices and Users' Behavioral and Attitudinal Preferences %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A L. Gong %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1402-1406 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1407 %T Towards a Probabilistic Framework for Analogous Multi-Modal Human-Computer Interaction %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A O.-C. Granmo %A V. Oleshchuk %A M. Snaprud %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1407-1411 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1412 %T Evaluation of User Responses to Partial Success of Multimodal Natural Language Interaction for Mobile Enterprise Applications %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A D. Grenville %A C. Lu %A A. Wichansky %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1412-1416 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1417 %T Wearable Finger-Braille Interface for Navigation of Deaf-Blind in Ubiquitous Barrier-Free Space %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Hirose %A T. Amemiya %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1417-1421 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1422 %T Iterative Statistical Language Model Generation for Use with an Agent-Oriented Natural Language Interface %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A B. Hodjat %A H. Franco %A H. Bratt %A K. Precoda %A A. Stolcke %A A. Venkataraman %A D. Vergyri %A J. Zheng %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1422-1426 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1427 %T What are the benefits of analogous communication in human computer interaction? %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A G. Kempter %A K.-H. Weidmann %A P. Roux %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1427-1431 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1432 %T Facial expression analysis and synthesis: A survey %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A S. Krinidis %A I. Buciu %A I. Pitas %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1432-1436 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1437 %T Information theoretic bit-rate optimization for average trial protocol Brain-Computer Interfaces %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Kronegg %A T. Alecu %A T. Pun %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1437-1441 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1442 %T Adaptation of Multimedia eBooks %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A I. Langer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1442-1446 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1447 %T Effects of grouping thumbnail images in visual search %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Masuda %A K. Go %A A. Imamiya %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1447-1451 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1452 %T Gaze-Based Interaction for Anyone, Anytime %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A T. Ohno %A N. Mukawa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1452-1456 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1457 %T Navigation in multimedia documents for print disabled readers %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Petrie %A W. Fisher %A A.-M. O'Neill %A Y. di Segni %A K. Gladstone %A C. Rundle %A L. Pyfers %A O. van den Eijnde %A G. Weber %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1457-1461 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1462 %T Brain Computer Interface Cursor Measures for Motion-impaired and Able-bodied Users %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Pino %A E. Kalogeros %A E. Salemis %A G. Kouroupetroglou %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1462-1466 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1467 %T Acceptable Download Times in the Mobile Internet %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A V. Roto %A A. Kaikkonen %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1467-1471 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1472 %T Immersive VR System "D-vision" for Universal Design %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Sato %A J. Ryu %A H. Maruta %A K. Akahane %A M. Iwashita %A N. Hashimoto %A S. Hasegawa %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1472-1476 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1477 %T Design Issues of Relief Maps for Haptic Displays %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Springsguth %A G. Weber %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1477-1481 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1482 %T Using a Bicycle Interface for Interaction and Games %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A H. Thomas %A R. White %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1482-1486 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1487 %T Modeling Users with Special Reading Needs %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Weimann %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1487-1491 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1492 %T Instructing an Assembly Robot in Situated Natural Language and Gestures %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Zhang %A T. Baier %A M. Huser %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1492-1498 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1499 %T A software engineering workbench for modeling groupware activities %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A E. Adam %A C. Kolski %A R. Mandiau %A E. Vergison %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1499-1503 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1504 %T KWARESMI - Knowledge-based Web Automated Evaluation Tool with Reconfigurable Guidelines Optimization %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Beirekdar %A J. Vanderdonckt %A M. Noirhomme-Fraiture %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1504-1508 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1509 %T User Interface Reverse Engineering %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A L. Bouillon %A J. Vanderdonckt %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1509-1513 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1514 %T Euterpe revised %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Chisalita %A G. van der Veer %A A. Malchanau %A V. Braeckman %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1514-1518 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1519 %T Moments of Significance - the meanings of event: enablement, initiation, completion %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A A. Dix %A C. Chisalita %A G. van der Veer %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1519-1523 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1524 %T A Pattern-based Approach to User Interface Development %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Pribeanu %A J. Vanderdonckt %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1524-1528 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1529 %T Localization Issues in Automated Usability Engineering %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A P. Rejmer %A J. Vanderdonckt %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1529-1533 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1534 %T A-Prompt: Promoting the Habituation of Accessible Web Authoring %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A C. Ridpath %A J. Treviranus %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1534-1538 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1539 %T Integration of Human-Computer Interaction in a Software Development Process %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A K. Sousa %A E. Furtado %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1539-1543 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1544 %T The impact of internationalisation on guidelines contents and usage %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A J. Vanderdonckt %A A. Beirekdar %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1544-1548 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M C.HCII.03.4.1549 %T Who does what with whom in Web Development? %S Universal access in HCI : inclusive design in the information society %A M. Winckler %A P. Palanque %A C. Farenc %A M. S. Pimenta %B HCII03 %D 2003 %V 4 %P 1549-1554 %* (c) Copyright 2003 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates fpack:!@#$%^&*(): HYPER02.BA %M C.HYPER.02.10 %T Map-based horizontal navigation in educational Hypertext %S Adaptive Hypermedia %A Peter Brusilovsky %A Riccardo Rizzo %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 10 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513345 %X This paper discusses the problem of horizontal (non-hierarchical) navigation in modern educational courseware. We will look at why horizontal links disappear, how to support horizontal navigation in modern hyper-courseware, and our earlier attempts to provide horizontal navigation in Web-based electronic textbooks. Here, we present map-based navigation -- a new approach to support horizontal navigation in open corpus educational courseware that we are currently investigating. We will describe the mechanism behind this approach, present a system KnowledgeSea that implements this approach, and provide some results of a classroom study of this system. %M C.HYPER.02.11 %T The hypercontext framework for adaptive Hypertext %S Adaptive Hypermedia %A Christopher D. Staff %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 11-20 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513346 %X We present HyperContext, a framework for adaptive and adaptable hypertext. Our fundamental premise is that when people encounter the same document, each may interpret the information it contains differently. Usually, the interpretations are not available to future users of the same information. HyperContext permits users to make these interpretations explicit, and provides support to structure hyperspace around interpretations of documents, rather than around the documents themselves. When a user browses through hyperspace, a document's context is used to determine which interpretation to present to the user. We also derive a user model of the user's short-term interests, by first representing the user's interest in the current document as a salient interpretation before combining it with the salient interpretations of other documents accessed by the user on the same path of traversal. This paper describes the adaptive features of the HyperContext framework, and presents the results of an initial evaluation of one of the features. %M C.HYPER.02.21 %T AHA! the next generation %S Adaptive Hypermedia %A Paul De Bra %A Ad Aerts %A David Smits %A Natalia Stash %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 21-22 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513347 %X AHA! is a simple Web-based adaptation engine that was originally developed to support an on-line course. This paper describes AHA! version 2.0, a new major release that aims to significantly increase the adaptive versatility of AHA! without sacrificing AHA!'s simplicity that makes it easy to use. The new features in AHA! are inspired by AHAM [4], a Dexter [6] based reference model for adaptive hypermedia systems. %M C.HYPER.02.23 %T Applying programmable browsing semantics within the context of the World-Wide Web %S Adaptive Hypermedia %A Richard Furuta %A Jin-Cheon Na %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 23-24 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513348 %X We discuss application of \caT\ (context-aware Trellis), which extends the Trellis Petri-net-based model of hypertext, towards specification of Web-browsable hypertexts that respond to factors that occur during their use. In addition to characteristics such as a reader's role (e.g., student, teacher, administrator, or parent) and the reader's browsing history, we also include factors that may not have been incorporated as directly before, such as measures of the external environment and the attributes/actions of other simultaneous readers. We use the term "responsive" hypertext to reflect the wide range of relevant factors. %M C.HYPER.02.25 %T Semantics happen: knowledge building in spatial hypertext %S Spatial Hypertext %A Frank Shipman %A J. Michael Moore %A Preetam Maloor %A Haowei Hsieh %A Raghu Akkapeddi %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 25-34 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513350 %X Hypertext represents ideas through chunks of text or other media interconnected by relations, typically navigational links. The similarity to knowledge representations such as frames and semantic nets has led to much effort in using hypertext systems for knowledge representation and extending hypertext systems to make them able to express more. This work has met with limited success due to difficulties including the tacit and situated nature of much knowledge. Instead of viewing knowledge expression as an all at once event, we view it as a constructive process, i.e. knowledge building. The Visual Knowledge Builder (VKB) lets users express content via visual or textual means and later formalize that content in the form of attributes, values, types, and relations. VKB proactively supports this process through a set of suggestion agents whose interaction with the user is mediated by the suggestion manager. Preliminary evaluation of the suggestion manager and suggestion agents yields positive results but further confirms that there is no "silver bullet" for knowledge engineering -- semantic expression is most likely to happen during, and is driven by, task performance. %M C.HYPER.02.35 %T Spatial Hypertext for linear-information authoring: Interaction design and system development based on the ART Design principle %S Spatial Hypertext %A Yasuhiro Yamamoto %A Kumiyo Nakakoji %A Atsushi Aoki %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 35-44 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513351 %X We have developed a series of spatial hypertext systems that support early stages of linear-information authoring, such as paper writing and movie editing. They are designed based on the ART (Amplifying Representational Talkback) principle, which emphasizes the importance of visual interaction and the power of external representations. The systems use spatial hypertext not as a medium for representing final artifacts but as a means of interacting with linear information during an authoring process. This paper first describes the role and the effect of the spatial hypertext representation plays in support of early stages of authoring linear information, and explains the ART interaction model for the approach. The ART#001 system, which supports early stages of writing, is described in detail and the other three ART systems are used to illustrate the essential aspects of our approach. The paper concludes with a discussion on the semiotic interpretation of spatial hypertext as a representation, and on the innovative use of spatial hypertext as an instrument to compose information, rather than as an information medium. %M C.HYPER.02.45 %T Reading and writing fluid Hypertext Narratives %S Narratives and Literary Hypertext %A Polle T. Zellweger %A Anne Mangen %A Paula Newman %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 45-54 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513353 %X We describe a new way to present and author hypertext narratives. The Fluid Reader constructs a unified interactive text from the content of multiple nodes and allows a reader to explore alternative paths within it. The Fluid Reader has been available as a hands-on museum exhibit for nearly a year to date, where it has been enjoyed by readers of all ages. Its success has prompted further interest and development in Fluid hypertexts. We have designed and implemented an authoring tool called the Fluid Writer that uses a new treetable visualization to help authors construct and manage alternative paths in a Fluid hypertext. Finally, an exploration of the narrative implications of Fluid hypertext suggests that it may be more suitable than conventional hypertext for formulaic fictions such as mystery stories. %M C.HYPER.02.55 %T Graphical notations, narratives and persuasion: a Pliant Systems approach to Hypertext Tool Design %S Narratives and Literary Hypertext %A Luke Emmet %A George Cleland %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 55-64 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513354 %X The Adelard Safety Case Editor (ASCE) is a hypertext tool for constructing and reviewing structured arguments. ASCE is used in the safety industry, and can be used in many other contexts when graphical presentation can make argument structure, inference or other dependencies explicit. ASCE supports a rich hypertext narrative mode for documenting traditional argument fragments. In this paper we document the motivation for developing the tool and describe its operation and novel features. Since usability and technology adoption issues are critical for software and hypertext tool uptake, our approach has been to develop a system that is highly usable and sufficiently "pliant" to support and integrate with a wide range of working practices and styles. We discuss some industrial application experience to date, which has informed the design and is informing future requirements. We draw from this some of the perhaps not so obvious characteristics of hypertext tools which are important for successful uptake in practical environments. %M C.HYPER.02.65 %T On writing sculptural Hypertext %S Narratives and Literary Hypertext %A Mark Bernstein %A David E. Millard %A Mark J. Weal %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 65-66 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513355 %X Sculptural hypertext is proposed as an alternative domain for hypertext writing, proceeding chiefly by the removal of links rather than by adding links to an initially unlinked text. Relatively little is known about authoring sculptural hypertexts. This paper examines some issues that arise in the course of composing sculptural hypertexts and proposes tools which might help support such designs. %M C.HYPER.02.67 %T How do interactive texts reflect interactive functions? %S Narratives and Literary Hypertext %A Paivo Laine %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 67-68 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513356 %X The purpose of strings of text that are embedded in hyperlinks, buttons and other interactive elements on Web pages is to inform the user of the interactive function and its effects. The explicitness of these i-texts, such as link anchors or button labels, depends on their linguistic structure. I-texts that profile a process and contain a verb are more explicit than labels with a nominal profile. Clicking an i-text, an acteme, may have different interactive effects. The explicitness of the i-text seems to correlate with the impact of the interactive function, but the degree of interaction that the target page requires is not reflected clearly in the linguistic form of the i-text. %M C.HYPER.02.69 %T Peer-to-peer Hypertext %S %A Uffe K. Wiil %A Niels Olof Bouvin %A Deena Larsen %A David C. De Roure %A Mark K. Thompson %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 69-71 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513339 %M C.HYPER.02.72 %T Links and power: the political economy of linking on the Web %S Links %A Jill Walker %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 72-73 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513358 %X Search engines like Google interpret links to a web page as objective, peer-endorsed and machine-readable signs of value. Links have become the currency of the Web. With this economic value they also have power, affecting accessibility and knowledge on the Web. %M C.HYPER.02.74 %T Evidence of Hypertext in the scholarly archive %S Links %A Tim Brody %A Leslie Carr %A Stevan Harnad %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 74-75 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513359 %X This paper attempts to substantiate recent observations about the development of hypertext rhetoric in scholarly archives by reporting the results of some simple quantitative studies of the use by researchers of a major scholarly archive. %M C.HYPER.02.76 %T Looking for linking: associative links on the Web %S Links %A Timothy Miles-Board %A Leslie Carr %A Wendy Hall %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 76-77 %K associative linking, internet archive, link taxonomies %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513360 %M C.HYPER.02.78 %T On the characteristics of scholarly annotations %S Links %A Richard Furuta %A Eduardo Urbina %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 78-79 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513361 %X We report on our observations of annotations for use in scholarly communication, rather than for use as personal artifact. Scholarly annotations reflect uses that predate digital representations and benefit from formalized structure. Scholarly annotations may originate from a broader set of sources than personal annotations, and their association with texts may result from inferences rather than from explicit specifications. %M C.HYPER.02.80 %T Microsoft smart tags: support, ignore or condemn them? %S Links %A Gareth Hughes %A Leslie Carr %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 80-81 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513362 %X This paper describes the latest instantiation of the open hypermedia concept of the generic link as it appears in Microsoft&153; Office products -- the Smart Tag. We review the background to generic linking and the technology involved in Smart Tags and discuss the reaction to this application in the computing press. Recommendations are made on how the system design could be improved for our purposes. %M C.HYPER.02.82 %T Going back in Hypertext %S Links %A Gene Golovchinsky %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 82-83 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513363 %X Hypertext interfaces typically involve navigation, the act (and interaction) of moving from one piece of information to another. Navigation can be exploratory, or it may involve backtracking to some previously-visited node. While backtracking interfaces are common, they may not reflect differences in readers' purposes and mental models. This paper draws on some empirical evidence regarding navigation between and within documents to suggest improvements on traditional hypertext navigation, and proposes a time-based view of backtracking. %M C.HYPER.02.85 %T Context perception in video-based hypermedia spaces %S MultiMedia %A Teresa Chambel %A Nuno Guimaraes %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 85-94 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513365 %X Multimedia hypertext has grown from the basic addition of dynamic media only at "leaf" nodes of the hypertext, to higher structured attempts to compose and integrate the different media. One of the core problems in this evolution has been, and still is, the construction and perception of context, making explicit which part of a presentation is relevant when media elements are integrated. The search for contextualized integration of video material with other sources of information has emerged from the work in several domains and from mutually reinforcing needs. The work presented here is centered on this problem: how to provide the perception of context to users or readers, when navigating through a space of heterogeneous media elements, where video plays an important role. %M C.HYPER.02.95 %T On hyperstructure and musical structure %S MultiMedia %A David C. De Roure %A Don G. Cruickshank %A Danius T. Michaelides %A Kevin R. Page %A Mark J. Weal %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 95-104 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513366 %X In this paper we report on an ongoing investigation into the relationship between musical structure and hyperstructure, based on a series of open hypermedia systems research projects that have featured case studies involving musical content. We provide a general overview of the intersection between hypermedia and musical structure, drawing also on ideas from narrative structure. Through the example systems we consider techniques for building hyperstructure from musical structure and, conversely, building musical structure from hyperstructure. Additionally we describe an experiment in the sonification of hyperstructure. %M C.HYPER.02.105 %T Semi-automated Hyperlink markup for archived video %S MultiMedia %A David Stotts %A Jason McC. Smith %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 105-106 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513367 %M C.HYPER.02.107 %T An infrastructure for open latent semantic linking %S Next-Gen Open Hypermedia, Part One %A Alessandra Alaniz Macedo %A Maria da Graca Campos Pimentel %A Jose Antonio Camacho-Guerrero %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 107-116 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513369 %X The more the web grows, the harder it is for users to find the information they need. As a result, it is even more difficult to identify when documents are related. To find out that two or more documents are in fact related, users have to navigate by the documents in carry out an analysis about their content. This paper presents an infrastructure allowing the use of latent semantic analysis and open hypermedia concepts in the automatic identification of relationships among web pages. Latent Semantic Analysis has been proposed by the information retrieval community as an attempt to organize automatically text objects into a semantic structure appropriate for matching. In open hypermedia systems, links are managed and stored in a special database, a linkbase, which allows the addition of hypermedia functionality to a document without changing the original structure and format of the document. We first present two complementary link-related efforts: an extensible latent semantic indexing service and an open linkbase service. Leveraging off those efforts, we present an infrastructure that identifying latent semantic links within web repositories and makes them available in an open linkbase. To demonstrate by example the utility of our open infrastructure, we built an application presenting a directory of semantic links extracted from web sites. %M C.HYPER.02.117 %T Towards geo-spatial hypermedia: Concepts and prototype implementation %S Next-Gen Open Hypermedia, Part One %A Kaj Gronbaek %A Peter Posselt Vestergaard %A Peter Orbaek %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 117-126 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513370 %X This paper combines spatial hypermedia with techniques from Geographical Information Systems and location based services. We describe the Topos 3D Spatial Hypermedia system and how it has been developed to support geo-spatial hypermedia coupling hypermedia information to model representations of real world buildings and landscapes. The prototype experiments are primarily aimed at supporting architects and landscape architects in their work on site. Here it is useful to be able to superimpose and add different layers of information to, e.g. a landscape depending on the task being worked on. We introduce a number of central concepts to understand the relation between hypermedia and spatial information management. The distinction between metaphorical (and abstract) versus literal (and concrete) spaces is introduced together with a workspace composition semantics and a distinction between direct and indirect navigation. Finally, we conclude with a number of research issues which are central to the future development of geo-spatial hypermedia, including design issues in combining metaphorical and literal hypermedia space, as well as a discussion of the role of spatial parsing in a geo-spatial context. %M C.HYPER.02.127 %T Links in the palm of your hand: tangible hypermedia using augmented reality %S Next-Gen Open Hypermedia, Part One %A Patrick Sinclair %A Kirk Martinez %A David E. Millard %A Mark J. Weal %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 127-136 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513371 %X Contextualised Open Hypermedia can be used to provide added value to document collections or artefacts. However, transferring the underlying hyper structures into a users conceptual model is often a problem. Augmented reality provides a mechanism for presenting these structures in a visual and tangible manner, translating the abstract action of combining contextual linkbases into physical gestures of real familiarity to users of the system. This paper examines the use of augmented reality in hypermedia and explores some possible modes of interaction that embody the functionality of open hypermedia and contextual linking using commonplace and easily understandable real world metaphors. %M C.HYPER.02.137 %T Chain saws for sculptural Hypertext %S %A Jim Rosenberg %A Mark Bernstein %A Cathy Marshall %A Paul de Bra %A David Millard %A Frank Shipman %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 137 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513341 %X The term "Sculptural Hypertext", coined by Mark Bernstein in his Hypertext '01 paper "Card Shark and Thespis," refers to a style of writing hypertext where the document author starts with a massively connected structure, and the task of authoring links consists of cutting away those links that are not wanted, much as someone sculpting in stone in the traditional way starts with a block of stone and forms an image by cutting away the "excess" material. The opposing term, "Calligraphic Hypertext," refers to the more familiar method of finely authoring each link. This panel seeks to address questions pertaining to authorship and tools for the sculptural approach to hypertext. Among the questions we want to address are: How does one write a sculptural hypertext? How does this concept scale -- or is it only suited to small works? What differences are there for the reader of a sculptural hypertext vs. a calligraphic hypertext? How does the "subtractive" concept work with other models of hypertext than the node-link model, e.g. spatial hypertext? What are the differences in requirements for tool designers of sculptural vs. calligraphic hypertext systems. %M C.HYPER.02.138 %T Open hypermedia in a peer-to-peer context %S Next-Gen Open Hypermedia, Part Two %A Niels Olof Bouvin %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 138-139 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513373 %X This paper revisits the general hypermedia architecture based on a perspective of peer-to-peer (P2P) networking and pervasive computing, and argues that P2P has much to offer open hypermedia. %M C.HYPER.02.140 %T Policies for cooperative hypermedia systems: concepts and prototype implementation %S Next-Gen Open Hypermedia, Part Two %A Samir Tata %A Claude Godart %A Uffe K. Wiil %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 140-141 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513374 %X The objective of this work is to develop a cooperative hypermedia framework that enables actors to cooperatively create, use, and modify versioned hypermedia documents. A rich set of cooperation policies, based on hypermedia documents, access rights, and synchronization contracts, have been defined to support flexible cooperation control. %M C.HYPER.02.142 %T Goate: XLink and beyond %S Next-Gen Open Hypermedia, Part Two %A Duncan Martin %A Helen Ashman %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 142-143 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513375 %X In this paper, we introduce a platform independent mechanism for implementing both XLink and bespoke linking standards. The paper considers HTML linking as a low-level linking language, and how it can be used to provide a base for high-level linking services. Finally, the paper describes Goate, a HTTP proxy that allows high-level linking to be used with ordinary HTML browsers. %M C.HYPER.02.145 %T Two implementations of XPointer %S Next-Gen Open Hypermedia, Part Two %A Fabio Vitali %A Federico Folli %A Claudio Tasso %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 145-146 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513376 %X We report on two different projects being developed at the University of Bologna, both of which make use of the new XPointer language, for which two different implementations were deemed necessary. The first project is an HTTP proxy for providing external linkbases expressed in XLink. The second is an extension to XSLT to express transformations on string patterns as well as node patterns. Both libraries have been implemented with ease and efficiency, demonstrating the usefulness and reasonableness of the language. %M C.HYPER.02.147 %T Supporting distributed meetings using cooperative, visual, process-enabled hypermedia %S Next-Gen Open Hypermedia, Part Two %A Weigang Wang %A Joerg M. Haake %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 147-148 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513377 %X This work tries to bring hypermedia out of our multiple research-oriented cooperative hypermedia systems into the kinds of systems people in the real world can use. Meeting support for distributed teams is one of these and process support is another. The practical challenges include how to develop a (whiteboard-like) structure-rich visual hypermedia space that is accessible from the Web, how to integrate Microsoft office applications into the system for managing documents in a (visual hypermedia represented) meeting process, and how to set up A/V and application sharing connections easily for all the meeting participants. The system described in this paper has been used in three use cases and initial feedback indicates that it has successfully addressed several such practical challenges. %M C.HYPER.02.149 %T Self-assembling hypertexts, weblogs, and wikis %S %A Stuart Moulthrop %A Mark Bernstein %A Sean Carton %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 149 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513342 %X Although most theory and research in the hypertext community has been directed toward systems and implementations with fairly conventional patterns of authorship, hypertext as it has evolved on the Internet contains a number of stranger species: Web logs (or "blogs") that consist largely of citations or pointers to other Web content; reader-writeable text spaces sometimes called "Wikis"; and in spaces outside the Web, shared writing environments like MUDs and MOOs. This panel brings together several writer/designers who have experience in one or more of these areas. The panelists will consider how open-form and self-assembling texts fit and stretch the hypertext paradigm, and what contribution these writing practices might make to the future of writing on the Net. %M C.HYPER.02.150 %T Contextualized preview of image map links %S World Wide Web %A Wallace Chigona %A Thomas Strothotte %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 150-158 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513379 %X Previewing links in hypertext navigation helps reduce the cognitive overhead associated with deciding whether or not to follow a link. In this paper we introduce a new concept called Dual-Use of Image Space (DUIS) and we show how it is used provide preview information of image map links. In DUIS the pixels in the image space are used both as shading information as well as characters which can be read. This concept provides a mechanism for placing the text information related to images in context, that is, the text is placed within the corresponding objects. Prior to DUIS contextualized preview of links was only possible with text links. The following are the advantages of contextualized preview image map links: (1) Readers can benefit from both the text and the image without making visual saccades between the two. (2) The text does not obstruct the image as is the case in the existing techniques. (3) It is easy for the readers to associate the image and its corresponding image since the two are presented close to each other. The text in the image space may also contain links, and for this reason, it is possible to introduce multiple links for image maps. %M C.HYPER.02.159 %T Predicting web actions from HTML content %S World Wide Web %A Brian D. Davison %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 159-168 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513380 %X Most proposed Web prefetching techniques make predictions based on the historical references to requested objects. In contrast, this paper examines the accuracy of predicting a user's next action based on analysis of the content of the pages requested recently by the user. Predictions are made using the similarity of a model of the user's interest to the text in and around the hypertext anchors of recently requested Web pages. This approa22ch can make predictions of actions that have never been taken by the user and potentially make predictions that reflect current user interests. We evaluate this technique using data from a full-content log of Web activity and find that textual similarity-based predictions outperform simpler approaches. %M C.HYPER.02.169 %T Using Markov models for web site link prediction %S World Wide Web %A Jianhan Zhu %A Jun Hong %A John G. Hughes %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 169-170 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513381 %X Markov models have been extensively used to model Web users' navigation behaviors on Web sites. The link structure of a Web site can be seen as a citation network. By applying bibliographic co-citation and coupling analysis to a Markov model constructed from a Web log file on a Web site, we propose a clustering algorithm called CitationCluster to cluster conceptually related pages. The clustering results are used to construct a conceptual hierarchy of the Web site. Markov model based link prediction is integrated with the hierarchy to assist users' navigation on the Web site. %M C.HYPER.02.171 %T Seven Issues, Revisited %S %A Jim Whitehead %A Paul De Bra %A Kaj Gronbaek %A Deena Larsen %A John Leggett %A monica m. c. schraefel %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 171 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513343 %X It has been 15 years since the original presentation by Frank Halasz at Hypertext'87 on seven issues for the next generation of hypertext systems. These issues are: * Search and Query * Composites * Virtual Structures * Computation in/over hypertext network * Versioning * Collaborative Work * Extensibility and Tailorability Since that time, these issues have formed the nucleus of multiple research agendas within the Hypertext community. Befitting this direction-setting role, the issues have been revisited several times, by Halasz in his 1991 Hypertext keynote talk, and by Randy Trigg in his 1996 Hypertext keynote five years later. Additionally, over the intervening 15 years, many research systems have addressed the original seven issues, and new research avenues have opened up. The goal of this panel is to begin the process of developing a new set of seven issues for the next generation of hypertext system. Toward this end, we have convened seven experts on hypertext, and charged them with determining one issue, something deserving significant focus by the research community, and one non-issue, a red herring no longer worthy of consideration. At the end of the panel, the panelists and the audience will vote on which issues they consider to be the most important, and which non-issue is the least important. %M C.HYPER.02.172 %T Storyspace 1 %S Hypermedia Systems and Data Models %A Mark Bernstein %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 172-181 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513383 %X Storyspace, a hypertext writing environment, has been widely used for writing, reading, and research for nearly fifteen years. The appearance of a new implementation provides a suitable occasion to review the design of Storyspace, both in its historical context and in the context of contemporary research. Of particular interest is the opportunity to examine its use in a variety of published documents, all created within one system, but spanning the most of the history of literary hypertext. %M C.HYPER.02.182 %T Uniform comparison of data models using containment modeling %S Hypermedia Systems and Data Models %A E. James Whitehead, Jr. %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 182-191 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513384 %X Containment data models are a subset of entity relationship models in which the allowed relationships are either a type of containment, storage, or inheritance. This paper describes containment relationships, and containment data models, applying them to model a broad range of monolithic, link server, and hyperbase systems, as well as the Dexter reference model, and the WWW with WebDAV extensions. A key quality of containment data models is their ability to model systems uniformly, allowing a broad range of systems to be compared consistently. %M C.HYPER.02.192 %T Versioned Hypermedia can improve software document management %S Hypermedia Systems and Data Models %A Tien Nguyen %A Satish Chandra Gupta %A Ethan V. Munson %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 192-193 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513385 %X This research was supported by the U. S. Department of Defense and by NSF CAREER award CCR-9734102. The Software Concordance project is addressing the software document management problem by providing a fine-grained version control model for software documents and their relationships using hypermedia versioning. A set of tools needed to maintain, visualize and analyze software documents is being constructed. This short paper presents research issues, initial results and a scheme for using hypermedia versioning and time stamps to automate detection of possible semantic non-conformance among software artifacts. %M C.HYPER.02.194 %T Freenet-like GUIDs for implementing xanalogical hypertext %S Hypermedia Systems and Data Models %A Tuomas J. Lukka %A Benja Fallenstein %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 194-195 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513386 %X We discuss the use of Freenet-like content hash GUIDs as a primitive for implementing the Xanadu model in a peer-to-peer framework. Our current prototype is able to display the implicit connection (transclusion) between two different references to the same permanent ID. We discuss the next layers required in the implementation of the Xanadu model on a world-wide peer-to-peer network. %M C.HYPER.02.196 %T Hypermedia and multimedia %S %A Stuart Moulthrop %A Diana Slattery %A Jim Rosenberg %A Mark Bernstein %A Nick Montfort %B HYPER02 %D 2002 %P 196 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/513338.513340 %X Though Nelson gave us "hypermedia" practically in the same breath as "hypertext," initial literary explorations of hypermedia stuck fairly closely to verbal models. Over the last five years this bias has begun notably to decay. As poets, graphic, and narrative artists become more familiar with powerful end-user tools like Macromedia Flash, and as these tools evolve more sophisticated scripting support, the old line between multi-dimensional hypertext and more linear multimedia has considerably blurred. This process raises important questions both for artists and for hypertext theorists. What is the place of verbal forms in a context of dynamic images? How can the spatial agenda of hypertext navigation be reconciled with animation, simulation, and other primarily temporal techniques? What can creators of hypertext systems learn from aesthetic encounters between word and image. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): INT03.B %M C.INT.03.3 %T Mobile Multimodal Dialogue Systems %S 1: Keynotes %A Wolfgang Wahlster %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 3 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.4 %T Logitech: the Interface Company %S 1: Keynotes %A Daniel Borel %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 4 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.5 %T Human Design: Building Computation around Human Networks %S 1: Keynotes %A Alex Pentland %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 5 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.9 %T Toward Characterizing the Productivity Benefits of Very Large Displays %S 2: Very large displays %A Mary Czerwinski %A Greg Smith %A Tim Regan %A Brian Meyers %A George Robertson %A Gary Starkweather %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 9 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.17 %T Enticing People to Interact with Large Public Displays in Public Spaces %S 2: Very large displays %A Harry Brignull %A Yvonne Rogers %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 17 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.25 %T What Makes a Good Answer? The Role of Context in Question Answering %S 2: UI design %A Jimmy Lin %A Dennis Quan %A Vineet Sinha %A Karun Bakshi %A David Huynh %A Boris Katz %A David Karger %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 25 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.33 %T Hyper-Hitchcock: Towards the Easy Authoring of Interactive Video %S 2: UI design %A Frank Shipman %A Andreas Girgensohn %A Lynn Wilcox %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 33 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.41 %T Interface Design for MyInfo: a Personal News Demonstrator Combining Web and TV Content %S 2: UI design %A John Zimmerman %A Nevenka Dimitrova %A Lalitha Agnihotri %A Angel Janevski %A Lira Nikolovska %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 41 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.49 %T Bimanual Interaction on the Microsoft Office Keyboard %S 2: UI design %A Hugh McLoone %A Ken Hinckley %A Edward Cutrell %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 49 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.65 %T Drag-and-Pop and Drag-and-Pick: Techniques for Accessing Remote Screen Content on Touch- and Pen-Operated Systems %S 2: UI design %A Patrick Baudisch %A Edward Cutrell %A Dan Robbins %A Mary Czerwinski %A Peter Tandler %A Benjamin Bederson %A Alex Zierlinger %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 65 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.65 %T Questioning the Effectiveness of Contextual Online Help: Some Alternative Propositions %S 2: UI design %A Antonio Capobianco %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 65 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.73 %T Software to Sketch Interface Designs %S 2: UI design %A Beryl Plimmer %A Mark Apperley %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 73 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.81 %T TetraTetris: A Study of Multi-User Touch-Based Interaction Using DiamondTouch %S 2: Touch feedback %A Stephen Kobourov %A Christian Collberg %A Steven Kobes %A Ben Smith %A S. Trush %A G. Yee %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 81 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.89 %T Effective Vibrotactile Cueing in a Visual Search Task %S 2: Touch feedback %A Robert Lindeman %A Yasuyuki Yanagida %A John Sibert %A Robert Lavine %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 89 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.97 %T Collaboration Meets Fitts' Law: Passing Virtual Objects with and without Haptic Force Feedback %S 2: Touch feedback %A Eva-Lotta Sallnas %A Shumin Zhai %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 97 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.105 %T Error Resolution Strategies for Interactive Television Speech Interfaces %S 2: Spoken language interface %A Aseel Berglund %A Pernilla Qvarfordt %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 105 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.113 %T InterActor for Human Interaction and Communication Support %S 2: Spoken language interface %A Tomio Watanabe %A Masashi Okubo %A Ryusei Danbara %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 113 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.121 %T Command Without a Click: Dwell Time Typing by Mouse and Gaze Selections %S 2: Eye tracking %A John Paulin Hansen %A Anders Sewerin Johansen %A Dan Witzner Hansen %A Kenji Ito %A Satoru Mashino %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 121 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.129 %T Proactive Response to Eye Movements %S 2: Eye tracking %A Aulikki Hyrskykari %A Paivi Majaranta %A Kari-Jouko Raiha %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 129 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.137 %T Symbol Creator: An Alternative Eye-based Text Entry Technique with Low Demand for Screen Space %S 2: Eye tracking %A Darius Miniotas %A Oleg Spakov %A Grigori Evreinov %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 137 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.144 %T Designing for Visual Influence: an Eye Tracking Study of the Usability of Graphical Management Information %S 2: Eye tracking %A James Renshaw %A Janet Finlay %A David Tyfa %A Robert Ward %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 144 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.152 %T Programmorphosis: a Knowledge-Based Approach to End-User Programming %S 2: Agent design %A Andri Ioannidou %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 152 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.160 %T Human and Humanoid Don't Match: Consistency Preference and Impact on Users' Trust %S 2: Agent design %A Li Gong %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 160 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.168 %T Experimental Evaluation of Bi-directional Multimodal Interaction with Conversational Agents %S 2: Agent design %A Stephanie Buisine %A Jean-Claude Martin %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 168 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.176 %T Confidence Displays and Training in Recommender Systems %S 2: Agent design %A Sean McNee %A Shyong Lam %A Catherine Guetzlaff %A Joseph Konstan %A John Riedl %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 176 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.184 %T Milestones in Time: The Value of Landmarks in Retrieving Information from Personal Stores %S 2: Search & retrieval %A Meredith Ringel %A Edward Cutrell %A Susan Dumais %A Eric Horvitz %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 184 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.192 %T Listen to the Music: Audio Preview Cues for Exploration of Online Music %S 2: Search & retrieval %A Monica Schraefel %A Maria Karam %A Shengdong Zhao %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 192 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.196 %T Simplifying the Management of Large Photo Collections %S 2: Search & retrieval %A Andreas Girgensohn %A John Adcock %A Matthew Cooper %A Jonathan Foote %A Lynn Wilcox %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 196 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.204 %T Desktop History: Time-based Interaction Summaries to Restore Context and Improve Data Access %S 2: Search & retrieval %A Sean Uberoi Kelly %A John P. Davis %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 204 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.212 %T The Pragmatic Web: Agent-Based Multimodal Web Interaction with no Browser in Sight %S 2: Search & retrieval %A Alexander Repenning %A James Sullivan %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 212 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.220 %T A Granular Approach to Web Search Result Presentation %S 2: Search & retrieval %A Ryen White %A Joemon Jose %A Ian Ruthven %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 220 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %O this most outstanding contribution got the Brian Shackel Award %M C.INT.03.228 %T User Interfaces for Supporting Multiple Categorization %S 2: Search & retrieval %A Dennis Quan %A Karun Bakshi %A David Huynh %A David Karger %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 228 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.236 %T High-Density Cursor: a Visualization Technique that Helps Users Keep Track of Fast-moving Mouse Cursors %S 2: Display I/O %A Patrick Baudisch %A Edward Cutrell %A George Robertson %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 236 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.244 %T Reactive Information Displays %S 2: Display I/O %A Hari Narayanan %A Daesub Yoon %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 244 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.252 %T Effects of Visual Separation and Physical Discontinuities when Distributing Information across Multiple Displays %S 2: Display I/O %A Desney Tan %A Mary Czerwinski %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 252 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.256 %T User Interface Transformation Method for PC Remote Control with Small Mobile Devices %S 2: UI for mobile systems %A Hidehiko Okada %A Toshiyuki Asahi %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 256 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.264 %T The Process of Developing a Mobile Device for Communication in a Safety-Critical Domain %S 2: UI for mobile systems %A Jesper Kjeldskov %A Jan Stage %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 264 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.272 %T Multimodal Menu Interface for Mobile Web Browsing %S 2: UI for mobile systems %A Xiaochuan Ma %A Paul Maglio %A Hui Su %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 272 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.279 %T Tangible Query Interfaces: Physically Constrained Tokens for Manipulating Database Queries %S 2: Tangible bits %A Brygg Ullmer %A Hiroshi Ishii %A Robert Jacob %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 279 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.287 %T Chemistry Education: A Tangible Interaction Approach %S 2: Tangible bits %A Morten Fjeld %A Patrick Juchli %A Benedikt Voegtli %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 287 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.295 %T Measuring the Coordination in 2D Positioning Tasks %S 2: Tangible bits %A Sriram Subramanian %A Dzmitry Aliakseyeu %A Jean-Bernard Martens %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 295 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.303 %T The YoYo: A Handheld Device Combining Elastic and Isotonic Input %S 2: 3D input device %A Andreas Simon %A Bernd Froehlich %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 303 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.311 %T Godzilla: Seamless 2D and 3D Sketch Environment for Reflective and Creative Design Work %S 2: 3D input device %A S. Tano %A T. Kodera %A T. Nakashima %A I. Kawano %A K. Nakanishi %A G. Hamagishi %A M. Inoue %A A. Watanabe %A T. Okamoto %A K. Kawagoe %A K. Kaneko %A T. Hotta %A M. Tatsuoka %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 311 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.319 %T Intelligent Manipulation Techniques for Conceptual 3D Design %S 2: 3D input device %A Ji-Young Oh %A Wolfgang Stuerzlinger %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 319 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.327 %T Manipulation of Viewpoints in 3D Environment Using Interlocked Motion of Coordinate Pairs %S 2: 3D input device %A Shinji Fukatsu %A Yoshifumi Kitamura %A Fumio Kishino %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 327 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.335 %T Integrating Customer Relationship Management Strategies in (B2C) E-Commerce Environments %S 2: E-commerce %A Shailey Minocha %A Nicola Millard %A Liisa Dawson %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 335 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.343 %T Storyboarding Form-Based Interfaces %S 2: E-commerce %A Dirk Draheim %A Gerald Weber %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 343 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.351 %T Supporting Unconstrained Interaction with Application Sharing Systems %S 2: E-commerce %A Du Li %A Rui Li %A Prabhu Inbarajan %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 351 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.359 %T Field Studies in Practice: Making it Happen %S 2: Empirical studies %A Sari Kujala %A Marjo Kauppinen %A Pia Nakari %A Sanna Rekola %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 359 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.367 %T The Misapplication of Engineering Models to Business Decisions %S 2: Empirical studies %A Gitte Lindgaard %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 367 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.375 %T Programming in the Kitchen %S 2: Empirical studies %A Olav W. Bertelsen %A Toke Eskildsen %A Werner Sperschneider %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 375 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.383 %T Be Quiet? Evaluating Proactive and Reactive User Interface Assistants %S 2: Empirical studies %A Jun Xiao %A Richard Catrambone %A John Stasko %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 383 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.391 %T Redefining Digital Audience: Models and Actions %S 2: Fun and Aesthetics %A Paul Nemirovsky %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 391 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.399 %T In Search of Resonant Human Computer Interaction: Building and Testing Aesthetic Installations %S 2: Fun and Aesthetics %A Caroline Hummels %A Philip Ross %A Kees Overbeeke %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 399 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.407 %T Motion and Spatiality in a Gaming Situation - Enhancing Mobile Computer Games with the Highway Experience %S 2: Fun and Aesthetics %A Liselott Brunnberg %A Oskar Juhlin %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 407 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.415 %T Layering a Minimal Interface %S 2: E-learning %A Frank Vetere %A Steve Howard %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 415 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.423 %T Attentional Effect of Animated Character %S 2: E-learning %A Cholyeun Hongpaisanwiwat %A Michael Lewis %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 423 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.431 %T User Centred Design through the Keyhole: Video Design Case %S 2: E-learning %A Ole Sejer Iversen %A Jacob Buur %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 431 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.439 %T Learning Objects: the question of "to be or not to be"? %S 2: E-learning %A Zayera Khan %A Sissel Guttormsen Schar %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 439 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.447 %T Ontology for Multi-surface Interaction %S 2: HCI methods %A Joelle Coutaz %A Christophe Lachenal %A Sophie Dupuy-Chessa %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 447 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.455 %T Deriving the Navigational Structure of a User Interface %S 2: HCI methods %A Jean Vanderdonckt %A Quentin Limbourg %A Murielle Florins %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 455 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.463 %T A Study of Familiarity %S 2: HCI methods %A Guy Van de Walle %A Phil Turner %A Elisabeth Davenport %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 463 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.471 %T Testing the Use of Egocentric Interactive Techniques in Immersive Virtual Environments %S 2: HCI methods %A Luciana Porcher Nedel %A Carla Maria Dal Sasso Freitas %A L. J. Jacob %A M. S. Pimenta %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 471 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.479 %T Creating New User Experiences to Enhance Collaboration %S 2: Ubiquitous computing %A John Halloran %A Yvonne Rogers %A Tom Rodden %A Ian Taylor %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 479 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.487 %T Visually-tracked Flashlights as Interaction Devices %S 2: Ubiquitous computing %A Ahmed Ghali %A Steve Benford %A Sahar Bayoumi %A Johnathan Green %A Tony Pridmore %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 487 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.495 %T Pointing in Intelligent Environments with the WorldCursor %S 2: Ubiquitous computing %A Andrew Wilson %A Hubert Pham %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 495 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.503 %T MyTeam: Availability Awareness Through the Use of Sensor Data %S 2: Ubiquitous computing %A Jennifer Lai %A Sachiko Yoshihama %A Thomas Bridgman %A Mark Podlaseck %A Paul Chou %A Danny Wong %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 503 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.511 %T Proximal Interactions: A Direct Manipulation technique for wireless networking %S 2: Ubiquitous computing %A Jun Rekimoto %A Yuji Ayatsuka %A Michimune Kohno %A Hauro Oba %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 511 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.519 %T Embedding Interactions in a Retail Store Environment: The Design and Lessons Learned %S 2: Ubiquitous computing %A Noi Sukaviriya %A Mark Podlaseck %A Rick Kjeldsen %A Anthony Levas %A Gopal Pingali %A Claudio Pinhanez %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 519 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.527 %T Pattern Languages in Interaction Design %S 2: Model-based design %A Martijn van Welie %A Gerrit van der Veer %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 527 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.535 %T Using Ontologies in Design of Multimodal User Interfaces %S 2: Model-based design %A Zeljko Obrenovic %A Dusan Starcevic %A Vladan Devedzic %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 535 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.543 %T A Model-Based Approach for Engineering Multimodal Interactive Systems %S 2: Model-based design %A Philippe Palanque %A Amelie Schyn %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 543 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.551 %T Managing one's social network: Does age make a difference? %S 2: Social context %A Hilary Smith %A Yvonne Rogers %A Mark Brady %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 551 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.559 %T Engaging in Email Discussion: Conversational Context and Social Identity in Computer-Mediated Communication %S 2: Social context %A Leon Watts %A Yanuar Nugroho %A Martin Lea %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 559 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.567 %T Personal Map: Automatically Modeling the User's Online Social Network %S 2: Social context %A Shelly Farnham %A Will Portnoy %A Andrzej Turski %A Lili Cheng %A Dave Vronay %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 567 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.575 %T Segmentation of display space interferes with multitasking %S 2: Shared displays %A Christopher Campbell %A Paul Maglio %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 575 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.583 %T Manipulating and Annotating Slides in a Multi-Display Environment %S 2: Shared displays %A Patrick Chiu %A Qiong Liu %A John Boreczky %A Jonathan Foote %A Tohru Fuse %A Don Kimber %A Surapong Lertsithichai %A Chunyuan Liao %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 583 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.591 %T Display-Based Activity in the Workplace %S 2: Shared displays %A Mark Perry %A Kenton O'Hara %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 591 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.599 %T The Plasma Poster Network: Posting Multimedia Content in Public Places %S 2: Shared displays %A Elizabeth Churchill %A Les Nelson %A Laurent Denoue %A Andreas Girgensohn %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 599 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.607 %T Design and Evaluation of multimodal system for the non-visual exploration of digital pictures %S 2: Special needs %A Patrick Roth %A Thierry Pun %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 607 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.615 %T SeeWord: Rethinking Interfaces, Insights from word processing software for dyslexic readers %S 2: Special needs %A Anna Dickinson %A Peter Gregor %A Lucy Dickinson %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 615 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.623 %T Does an Individual's Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Preference Influence Task-Oriented Technology Use? %S 2: Special needs %A Pamela Ludford %A Loren Terveen %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 623 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.631 %T How Blind Users' Mental Models Affect Their Perceived Usability of an Unfamiliar Screen Reader %S 2: Special needs %A Sri Kurniawan %A Alistair Sutcliffe %A Paul Blenkhorn %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 631 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.639 %T Usability Professionals' Personal Interest in Basic HCI theory %S 2: Usability testing %A Torkil Clemmensen %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 639 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.647 %T Managing the 'Evaluator Effect' in User Testing %S 2: Usability testing %A Arnold Vermeeren %A Ilse van Kesteren %A Mathilde Bekker %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 647 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.655 %T Classification of Usability Problems (CUP) Scheme %S 2: Usability testing %A Ebba Thora Hvannberg %A Lai-Chong Law %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 655 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.663 %T Creating Realistic Laboratory Settings: Comparative Studies of Three Think-Aloud Usability Evaluations of a Mobile System %S 2: Usability testing %A Jesper Kjeldskov %A Mikael Skov %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 663 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.673 %T Understanding Awareness Information %S 3: Doctoral consortium %A Todd Miller %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 673 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.676 %T Improving Usability of E-Commerce Sites by Tracking Eye Movements %S 3: Doctoral consortium %A Ekaterini Tzanidou %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 676 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.679 %T Interaction with Context-Aware Mobile Hand-Held Devices %S 3: Doctoral consortium %A Jonna Hakkila %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 679 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.682 %T Ad Hoc Coach System: Supporting Task-oriented Teaching and Learning under Time Pressure %S 3: Doctoral consortium %A Johannes Farmer %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 682 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.685 %T Developing Usable Context-Aware Mobile Computing: Three Levels of Interactivity %S 3: Doctoral consortium %A Louise Barkhuus %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 685 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.688 %T The Interactive Stardinates %S 3: Doctoral consortium %A Monika Lanzenberger %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 688 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.691 %T Interaction Design Patterns in the Context of Interactive TV Applications %S 3: Doctoral consortium %A Tibor Kunert %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 691 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.697 %T Future Telecommunications: Exploring Actual Use %S 4: Short papers %A Lynne Baillie %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 697 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.701 %T Facial Orientation During Multi-party Interaction with Information Kiosks %S 4: Short papers %A Ilse Bakx %A Koen van Turnhout %A Jacques Terken %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 701 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.705 %T Empirical evaluation of usability and fun in computer games for children %S 4: Short papers %A Wolmet Barendregt %A Mathilde Bekker %A Mathilde Speerstra %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 705 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.709 %T Location-Based Services for Mobile Telephony: a study of users' privacy concerns %S 4: Short papers %A Louise Barkhuus %A Anind Dey %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 709 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.713 %T An analysis of participation structure in conversation based on Interaction Corpus of ubiquitous sensor data %S 4: Short papers %A Mayumi Bono %A Noriko Suzuki %A Yasuhiro Katagiri %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 713 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.717 %T Designing and Prototyping Multimodal Commands %S 4: Short papers %A Marie-Luce Bourguet %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 717 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.721 %T Simulating 'Lived' User Experience - Virtual Immersion and Inclusive Design %S 4: Short papers %A Jarinee Chattratichart %A Patrick Jordan %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 721 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.725 %T Envisioning a Mobile Phone for 'All' Age %S 4: Short papers %A Jarinee Chattratichart %A Jacqueline Brodie %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 725 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.729 %T Weaving Between Online & Offline Community Participation %S 4: Short papers %A Elizabeth Churchill %A Andreas Girgensohn %A Les Nelson %A Alison Lee %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 729 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.733 %T Can Audio Help Navigating in Virtual Environments? An Experimental Ecaluation %S 4: Short papers %A M. F. Costabile %A A. De Angeli %A F. Pittarello %A C. Ardito %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 733 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.737 %T Navigation in Hypermedia and Geographic Space, Same or Different? %S 4: Short papers %A Nils Dahlback %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 737 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.741 %T The Effects of Cognitive Abilities and Geographic Orientation Ability on Navigation in Verbal and Graphical Interfaces %S 4: Short papers %A Nils Dahlback %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 741 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.745 %T Function of Social Browsing in Integration into a Workplace %S 4: Short papers %A Catalina Danis %A Alison Lee %A Unmil Karadkar %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 745 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.749 %T IRIS: Implementing an Open Environment supporting Inclusive Design of Internet Applications %S 4: Short papers %A John Darzentas %A Argyris Arnellos %A Jenny Darzentas %A Panayiotis Koutsabasis %A Thomas Spyrou %A Nikos Viorres %A Evangelos Vlachogiannis %A Carlos Velasco %A Yehya Mohamad %A Julio Abascal %A Jorge Tomas-Guerra %A Myriam Arrue-Recondo %A Nikitas Tsopelas %A Nikos Floratos %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 749 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.753 %T Rapid prototyping collaborative dialogue interfaces %S 4: Short papers %A Elyon DeKoven %A Marc de Hoogh %A David Keyson %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 753 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.757 %T Towards Guidelines for Touch Screen Design: Perception of Button Form and Extension %S 4: Short papers %A Morten Fjeld %A Hans-Jorg Zuberbuhler %A Sissel Guttormsen %A Fred Voorhorst %A Helmut Krueger %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 757 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.761 %T Requirements Engineering with Contextual Design and RUP %S 4: Short papers %A Markus Fluckiger %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 761 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.765 %T A Television Control System based on Spoken Natural Language Dialogue %S 4: Short papers %A Jun Goto %A Katzuteru Komine %A Yeun-Bae Kim %A Noriyoshi Uratani %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 765 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.769 %T A Hierarchical Keyframe User Interface for Browsing Video over the Internet %S 4: Short papers %A Maria Guillemot %A Pierre Wellner %A Daniel Gatica-Perez %A Jean-Marc Odobez %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 769 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.773 %T Like Solving a Giant Puzzle: Supporting Collaborative Scheduling at a Film Festival %S 4: Short papers %A Maria Hakansson %A Sara Ljungblad %A Lars Erik Holmquist %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 773 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.777 %T Interaction and Usability of Simulations & Animations: A case study of the Flash Technology %S 4: Short papers %A Andreas Holzinger %A Martin Ebner %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 777 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.781 %T Metaphors of Human Thinking: A New Tool in User Interface Design and Evaluation %S 4: Short papers %A Kasper Hornbaek %A erik Frokjaer %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 781 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.785 %T Toward Creative 3D Modeling: an Architects' Sketches Study %S 4: Short papers %A Stephane Huot %A Cedric Dumas %A Gerard Hegron %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 785 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.789 %T Distribution of Attention and Failure to Save Computer Work %S 4: Short papers %A Gregory Jones %A Maryanne Martin %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 789 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.793 %T How Do People Get Back to Information on the Web? How Can They Do It Better? %S 4: Short papers %A William Jones %A Harry Bruce %A Susan Dumais %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 793 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.797 %T Emotional Responses to Single-Voice Melodies: Implications for Mobile Ringtones %S 4: Short papers %A Kari Kallinen %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 797 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.801 %T Vision-Speech System Becoming Efficient and Friendly through Experience %S 4: Short papers %A Yoshinori Kuno %A Mitsutoshi Yoshizaki %A Akio Nakamura %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 801 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.805 %T Wearable Auto-Event-Recording of Medical Nursing %S 4: Short papers %A Noriaki Kuwahara %A Haruo Noma %A Nobuji Tetsutani %A Kiyoshi Kogure %A Norihiro Hagita %A Hiroshi Iseki %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 805 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.809 %T VEWL: A Framework for Building a Windowing Interface in a Virtual Environment %S 4: Short papers %A Daniel Larimer %A Doug Bowman %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 809 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.813 %T DriftCatcher: The Implicit Social Context of Email %S 4: Short papers %A Andrea Lockerd %A Ted Selker %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 813 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.817 %T Messaging And Formality: Will IM Follow in the Footsteps of Email? %S 4: Short papers %A Tracey Lovejoy %A Jonathan Grudin %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 817 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.821 %T Managing Multiple Passwords and Multiple Logins: MiFA Minimal-Feedback Hints for Remote Authentication %S 4: Short papers %A Bo Lu %A Michael Twidale %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 821 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.825 %T The Ultrasound Image of the Tongue Surface as Input for Man/Machine Interface %S 4: Short papers %A Konrad Lukaszewicz %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 825 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.829 %T Mapping Fabrics to Music: Lessons Learned %S 4: Short papers %A Sus Lundgren %A Sara Johansson %A Fredrik Nilsson %A Par Stenberg %A Paula Thorin %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 829 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.833 %T Photography Based Artefact Analysis %S 4: Short papers %A Petri Mannonen %A Hannu Kuoppala %A Mika Nieminen %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 833 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.837 %T Effect of Information Modality on Geographic Cognition in Car Navigation Systems %S 4: Short papers %A Maxim Moldenhauer %A Scott McCrickard %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 837 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.841 %T SAP Community: Source for Business Interaction, Education, and Discussion %S 4: Short papers %A Raimund Mollenhauer %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 841 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.845 %T Attention Tracking - Measuring the Focus of Attention %S 4: Short papers %A Andy Disler %A Christopher Mueller %A Daniel Felix %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 845 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.848 %T Online Form Validation: Don't Show Errors Right Away %S 4: Short papers %A Javier Bargas-Avila %A Glenn Oberholzer %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 848 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.852 %T Usability Evaluation Applied to a Children's Website %S 4: Short papers %A Ferran Perdrix %A Toni Granollers %A Jesus Lores %A Ainara Zubillaga %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 852 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.856 %T The Ears Have It: A Task by Information Structure Taxonomy for Voice Access to Web Pages %S 4: Short papers %A Manuel A. Perez-Quinones %A Robert G. Capra, %A Zhiyan Shao %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 856 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.860 %T A Design System based on Architectural Representations %S 4: Short papers %A Sviataslau Pranovich %A Jarke van Wijk %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 860 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.864 %T Project InfoSpace: From Information Managing to Information Representation %S 4: Short papers %A Pamela Ravasio %A Ljiljana Vukelja %A Gabrio Rivera %A Moira C. Norrie %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 864 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.868 %T Candidate Display Styles in Japanese Input %S 4: Short papers %A Xiangshi Ren %A Kinya Tamura %A Jing Kong %A Shumin Zhai %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 868 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.872 %T The New Text and Graphical Input Device: Compact Biometrical Data Acquisition Pen %S 4: Short papers %A Ondrej Rohlik %A Pavel Mautner %A Vaclav Matousek %A Juergen Kempf %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 872 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.876 %T The Intelligent E-Sales Clerk: the Basic Ideas %S 4: Short papers %A Giovanni Sacco %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 876 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.880 %T Adaptation of Ergonomic Criteria to Human-Virtual Environments Interactions %S 4: Short papers %A Cedric Bach %A Dominique Scapin %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 880 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.884 %T Implementing Learning Content Management %S 4: Short papers %A Samuel Schluep %A Pamela Ravasio %A Sissel Guttormsen Schar %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 884 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.888 %T Experimental Evaluation of Semantic Depth of Field, a Preattentive Method for Focus+Context Visualization %S 4: Short papers %A Johann Schrammel %A Verena Giller %A Manfred Tscheligi %A Robert Kosara %A Helwig Hauser %A Silvia Miksch %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 888 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.892 %T Evaluation of an Advisor Tool for Scenario Generation %S 4: Short papers %A Jae Eun Shin %A Alistar Sutcliffe %A Andreas Gregoriades %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 892 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.896 %T Messages for Environmental Collaborative Monitoring: The Development of a Multi-sensory Clipart %S 4: Short papers %A Maria Joao Silva %A Joana Hipolito %A Cristina Gouveia %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 896 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.900 %T The Socio-Political Culture of Users %S 4: Short papers %A Shawren Singh %A Paula Kotze %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 900 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.904 %T Usability Heuristics for Large Screen Information Exhibits %S 4: Short papers %A Jacob Somervell %A Shahtab Wahid %A D. Scott McCrickard %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 904 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.908 %T Developing and Experiencing Mobile Video Communication %S 4: Short papers %A Anne Soronen %A Petri Packaleb %A Anu Jappinen %A Veijo Tuomisto %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 908 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.912 %T Perception of Human-Centred Stories and Technical Descriptions when Analyzing and Negotiating Requirements %S 4: Short papers %A Georg Strom %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 912 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.916 %T Empirical Evaluation of Performance in Hybrid 3D and 2D Interfaces %S 4: Short papers %A Sriram Subramanian %A Dzmitry Aliakseyeu %A Jean-Bernard Martens %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 916 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.920 %T Implicit Referring as an Indication of Familiarity in Face-to-Face and Phone Conversations %S 4: Short papers %A Gunnvald Svendsen %A Bente Evjemo %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 920 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.924 %T Looking for Help? Supporting Older Adults' Use of Computer Systems %S 4: Short papers %A Audrey Syme %A Anna Dickinson %A Rosine Eisma %A Peter Gregor %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 924 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.928 %T Clustering the Information Space Using Top-Ranking Sentences: A Study of User Interaction %S 4: Short papers %A Anastasios Tombros %A Joemon Jose %A Ian Ruthven %A Ryen White %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 928 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.932 %T Patch-based Video Browsing %S 4: Short papers %A Ynze van Houten %A Mark van Setten %A Jan-Gerrit Schuurman %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 932 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.936 %T Interaction as enquiry -- learning with layered dynamic media %S 4: Short papers %A Peter Whalley %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 936 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.940 %T Designing a Football Experience for a Mobile Device %S 4: Short papers %A Greger Wikstrand %A Staffan Eriksson %A Frida Ostberg %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 940 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.947 %T A High Immersive Tele- directing System Using CyberDome %S 5: Posters %A Tomoaki Adachi %A Takefumi Ogawa %A Kiyoshi Kiyokawa %A Haruo Takemura %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 947 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.948 %T Establishing Design Principles for Diagrammatic VPLs %S 5: Posters %A Jarinee Chattratichart %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 948 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.949 %T The Photo Pyramid: A Device with a Graspable User-Interface for Shared Viewing of Digital Images %S 5: Posters %A Nishchal Deshpande %A A. Panas %A A. Bondaryeva %A N. Kirillova %A Y. Bondareva %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 949 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.950 %T Real Time Head Gesture Recognition in Affective Interfaces %S 5: Posters %A Rana El Kaliouby %A Peter Robinson %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 950 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.954 %T Touch&Type - a Novel Input Method for Portable Computers %S 5: Posters %A Wolfgang Fallot-Burghardt %A Helmut Krueger %A Thomas Laubli %A C. Speirs %A S. Ziegenspeck %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 954 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.958 %T An EMG-Controlled Graphic Interface Considering Wearability %S 5: Posters %A Hyuk Jeong %A JinSung Choi %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 958 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.962 %T Interactive Party Textiles %S 5: Posters %A Linda Melin %A Henrik Jernstrom %A Peter Ljungstrand %A Johan Redstrom %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 962 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.966 %T The WANDerful Alcove: Encouraging constructive social interaction with a socially transforming interface %S 5: Posters %A Marije Kanis %A Stefan Agamanolis %A Cati Vaucelle %A Glorianna Davenport %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 966 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.970 %T GITK in Comparison with other Adaptive Interface Toolkits %S 5: Posters %A Stefan Kost %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 970 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.971 %T Interactive Immersive Design Application: Analysis of Requirements %S 5: Posters %A Urs Kunzler %A Roger Wetzel %A Martin Iseli %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 971 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.975 %T FMS - Flying Message Service: The Comeback of Carrier Pigeons %S 5: Posters %A Magnus Nilsson %A Magnus Johansson %A Linda Sjodin %A Christina Wisser %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 975 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.979 %T Gender Differences in Mental Workload during two Computer-based Tasks %S 5: Posters %A Nozomi Sato %A Shinji Miyake %A Yasufumi Kume %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 979 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.983 %T Zazu - Investigating the Difference between Interaction Approaches in Advisory Support Systems for Curriculum %S 5: Posters %A Judy van Biljon %A Karen Renaud %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 983 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.989 %T Ada: a Playful Interactive Space %S 6: Video papers %A T. Delbruck %A K. Eng %A A. Babler %A U. Bernardet %A M. Blanchard %A A. Briska %A M. Costa %A R. Douglas %A K. Hepp %A D. Klein %A J. Manzolli %A M. Mintz %A F. Roth %A U. Rutishauser %A K. Wassermann %A A. Wittmann %A A. M. Whatley %A R. Wyss %A P. F. M. J. Verschure %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 989 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %O [video 24.7 MB] %M C.INT.03.993 %T VisMeB: A Visual Metadata Browser %S 6: Video papers %A Tobias Limbach %A Harald Reiterer %A Peter Klein %A Frank Muller %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 993 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %O [video 21.4 MB] %M C.INT.03.997 %T Intuitive Storytelling Interaction: ZENetic Computer %S 6: Video papers %A Naoko Tosa %A Seigo Matsuoka %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 997 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %O [video 100.5 MB] %M C.INT.03.1000 %T Digital Photo Browsing with Souvenirs %S 6: Video papers %A Elise van den Hoven %A Berry Eggen %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1000 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %O [video 73.6 MB] %M C.INT.03.1004? %T Tangible Query Interfaces: Physically Constrained Tokens for Manipulating Database Queries %S 6: Video papers %A Brygg Ullmer %A Hiroshi Ishii %A Robert Jacob %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1004? %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %O [video 24.8 MB] %M C.INT.03.1007 %T Virtual Variation of Earth Seasons: The 3D Java Solution %S 7: Interactive experiences %A Said Boutiche %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1007 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1009 %T Gudar - A Novel Group Music Instrument %S 7: Interactive experiences %A Nick Bryan-Kinns %A Partick Healey %A Mike Thirlwell %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1009 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1011 %T One Measure of Happiness - a dynamically updated interactive video narrative using gestures %S 7: Interactive experiences %A Amnon Dekel %A Noam Knoller %A Udi Ben-Arie %A Maya Lotan %A Mirit Tal %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1011 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1013 %T Constructed Narratives: Using Play to Breakdown Social %S 7: Interactive experiences %A Pamela Jennings %A Peter Scupelli %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1013 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1015 %T The Fly's Eye: Interactive Installation using Video Tracking and Analysis %S 7: Interactive experiences %A Andrea Polli %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1015 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1017 %T Extended Moments %S 7: Interactive experiences %A Paul St George %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1017 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1021 %T Ontological Sketch Modelling (OSM): Concept-based Usability Analysis %S 8: Tutorials %A Ann Blandford %A Iain Connell %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1021 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1023 %T Collaboration Technology in Teams, Organizations, and Communities %S 8: Tutorials %A Jonathan Grudin %A Steven Poltrock %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1023 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1025 %T Usability Design: Integrating User Centered System Design in the Software Development Process %S 8: Tutorials %A Jan Gulliksen %A Bengt Goransson %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1025 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1027 %T Evaluating Interactive Products for and with Children %S 8: Tutorials %A Stuart MacFarlane %A Janet Read %A Johanna Hoysniemi %A Panos Markopoulos %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1027 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1029 %T Advanced Usability Testing Methodology %S 8: Tutorials %A Rolf Molich %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1029 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1031 %T Methods and Tools for Design of Multi-Platform Applications and Remote Usability Evaluation %S 8: Tutorials %A Fabio Paterno %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1031 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1033 %T Multimedia Design for the Web %A Alistair Sutcliffe %A Leon Watts %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1033 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1037 %T Teaching HCI - Looking at Other Disciplines %S 9: Workshops %A Konrad Baumann %A Paula Kotze %A Lars Oestreicher %A Matthias Rauterberg %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1037 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %O Workshop of IFIP WG 13.1 on Education in HCI and HCI Curriculum. [all position papers] %M C.INT.03.1039 %T Software and Usability Cross-Pollination - The Role of Usability Patterns %S 9: Workshops %A Peter Forbrig %A Jan Gulliksen %A Amed Seffah %A Martijn van Welie %A Jan Borchers %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1039 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %O 2nd IFIP WG 13.2 Workshop on Software and Usability %M C.INT.03.1041 %T Experiences with Usability Labs %S 9: Workshops %A Franz Kurfess %A Erika Rogers %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1041 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1043 %T Exploring the Total Customer Experience: Usability Evaluations of (B2C) E-Commerce Environments %S 9: Workshops %A Shailey Minocha %A Liisa Dawson %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1043 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1045 %T Methods for Applying Activity Theory to HCI Design %S 9: Workshops %A Daisy Mwanza %A Olav Bertelsen %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1045 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1047 %T Including Accessibility and Inclusive Design in the Curriculum for Human-Computer Interaction %S 9: Workshops %A Joint Workshop of IFIP WG 13.1 Education in HCI %A WG 13.3 on HCI %A Disability: %A Monique Noirhomme-Fraiture %A Colette Nicolle %A Paula Kotze %A Julio Abascal %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1047 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1049 %T The Business Case of HCI %S 9: Workshops %A Patrick Steiger %A Gitte Lindgaard %A Daniel Felix %A Nicola Millard %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1049 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1051 %T Putting Theory into Practice: How to apply cross-Cultural differences to user interface design? %S 9: Workshops %A Christian Sturm %A Christopher Mueller %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1051 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1053 %T Closing the Gaps: Software Engineering and HCI %S 9: Workshops %A Morten Borup Harning %A Jean Vanderdonckt %A Murielle Florins %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1053 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %O [all position papers] %M C.INT.03.1057 %T Interaction Engineering and Design %S 10: Panel %A Guy Boy %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1057 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1061 %T Center for Human-Computer Interaction at Virginia Tech %S 11: Organizational overview %A John M. Carroll %A Doug Bowman %A Scott McCrickard %A Chris North %A Manuel A. Perez-Quinones %A Mary Beth Rosson %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1061 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1063 %T Space and Virtuality Studio: A Participatory Design Lab %S 11: Organizational overview %A Thomas Binder %A Jorn Messeter %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1063 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1065 %T Nita - Swedish IT User Centre %S 11: Organizational overview %A Anders Hektor %A Jan Gulliksen %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1065 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1067 %T HCI Education in the Czech Republic %S 11: Organizational overview %A Vaclav Matousek %A Pavel Slavic %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1067 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1069 %T User-System-Interaction Design Program: an Overview %S 11: Organizational overview %A Matthias Rauterberg %A Maddy Janse %A Patricia Vinken %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1069 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1071 %T The good old Styleguide in a new light: enabling a user-oriented development process %S 11: Organizational overview %A Michael Richter %A Siegrun Heberle %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1071 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1073 %T Fostering the Strategic Value of Usability: The European Usability Forum %S 11: Organizational overview %A Manfred Tscheligi %A Verena Giller %A Peter Frolich %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1073 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1077 %T HCI in Spain %S 12: HCI societies worldwide %A Julio Abascal %A Jesus Lores %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1077 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1079 %T State of the Art: HCI in New Zealand %S 12: HCI societies worldwide %A Mark Apperley %A P. Carter %A C. Churcher %A A. Cockburn %A M. Jones %A B. Lobb %A K. Novins %A C. Phillips %A W. Wong %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1079 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1081 %T HCI in Brazil: Prospects and Challenges %S 12: HCI societies worldwide %A Cecilia Baranauskas %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1081 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1083 %T HCI in Switzerland %S 12: HCI societies worldwide %A Daniel Felix,Patrick Steiger %A Markus Stolze %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1083 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1085 %T HCI Research in the Czech Republic %S 12: HCI societies worldwide %A Vaclav Matousek %A Pavel Slavik %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1085 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1087 %T The British Human-Computer Interaction Group %S 12: HCI societies worldwide %A Tom McEwan %A Nico MacDonald %A Gilbert Cockton %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1087 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1089 %T Gesellschaft fur Informatik (Germany) %S 12: HCI societies worldwide %A Horst Oberquelle %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1089 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1091 %T New Horizons for HCI in South Africa %S 12: HCI societies worldwide %A Janet Wesson %A Darelle van Greunen %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1091 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1095 %T Semiotics of interaction %S 13: SIGS: Special Interests Groups %A Cecilia Baranauskas %A Carlos Alberto Scolari %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1095 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1096 %T End-user development %S 13: SIGS: Special Interests Groups %A Fabio Paterno %A Alexander Repenning %A Alistair Sutcliffe %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1096 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1097 %T The role of cultural theories within international usability %S 13: SIGS: Special Interests Groups %A Andy Smith %A Tim French %A Karen Gunter %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1097 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1098 %T The usability lab of the future %S 13: SIGS: Special Interests Groups %A R. D. Beer %A W. M. Lehmann %A L. P. J. J. Noldus %A F. Paterno %A E. H. Schmidt %A W. J. ten Hove %A J. J. M. Theuws %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1098 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1101 %T The Visual Interaction Platform %S 14: System demonstrations %A Dzmitry Aliakseyeu %A Bernard Champoux %A Jean-Bernard Martens %A Matthias Rauterberg %A Sriram Subramanian %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1101 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1103 %T The Augmented Round Table - a New Interface to Urban Planning and Architectural Design %S 14: System demonstrations %A Wolfgang Broll %A Moritz Stoerring %A Chiron Mottram %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1103 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1105 %T Interactive Trip Planning with Trip@dvise %S 14: System demonstrations %A Dario Cavada %A Nader Mirzadeh %A Francesco Ricci %A Adriano Venturini %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1105 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1107 %T 3D Model Viewer with Real-time Viewpoint Tracking System %S 14: System demonstrations %A Jun Iio %A Tomoyuki Yatabe %A Kazuo Hiyane %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1107 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1109 %T Key Functionalities of SAP Community %S 14: System demonstrations %A Raimund Mollenhauer %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1109 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1109 %T MAI: An Authoring System for Designing Interactive Learning Modules %S 14: System demonstrations %A M. N. Mukuna %A J. Vancleve %A P. Calmant %A C. Pirotte %A I. Housen %A A. de Baenst-Vandenbroucke %A D. Rousselet %A J. Vandenhaute %A E. Depiereux %A M. Noirhomme-Fraiture %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1109 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP %M C.INT.03.1113 %T Visualization and Analysis of Formula One Racing Results with InfoZoom - the Demo %S 14: System demonstrations %A Michael Spenke %A Christian Beilken %B INTERACT2003 %D 2003 %P 1113 %* (c) Copyright 2003 IFIP fpack:!@#$%^&*(): IWC11.BA %M J.IWC.11.1.1 %T Introduction to the Special Issue on Temporal Aspects of Usability %A Alan Dix %A John Fabre %A Steve Howard %J IWC %D 1998 %V 11 %N 1 %P 1-7 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %M J.IWC.11.1.9 %T Interaction in the Large %S Temporal Aspects of Usability %A Alan Dix %A Devina Ramduny %A Julie Wilkinson %J IWC %D 1998 %V 11 %N 1 %P 9-32 %K Pace, Interruptions, Reminders, Events, Long-term interaction, CSCW, Cooperative work, Workflow, To-be-done-to lists, Paper documents %* (c) Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science %X Most work in HCI focuses on interaction in the small: where tasks take a few minutes or hours and individual actions receive feedback within seconds. In contrast, many collaborative activities occur over weeks or months and the turnaround of individual messages may take hours, days or even weeks. This slow pace of interaction brings its own problems, especially when expected responses do not occur. This paper analyses these problems, focusing on the triggers which initiate activities and the way processes recover when triggers are missed or misinterpreted. Furthermore, we are able to consider processes which cross organisational boundaries. We draw on theoretical analysis, an exploratory case study of conference organisation and recent application of the techniques to a student placement office. During the studies, a pattern of recurrent activities was discovered, the 4Rs (request, receipt, response and release), which we believe to be generic to this class of collaborative process. %M J.IWC.11.1.33 %T Designing a Real-Time Telepathology Workstation to Mitigate Communication Delays %S Temporal Aspects of Usability %A David Carr %A Catherine Plaisant %A Hiroaki Hasegawa %J IWC %D 1998 %V 11 %N 1 %P 33-52 %K Iterative design, Predictive displays, Remote control, Supervisory control, Telepathology, Time delays %* (c) Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science %X Dynamic telepathology uses a teleoperated microscope to allow pathologists to view samples at a remote location. However, time delays introduced by remote operation have made use of a commercial dynamic telepathology system difficult and frustrating. This paper describes the iterative redesign of the user interface. We redesigned the interface, conducted experiments to evaluate the improvements, and then redesigned the user interface based on the results. Our work shows that predictive displays and local maps improve user control of the microscope and increase user comfort with the system. It also indicates that some degree of automation is necessary to support the navigation process and increase the overall usefulness of the system. Therefore, we also make recommendations for further automation to support the telepathology process and increase the usefulness of the system. While performed on a specific device using a dedicated communications system, the same problems would be encountered in other environments. For example, Internet-based systems that enable remote control or require browsing of large images will need to compensate for time delays and can benefit from our experience with the telepathology application. %M J.IWC.11.1.53 %T Representing the Impact of Time on Human Error and Systems Failure %S Temporal Aspects of Usability %A Chris Johnson %J IWC %D 1998 %V 11 %N 1 %P 53-86 %K Safety-critical interfaces, Notations %* (c) Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science %X Time plays a central role in our understanding of human 'error' and system 'failure'. Without a detailed knowledge of the flow of events, investigators cannot hope to arrive at well founded conclusions about the causes of major accidents. This paper argues that formal and semi-formal notations can be used to build time-lines that show the ordering of events leading to a failure. These time-lines help to improve the quality of an accident report by identifying the temporal inconsistencies that often arise between human factors and system engineering accounts of the same accident. This, in turn, can help to ensure that any recommendations for the future design of interactive systems are based upon coherent accounts of previous failures. %M J.IWC.11.1.87 %T Temporal Aspects of Interaction in Shared Virtual Worlds %S Temporal Aspects of Usability %A David England %A Philip Gray %J IWC %D 1998 %V 11 %N 1 %P 87-105 %K Temporal aspects, Usability, Shared virtual worlds, Virtual reality, Formal specification, Temporal specification, UAN, XUAN %* (c) Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science %X In this paper we examine the problems of usability and related temporal issues in shared virtual environments. Shared virtual environments involve physically distributed users interacting with each other and with distributed objects via complex highly graphical user interfaces. These factors can result in interaction which suffers from serious and unpredictable delays in system response times. Careful interaction design can alleviate the problems resulting from such delays. We look at several areas of shared virtual world design, including object interaction, avatars and scene rendering, investigating ways of dealing with communicating information, preserving world coherence and providing users with effective real-time interaction. Our medium of analysis is the Extended User Action Notation (XUAN), a variant of the User Action Notation that enables us to express explicitly and clearly the temporal features of our examples. Finally, we discuss the implications of our temporal analysis for further research and development of shared virtual worlds, and the implications for the further development and use of XUAN. %M J.IWC.11.2.109 %T Integrating Natural Language Generation and Hypertext to Produce Dynamic Documents %A Robert Dale %A Jon Oberlander %A Maria Milosavljevic %A Alistair Knott %J IWC %D 1998 %V 11 %N 2 %P 109-135 %K Hypermedia, Natural language generation, Information presentation, Discourse coherence, Adaptive hypertext %* (c) Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science %X We discuss a task requiring the coherent presentation of heterogeneous information about objects recorded in electronic catalogues. We consider the advantages of combining hypermedia delivery with natural language generation technology, so as to allow us to view a session with such a system as a coherent conversation or dialogue. We describe two prototype systems we have built which make use of these combined techniques, and focus on those aspects of the systems which attempt to provide coherence. Although the techniques themselves are not novel, their combination is relatively recent, and promises to help forge useful tools for accomplishing our specific information retrieval task. %M J.IWC.11.2.137 %T The Attribute Explorer: Information Synthesis via Exploration %A Robert Spence %A Lisa Tweedie %J IWC %D 1998 %V 11 %N 2 %P 137-146 %K Attribute Explorer, Qualitative exploration, Quantitative decision making %* (c) Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science %X The Attribute Explorer is a visualization tool in which the graphical and interactive presentation of data supports the human acquisition of insight into that data. The underlying concept employed is that of interactive linked histograms. The advantage of the Attribute Explorer derives from its ability to support both qualitative exploration and quantitative design decisions, as well as a smooth transition between these two activities. %M J.IWC.11.2.147 %T The Effect of Interaction Style and Training Method on End User Learning of Software Packages %A Sid Davis %A Susan Wiedenbeck %J IWC %D 1998 %V 11 %N 2 %P 147-172 %K Interface style, Exploration-based training, Instruction-based training, End users %* (c) Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science %X This paper reports two studies of software learning by individuals who use packages as a tool but never become experts. Using assimilation theory, we studied the effect of three interaction styles (direct manipulation, menu, and command) and two training methods (instruction and exploration) on the initial learning of a package and the subsequent learning of functionally equivalent packages. Results suggest that direct manipulation aids initial learning and that previous experience is a moderate aid in learning a subsequent package, but only when the interaction styles are similar. Exploration training does not appear to aid learners in a short training period. %M J.IWC.11.2.173 %T The HOMER UIMS for Dual User Interface Development: Fusing Visual and Non-Visual Interactions %A Anthony Savidis %A Constantine Stephanidis %J IWC %D 1998 %V 11 %N 2 %P 173-209 %K Dual interface, Non-visual interaction, Abstract interaction objects, User interface specification, User interface management systems %* (c) Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science %X Existing systems which enable accessibility to graphical user interfaces (GUIs) by blind people follow an 'adaptation strategy'; each system adopts its own hard-coded policy for reproducing visual dialogues in a non-visual form, without knowledge about the application domain or the particular dialogue characteristics. It is argued that non-visual user interfaces should be more than automatically generated adaptations of visual dialogues. Tools are required to facilitate purposeful non-visual interface construction, allowing iterative design and implementation. Such tools should cater for the construction of 'integrated' user interfaces, which are concurrently accessible by sighted and blind users. Thus, the concept of dual user interfaces is introduced, arguably as the most appropriate basis to address this important issue of concurrent accessibility, in order to prevent segregation of blind people in computer-based working environments. A user interface management system (UIMS) has been developed, called HOMER, which facilitates the development of dual user interfaces. HOMER supports the integration of visual and non-visual toolkits of interaction elements; a non-visual toolkit, called COMONKIT, has been also implemented for building non-visual user interfaces, and has been incorporated in HOMER. %M J.IWC.11.2.211 %T The Design of Sonically-Enhanced Widgets %A Stephen Brewster %J IWC %D 1998 %V 11 %N 2 %P 211-235 %K Earcons, Auditory interfaces, Widgets, Non-speech audio, Interface sonification, Interface toolkits %* (c) Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science %X This paper describes the design of user-interface widgets that include non-speech sound. Previous research has shown that the addition of sound can improve the usability of human-computer interfaces. However, there is little research to show where the best places are to add sound to improve usability. The approach described here is to integrate sound into widgets, the basic components of the human-computer interface. An overall structure for the integration of sound is presented. There are many problems with current graphical widgets and many of these are difficult to correct by using more graphics. This paper presents many of the standard graphical widgets and describes how sound can be added. It describes in detail usability problems with the widgets and then the non-speech sounds to overcome them. The non-speech sounds used are earcons. These sonically-enhanced widgets allow designers who are not sound experts to create interfaces that effectively improve usability and have coherent and consistent sounds. %M J.IWC.11.3.237 %T Wanted: Psychologically Relevant, Device- and Event-Independent Work Analysis Techniques %A Kim J. Vicente %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 3 %P 237-254 %K Task analysis; Systems analysis; Human-computer interaction; Cognitive engineering; Process control %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X This article offers a commentary on Richardson, Ormerod, and Shepherd (in press) while building on the previous discussion in this journal of the relative merits of task analysis and systems analysis in human-computer interface design [1,2,7]. The SGT scheme described by Richardson et al. represents a valuable contribution to the work analyst's toolkit. However, it is limited in the extent to which it can identify the information requirements associated with unanticipated events. The abstraction hierarchy [23] is an event-independent work domain analysis technique that can be used to overcome this limitation while still satisfying the criteria of device-independence and psychological relevance. Future research should integrate the complementary advantages of SGT and the abstraction hierarchy into a single, unified framework for work analysis. %M J.IWC.11.3.255 %T A Comparison of the Comprehension of Object-Oriented and Procedural Programs by Novice Programmers %A Susan Wiedenbeck %A Vennila Ramalingam %A Suseela Sarasamma %A Cynthia L. Corritore %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 3 %P 255-282 %K Object-oriented programming; Empirical studies of programming; Novice programmers; Learning to program %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X This paper reports on two experiments comparing mental representations and program comprehension by novices in the object-oriented and procedural styles. The subjects were novice programmers enrolled in a second course in programming which taught either the object-oriented or the procedural paradigm. The first experiment compared the mental representations and comprehension of short programs written in the procedural and object-oriented styles. The second experiment extended the study to a larger program incorporating more advanced language features. For the short programs there was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to the total number of questions answered correctly, but the object-oriented subjects were superior to the procedural subjects at answering questions about program function. This suggests that function information was more readily available in their mental representations of the programs and supports an argument that the object-oriented notation highlights function at the level of the individual class. For the long program a corresponding effect was not found. The comprehension of procedural subjects was superior to object-oriented subjects on all types of question. The difficulties experienced by the object-oriented subjects in answering questions in a larger program suggest that they faced problems in marshaling information and drawing inferences from it. We suggest that this result may be related to a longer learning curve for novices of the object-oriented style, as well as to features of the OO style and the particular OO language notation. %M J.IWC.11.3.283 %T A Performance Comparison of Two Handwriting Recognizers %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A Larry Chang %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 3 %P 283-297 %K Pen-based computing; Text entry; Hand-printing; Mobile computing; Character recognition; Handwriting recognition %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X An experiment is described comparing two commercial handwriting recognizers with discrete hand-printed characters. Each recognizer was tested at two levels of constraint, one using lowercase letters (which were the only symbols included in the input text) and the other using both uppercase and lowercase letters. Two factors -- recognizer and constraint -- with two levels each, resulted in four test conditions. A total of 32 subjects performed text-entry tasks for each condition. Recognition accuracy differed significantly among conditions. Furthermore, the accuracy observed (87%-93%) was below the walk-up accuracy claimed by the developers of the recognizers. Entry speed was affected not only by recognition conditions but by users' adaptation to the idiosyncrasies of the recognizers. In an extensive error analysis, numerous weaknesses of the recognizers are revealed, in that certain characters are error prone and are misrecognized in a predictable way. This analysis, and the procedure for such, is a useful tool for designers of handwriting-recognition systems. User satisfaction results showed that recognition accuracy greatly affects the impression of walk-up users. %M J.IWC.11.3.299 %T The Ergonomic Criteria and the ISO/DIS 9241-10 Dialogue Principles: A Pilot Comparison in an Evaluation Task %A J. M. C. Bastien %A D. L. Scapin %A C. Leulier %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 3 %P 299-322 %K User interface evaluation; Inspection methods; Ergonomic criteria; Standards; Dialogue principles; Usability problems; Ergonomic quality %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X This study compared the relative effectiveness of the Ergonomic Criteria and the ISO/DIS 9241-10 Dialogue Principles in an evaluation task. Three groups of participants (Criteria, n=6; ISO, n=5; Control, n=6) conducted an ergonomic inspection of a musical database application. Participants in the Control group relied solely on their individual judgement to conduct their evaluation. No significant correlation was found between the time spent conducting the evaluation and the number of problems uncovered (Kendall' Tau=0.324; Z corrected for ties= 1.853; p=0.0638). The median time spent evaluating the application was 52.5 (Mean rank=3.5), 89 (Mean rank=10.6), and 124min (Mean rank=13.167), in the Control, ISO, and Criteria groups respectively (Kruskal-Wallis' H corrected for ties=11.762; p=0.0028). Multiple comparisons between groups revealed that only the Control and the Criteria groups differed significantly. The median number of usability problems uncovered by the participants in the Control, ISO and Criteria groups was 56.5 (Mean rank=6.25), 56 (Mean rank=7), and 85.5 (Mean rank=13.417) respectively (Kruskal-Wallis' H corrected for ties=7.18; p=0.0276). Again, multiple comparisons between groups revealed that only the Control and the Criteria groups differed significantly. The percentages of problems uncovered as a function of the number of evaluation reports cumulated showed similar trends for both the Control and the ISO groups. For the Criteria group, the percentage of problems uncovered with respect to the number of evaluation reports cumulated was higher. To summarise, participants using the Ergonomic Criteria spent significantly more time evaluating the application than the participants of the Control group. They also uncovered significantly more usability problems. However no significant differences appeared between the Control and the ISO groups as well as between the ISO and the Criteria groups. %M J.IWC.11.3.323 %T Managing the Use of Style Guides in an Organisational Setting: Practical Lessons in Ensuring UI Consistency %A Nichole Simpson %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 3 %P 323-351 %K Corporate style guide; User-interface design; Cost-benefit analysis; Consistency of design; Conformancy checking %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X This paper explores the use of Corporate Style Guides as a mechanism for managing consistency at the user interface. The software design community is becoming increasingly aware of the value of Style Guides in promoting consistency and usability in designs. Style Guides form a valuable reference point and management tool, and can offer particular advantage in cases where distributed or outsourced design and development groups exist. Style Guides also fill a gap in the development process, providing advice more specific than the guidance contained in published standards, and more general than the design specifications of a single system. They provide opportunities for the improvement of group design activities and overcoming the limitations of an individualistic approach. Style Guides can be shown to deliver tangible financial benefits to organisations through the promotion of consistency of design. However, it is recognised that the process of managing the use of Style Guides is not well defined. This paper draws on lessons learned from a range of projects concerned with providing Style Guides and Style Guide management processes in commercial and industrial settings. %M J.IWC.11.4.355 %T Supporting the Group Creation of Formal and Informal Graphics During Business Process Modeling %A Mark Pendergast %A Kregg Aytes %A James D. Lee %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 4 %P 355-373 %K Groupware; Collaborative drawing; IDEF; Computer-supported cooperative work; Enterprise analysis; Collaborative applications; Electronic meeting systems; Group support systems %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X Since the 1960s, research in systems analysis and design has been performed along two distinct tracts: the automation of software design, implementation, and verification; and the elicitation of high level systems requirements. Computer-aided software engineering, rapid prototyping, and more recently, visual programming have been the tools developed for the automation of software development. Enterprise Analysis, in the form of process and information modeling, has been a primary area of focus for requirements development research. The application of Electronic Meeting Systems technology to Enterprise Analysis is a promising technology for the timely elicitation of requirements from groups of subject matter experts. However, Electronic Meeting Systems do not explicitly support the development of graphical models -- a requirement for many process modeling techniques. This paper describes a research effort to provide support for the creation of graphical business models by groups. Design decisions were made based on use of the tools by real-world groups, as well as a result of laboratory studies. One of the most interesting findings was that users found it particularly efficient to be able to enter model definitions through a textual interface and view computer generated graphical views of the model. %M J.IWC.11.4.375 %T Virtual Reality: An Overview of User-Related Design Issues %S Editorial: Virtual Reality and User's Issues %A Stella Mills %A Jan Noyes %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 4 %P 375-386 %K Virtual Reality; Virtual environments; Human-computer interaction; Usability; Applications %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X Within the last couple of decades, Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged from its early beginnings in simulators, and is now a realistic option in a number of applications, the range and number of which are increasing annually. It has also been heralded as the new future interface for allowing humans to communicate with computers. Hence, given the continuing developments and rapid advances in this area, it is timely to produce a Special Issue in Interacting With Computers focusing on the user issues relating to the successful employment of this technology. %M J.IWC.11.4.387 %T CLIMATE: A Framework for Developing Holistic Requirements Analysis in Virtual Environments %S Virtual Reality and User's Issues %A T. Conkar %A J. M. Noyes %A C. Kimble %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 4 %P 387-402 %K Computer-mediated communications; Virtual environment; System design; Requirements analysis %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X Personal ([2] C Barnatt, Cyber Business Mindsets for a Wired Age, Wiley, New York, 1995) computers and networks have transformed communications in the workplace over the last decade. Tomorrow's society is likely to revolve around the use of Computer Mediated Communication (CMCs) to eschew the geographical distance between individuals ([27] N. Negroponte, Being Digital, Hodder and Stoughton, 1995; [28] D. Norfolk, The virtual enterprise, Information Age November Issue (1995) 32-39). A new dilemma for designers of this technology will be discovering ways of humanising systems development and design. This paper develops a framework called CLIMATE (Community, Language, Interaction, and Medium in the Analysis of Telepresence Environments) which may ultimately be used for capturing user and environment requirements. The virtual environment that forms as a result of this CMC is rich in social nuances, such as on-line friendships, communities and so on, that sometimes reflect the elaborate cultures of real life ([37] H. Rheingold, The Virtual Community, Minerva, 1995). CLIMATE is intended to help in capturing a more holistic picture of requirements, in terms of the users, task, and environment. The approach is inductivist, relying on gathering rich data from log transcripts, participant observation and questionnaire surveys. It is intended that CLIMATE will provide a step further towards integrating social and technical design requirements in the application of CMCs. %M J.IWC.11.4.403 %T Interacting with Virtual Environments: An Evaluation of a Model of Interaction %S Virtual Reality and User's Issues %A Kulwinder Kaur %A Neil Maiden %A Alistair Sutcliffe %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 4 %P 403-426 %K Virtual environments; Interaction modelling; Usability %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X There is a need for interface design guidance for virtual environments, in order to avoid common usability problems. To develop such guidance an understanding of user interaction is required. Theoretical models of interaction with virtual environments are proposed, which consist of stages of interaction for task/goal oriented, exploratory and reactive modes of behaviour. The models have been evaluated through user studies and results show the models to be reasonably complete in their predictions about modes and stages of interaction. Particular stages were found to be more predominant than others. The models were shown to be less accurate about the exact flow of interaction between stages. Whilst the general organisation of stages in the models remained the same, stages were often skipped and there was backtracking to previous stages. Results have been used to refine the theoretical models for use in informing interface design guidance for virtual environments. %M J.IWC.11.4.427 %T Physicians in Virtual Environments Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction %S Virtual Reality and User's Issues %A Christian Krapichler %A Michael Haubner %A Andreas Losch %A Dietrich Schuhmann %A Marcus Seemann %A Karl-Hans Englmeier %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 4 %P 427-452 %K Virtual reality; Man-machine communication; Human-computer interaction; Multimodal interface; Medical imaging %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X Modern tomography technologies like CT or MRI produce high-quality scans of the human anatomy. While conventional computer-aided image analysis falls back upon editing tomograms layer by layer, virtual environments offer enhanced visualization, image analysis and manipulation of the three-dimensional data sets. In this paper, the application of multimodal, user-oriented human-computer interaction is presented, facilitating and accelerating work with the tomographical data of individual patients. Hand gesture recognition is a major component of the interface, completed by speech understanding and further units like a 6-DOF mouse or acoustic feedback. Three-dimensional image segmentation, virtual bronchoscopy and virtual angioscopy are typical examples that illustrate the benefits of virtual environments for the realm of medicine. %M J.IWC.11.4.453 %T Learning through Virtual Reality: A Preliminary Investigation %S Virtual Reality and User's Issues %A Stella Mills %A Maria Madalena T. de Araujo %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 4 %P 453-462 %K Virtual Reality; VR Systems Design; Learning through VR %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X Our understanding of learning through the use of Virtual Reality (VR) is still in its infancy but a small core of work is emerging that is of growing importance. The literature is utilised to derive three design principles that are pertinent to VR systems used for learning. These principles form the basis for the design of a small VR world which was used for teaching a managment technique to students in Higher Education (HE). Thus, this project naturally divided into two stages: first, software was developed for Portuguese HE students to learn the basic concept of apportioning resources subject to constraints, while Stage 2 comprised a formative experiment to test for differences in the learning of the technique. The conclusion was that overall the traditionally taught group faired better, but not statistically significantly better, than the software based group. Issues of enjoyment and learning were also raised. More studies are needed before any generalities can be drawn. %M J.IWC.11.5.463 %T Usability and Educational Software Design %A David Squires %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 5 %P 463-466 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %M J.IWC.11.5.467 %T Predicting Quality in Educational Software: Evaluating For Learning, Usability and the Synergy between Them %S Usability and Educational Software Design %A David Squires %A Jenny Preece %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 5 %P 467-483 %K Educational software evaluation; Usability; Constructivism; Checklists; Heuristics %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X Teachers need to be able to evaluate predictively educational software so that they can make decisions about what software to purchase and how to use software in classrooms. The conventional approach to predictive evaluation is to use a checklist. We argue that checklists are seriously flawed in principle because they do not encompass a consideration of learning issues. More particularly they fail to adopt a socio-constructivist view of learning. We propose an approach that adapts the idea of usability heuristics by taking account of a socio-constructivist learning perspective. This leads to a set of 'learning with software' heuristics. A notable feature of these heuristics is that they attend to the integration of usability and learning issues. %M J.IWC.11.5.485 %T Learning Technology and Usability: A Framework for Understanding Courseware %S Usability and Educational Software Design %A J. T. Mayes %A C. J. Fowler %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 5 %P 485-497 %K Educational software; Reusable courseware; Vicarious learning; Tertiary courseware %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X This paper argues that the usability of educational software cannot be measured in the same terms as other work contexts. This is because learning is a by-product of understanding rather than an activity which can be supported directly. Although it is best achieved through the performance of meaningful tasks, these tasks need to be designed to support different kinds of learning. We approach the problem through an attempt to derive a framework for understanding courseware. Conceptual learning is characterized as a cycle, involving the three stages which we term conceptualization, construction and dialogue. These are mapped onto primary, secondary and tertiary courseware. Each kind of courseware is discussed in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and usability. %M J.IWC.11.5.499 %T Contexts for Evaluating Educational Software %S Usability and Educational Software Design %A A. Jones %A E. Scanlon %A C. Tosunoglu %A E. Morris %A S. Ross %A P. Butcher %A J. Greenberg %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 5 %P 499-516 %K Educational software evaluation; Contextual evaluation; CIAO! evaluation framework %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X The evaluation of educational software is of concern to two particular academic communities: HCI and educational technology. There is a danger that usability features are considered at the expense of educational issues (and the converse of this is of course equally true). This paper considers how the notion and practice of evaluation in the educational community differs from that in HCI and also identifies areas of overlap. It then describes how particular influences and contexts have led one group of evaluators from the educational community to develop a context, interactions, attitudes and outcomes (CIAO!) model of evaluation for computer assisted learning (CAL) evaluation in distance education. The application of this model is illustrated by case studies from a recent evaluation project and related research. The paper concludes with a discussion of the issues raised for both communities by this model for evaluation. %M J.IWC.11.5.517 %T Why Human Error Modeling has Failed to Help Systems Development %S Editorial: Human Error and Systems Development %A Chris Johnson %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 5 %P 517-524 %K Human error; System failure; Management weakness %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X Until the 1980s, human reliability analysis focused upon individual erroneous actions. More recently, attention has shifted to the managerial and organizational contexts that create the latent conditions for such failures. Unfortunately, these developments have had little impact upon many industries. The problems of technology transfer are less due to commercial neglect than to the failure of human-factors' research to seriously consider the problems of systems development. For example, most error-modeling techniques are poorly documented. In consequence, errors are likely to be made when designers apply error modeling techniques. There are further ironies. Many of these techniques depend entirely upon the skill and intuition of human factors' experts. The lack of professional accreditation procedures prevents companies from assessing the quality both of those experts and their advice. Until these practical problems are addressed, increasingly esoteric models of human and organizational failure will be of little practical benefit. Over the last 5years, a number of researchers have become increasingly concerned to support technology transfer between human error modeling and constructive systems development [1]. As a result, workshops were staged in Glasgow (1997), Seattle (1998) and Liege (1999). This special edition presents a collection of papers from these meetings. %M J.IWC.11.5.525 %T A Case Study of a Human Error in a Dynamic Environment %S Human Error and Systems Development %A Marie-odile Bes %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 5 %P 525-543 %K: Human Error; Dynamic environment; Verbal protocol analysis; Human reliability; Human-machine system; Air Traffic Control %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X This joint project between C.E.N.A., L.A.M.I.H. and Percotec consisted in evaluating various implementations of a principle of distribution of workload, called dynamic allocation of tasks, between air traffic controllers and an expert-system. Our work focuses on the analysis of a human error intervening during these simulations. We present this case study in order to highlight the specific difficulties encountered by operators in managing the temporal aspects of a dynamic environment, such as they were unveiled in the work of De Keyser [6] and relate it to Reason's [13] contribution exposed in his Generic Error Modelling System. In conclusion we emphasise some parts of this model that should be refined and enriched in order to encompass the temporal characteristics of dynamic environments. %M J.IWC.11.5.545 %T Automatic Reasoning and Help about Human Errors in Using an Operating System %S Human Error and Systems Development %A Maria Virvou %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 5 %P 545-573 %K User-modelling; Error diagnosis; Human Plausible Reasoning; User interfaces; Intelligent Help Systems %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X Human errors occur frequently in the interaction of a user with an operating system. However, current user interfaces of operating systems lack some reasoning ability about user's intentions and beliefs. Intelligent Help Systems (IHS) can provide additional reasoning and help. This paper presents a discussion of the features of IHSs and a review of a few IHSs for users of operating systems. Then it describes the research and results of employing a cognitive theory of Human Plausible Reasoning Theory in error diagnosis for users interacting with an operating system. This theory has formalized the reasoning based on similarities, generalizations and specializations that people use to make plausible guesses about questions. Here we exploit the fact that plausible guesses can be incorrect and thus turned into human errors. The error diagnosis is performed by the user modelling component of an IHS, called RESCUER. %M J.IWC.11.5.575 %T Toward a Model of Unreliability to Study Error Prevention Supports %S Human Error and Systems Development %A F. Vanderhaegen %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 5 %P 575-595 %K Air traffic control; Error prevention support; Human reliability; Model of unreliability; Safety analysis; System specification %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X The paper reviews aspects of system development. It focuses on system specification which aims at defining off-line error prevention supports such as training programme, ergonomic improvement or rules modification and at defining on-line error prevention supports such as assistance tools, automated tools or human-machine interfaces. A model of unreliability is proposed to describe both human and machine dysfunctions and to guide the specification of error prevention supports. One of its uses is illustrated by an application in air traffic control. The project is an experimental feasibility study which aims at assessing the impact of automation on human behaviour. This study consists of sharing tasks dynamically between a human air traffic controller and a computer based tool. Results are analysed in the light of workload, safety and unreliability. %M J.IWC.11.6.597 %T A Study of Incidents Involving Programmable Electronic Safety-Related systems %S Human Error and Systems Development %A C. Chambers %A P. R. Croll %A M. Bowell %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 6 %P 597-609 %K Safety-related systems; Computer control systems; Fault schema; Small manufacturing enterprises; Accident analysis; Health and safety %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X This paper presents a study of 21 incidents in small manufacturing enterprises involving electrical/electronic/programmable electronic (E/E/PE) safety-related systems, originally investigated by the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL). The aim of this study is to highlight the causes of these incidents and suggest common solutions to those causes. A fault schema suitable for the classification of incidents of this nature is proposed. For each incident, identified faults are labelled according to the fault schema and are also denoted as primary, secondary or incidental. Examples of particular causes are given. The prominent faults are further discussed with the goal of highlighting the categories of faults most prominent in E/E/PE safety-related systems. This pinpoints the areas where future work on incident prevention should focus. Finally, mitigation techniques which could form part of an E/E/PE safety-related system development methodology suitable for small manufacturing enterprises are suggested. %M J.IWC.11.6.611 %T A Classification and Analysis of Erroneous Actions in Computer Supported Co-Operative Work Environment %S Human Error and Systems Development %A David Trepess %A Tony Stockman %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 6 %P 611-622 %K Computer supported co-operative work; Framework; Human error; Human error classifications; Social context %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X In the past, CSCW systems have been studied with little consideration of the social context in which they will be used (see Ref. [1]). A framework of social context has been proposed [1] that takes the social aspects of a collaborating community to be a vital consideration in the design of CSCW systems. This paper aims to extend Mantovani's framework to deal with the issues of human error. The social context plays a large part in the cause, detection, level of consequence and recovery of erroneous actions in CSCW. This paper considers how current classification of human errors might be adapted for application in CSCW. A framework has been proposed which can be used in the analysis of the social context of CSCW. %M J.IWC.11.6.623 %T Work Process Analysis: A Necessary Step in the Development of Decision Support Systems. An Aviation Safety Case Study %S Human Error and Systems Development %A H. W. Allen %A M. L. Abate %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 6 %P 623-643 %K Work process analysis; Decision support systems; Aviation safety; Human computer interface design; Task analysis; System design %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X This paper demonstrates the importance of work process modeling and supporting data analysis in system development. To illustrate the process of modeling for system development, we describe how traditional task analysis was used in our effort to understand the work processes associated with the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) airworthiness and operations surveillance inspection activities. Further, the integration of risk assessment techniques resulted in a validated task analysis providing a review of the as-is state of surveillance activities. It is also shown how the as-is surveillance work processes that resulted from these studies were used as the foundation for a re-engineered (re-eng) surveillance work process model. We conclude by describing a follow-on activity, the development of a safety critical work process model, which reflects an integration of the as-is and re-engineered work process descriptions, the human factors literature, inspection data analysis, federal aviation regulations and identified areas of safety criticality. %M J.IWC.11.6.645 %T A Co-Operative Scenario Based Approach to Acquisition and Validation of System Requirements: How Exceptions Can Help! %S Human Error and Systems Development %A Neil Maiden %A Shailey Minocha %A Alistair Sutcliffe %A Darrel Manuel %A Michele Ryan %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 6 %P 645-664 %K Socio-technical system; Co-operative requirements engineering; Scenario-based requirements engineering; Scenario generation; Exceptions %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X Scenarios, in most situations, are descriptions of required interactions between a desired system and its environment, which detail normative system behaviour. Our studies of current scenario use in requirements engineering have revealed that there is considerable interest in the use of scenarios for acquisition, elaboration and validation of system requirements. However, scenarios have seldom been used to study inappropriate or exceptional system behaviour. To account for non-normative or undesired system behaviour, it is vital to predict ('what can go wrong') and explore the existence or occurrence of 'exceptions' in a scenario when the system might be prevented from delivering the required service. Identification of exceptions and inclusion of additional requirements to prevent their occurrence or mitigate their effects yield robust and fault-tolerant design solutions. In this article, we present a prototype software tool called CREWS-SAVRE for systematic scenario generation and use. We describe the innovative features of the tool and demonstrate them with an example of tool's use. Further, we have identified three kinds of exceptions: generic, permutation and problem exceptions, and have derived complex taxonomies of problem exceptions. We have populated SAVRE with the taxonomies of generic, permutation and problem exceptions. The exceptions can be chosen by the requirements engineer to include them in the generated scenarios to explore the correctness and completeness of requirements. In addition, the taxonomies of problem exceptions can also serve as checklists and help a requirements engineer to predict non-normative system behaviour in a scenario. %M J.IWC.11.6.665 %T Human Factors in Requirements Engineering: A Survey of Human Sciences Literature Relevant to the Improvement of Dependable Systems Development Processes %S Human Error and Systems Development %A Stephen Viller %A John Bowers %A Tom Rodden %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 6 %P 665-698 %K Human error; Group performance; Process losses; Organizational failure; Process improvement; Dependable systems development %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X Requirements engineering (RE) is an inherently social process, involving the contribution of individuals working in an organizational context. Further, failures in the RE process will potentially lead to systematic failures in the products that are produced as a result. Consequently, the RE process for dependable systems development should itself be considered as a dependable process, and therefore subject to greater scrutiny for vulnerabilities to error. Research on human error has typically focused on the work of individual actors from a cognitive perspective. This paper presents a survey which broadens the view on what contributes to human error by also examining work from the social and organizational literature. This review was conducted to inform efforts to improve the systems development process for dependable systems, and in particular their requirements engineering process. %M J.IWC.11.6.699 %T Human Error and Information Systems Failure: The Case of the London Ambulance Service Computer-Aided Despatch System Project %S Human Error and Systems Development %A Paul Beynon-Davies %J IWC %D 1999 %V 11 %N 6 %P 699-720 %K Human error; Information systems failure; Risk; Safety critical systems %* (c) Copyright 1999 Elsevier Science %X Human error and systems failure have been two constructs that have become linked in many contexts. In this paper we particularly focus on the issue of failure in relation to that group of software systems known as information systems. We first review the extant theoretical and empirical work on this topic. Then we discuss one particular well-known case -- that of the London ambulance service computer-aided despatch system (LASCAD) project -- and use it as a particularly cogent example of the features of information systems failure. We maintain that the tendency to analyse information systems failure solely from a technological standpoint is limiting, that the nature of information systems failure is multi-faceted, and hence cannot be adequately understood purely in terms of the immediate problems of systems construction. Our purpose is also to use the generic material on IS failure and the specific details of this particular case study to critique the issues of safety, criticality, human error and risk in relation to systems not currently well considered in relation to these areas. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): abooks.B %M B.ackerman.03 %D 2003 %0 BOOK %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/0262011956 %T Sharing Expertise : Beyond Knowledge Management %A Mark Ackerman %A Volkmar Pipek %A Volker Wulf %X The field of knowledge management focuses on how organizations can most effectively store, manage, retrieve, and enlarge their intellectual properties. The repository view of knowledge management emphasizes the gathering, providing, and filtering of explicit knowledge. The information in a repository has the advantage of being easily transferable and reusable. But it is not easy to use decontextualized information, and users often need access to human experts. This book describes a more recent approach to knowledge management, which the authors call "expertise sharing." Expertise sharing emphasizes the human aspects--cognitive, social, cultural, and organizational--of knowledge management, in addition to information storage and retrieval. Rather than focusing on the management level of an organization, expertise sharing focuses on the self-organized activities of the organization's members. The book addresses the concerns of both researchers and practitioners, describing current literature and research as well as offering information on implementing systems. It consists of three parts: an introduction to knowledge sharing in large organizations; empirical studies of expertise sharing in different types of settings; and detailed descriptions of computer systems that can route queries, assemble people and work, and augment naturally occurring social networks within organizations. %P 426 %G ISBN 0-262-01195-6 %I MIT Press %M B.ACM.90 8/12/92 %0 BOOK %T Resources in Human-Computer Interaction %Q ACM %D 1990 %P 1100 %C New York, NY %I ACM Press %G ISBN 0-89791-373-6; ACM Order number 219901 %M B.AERA.85 2/2/91 gp %0 BOOK %T Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing %Q AERA, APA, and NCEA %D 1985 %P 100 %C Washington, DC %I American Psychological Association %G ISBN 0-912704-95-0 %K EVALUATION Empirical %Y I TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR TEST CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION 1 Validity 2 Reliability and Errors of Measurement 3 Test Development and Revision 4 Scaling, Norming, Score Comparability, and Equating 5 Test Publication: Technical Manuals and User's Guides II PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS FOR TEST USE 6 General Principles of Test Use 7 Clinical Testing 8 Educational Testing and Psychological Testing in the Schools 9 Test Use In Counseling 10 Employment Testing 11 Professional and Occupational Licensure and Certification 12 Program Evaluation III STANDARDS FOR PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS 13 Testing Linguistic Minorities 14 Testing People Who Have Handicapping Conditions IV Standards for Administrative Procedures 15 Test Administration, Scoring, and Reporting 16 Protecting the Rights of Test Takers Glossary %M B.Aftab.97 %0 BOOK %T Parents Guide to the Internet: And How to Protect Your Children in Cyberspace %A Parry Aftab %D 1997 %P 328 %I Sc Pr Inc %G ISBN 0-96604910-1 %M B.Aiken.96 %0 BOOK %T Rating Scales and Checklists: Evaluating Behavior, Personality, and Attitudes %A Lewis R. Aiken %G ISBN 0-471-12787-6 %P 320 %I John Wiley & Sons %D 1996 %Y Conceptual and Historical Background Constructing and Scoring Rating Scales and Checklists Item Analysis, Standardization, and Reliability Validity and Statistical Methods for Research Assessment in Business and Industry Educational and Developmental Assessment Personality and Clinical Assessment Assessment of Attitudes and Values Appendices %M B.ATA.2000 %0 BOOK %T Computer and Web Resources for People With Disabilities: A Guide to Exploring Today's Assistive Technology %Q Alliance for Technology Access %D 2000 %P 384 %I Hunter House %O 3rd Edition %G ISBN: 0-89793301-X (spiral) 0-89793300-1 (paper) %Y Introduction Part I: The Search for Solutions A Millennium Vision Real People and Their Success Stories Setting Your Goals A Review of the Technology Tools Current Laws and Legislation Exploring Your Local Resources Building a Circle of Support Developing Your Funding Strategy Selecting Your Equipment Tips on Buying Your Equipment As You Become More Expert Sharing What You Learn More Thoughts about the Future Part II: The Technology Toolbox Using the Technology Toolbox Ask Yourself... Charts to Determine Your Technology Needs Software Features Product Descriptions: Alternate Input Product Descriptions: Processing Aids Product Descriptions: Alternate Output Specialized Products Part III: Helpful Resources and References Alliance for Technology Access Resource Centers State Tech Act Programs Americans with Disabilities Act Organizations National Conferences Publications Internet Resources Technology Vendors %M B.Amiga.91 9/30/93 Samu Mielonen f1sami@uta.fi Univ. of Tampere, Finland %0 BOOK %T Amiga User Interface Style Guide %Q Commodore-Amiga, Inc %D 1991 %C Reading, Mass. %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-57757-7 %K Amiga Style Guidelines %M B.Alesso.01 %0 BOOK %T The Intelligent Wireless Web %G ISBN 0-201-73063-4 %A H. Peter Alesso %A Craig F. Smith %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %D 2001 %P 416 %Y Introduction The Purpose of this Book Who Should Read this Book The Organization of this Book I. PEOPLE TO DEVICES 1. Developing a Framework for the Intelligent Wireless Web 2. Speech Recognition & Understanding II. DEVICES TO DEVICES 3. Wireless Personal Area Networks 4. Merging Wired and Wireless Networks 5. Merging Wireless Devices with the Web 6. Artificial Intelligence 7. Merging AI and the Web III. DEVICES TO PEOPLE 8. Speech Synthesis & Translation 9. Technological Revolution 10. Progress Developing the Intelligent Wireless Web IV. APPENDIXES Appendix A. Standards Organizations Appendix B. Mobile Protocol Appendix C. Graphs Appendix D. Dynamic Languages Appendix E. Security Appendix F. Visual Prolog Appendix G. Knowledge Management: A Case Study of Convera Software Appendix H. List of Acronyms Glossary %M B.Andersen.90 5/14/92 gp %0 BOOK %T A Theory of Computer Semiotics %S Cambridge Series on Human-Computer Interaction %A P. B. Andersen %D 1990 %P 416 %C Cambridge, UK %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-521-39336-1 %Y Prologue Introduction: Scope and Setting Part I. Theory Part II. Computers Part III. Language, Work, and Design Epilogue %M B.Andersen.97 %0 BOOK %T The Theory of Computer Semiotics: Semiotic Approaches to Construction and Assessment of Computer Systems %S Cambridge Series on Human-Computer Interaction %A Peter Bogh Andersen %D 1997 %O Updated Edition %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-52144868-9 %Y Preface to second edition PART I. THEORY I.1. The structuralist heritage I.1.1. Empirical characteristics of two work languages The car repair shop The Postal Giro Technological and organizational change at the Giro I.1.2. Other work languages I.1.3. Adapting the structuralist framework I.1.3.1. Integrating descriptions of symbolic and non-symbolic acts I.1.3.2. Integrating the context in linguistic description I.1.3.3. Linking linguistic theory with a theory of organizations I.1.3.4. The national language should not be taken as the sole basis of linguistic form I.1.3.5. Situations and registers as the objects of research I.1.3.6. Connect descriptions of language states and language changes I.1.3.7. A materialistic view of language I.2. Adapting and extending structuralist methods I.2.1. Basic concepts for describing symbolic acts I.2.1.1. Functions and functives I.2.1.2. Form/substance, expression/content I.2.1.3. The commutation test I.2.1.4. Parts and wholes I.2.1.5. System and process I.2.1.6. Systemic nets: combining process and system I.2.2. Adapting and extending the concepts I.2.2.1. The work process I.2.2.2. Perspectives -- selection, articulation and role I.2.2.3. Organizational change I.2.2.4. Functions between work context and language I.2.3. Computer systems I.2.3.1. The concept of system in linguistics I.2.3.2. The concept of system in computer science I.2.3.3. Differences between the informatic and linguistic concept of system I.2.4. Interface and register I.2.4.1. Formal and real meaning I.2.4.2. Comparing interface and work language I.2.4.3. Design as language politics I.2.5. Computers as media PART II. COMPUTERS Introduction II.1. The basic means of expression II.1.1. Computer-based signs II.1.1.1. Handling, transient, and permanent features II.1.1.2. Objects as signs II.1.2. Analysis of computer-based signs II.1.2.1. A typology of computer-based signs II.1.2.2. Genres II.1.2.3. Direction and scenography of computer-based signs II.1.2.4. Using the concepts II.1.3. Semiotic aspects of programming II.1.3.1. Programming as a meta-semiology II.1.3.2. Levels of description: handling features II.2. Composite computer-based signs II.2.1. The structure of composite computer-based signs II.2.1.1. The glossematic analytical procedure II.2.1.2. Sequential syntagms II.2.1.3. Concurrent syntagms II.2.2. Styles II.2.2.1. Are objects or actions most important? II.2.2.2. Who controls the work process? II.2.2.3. Cast-iron illusions? II.2.2.4. Computer stylistics. Conclusion PART III. LANGUAGE, WORK, AND DESIGN Introduction III.1. Language as interpretation. Semantic fields in the Postal Giro III.1.1. Perspective differences at the Postal Giro III.1.1.1. C-slips III.1.1.2. Perspective on change and time III.1.2. Definition of semantic fields III.1.3. Using semantic fields for analysis III.1.3.1. Systems specification, interface and work language III.1.3.2. Changes of semantic fields III.1.4. Using semantic fields for design III.2. Language as action. Language games in the Postal Giro III.2.1. A psychological definition of language games III.2.2. A linguistic definition of language games III.2.2.1. Internal structure of language games III.2.2.2. External function of language games III.2.3. Using language games for analysis III.2.3.1. Language games at the Postal Giro III.2.3.2. Language game changes III.2.4. Using language games in design III.2.4.1. Support for problem-solving III.2.4.2. Presence is not enough III.2.4.3. Support for mystery-solving: logging the past III.2.4.4. Support for forecasting: simulating the future III.2.4.5. Support for internal reporting: cooperation and division of labor III.3. Task analysis. Controlling control References %M B.Anderson.83 2/10/91 gp %0 BOOK %T The Architecture of Cognition %A John R. Anderson %D 1983 %C Cambridge, MA %I Harvard University Press %G ISBN 0-67404425-8 %M B.Anderson.96 %0 BOOK %T The Architecture of Cognition %A John R. Anderson %D 1996 %O Reprint Edition %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-80582233-X %Y 1. Production Systems and ACT 2. Knowledge Representation 3. Spread of Activation 4. Control of Cognition 5. Memory for Facts 6. Procedural Learning 7. Language Acquisition %M B.Andriole.95 %0 BOOK %T Cognitive Systems Engineering for User-Computer Interface Design, Prototyping, and Evaluation: Interface Design, Prototyping, and Evaluation %A Stephen Andriole %A Leonard Adelman %D 1995 %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-80581244-X %Y 1. Cognitive Systems Engineering in Perspective 2. The Cognitive Bases of Design 3. Information Processing Technology for Cognitive Systems Engineering 4. Case Studies in Context 5. Displays and Interaction Routines for Enhanced Weapons Direction 6. Real-Time Expert System Interfaces, Cognitive Processes, and Task Performance + Leonard Adelman + Marvin S. Cohen + Terry A. Bresnick + James O. Chinnis + Kathryn B. Laskey 7. Information Order Effects on Expert Judgment + Leonard Adelman + Terry A. Bresnick + Paul K. Black + F. Freeman Marvin + Steven G. Sak 8. Cognitive Redesign of Submarine Displays + Jill Gerhardt-Powals + Helen Iavecchia + Stephen J. Andriole + Ralph Miller, III 9. Issues, Trends, and Opportunities %M B.Angelides.97 %0 BOOK %T Multimedia Information Systems %A Marios C. Angelides %A Schahram Dustdar %D 1997 %P 224 %G ISBN 0-7923-9915-3 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-9915-3 %S Kluwer International Series in EnGineering and Computer Science : Volume 398 %Y 1. The Multimedia Information Systems Revolution: The Unfolding of a Reality 2. Architectures of Multimedia Information Systems 3. Networked Multimedia Information Systems 4. Multimedia on the Information Superhighway 5. Application Frameworks for Multimedia Information Systems 6. Organisational Impacts of Multimedia Information Systems 7. Multimedia Authoring Systems 8. The Challenge of Multimedia Information Systems to the MIS Manager 9. Epilogue %M B.Anshel.97 %0 BOOK %T Visual Ergonomics in the Workplace %D 1997 %P 160 %G ISBN 0-7484-0658-1 %I Taylor & Francis %A Jeffery Anshel %Y Introduction 1. Windows to the World 2. The Eye and Visual System 3. Your Workspace and Your Eyes 4. Visual Perception and VDTs 5. Computer Vision Syndrome 6. Vision Examinations 7. Vision in Industry 8. Computing for the Visually Impaired 9. Remedies 10. General Eye Care Tips 11. The Economics of Visual Ergonomics 12. Ergonomic Standards 13. Epilogue A. VDT Workplace Questionnaire B. Occupational Vision Requirements Questionnaire C. Resources for the Blind and Visually Impaired D. Computer Access Products for Blind and Visually Impaired Users E. Anti-Glare Screens F. Additional Resources G. California Ergonomic Standard Glossary %M B.APA.82 2/2/91 gp %0 BOOK %T Ethical Principles in the Conduct of Research with Human Participants %G ISBN 0-91270482-9 %Q APA %D 1982 %P 76 %C Washington, DC %I American Psychological Association %K EVALUATION Empirical %Y APA Ethical Principle 9: Research with Human Participants I Background and Methodology of the Development of the Ethical Principles II Introduction and Summary Statement III Explication of the Principles %M B.Apple.87 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Human Interface Guidelines: The Apple Desktop Interface %Q Apple Computer, Inc. %D 1987 %P 144 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-17753-6, OCLC 17424669 %K DESIGN Guidelines Macintosh %Y 1 Philosophy 2 Elements of the Desktop Interface 3 Specifications A Roots of the Apple Desktop Interface B Software for International Markets C Recommended Reading %M B.Apple.92 3/23/93 gp 1/17/94 %0 BOOK %T Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines %Q Apple Computer, Inc. %D 1992 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-62216-5, OCLC 27820109 %Y Preface: About this Book Part 1: Fundamentals 1. Human Interface Principles 2. General Design Considerations 3. Human Interface Design and the Development Process Part 2: The Interface Elements 4. Menus 5. Windows 6. Dialog Boxes 7. Controls 8. Icons 9. Color 10. Behaviors 11. Language Appendixes Appendix A: Resources Appendix B: Bibliography Appendix C: Checklist Glossary Index %M B.Apple.loc.92 98-05-18 gp %0 BOOK %T Guide to Macintosh Software Localization %Q Apple Computer Inc. %D 1992 %P 330 %C Reading, Massachusetts %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-60856-1 %K internationalization; software localization %M B.Apple.93 9/25/93 %0 BOOK %T Demystifying Multimedia: A Guide for Multimedia Developers %Q Apple Computer, Inc. %D 1993 %P 288 %C San Francisco, CA %I Apple Computer, Inc. and vivid publishing, inc. %Y Introduction Multimedia Defined Different Markets and Different Processes Multimedia Industry Participants Why This Book? A Call to Arms 1: Prototypical Roles Audience Clients Business and Legal Professionals Project Managers Marketing and Sales Managers Content Experts Writers, Editors, and Researchers Graphics Professionals Sound Professionals Animators Video Professionals Information Designers, Interface Designers, and Programmers 2: Prototypical Projects Electronic Books Electronic Magazines Kiosks Multimedia Databases Corporate Training Interactive Education Interactive Games Interactive Music Interactive Art and Performance Interactive Sales and Marketing Presentation and Communications Productivity and Authoring Tools 3: Management Business Management Project Management Finances People Resources Legal Concerns Working with Clients Marketing and Sales Management Tips 4: Concept and Planning Project Types Development Process Interactivity Target Audience Designing for Reuse Content Experts Content Comparing Media Combining Media Legal Issues Market Research Early Visualization Concept and Planning Tips 5: Design and Prototype Kickoff Meeting Working Content Design Goals Brainstorming Information Design Interface Design Group Interactions Storyboards Prototype Tools and Engines Text Graphics, Illustrations, and Photographs Time-based Media Sound Animation Video Integration Programming User Testing Product Specifications and Standards Design and Prototyping Tips 6: Production Production Methods Organizing the Production Schedule Organizing the Production Personnel Organizing the Production Resources Repurposing Source Materials Generating New Content Text Production Graphic Production Sound Production Animation Production Video Production Programming Production Production Integration Documentation Product Packaging Production Tips 7: Testing Multimedia Testing Issues When to Test When to Stop Testing What to Test User Testing Functional Testing Content Testing Collateral Materials Market Testing Creating a Test Plan Resources for Testing Evaluating Test Results Testing Tips 8: Mastering, Duplication, and Distribution The Importance of Distribution Preparation of Physical Media Choosing Vendors Distribution Options Distribution Channels Marketing Sales Distribution Tips 9: Follow-up Development Wrap-Up Maintenance Training Documentation Customer Relations Repurposing Work Follow-up Tips Resources Books, Periodicals, Pamphlets, Organizations, Foundations, Training and Schools, Conferences, Software and Hardware Tools Glossary/Index %M B.Apple.93 2/17/94 gp %0 BOOK %T Making it Macintosh %Q Apple Computer, Inc. %D 1993 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-62626-8 %O CD-ROM companion to Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines %W http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/mac/HIGuidelines/HIGuidelines-2.html %Y Figures and Tables Preface - About This Book 1 - Fundamentals 1 - Human Interface Principles 2 - General Design Considerations 3 - Human Interface Design and the Development Process 2 - The Interface Elements 4 - Menus 5 - Windows 6 - Dialog Boxes 7 - Controls 8 - Icons 9 - Color 10 - Behaviors 11 - Language Appendixes A - Resources B - Bibliography C - Checklist Glossary %M B.Apple.96 %0 BOOK %T Newton 2.0 User Interface Guidelines %Q Apple Computer , Inc. %D 1996 %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-48838-8 %Y Preface: About This Book 1. Newton and Its Users 2. Container Views 3. Controls 4. Pickers 5. Icons 6. Data Input 7. Routing and Communications 8. Newton Services Appendix: Avoiding Common Mistakes Glossary %M B.Arlov.97 %0 BOOK %T GUI Design for Dummies %S For Dummies %D 1997 %A Laura Arlov %I IDG Books %G ISBN 0-76450213-1 %P 392 %O Includes CD-Rom %Y Introduction I: IDENTIFYING GOALS AND CONSTRAINTS 1: Deciding Where You're Going 2: Asking the Right Questions 3: Organizing the Work II: SURVIVING THE EARLY DESIGN STAGE 4: Choosing Type and Structure 5: Pin Up Those Super Models 6: How Users Get Around: Navigation Models 7: The GUI Standard III: DESIGNING GUIS THAT WORK 8: Learning How Users Work 9: Task-Oriented Application Design 10: Task-Oriented Window Design 11: Making Your GUI Easy to Understand 12: Making Your GUI Effective to Use IV: DESIGNING WINDOWS 13: The ABCs of Visual Design 14: Color Is Communication 15: Icons and Graphics 16: The Right Widget for the Job V: DOING REALITY CHECKS 17: A Cookbook for Testing with Users 18: Testing Stories from True Life 19: Other Paths to Enlightenment VI: THE PART OF TENS 20: Murphy's Laws of GUI Design 21: Ten Ways to Tell Whether Your GUI Is Good 22: Ten Things a Project Leader Can Do 23: Ten Resources for GUI Designers Appendix: About the CD %M B.Baber.97 %0 BOOK %T Beyond the Desktop: Designing and Using Interaction Devices %S Computers and People %A Christopher Baber %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12069550-2 %P 384 %D 1997 %Y 1. Introduction 2. Keyboards 3. Pointing devices 4. Alternative interaction devices 5. Classifying devices 6. Modeling device use 7. Typing 8. Writing and drawing 9. Pointing 10. Speaking 11. Devices for restricted environments 12. Physical aspects of interaction device use 13. Interaction devices at work 14. Multimodal human-computer interaction %M B.Badre.02 %0 BOOK %T Shaping Web Usability: Interaction Design in Context %A Albert N. Badre %G ISBN: 0-201-72993-8 %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %D 2002 %P 304 %W http://www.aw.com/cseng/titles/0-201-72993-8/ %Y 1. Human Computer Interaction for the Web From Human Factors to Usability: A Short History of HCI Origins Focus on the User Interface User Interface Software Usability Focusing on the Web HCI Principles for the Web User-Centered Design Early Human Factors Input Task Environment Analysis Iterative Design and Continuous Testing Web Usability Themes Designing for Context Designing for the User Experience 2. Web Usability Strategy Scenarios Context The Userview Process Goals and Requirements User Culture Web Interface Guidelines Specialization Constructing Storyboards and Interactive Prototypes 3. The Web Environment The User Environment The Physical Space The Cognitive Space The Site Environment Scenarios Designing from Scenarios Simple versus Enriched Site Environments 4. The Web User, Part 1: The Audience Understanding the Web User Defining an Audience Individual Differences Cognitive Processing Capabilities and Limits Generating an Audience Profile 5. The Web User, Part 2: Older Adults Older Adults and the World Wide Web Characteristics of Older Users Movement Control Perception Cognition Web Design Features to Avoid Design Guidelines Usability Testing with Older Adults 6. Designing for Web Genres Genre Content Genre Expression Genre Form Genre Evolution Genre Mixing 7. The Web Site Conceptualizing the Site with a Visitor-Centered Focus Positioning the Content Speeding Up the Response Smoothing the Navigation Links Buttons and Controls Site Maps, Content Lists, and Indexes Landmarks and History Trails Keywords and Site Search Engines Assuring Reasonable Confidence in the Site's Privacy and Security Making the Site Visible Maintaining Quality 8. The Web Page General Page Design Issues Consistency Coherence Placement of Information Information Coding Color Text Clarity Home, Content, and Transaction Pages The Home Page The Content Page The Transaction Page 9. The Aesthetic Factor Usability and Aesthetics Simplicity and Enrichment The Use of Graphics 10. From Desktops to Handhelds The Technology of Wireless Devices The Usability of Wireless Devices The Role of Context Small-Size Effects Effective Functionality and Task Preferences Information Presentation Interaction and Navigation Designer's Palette: Guidelines for Hand Web Design 11. The Cultural Context Cultural Usability Culture-Specific Designs Designing for the Localized Web Genre-Localized Attributes Behaviors and Practices Icons, Symbols, Pictorials, and Artifacts Conventions and Formats Intangible Values and Dimensions Preferred Content 12. Evaluating Web Usability Traditional Usability Testing Usability Testing for the Web Web-Focused Issues and Testing Web-Specific Test Plan Issues Web-Specific Evaluation Issues The Process of Web Evaluation Usability Evaluation Goal Setting Early Paper Testing Storyboard Testing Interactive Prototype Testing Frequently Asked Questions about Usability Evaluation %M B.Baker.2000 %0 BOOK %T Virtual reality : experiencing illusion %A Christopher W. Baker %D 2000 %P 48 %I Millbrook Press %G ISBN: 0-76131350-8 %M B.Baecker.90 4/26/92 gp %0 BOOK %T Human Factors and Typography for More Readable Programs %A Ronald M. Baecker %A Aaron Marcus %D 1990 %P 366 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-10745-7, OCLC 19513113; ACM Order number 706890 %M B.Bailey.82 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Human Performance Engineering: A Guide for System Designers %A Robert W. Bailey %D 1982 %P 656 %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-445320-4, OCLC 8399247; TA 166.B33 %K GENERAL DESIGN Task Psych EVALUATION %Y Introduction 1 Psychology and Systems 2 History of Human Performance The Human (User) 3 Human Limits and Differences 4 Sensing 5 The Body and Performance 6 Cognitive Processing and Performance 7 Perception, Problem Solving and Decision Making 8 Memory 9 Motivation The Activity -- Basic Design 10 Designing for People 11 Basic Design The Activity -- Interface Design 12 Displays, Controls, and Workplace Design 13 Speech Communication 14 Human/Computer Interface 15 Forms and CRT Screen Design 16 Code Design The Activity -- Facilitator Design 17 Supporting Human Performance 18 Selection Criteria 19 Printed Instructions 20 Performance Aids 21 Training Development The Context (Environment) 22 Physical and Social Environments Tests and Studies 23 Data Collection 24 Performance Testing 25 Conducting Comparison Studies %M B.Bailey.83 2/2/91 gp %0 BOOK %T Human Error in Computer Systems %A Robert W. Bailey %D 1983 %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13445056-6 %K DESIGN %Y 1 Designing to Reduce Errors 2 Measuring Errors 3 Error Sources 4 Error Prevention 5 System Design Factors 6 Written Instruction 7 Training Factors 8 Human/Computer Interface Factors 9 Environmental Factors 10 Organizational Accuracy Requirements 11 Personal Factors 12 Error Detection 13 Error Correction %M B.Bailey.89 1/31/91 gp %0 BOOK %T Human Performance Engineering: Using Human Factors/Ergonomics to Achieve Computer System Usability %A Robert W. Bailey %D 1989 %P 563 %C Englewood-Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-445180-5 %O Second edition %M B.Bailey.96 %0 BOOK %T Human Performance Engineering: Designing High Quality, Professional User Interfaces for Computer Products, Applications, and Systems %A Robert W. Bailey %D 1996 %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-149634-4 %O 3rd edition %Y 1. Human Engineering Acceptable Performance 2. Human Limits and Differences 3. Sensing and Responding 4. Cognitive Processing and Performance 5. Memory 6. Motivation 7. Iterative Design and Prototyping 8. Usability Studies and Usability Testing 9. Product Analysis and Definition 10. Input and Output Devices 11. Task Analysis 12. Interaction Issues 13. Presentation Issues and User Guidance 14. Written Instructions 15. Training Development 16. Usability Optimization 17. Physical and Social Environment 18. Conducting Comparison Studies Using Statistics A: Human Performance Engineering (Usability) Resources B: Guidelines for Developing Questionnaires C: Guidelines for Designing Forms D: Workplace Design %M B.Banks.92 %0 BOOK %T Effective Computer Display Design %A William W. Banks %G ISBN 0-13-401027-2 %D 1992 %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %M B.Bardini.2000 %0 BOOK %T Bootstrapping : Douglas Engelbart, coevolution, and the origins of personal computing %A Thierry Bardini %D 2000 %P 284 %I Stanford University Press %G ISBN 0-80473723-1 %Y Introduction: Douglas Engelbart's Crusade for the Augmentation of Human Intellect 1. Language and the Body 2. The Chord Keyset and the QWERTY Keyboard 3. The Invention of the Mouse 4. Inventing the Virtual User 5. SRI and the oN-Line System 6. The Arrival of the Real User and the Beginning of the End 7. "Of Mice and Man": ARPANET, E-mail, and est Coda: Where Hand and Memory Can Meet Again Appendix Personnel at Engelbart's SRI Lab %M B.Barfield.93 4/26/92 gp %0 BOOK %T The User Interface: Concepts and Design %A Lon Barfield %D 1993 %P 400 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-54441-5 0-80473871-8 %M B.Barnum.02 %0 BOOK %T Usability testing and research %A Carol M. Barnum %D 2002 %P 428 %I Longman %G ISBN: 0-20531519-4 %M B.Bass.91 %0 BOOK %T Developing Software for the User Interface %S The SEI Series in Software Engineering %A Len Bass %A Joelle Coutaz %D 1991 %P 256 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-51046-4, OCLC %G QA 76.9.U83B37 %Y 1 The Elements of User Interface Development 1.1 The Software Engineering Life Cycle 1.2 Roles 1.3 User Interface Life Cycle 1.3.1 Requirements Definition 1.3.2 Specifications 1.3.3 Implementation 1.4 Mobile Robot Example 1.5 Functional Core of the Mobile Robot Software 2 In Search of a Design Method 2.1 An Overview of the Design Stages 2.2 Define the Problem 2.3 Model the Operator 2.3.1 Semantic and Syntactic Knowledge 2.3.2 Techniques for Identifying the Operator's Characteristics 2.3.3 General Classification of Operators 2.4 Perform Task Analysis 2.4.1 Task Decomposition 2.4.2 Task Decomposition Analysis 2.5 Define Computer Objects and Functions 2.5.1 Making the Task Objects Correspond to Computer Objects 2.5.2 Providing General Services 2.5.3 Deciding Who Drives the Interaction 2.6 Design the User Interface 2.6.1 Choosing Interaction Objects 2.6.2 Making the System State Explicit 2.7 Evaluate the Design 2.8 Engineering Considerations 2.8.1 Cost and Schedule Considerations 2.8.2 Iterative Refinement 2.8.3 Configuration Management 3 Window Systems 3.1 Device Independence and Device Sharing 3.1.1 Device Independence 3.1.2 Window System Events 3.1.3 Device Sharing 3.1.4 Example 3.2 Imaging Model 3.2.1 Color 3.2.2 Pixels as an Imaging Model 3.2.3 PostScript 3.2.4 PHIGS 3.2.5 Fonts 3.3 Resource Management 3.4 Managing a Single Window 3.4.1 Resizing a Window 3.4.2 Shape of Windows 3.5 Managing Multiple Windows 3.5.1 Input Management 3.6 Multimedia 3.6.1 Full Motion Video 3.6.2 Audio 3.7 Human Considerations 3.7.1 Unselected Window Problem 3.7.2 Button Overload Problem 3.7.3 Behavior Consistency Problem 3.7.4 Window Tiling 3.7.5 The Rooms Model 3.8 Engineering Considerations 3.8.1 Software Architecture 3.8.2 Programming Style 3.8.3 Performance Issues 3.8.4 Evaluation Issues 3.9 Window System Used in the Mobile Robot 3.10 Future 4 Interaction Objects 4.1 Interaction Objects as Abstractions 4.1.1 Sample Interaction Objects 4.1.2 Appearance and Behavior of Interaction Objects 4.1.3 Relationship between Interaction Objects and the Underlying Window System 4.2 Interaction Object Architecture 4.2.1 Principles of the Object-Oriented Paradigm 4.2.2 Architecture of the X Toolkit Intrinsics 4.2.3 The Benefits of the Object-Oriented Approach 4.2.4 The Drawbacks of the Object-Oriented Approach 4.2.5 Non-Object-Oriented Construction Models 4.3 Composite Objects 4.3.1 Simple Composition 4.3.2 Geometry Management 4.3.3 Constraints 4.3.4 Garnet 4.3.5 Abstract Imaging 4.4 Multimedia 4.5 Human Considerations 4.5.1 Restrictions Imposed by Toolkits 4.5.2 Combining Different Toolkits 4.6 Engineering Considerations 4.6.1 Standardization 4.6.2 Customization 4.6.3 Application Programming Interface 4.6.4 Evaluation Criteria 4.7 Mobile Robot Example 4.8 Future 5 Dialogue Control 5.1 Definitions 5.1.1 Dialogue Controller 5.1.2 Application Skeletons 5.1.3 User Interface Generators 5.2 Requirements for Dialogue Controllers 5.2.1 Requirements for Interleaving 5.2.2 Requirements for the Protocol with Functional Core: API 5.2.3 Support for General Services 5.3 Abstract Basis of Dialogue Control 5.3.1 Formal Grammar Models 5.3.2 Transition Networks 5.3.3 Production Models 5.4 Architectural Models 5.4.1 Monolithic Sequential Architectures 5.4.2 Multiagent Architectures 5.5 Human Issues 5.6 Engineering Issues 5.5.1 Diversity of Functionality 5.5.2 Run-time Support 5.5.3 From Architectural Models to Implementation 5.7 Future 5.7.1 Cooperative Dialogue 5.7.2 Groupware 5.7.3 Multimodal Interaction 6 User Interface Management Systems 6.1 Types of Services 6.1.1 Design Services 6.1.2 Construction Services 6.1.3 Evaluation Services 6.1.4 Maintenance Services 6.2 User Interface Generators 6.2.1 Presentation Specification Tools 6.2.2 Dialogue Control Specification Tools 6.2.3 Semantic Specification Tools 6.3 An Example: Serpent 6.3.1 Serpent's Dialogue Specification Mechanism 6.3.2 Serpent's Interface with the Functional Core 6.3.3 Serpent and Toolkits 6.3.4 Serpent with the Life Cycle 6.3.5 Serpent and Abstract Models 6.4 Human Issues 6.5 Engineering Issues 6.6 Future 6.6.1 Interdisciplinary Efforts 6.6.2 Improvement of Computer Science Techniques Appendix A: A Simple Draw Program Using Xlib A.1 The User Interface A.2 Comments Appendix B: A Simple Draw Program Using the HP Toolkit B.1 The User Interface B.2 Comments Appendix C: A Simple Draw Program Using HyperCard C.1 The User Interface C.2 Constructing the User Interface Interactively C.3 Scripts Bibliography Index %M B.Bauersfeld.94 %0 BOOK %G ISBN 1-55828296-3 %T Software by Design: Creating People Friendly Software for the MacIntosh %S New Technology Building Blocks %A Penny Bauersfeld %D 1994 %I M&T Books %P 329 %M B.Beaumont.02 %0 BOOK %T Constructing Usable Web Menus %A Andy Beaumont %A Dave Gibbons %A Jody Kerr %A Jon Stephens %I Wrox Press %D 2002 %P 200 %G ISBN 1-90415102-7 %M E.Beaumont.02f %0 BOOK %T Usable Forms for the Web %E Andy Beaumont %E Jon Stephens %E Jon James %E Chris Ullman %D 2002 %I glasshaus %G ISBN 1-90415109-4 %P 400 %Y Chapter 1: HTML Forms Chapter 2: Designing Usable Forms Chapter 3: Flash Forms Chapter 4: Using Forms with ASP Chapter 5: Using Forms with PHP and MySQL Chapter 6: Form Validation Techniques Chapter 7: Advanced Client-side Form Scripting Chapter 8: Forms in ASP.NET Resources %M B.Becchtti.99 %0 BOOK %T Speech Recognition: Theory and C++ Implementation %A Claudio Becchetti %A Lucio Prina Ricotti %O Includes CD-ROM %D 1999 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-97730-6 %Y 1. Introduction 2. Speech Database 3. Speech Signal Analysis 4. Hidden Markov Models 5. HMM Training 6. Language Model 7. Recognition 8. Evaluation and Parameter Setting Econometric Appendix: The behaviour of Financial Time Series %M B.Benyon.96 %0 BOOK %T Critical Issues in User Interface Systems Engineering %S Applied Computing %A David Benyon %A Philippe Palanque %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN 3-54019964-0 %D 1996 %M B.Benyon.99 %0 BOOK %T Conceptual Modeling for User Interface Development %A David Benyon %A Diana Bental %A Thomas Green %P 200 %D 1999 %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN 1-85233009-0 %M B.Bergman.2000 %0 BOOK %T Information appliances and beyond : interaction design for consumer products %A Eric Bergman %D 2000 %P 385 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN: 1-55860600-9 %M B.Bernsen.98 %0 BOOK %T Designing Interactive Speech Systems: From First Ideas to User Testing %A Niels Ole Bernsen %A Hans Dybkjr %A Laila Dybkjaer %P 200 %D 1998 %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN 3-540-76048-2 %Y 1. Interactive Speech Systems 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background and Scope of This Book 1.3 State of the Art 1.4 Unsolved Problems 2. Speech Interaction Theory 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Elements of Interactive Speech Theory 2.3 Context 2.4 Interaction Control 2.5 Language 2.6 Speech 2.7 Performance 2.8 Characterizing Systems 3. Developing Interactive Speech Systems 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Development and Evaluation Process 3.3 Supporting Completeness and Consistency of Requirement Specifications 3.4 Representing Design Space and Design Reasoning 3.5 Speech Functionality 4. Interaction Model Analysis and Design 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Guidelines for Co-operative Interaction Design 4.3 Guidelines Illustrated and Explained 4.4 Development and Justification of the Guidelines 5. Wizard of Oz Simulation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Wizard of Oz for Interaction Model Development 5.3 Planning Wizard of Oz Simulations 5.4 Developing the First Interaction Model 5.5 Iterating the Interaction Model 5.6 Uses of WOZ 6. Implementational Issues 6.1 The Overall Dialogue System 6.2 Dialogue Control 6.3 Debugging 7. Corpus Handling 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Transcription 7.3 Mark-up 7.4 Coding 7.5 Corpus Tools 8. Evaluation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Performance Evaluation 8.3 Diagnostic Evaluation 8.4 A By-product: User Errors 8.5 Adequacy Evaluation 9. Next Steps in Interactive Speech Systems 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Advanced Mixed Initiative Interactive Speech Systems 9.3 Intelligent Multimodal Systems Using Advanced Interactive Speech %M B.Beyer.98 %0 BOOK %T Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems %A Hugh Beyer %A Karen Holtzblatt %P 472 %C San Francisco %D 1998 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 1-55860-411-1, OCLC %G QA76.9.S88B493 %Y 1 Introduction 2 Gathering Customer Data 3 Principles of Contextual Inquiry 4 Contextual Inquiry in Practice 5 A Language of Work 6 Work Models 7 The Interpretation Session 8 Consolidation 9 Creating One View of the Customer 10 Communicating to the Organization 11 Work Redesign 12 Using Data to Drive Design 13 Design from Data 14 System Design 15 The User Environment Design 16 Project Planning and Strategy 17 Prototyping as a Design Tool 18 From Structure to User Interface 19 Iterating with a Prototype %M B.Bickford.97 %0 BOOK %T Interface Design: the Art of Developing Easy-to-Use Software %A Peter Bickford %I Academic Press %S Professional %G ISBN 0-12095860-0 %D 1997 %P 306 %Y Acknowledgments About the Author Introduction A Failure to Communicate Easy to Use Part I Designing for a Complex World Chapter 1 Constraints Designing for a Complex World, Part I Constraints Reduce Complexity Moving from the General to the Specific Chapter 2 Intelligence Designing for a Complex World, Part 2 "Stupid Computer!" Basic Intelligence Delight the User Help the Computer Know Itself Intelligent Agents: Computerized Assistants Be Specific and Don't Go Too Far Chapter 3 In Search of Elegance: Designing for the Mass Market Designing for a Complex World, Part 3 Back to the Feature Everything to All People Feature Creep Carefully The 80/20 Solution Dealing with Offers You Can't Refuse Chapter 4 Details! Details! Designing for a Complex World, Part 4 The Illusion of Interface Design If It's Not All Right, It's All Wrong Chapter 5 Transparency, or Death Comes to Bob the Waiter Designing for a Complex World, Part 5 "Hi, I'm Bob! I'll Be Your Waiter for This Evening!" The Extra HI Design Mile Part II General Design Issues Chapter 6 Error Messages Ban the Bomb Minimize the Damage Prevent Errors Know Your Audience What Do I Do Now? Building a Better Error Message Chapter 7 Preferences Preferences, Persistence, and the Soft Machine Make Your Own Design Decisions Setup Choices Default Settings and the Soft Machine Hard Machines, Persistent Preferences Disappearing Preferences Chapter 8 Toolbars Toolbars On the Strengths of Button-Driven Interfaces But on the Other Hand And the Magic Number Is Some Guidelines Chapter 9 Tabbed Dialogs and Progressive Disclosure Tabs Limiting Complexity Progressive Disclosure in Practice "More Choices"/"Fewer Choices" Buttons, Disclosure Triangles Spring-Loaded Dialog Boxes Pop-Ups Icon Lists And Then There Were Tabs Chapter 10 Icons Comics, Icons, and Interface The Strange Power of Icons Icons Are a Canvas for Your Experience Clear Pictures for Clear Communication Learning from Comics Chapter 11 Speed and Feedback Speed Real Speed and Perceived Speed Maximizing Real Speed Do Visible Work First Faking Out the User Chapter 12 Localization Fluent Interfaces, Part One: Speaking the Language The Tyranny of the Typewriter Growing Up Great Expectations Chapter 13 Cross-Platform Development Fluent Interfaces, Part Two: Ports A Cautionary Tale When in Rome Travel Guides to Foreign Platforms Coding for Cross-Platform Products Beware the Least Common Denominator Chapter 14 Cultural Issues of Cross-Platform Development Culture Clash Cross-Platform/Cross-Culture Understanding the Other Side Avoid the Red Flags Part III Web Design, Networks, and Corporate Computing Welcome to the Wild West of Human Interface Chapter 15 Usability in the Business World A Few Tips on Designing for Enterprise Computing Mainframes and the Menu Bar Designing for Data Entry, Part 1: Keyboard Shortcuts Revisited Designing for Data Entry, Part 2: Return, Enter, and Default Fun with Feedback Chapter 16 Database Interface Design Designing Databases That Don't Torture the User. Saving Your Database's Interface in Eight Easy Steps Design for Data Entry, Revisited Make the Menus Make Sense Design for the User, Not the Database Put a Real, Native Interface on Your Database Feedback and Speed Avoid Toolbar Overkill Practice Good Visual Design Try It Out on Real Users The Rewards of Good Database Design Chapter 17 Menus and Large Systems Menu Bar Madness Menus Are the Map to the Application The File Menu and Documentless Applications Chapter 18 Forms Layout and Status Messages The Eyes Have It Follow the Reading Path Tunnel Vision Warning! Warning! Chapter 19 Information Systems House-hunting in the Information Age Data vs. Information Sins of Omission: Information Arbitrage Data Corruption: When What You See Is Not What You Get Flexible Searching: Getting the Information the User Really Wants Visualizing the Results Chapter 20 Network and Network Applications Network Nirvana Get the User Out of the Network Configuration Business Shopping the 'Net: Three Types of Navigation The Basics Still Apply--They're Just More Advanced Chapter 21 Designing for the World Wide Web If You Build It, Will They Come? Find a Metaphor It's In Here Somewhere Make the Experience Enjoyable Part IV Multimedia Chapter 22 The Role of Multimedia I've Seen the Future State of the Art I've Seen the Future Back at Work--The Shape of Things to Come Chapter 23 Game Design Addictive Interfaces/Building Interfaces Your Users Can't Stop Using Secrets of Successful Games Chapter 24 Sound Sound + Vision, Part 1: Things That Go "Boop!" in the Night Theory and Reality Use Different Sounds to Indicate Different Meanings Use Different Volume Levels for Different Messages Characteristics of "Good" Sounds Calling In the Pros Chapter 25 Animation and Movies Sound + Vision, Part 2: Moving Objects and Motion Pictures Animation Zen Better Than the Real World? Telling Tales with Video Storytelling 101 Text, Hypertext, and Video Chapter 26 Interactivity and Design Philosophy Headhunters and Multimedia The Phone Call The Problem Beauty Isn't Everything Learning from Video Games, Part 2 Make Your Products Usable, Not Just Appealing Part V Beyond the Guidelines: Tips for the Practicing Designer Chapter 27 Guerrilla Usability Testing Usability Testing Testing Code Instead of Software Lab Coat Not Required A Brief Lesson in Conducting a Usability Test Win Friends and Change Minds The All-Important Paradox of Usability Testing Keeping Us Honest Chapter 28 Prototyping Murder Your Children Rapid Prototyping versus Quick-Dry Mental Cement Egoless Programming and the Value of Mistakes It May Be Your Best Idea, But It Won't Be Your Last Idea Chapter 29 Extending the Guidelines Rules for Breaking the Rules Going Beyond the Guidelines Chapter 30 Product Updates This Old Interface Repair, Remodel, or Renovate? Interface Repair--Getting Visible Results for Little Effort Interface Remodeling--Major Attacks on a Few Bad Problems Renovation--Cracks in the Foundation Chapter 31 Avoiding Interface Fads Fad Gadgets 1989: The NeXT Computer, and All Things Dark and Beveled 1990: Tear-Offs 1992: The Rise of the Toolbar 1993: Fade to Gray 1994 and Beyond: Collaboration Building the Next Big Thing Chapter 32 Case Study: Interfaces that Work, and Why A Few of My Favorite Things Adobe Photoshop--Making Novices Look Good MacWrite Pro--Elegance and Attention to Detail Help!--Taking the Terror Out of Errors Norton Utilities--Keeping Problems from Being the User's Problem TouchBase--Making Life Easier for the User SoftPolish--A Power Tool for Getting the Details Right It's Not All Bad Chapter 33 Case Study: %M B.Braun.02 %0 BOOK %T Usability: The Site Speaks for Itself %A Kelly Braun %A Max Gadney %A Matthew Haughey %A Adrian Roselli %A Don Synstelien %A Tom Walter %A David Wertheimer %A Molly E. Holzschlag %A Bruce Lawson %D 2003 %P 300 %I glasshaus %G ISBN 1-90415103-5 %M B.Brockman.86 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Writing Better Computer User Documentation: From Paper to Online %G ISBN 0-471-88472-3 %A R. John Brockmann %D 1986 %P 289 %C New York, NY %I John Wiley & Sons %M B.Brockman.90 %0 BOOK %T Writing Better Computer User Documentation %A R. John Brockmann %O Second Edition %D 1990 %C New York, NY %G ISBN 0-471-88472-3 %I John Wiley & Sons %M B.Bodker.91 4/26/92 %0 BOOK %T Through the Interface: A Human Activity Approach to User Interface Design %A Susanne Bodker %D 1991 %P 169+ii+A17 %C Hillsdale, NJ %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-8058-0570-2, 0-8058-0571-0 (pbk.); QA 76.9 H85 B63 1990 %Y 1. Introduction 2. Human Activity and Human-Computer Interaction 3. User Interface Design: The Empirical Cases 4. User Interfaces 5. Methods for User Interface Design 6 User Interface Design: Advice to the Designer Acknowledgements Bibliography Index Author Index Appendix. A Brief Description of MacWrite and Microsoft WORD %M B.Bolt.84 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T The Human Interface: Where People and Computers Meet %A Richard A. Bolt %G ISBN 0-53403380-6 (hdbk) 0-53403387-3 (pbk) %D 1984 %P 113 %C Belmont, CA %I Lifelong Learning Publications %M B.Booth.89 11/3/93 gp %0 BOOK %T An Introduction to Human-Computer Interaction %A Paul Booth %D 1989 %C Hove, UK %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-86377-123-8 %O Reviewed in IJHCI, 3:1, 1991, 113-114 %M B.Borchers.01 %0 BOOK %T A Pattern Approach to Interaction Design %A Jan Borchers %G ISBN: 0-471-49828-9 %P 268 %Y Introduction Design Pattern Languages An Interdisciplinary Pattern Framework A Pattern Language for Interactive Music Exhibits Evaluation anf Tool Support Summary and Further Research Bibliography Appendix A: Online Resources Appendix B: WorldBeat Sample Run %I John Wiley & Sons %D 2001 %M B.Borenstein.92 3/22/93 gp %0 BOOK %T Programming as if People Mattered: Friendly Programs, Software Engineering, and Other Noble Delusions %A Nathaniel S. Borenstein %D 1992 %P 200 %C Princeton, New Jersey %I Princeton University Press %G ISBN 0-691-08762-0 %Y PART ONE. The Journey to the East: Can Software Engineers Build User Interfaces? 1. The Hostile Beast PART TWO. The Dark Night of the Soul: The State of the Art in User-Interface Design 2. Who Are All These People? 3. Stopwatches, Videotapes, and Human Nature 4. That Reminds Me of the Time... 5. The Quest for the Perfect Line Editor 6. The Men in Suits 7. Information Wants to Be Free PART THREE. The Ten Commandments: Principles for User-Interface Design 8. Never Underestimate Your Users 9. Pretend That Small is Beautiful, but Don't Believe It 10. Tune Defaults to the Novice 11. Don't Neglect the Experts 12. Your Program Stinks, and So Do You 13. Listen to Your Users, but Ignore What They Say 14. Lie to Your Managers 15. Cut Corners Proudly 16. Remember Your Ignorance 17. Dabble in Mysticism 18. Break All the Rules PART FOUR. The Golden Path: The Road to Human-Oriented Software Engineering 19. The Tools of the Trade 20. The Ivory Tower 21. People Are Perverse: Designing for the Fickle User EPILOGUE. Programming, Humility, and the Eclipse of the Self %M B.Brice.97 %0 BOOK %O Includes CD-Rom %T Multimedia and Virtual Reality Engineering %A Richard Brice %I Newnes %G ISBN 0-75062987-8 %P 320 %D 1997 %Y Preface PART I Media: Sound, Image and Text 1 Introduction to Multimedia and Virtual Reality 1.1 Multimedia and virtual reality: a brave new world 1.2 Disciplines: the interdisciplinary nature of multimedia and VR development 1.3 The senses 2 Sound 2.1 The physics of sound 2.2 The physiology of hearing 2.3 The psychology of hearing 2.4 Spatial hearing 2.5 Recording technology 2.5.1 Microphones 2.5.2 Microphone pre-amplifiers 2.5.3 Mix amplifiers 2.5.4 Equalizers and tone-controls 2.5.5 Power amplifiers 2.5.6 Loudspeakers and enclosures 3 Waveform Generation and Synthesis 3.1 Function Generation 3.2 Additive synthesis 3.3 FM synthesis 3.4 Sampling 3.5 Wavetable synthesis 3.6 MIDI 3.7 Speech synthesis 4 Image 4.1 The physics of light 4.2 The physiology of the eye 4.3 Psychology of vision 4.3.1 Colour perception 4.3.2 Persistence of vision 4.3.3 Depth 4.4 Film and television 4.4.1 Television signals 4.4.2 Colour television 4.5 Switching and combining of video signals 4.6 Computer video standards 4.7 Vector and bitmap graphics: What's the difference? 4.7.1 Graphics file formats 5 Text, Hypertext 5.1 Text in the electronic world 5.2 Text files and the ASCII standard 5.3 Word processors, their uses, file formats and importability/exportability 5.4 Fonts, typefaces and layout 5.5 Hypertext 6 Digital Audio and Digital Video 6.1 Being Digital 6.2 Sampling theory: A to D and D to A conversion 6.3 Description of digital audio and digital video standard interfaces 6.3.1 Introduction to digital audio interfacing 6.3.2 Practical digital audio interface 6.3.3 Introduction to digital video and the digital video interfaces 6.3.4 Protocol description: general 6.3.5 Serial digital video interface 6.3.6 Embedding digital audio in the digital video interface 6.4 Digital image processing 6.4.1 Point operations 6.4.2 Window operations 6.5 Data compression techniques 6.5.1 Image data compression 6.5.2 Audio data compression 7 Computers 7.1 Hardware platforms 7.2 Capture and playback hardware 7.3 Peripheral hardware and software tools PART II Media Production and Hardware 8 Audio Production 8.1 Production tools and concepts 8.1.1 Multitrack recording and mixers 8.1.2 Delay 8.1.3 Reverb 8.1.4 Stereo panning 8.1.5 Distortion 8.1.6 Noise gates and compressors 8.1.7 Audio enhancers 8.2 Digital audio production 8.2.1 Hard-disk editing 8.2.2 MIDI sequencing 8.2.3 A practical look at sampling rates and audio compromises required for CD-ROM 8.3 A typical mixed-media audio production 9 Video Production 9.1 Stage 1: Pre-production planning 9.1.1 Scripting 9.1.2 Storyboarding 9.1.3 Writing the production schedule 9.2 Stage 2: Production shoot 9.2.1 Camera 9.2.2 Lighting 9.2.3 Sound 9.3 Stage 3: Video post-production 9.3.1 What is a video transition? 9.3.2 The cut 9.3.3 The dissolve 9.3.4 The fade 9.3.5 Wipes and reverse wipes 9.3.6 Keys 9.3.7 Preview 9.4 Working with a computer 9.4.1 Keying-in computer graphics 9.4.2 The computer as editor 9.5 Advanced video production techniques 9.5.1 Introduction 9.5.2 Monochrome 9.5.3 Split-screens 9.5.4 Posterize 9.5.5 Chroma-key 9.6 Notes on audio in video post-production 10 Computer Graphics and Animation 10.1 The role of the computer 10.1.1 Types of animation 10.1.2 Software 10.2 2D graphics and animation 10.2.1 Paint functions 10.2.2 Compositing 10.2.3 Video effects 10.2.4 Rotorscoping 10.3 3D graphics and animation 11 Multimedia Authoring 11.1 Interactive multimedia authoring 11.2 Windows and OLE 11.2.1 WAV files 11.2.2 BMP files 11.2.3 MID files 11.2.4 AVI files 11.3 Macromedia Authorware Professional as an authoring environment 11.3.1 Incorporating files 11.3.2 Design of buttons/hot-spots 11.3.3 Animation 11.3.4 Packaging: generation of EXE files 11.4 Graphical browsers 11.5 HTML files and the Internet PART III Virtual Reality 12 Realistic Auditory Stimulation 12.1 Spatial hearing theory revisited 12.2 Binaural techniques 12.2.1 Binaural microphone technique 12.2.2 Synthetic binaural soundfields 12.2.3 Limitations of binaural technique 12.3 Creation of sound-fields using loudspeakers 12.3.1 Binaural cancellation techniques and their limitations 12.3.2 Blumlein's technique for stereophony 12.3.3 FRANCINSTIEN stereophonic image enhancement technique 12.4 Creation of synthetic, realistic sound fields using loudspeakers 12.4.1 Dolby surround 12.4.2 Ambisonics 12.5 Commercial 3D from two loudspeakers 12.5.1 Roland RSS system and Thorn EMI Sensaura 12.5.2 OM 3D sound processor 13 Realistic Visual Stimulation 13.1 Stereoscopy and display of stereoscopic television images 13.1.1 Colour analglyph displays 13.1.2 Polarized displays 13.1.3 Field sequential displays 13.1.4 Head-mounted displays 13.1.5 Autostereoscopy: stereoscopic displays not requiring glasses 13.2 Depth enhancement techniques 14 Cyberspace 14.1 What is virtual reality? 14.2 The other senses 14.3 Physical interaction 14.4 Practical virtual reality systems 14.5 'Cyberatmosphere' -- stepping stones to cyberspace Appendix 1: The Fourier transform Appendix 2: A top-down, non-linear model of the binaural and monaural signal processing for auditory localization %M B.Bringhurst.97 %O Second Edition %T The Elements of Typographic Style %A Robert Bringhurst %0 BOOK %I Hartley & Marks %P 320 %G ISBN 0-88179132-6 (hdbk) 0-88179133-4 (pbk) %D 1997 %Y Foreword Historical Synopsis 1 The Grand Design 2 Rhythm & Proportion 3 Harmony & Counterpoint 4 Structural Forms & Devices 5 Analphabetic Symbols 6 Choosing & Combining Type 7 Historical Interlude 8 Shaping the Page 9 The State of the Art 10 Prowling on Specimen Books A: Sorts & Characters B: Glossary of Terms C: Type Designers D: Typefoundries E: Recapitulation F: Further Reading Afterword to the Second Edition %M B.Brinck.01 %0 BOOK %T Usability for the Web: Designing Web Sites that Work %A Tom Brinck %A Darren Gergle %A Scott D. Wood %D 2001 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %P 432 %G ISBN 1-55860-658-0 %S Interactive Technologies %Y Introduction Pervasive Usability Requirements Analysis Task Analysis Principles of Page Layout Envisioning Design - Mockups and Prototypes Writing for the Web Production Launching the Web Site %M B.Brown.88 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Human-Computer Interface Design Guidelines %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %A C. Marlin "Lin" Brown %D 1988 %P 236 %I Ablex Publishing %C Norwood, NJ %I Intellect %G ISBN 1-871516-54-4 Intellect; 0-89391-332-4 Ablex, OCLC %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/brown/hci.htm %K DESIGN Guidelines Dialogue %Y 1 General human-Computer Interface Concepts 2 Designing Display Formats 3 Effective Wording 4 Color 5 Graphics 6 Dialogue Design 7 Data Entry 8 Control and Display Devices 9 Error Messages and Online Assistance 10 Implementation of Human-Computer Interface Guidelines 11 References 12 Author Index 13 Subject Index 14 Guideline Checklist %M B.Brown.89 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Programming the User Interface: Principles and Examples %A Judith R. Brown %A Steve Cunningham %G ISBN 0-471-63843-9 %D 1989 %P 371 %C New York, NY %I John Wiley & Sons %M B.Browne.94 %0 BOOK %T STUDIO: Structured User Interface Design for Interaction Optimization %A Dermot P. Browne %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-014721-4 %D 1994 %Y I. Introduction I.1. User interface design: the issue of the 1990s? I.2. STUDIO I.3. User interface development and the software life cycle I.4. Case study I.5. Structure of this book I.6. Summary 1. Project proposing and planning (Stage 1) 1.1. Cost-benefit analysis (Step 101) 1.2. Quality planning (Step 102) 2. User requirements analysis (Stage 2) 2.1. Preparing the groundwork (Step 201) 2.2. Evidence collection (Step 202) 2.3. Task analysis (Step 203) 2.4. Validation (Step 204) 2.5. Reporting of findings (Step 205) 3. Task synthesis (Stage 3) 3.1. Task synthesis (Step 301) 3.2. Style guide (Step 302) 3.3. Design specification (Step 303) 3.4. User support (Step 304) 3.5. Formative evaluation (Step 305) 4. Usability engineering (Stage 4) 4.1. Usability engineering planning (Step 401) 4.2. Prototype build (Step 402) 4.3. Design audit (Step 403) 4.4. Prepare evaluation materials (Step 404) 4.5. Prototype Evaluation (Step 405) 4.6. Impact analysis (Step 406) 4.7. Update specifications (Step 407) 5. User interface development (Stage 5) 5.1. Hand over specification (Step 501) 5.2. Integration/interfacing (Step 502) 5.3. Acceptance testing (Step 503) 5.4. Termination reporting (Step 504) 6. Conclusion Appendix A: Documents produced Appendix B: Quick reference guide Appendix C: Testing/auditing Appendix D: Standards organisations Glossary %M B.Cakir.80 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Visual Display Terminals: A Manual Covering Ergonomics Workplace Design, Health and Safety, Task Organization %A A. Cakir %A D. J. Hart %A T. F. M. Stewart %G ISBN 0-471-27793-2, OCLC 5793141 %P 253 %D 1980 %C New York, NY %I John Wiley & Sons %M B.Campbell.63 4/27/92 gp/rmb %0 BOOK %T Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research %A D. Campbell %A J. Stanley %P 84 %D 1963 %C Chicago %I Rand-McNally %G ISBN 0-39530787-2 %M B.Campbell.74 11/4/90 gp %0 BOOK %T Flaws and Fallacies in Statistical Thinking %A S. K. Campbell %G ISBN 0-13-322214-4 %D 1974 %P 200 %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %K EVALUATION Empirical %Y 1 Dangers of Statistical Ignorance 2 Some Basic Measurement and Definition Problems 3 Meaningless Statistics 4 Far Fetched Estimates 5 Cheating Charts 6 Accommodating Averages 7 Ignoring Dispersion 8 Puffing up a Point with Percents 9 Improper Comparisons 10 Jumping to Conclusions 11 Faulty Thinking About Probability 12 Faulty Induction 13 Relationships: Causal and Casual 14 Leftovers 15 Assorted Examples to Think About %M B.Card.83 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction %A Stuart K. Card %A Thomas P. Moran %A Allen Newell %D 1983 %P 469 %G ISBN 0-89859243-7 (pbk) 0-89859859-1 (hdbk); OCLC 9042220 %C Hillsdale, NJ %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %K GENERAL DESIGN Psych EVALUATION Model Theory %Y 1 An Applied Information-Processing Psychology SCIENCE BASE 2 The Human Information-Processor TEXT-EDITING 3 System and User Variability 4 An Exercise in Task Analysis 5 The GOMS Model of Manuscript Editing 6 Extensions of the GOMS Analysis 7 Models of Devices for Text Selection ENGINEERING MODELS 8 The Keystroke-Level Model 9 The Unit-Task Level of Analysis EXTENSIONS AND GENERALIZATIONS 10 An Exploration into Circuit Design 11 Cognitive Skill 12 Applying Psychology to Design 13 Reprise %M B.Carroll.90 %0 BOOK %T The Nurnberg Funnel: Designing Minimalist Instruction for Practical Computer Skill %A John M. Carroll %D 1990 %G ISBN 0-262-03163-9 %P 360 %I MIT Press %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262031639 %M B.Carroll.2000 %0 BOOK %T Making Use: Scenario-Based Design of Human-Computer Interactions %A John M. Carroll %D 2000 %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-03279-1 %P 382 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262032791 %X Difficult to learn and awkward to use, today's information systems often change our activities in ways that we do not need or want. The problem lies in the software development process. In this book John Carroll shows how a pervasive but underused element of design practice, the scenario, can transform information systems design. Traditional textbook approaches manage the complexity of the design process via abstraction, treating design problems as if they were composites of puzzles. Scenario-based design uses concretization. A scenario is a concrete story about use. For example: "A person turned on a computer; the screen displayed a button labeled Start; the person used the mouse to select the button." Scenarios are a vocabulary for coordinating the central tasks of system development--understanding people's needs, envisioning new activities and technologies, designing effective systems and software, and drawing general lessons from systems as they are developed and used. Instead of designing software by listing requirements, functions, and code modules, the designer focuses first on the activities that need to be supported and then allows descriptions of those activities to drive everything else. In addition to a comprehensive discussion of the principles of scenario-based design, the book includes in-depth examples of its application. %Y 1 The Sorcerer's Apprentice Example: Designing a Multimedia System Guiding and Coordinating Discovery Example: Designing a Library System Identifying the Real Problem Thriving on Design 2 What is Design? Clarifying the Problem Identifying Design Moves Envisioning the Solution Recognizing Trade-offs and Dependncies Integrating Diverse Knowledge and Skill Anticipating Impacts on Human Activity Design Is Hard 3 Scenario-Based Design What Are Scenarios? Challenge: Design Action Competes with Reflection Scenarios Evoke Reflection in Design Challenge: Design Situations Are Fluid Scenarios Are at Once Concrete and Flexible Challenge: External Factors Constrain Design Scenarios Promote Work Orientation Challenge: Design Moves Have Many Consequences Scenarios Have Many Views Challenge: Technical Knowledge Lags Design Scenarios Can Be Abstracted and Categorized Toward a Scenario-Based Framework for Design 4 Example: Video Information System Raison d'Etre Clarifying Design Concerns and Objectives Envisioning Alternative Situations Managing Consequences and Trade-offs Creating and Using Design Knowledge Staying Focused on People and Use 5 Example: Programming Tutorial and Tools Design Context Design Analysis Environment: Bittitalk Browser Environment: View Matcher Development:MiTTS Deployment and Evaluation 6 Usability Rationale Claims and Requirements for the Touchstone Scenario Designing and Analyzing a New Touchstone Scenario Identifying Appropriate Goals Sustained Learning Consequences for Work Groups The Place of Claims Analysis in Scenario-Based Design 7 Cumulative Design A View Matcher for Reuse Principled Emulation of a View Matcher Activity Modeling in the MoleHill Guru Genre Specialization in the MoleHill Goalposter Envisioning and Refining the Goalposter Design Patterns and Design Models 8 Evaluation and Theory Building Evaluation Goals and Methods Evaluating and Developing Design Genres Attributions to Multiple Theories Remote and Distributed Causes Thread-Level Claims Evaluation-Driven Design 9 Software Development Object-Oriented Software Responsibility-Driven Design Developing Object Models from Scenarios The Scenario Browser The Specification-Implementation Gap 10 Finding Scenarios and Making Claims Where Do Scenarios Come From? How to Make Claims Managing Scenarios and Claims 11 Getting Around the Task-Artifact Cycle Scenario-Based System Development MiTTS Again Requirements Development in LiNC Toward a Scenario-Based Methodology 12 The Scenario Dilemma Some Status on Scenario-Based Design Challenges for the Future No More Sorcerers %M B.Casey.98 %0 BOOK %T Set Phasers on Stun: And Other True Tales of Design, Technology, and Human Error %A Steven Casey %I Aegean Pub Co. %G ISBN 0-96361788-5 %P 251 %D 1998 %M B.Cassell.2000 %0 BOOK %T Embodied conversational agents %A Justine Cassell %D 2000 %P 430 %P MIT Press %G ISBN: 0-26203278-3 %M B.Cato.01 %0 BOOK %T User-centered web design %A John Cato %D 2001 %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %P 320 %G ISBN 0-201-39860-5 %Y 1. Design for Use Awareness, Understanding, Action (AUA) What is Design? What is Useability? Why Design for Use? A Pragmatic Viewpoint 2. Discover, Design, Use Design Frameworks The Iterative Process of Design Overview of the Design Process The Mindset You Bring to Design When to Involve Users 3. Discovery Discovery Foundations The Organization The System The Users -- Roles The Use -- Actions The Information -- Objects 4. Designing the System From Discovery to Design Areas What are the Pages? -- the Action Process What's on a Page? -- the Information Objects Interaction Design -- the AUA Model 5. Visual Design Style Screen Areas What are the Pages? -- the Action Process What's on a Page? -- the Information Objects Action and Interaction Realization -- Making it Work 6. Use Useability Evaluation Use is Design Lessons from Useability Evaluation 7. Side Trips Creativity -- Breaking the Blocks and Thinking Anew Brainstorming Six Hats Technique City Image, Narrative and Interaction Design Designing for WAP Phones %M B.Chapanis.96 %0 BOOK %T Human Factors in Systems Engineering %S Wiley Series in Systems Engineering %A Alphonse Chapanis %D 1996 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-13782-0 %Y 1. Introduction 2. Systems and Systems Engineering 3. Standards, Codes, Specifications, and Other Work Products 4. Human-Factors Methods 5. Human Physical Characteristics 6. Human Mental Characteristics 7. Personnel Selection and Training 8. System Requirements 9. Postscript A. Acronyms and Abbreviations B. Some ANSI and International Standards %M B.Chen.2001 %0 BOOK %T Human Computer Interaction: Issues and Challenges %A Qiyang Chen %G ISBN: 1-878289-91-8 %D 2001 %P 265 %I Idea Group Publishing %W http://www.idea-group.com/Human_Computer_Interaction_Issues_and_Challenges.htm %Y Designing Effective Human-Computer Interaction Interface Design: an Embedded Process User Interface Development Throughout the System Development Lifecycle From HCI to Interaction Design Intelligent Agents Supporting the Social Construction of Knowledge in a Learning Environment A Modeling Methodology for Intelligent Agents: An Electronic Commerce Application Courseware and its Possible Evolution Through the Use of Agent Technology Intelligent Software Agents in Electronic Commerce: A Socio-Technical Perspective Knowledge Engineering in Adaptive Interface and User Modeling Application of a Cognitive Model of Collaboration to a User Interface Structure- and Content-Based Retrieval for XML documents MESH: A Model-Based Approach to Hypermedia Design User Considerations in Electronic Commerce Transactions Computer Supported Social Networking Based on Email Exchange The Cultural Aesthetic of Virtual Reality: Simulation or Transparency? HCI: the Next Step Towards Optimization of Computer Assisted Surgical Planning, Intervention and Training (CASPIT) %M B.Chi.02 %0 BOOK %T A Framework for Visualizing Information %S Human-Computer Interaction Series, Vol. 1 %I Springer-Verlag %A E. H. Chi %D 2002 %P 176 %G ISBN 1-4020-0589-X %Y 1. Introduction 2. Data State Reference Model 3. Validation of Model 4. Expressiveness of Data State Model 5. Visualization Spreadsheet Illustrated 6. Detailed Case Study: Web Analysis Visualization Spreadsheet 7. Implementation Experience 8. Related Work 9. Conclusion %M B.Choo.2000 %0 BOOK %T Web Work: Information Seeking and Knowledge Work on the World Wide Web %A Chun Wei Choo %A Brian Detlor %A Don Turnbull %D 2000 %G ISBN 0-7923-6460-0 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %P 236 %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-6460-0 %S Information Science & Knowledge Management : Volume 1 %Y SECTION I: INFORMATION SEEKING AND KNOWLEDGE WORK 1. Information Seeking 2. The Structure and Dynamics of Organizational Knowledge SECTION II: KNOWLEDGE WORK ON INTRANETS 3. The Intranet as Infrastructure for Knowledge Work 4. Designing Intranets to Support Knowledge Work SECTION III: INFORMATION SEEKING ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB 5. Models of Information Seeking on the World Wide Web 6. Understanding Organizational Web Use Coda %M B.Clabby.02 %0 BOOK %T Visualize this : collaboration, communication, and commerce in the 21st century %A Joe Clabby %D 2002 %P 343 %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN: 0-13-066255-0 %Y I The Premise 1 Take a Virtual Journey 2 The Opening Argument 3 Virtual Worlds: Today's State of the Art II Technology Roadmap 4 The Sensor Virtual Internet Roadmap III Human Interfaces 5 Speech Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 6 Navigation/Manipulation 7 Receiving Sensory Data from Your Computer 8 3D Graphics 9 Sound, Scent, Touch, and Taste IV Infrastructure 10 Networking: Overcoming the Biggest Obstacle to Realizing the Sensory Virtual Internet 11 Personal Computing Devices 12 Back-End "Peer-to-Peer" Systems 13 The Role of Data Compression V Web Services 14 Web Services VI Collaboration 15 The New Age Virtual Applications VII Where Do We Go from Here? 16 Summary Observations %M B.Clegg.88 11/7/90 gp %0 BOOK %T People and Computers -- How to Evaluate Your Company's New Technology %G ISBN 0-47021207-1 %A C. W. Clegg %A P. B. Warr %A T. R. G. Green %A A. Monk %A N. Kemp %A G. Allison %A M. Lansdale %D 1988 %C Chichester, England %I Ellis Horwood %M B.Cleveland.85 11/4/90 gp %0 BOOK %T The Elements of Graphing Data %A William S. Cleveland %D 1985 %P 323 %C Monterey, California %I Wadsworth Publishing %G ISBN 0-534-03730-5; QA 90.C54 %K EVALUATION Empirical %Y 1 Introduction 2 Principles of Graph Construction 3 Graphical Methods 4 Graphical Perception %M B.Cleveland.93 %0 BOOK %T Visualizing Data %A William S. Cleveland %D 1994 %I Hobart Press %G ISBN 0-96348840-6 %M B.Cleveland.94 %0 BOOK %T The Elements of Graphing Data %A William S. Cleveland %D 1994 %I Hobart Press %G ISBN 0-96348841-4 %K EVALUATION Empirical Graph Construction Graphical Methods Graphical Perception %O Revised Edition %M B.Coats.87 11/4/90 gp/bs %G ISBN 0-63201542-X %0 BOOK %T Man-Computer Interfaces: An Introduction to Software Design and Implementation %A R. B. Coats %A I. Vlaeminke %D 1987 %P 381 %C Oxford, UK %I Blackwell Scientific Publications %M B.Coe.96 %0 BOOK %T Human Factors for Technical Communicators %S Wiley Technical Communication Library %A Marlana Coe %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-03530-0 %D 1996 %Y 1. Introduction 2. Sensation and Perception 3. Learning 4. Memory 5. Problem Solving 6. Accessing Information 7. Actions 8. User Partnerships 9. Choosing a Medium 10. Building the Navigational Infrastructure 11. Presenting Information 12. Designing and Developing Content A: Writing for Other Cultures B: Human Factors Resources Glossary %M B.Cohill.97 %0 BOOK %T Community Networks: Lessons from Blacksburg, Virginia %A Andrew Cohill %A Andrea Kavanaugh %D 1997 %G ISBN 0-89006-896-8 %P 346 %D 1997 %I Artech House %Y 1. Welcome to Blacksburg: Just Hook People Up The BEV is Intensely Personal We Write More than Ever in Blacksburg Storytelling Sense and Sensibility Education Blacksburg and the Net About the Book 2. A Brief History of the Blacksburg Electronic Village: Getting Started Unique Features of the BEV Growth of the BEV The Future of the BEV 3. The Architecture of a Community Network: Access and Services A Typical Community Network Summary of Network Services The BEV Software Tools Service Models for Community Networks Why Direct Connections are Important Network Administration 4. Evaluating the Blacksburg Electronic Village: The Assumptions of an Evaluation System A Model for the Evaluation of the BEV Research Activities in the Four Nodes Lessons Learned 5. Town Government in Cyberspace: The Key Players in the Town's Involvement in the BEV Providing Local Government Information in Cyberspace Email Overload? Elements of the Journey into Cyberspace Supporting Economic Development Cyberspace and the Town's Mission of "Citizen First" In Summary -- Lessons Learned 6. Managing the Evolution of a Virtual School: Context for a Virtual School Early Objectives Engaging the Schools Managing the Evolution Integrating Networking into the Community and the Schools Usability Concerns Assessment and Prospects 7. Learning and Teaching in a Virtual School: Technology and Education Constructivist Theory Constructivist Practice -- BEV + MCPS = Constructivist Classroom Can My School System Do This 8. Conducting Business in a Community Network: Engaging the Business Community Examples of Use Local Economic Development Grants Business Needs and Interests Successful Business Practices 9. Community Network Technology: Basic Internet Technology A Concentrated Dose of LAN, WAN, and TCP/IP Fundamentals Bringing the Internet to Your Town Local delivery High-Speed Local Delivery Serving the Public -- Required and Optional Internet Servers What the BEV Used Fiber on Main Street -- New Technology Opportunities Technology Planning Summary Recommended Resources 10. Managing Information in a Community Network: Step 1 - Develop and Distribute the Tools Step 2 - Identify Project Champions Step 3 - Educate, Educate, Educate Step 4: Foster a Rich Information Space Step 5: Deliver the Message Effectively Step 6: Link the Real and Virtual Communities Checklist for Managing Information in a Community Network 11. Building an Online History Database: Overview System Architecture Interface Usage Issues Summary 12. Success Factors of the Blacksburg Electronic Village: Education, Not Technology Low-Cost Direct Connections Show, Don't Tell Find a Project Evangelist The Golden Age of Libraries Breadth and Depth of Content Drive Use Keep Modem Pool Access in the Private Sector Community Support Community, Not Technology %M B.Collins.95 %0 BOOK %T Designing Object-Oriented User Interfaces %S Addison-Wesley Object Technology Series %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-80535350-X %D 1995 %A Dave Collins %P 590 %Y Preface 1. Introduction I. FOUNDATIONS 2. Evolution of the OOUI 3. Two User Interface Styles 4. Applying Object-Orientation to User Interfaces II. EXTERNAL DESIGN 5. Three Domains of OO Design for the User Interface 6. OOUI Design: Process and Team 7. Users, Tasks, and Task Analysis 8. The User's Conceptual Model 9. Information Presentation 10. Interaction and Control Mechanisms III. INTERNAL DESIGN 11. Object-Oriented System Architectures 12. Information Models 13. Presentation and Interaction Objects 14. Tools for Prototyping and Implementation 15. Design Examples 16. Summary and Directions Appendix 1: Fax Case Study Appendix 2: Introduction to Object-Orientation Glossary %M B.Collis.96 %0 BOOK %T Children and Computers in School %A Betty A. Collis %A Gerald A. Knezek %A Kwok-Wing Lai %A Keiko T. Miyahita %A Willem J. Pelgrum %A Tjeerd Plomp %A Takashi Sakamoto %D 1996 %P 166 %C Mahwah, New Jersey %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-8058-2074-4 (paper) 0-8058-2073-6 (cloth) %Y Children in the Information Age Three Multinational Studies Information Technology and Children From a Global Perspective Information Technology and Children from a Classroom Perspective Information Technology From the Child's Perspective Reflections %M B.Constantine.99 %0 BOOK %T Software for Use: A Practical Guide to the Models and Methods of Usage-Centered Design %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %I ACM Press %A Larry L. Constantine %A Lucy A. D. Lockwood %P 579 %D 1999 %G ISBN 0-201-92478-1 %W http://cseng.aw.com/bookdetail.qry?ISBN=0-201-92478-1&ptype=0 %Y I: TOWARD MORE USABLE SOFTWARE Chapter 1: Software for Use: Usage, Usability, and User Interfaces Upgrading Usability Approaching Usability Changing Contexts Chapter 2: Built-in Usability: A Usage-Centered Design Approach Interfacing with Users Elements of a Usage-Centered Approach Driving Models Coordinated Activity Chapter 3: In Principle: Rules and Principles of Usage-Centered Design Design as Dialogue Rules and Principles Usability Rules User Interface Design Principles Other Rules Details, Details, Details II: ESSENTIAL MODELS FOR USABILITY Chapter 4: Users and Related Species: Understanding Users and User Roles Of Use and Users Real Users and Others User Role Models User Role Maps User Roles in Action Structured Role Models Chapter 5 Working Structures: Task Modeling with Essential Use Cases Work, Work, Work Task Modeling The Use Case Map Building Essential Use Case Models Application Chapter 6: Interface Architecture: Interface Contents and Navigation Workplaces Interface Contents The Context Navigation Map Application III: CREATING THE VISUAL DESIGN Chapter 7: Designing the Dialogue: Layout and Communication From Abstraction to Expression Communication Channels Screen Real Estate Chapter 8: Practical Widgetry: Choosing and Designing Visual Components Buy or Build Iconic Communication Menus Selecting Selection Widgets Chapter 9 Innovative Interfaces: Creative Interface Engineering and Custom Components Creative Engineering The Process of Innovation Instructive Interfaces Applied Innovation IV: COMPLETING THE DESIGN Chapter 10: Expressing Solutions: Implementation Modeling and Prototypes Fun Stuff Prototypes and Prototyping Mapping the Models Implementation Modeling Illustrated Chapter 11: Help Me If You Can: Designing Help and Helpful Messages Even Experts Need a Lift Use Cases for Help Access and Presentation Techniques Special Techniques and Modalities Helpful Writing Helpful Messages Chapter 12: Once a Beginner: Supporting Evolving Usage Patterns Beyond Beginners Skiing the Interface Progressive Usage Supportive Interfaces Designing for Progressive Usage Progressive Usage Applied Chapter 13: In Place: Fitting the Operational Context Unsound Context Operational Modeling Environmental Adaptation Binding Context Environment Profile Putting Context in Place Chapter 14: Same Game, Different Fields: Special Applications, Special Issues Theme and Variation, Again Web Design for Use Web Wisdom Applied Embedded Systems Applications Other Special Interfaces Chapter 15: Usage-Centered Design Applied: The TeleGuida Case Scaling Up Telephone Tag Gathering Requirements TeleGuida Users and Uses Toward a TeleGuida Prototype V: ASSESSMENT AND IMPROVEMENT Chapter 16: Better Next Time: Improvement by Inspection and Review Assessing Usability Inspection Methods Collaborative Usability Inspections Focused Inspections Chapter 17: By the Numbers: Measuring Usability in Practice Comparison Shopping Measured Quality User Interface Design Metrics Essential Usability Metrics Suite Metrics in Practice Chapter 18: Test Scores: Laboratory and Field Testing of Usability History Testing Testing, One, Two Test Protocol Testing Tactics Why Test, Why Not VI: ORGANIZING AND MANAGING THE PROCESS Chapter 19: Code and You're Done: Implementing Interfaces Objects and Interfaces Accelerated Development Visual Development of Visual Designs Chapter 20: Using Your Users: Users in the Development Process Use or Abuse of Users Requirements Dialogue, Requirements Dance Going to the Source Using Users Joint Essential Modeling Chapter 21: Getting Organized: Usability in the Larger Context Organizational Units Standards and Style Guides Competing Constituencies Experts and Expertise Cultural Fit A: Suggested Readings B: Eleven Ways to Make Software More Usable: General Principles of Software Usability C: Glossary D: Forms for Usage-Centered Design E: Subjective Usability Scales for Software (SUSS) %M B.constantine.01 %0 BOOK %T Peopleware Papers, The: Notes on the Human Side of Software %A Larry L. Constantine %D 2001 %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-060123-3 %P 300 %Y I. GROUP DEVELOPMENT 1. Decisions, Decisions 2. Consensus and Compromise 3. Negotiating Consensus 4. The Lowly and Exalted Scribe 5. Official Space 6. Irksome Interruptions II. COWBOYS AND COWGIRLS 7. Cowboy Coders 8. Cowboy Homecoming 9. Unity in Diversity 10. Coding Cowboys and Software Sages III. WORK ORGANIZATION 11. Traditional Tactics 12. Chaos Manners 13. Open Architects 14. Synchronized Swimming 15. Team Politics 16. Having It All 17. Contrarion Conspiracy IV. TOOLS, MODELS AND METHODS 18. CASE and Cognition 19. Modeling Matters 20. Mirror, Mirror 21. Methodical Madness 22. Essentially Speaking 23. Shapes to Come 24. Software Objectives 25. The Seams Are Showing V. PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS 26. The Benefits of Visibility 27. Rewards and Reuse 28. Superlearning 29. Up the Waterfall 30. In-Time Delivery 31. Under Pressure 32. Re: Architecture 33. Quality by Increments VI. SOFTWARE USABILITY 34. Consistency and Conventions 35. Complexity and Creeping Featurism 36. Going to the Source 37. Colorful Language 38. Improving Intermediates 39. Unusable You 40. Editing Interfaces 41. In Service VII. USABLE OBJECTS 42. Objects in Your Face 43. Getting the Message 44. Abstract Objects 45. New Media 46. Useful Cases 47. Efficient Objects 48. Coherent Objects VIII. BRAVE NEW SOFTWARE 49. Arrogant Programming 50. Interfaces Diversified 51. Wizard Widgets 52. Future Faces IX. CULTURE AND QUALITY 53. Culture Change 54. Change Agents 55. Embedded with the Best 56. Columns from an Italian Restaurant 57. Mentored Out 58. In Training 59. Gifted Programmers 60. Industry Icons 61. Impresario Appendix: Registered Peopleware %M B.Cook.95 %0 BOOK %T Assistive Technologies: Principles and Practice %A Albert M. Cook %A Susan M. Hussey %A Hussey Cook %D 1995 %P 712 %I Mosby Year Book %G ISBN: 0-80161038-9 %M B.Cooper.95 %0 BOOK %T About Face: The Essentials of User Interface Design %A Alan Cooper %D 1995 %P 580 %C Foster City, CA %I IDG Books %G ISBN 1-56884-322-4, OCLC %W http://www.cooper.com/aboutface/about_about_face.html %Y Foreword, by Andrew Singer Acknowledgments and Dedication Introduction Part I. The Goal; Designing for Users Chapter 1: Goal-Directed Design Chapter 2: Software Design Chapter 3: The Three Models Chapter 4: Visual Interface Design Part II. The Form; The March of Paradigms Chapter 5: Idioms and Affordances Chapter 6: An Irreverent History of Rectangles on the Screen Chapter 7: Windows-with-a-Small-w Chapter 8: Lord of the Files Chapter 9: Storage and Retrieval Systems Chapter 10: Choosing Platforms Part III. The Behavior; The Program's Presentation of Self Chapter 11: Orchestration and Flow Chapter 12: Posture and State Chapter 13: Overhead and Idiocy Chapter 14: The Secret Weapon of Interface Design Part IV. The Interaction; Pointing and Clicking Chapter 15: Elephants, Mice and Minnies Chapter 16: Selection Chapter 17: Direct Manipulation Chapter 18: Drag and Drop Part V. The Cast; The Actors in the Drama Chapter 19: The Meaning Of Menus Chapter 20: Menus Chapter 21: Dialog Boxes Chapter 22: Dialog Box Etiquette Chapter 23: Toolbars Chapter 24: Roll the Credits, Please Part VI. The Gizmos; Canned Visual Design Chapter 25: Imperative and Selection Gizmos Chapter 26: Entry and Display Gizmos Chapter 27: New Gizmos Part VII. The Guardian; Protecting the User Chapter 28: The End of Errors Chapter 29: Managing Exceptions Chapter 30: Undo Part VIII. The Teacher; Education on Demand Chapter 31: Good at What You Do Chapter 32: Installation, Configuration and Personalization Chapter 33: Shouldering the Burden Chapter 34: Where Do We Go from Here? List of Axioms Index %M B.Cooper.99 %0 BOOK %D 1999 %P 300 %A Alan Cooper %T The Inmates Are Running the Asylum: Why High Tech Products Drive Us Crazy and How to Restore the Sanity %I Sams %G ISBN 0-67231649-8 %Y I COMPUTER OBLITERACY 1 Riddles for the Information Age 2 Cognitive Friction II IT COSTS YOU BIG TIME 3 Wasting Money 4 The Dancing Bear 5 Customer Disloyalty III EATING SOUP WITH A FORK 6 The Inmates Are Running the Asylum 7 Homo Logicus 8 An Obsolete Culture IV INTERACTION DESIGN IS GOOD BUSINESS 9 Designing for Pleasure 10 Designing for Power 11 Designing for People V GETTING BACK INTO THE DRIVER'S SEAT 12 Desperately Seeking Usability 13 A Managed Process 14 Power and Pleasure %M B.Cox.93 2/17/94 gp %0 BOOK %T User Interface Design %A Kevin Cox %A David Walter %D 1993 %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-952888-1 %O 2nd Edition %Y 1. What Makes a Good Computer System? 2. Systems Development 3. Usability Testing 4. Objects and Actions 5. Guide-lines for User-Interfaces 6. Designing a Dialogue Model 7. User Documentation 8. Forms of Documentation 9. Implementation %M B.Cozby.89 3/22/93 gp %0 BOOK %T Methods in Behavioral Research %A Paul C. Cozby %D 1989 %P 302 + xii %C Mountain View, California %I Mayfield Publishing Company %G ISBN 0-97484-897-0; BF76.5.C67 %O Fourth Edition %Y 1. The Scientific Method 2. Where to Start 3. Studying Behavior 4. Descriptive Methods 5. Experimental Design: Purpose and Pitfalls 6. Types of Experimental Design 7. Complex Experimental Designs 8. Conducting Research 9. Understanding Research Results 10. Correlation Coefficients 11. Generalizing Results 12. Ethical Concerns A. Writing Research Reports B. Statistical Tests C. Statistical Tables Glossary References Index %M B.Czaja.95 %0 BOOK %T Designing Surveys: A Guide to Decisions and Procedures %I Pine Forge Press %S Research Methods and Statistics %A Ronald Czaja %A Johnny Blair %G ISBN 0-8039-9056-1 %P 288 %D 1995 %Y 1. An Introduction to Surveys and to This Book 2. Stages of a Survey 3. Selecting the Method of Data Collection 4. Questionnaire Design: Writing the Questions 5. Questionnaire Design: Organizing the Questions 6. Questionnaire Design: Testing the Questions 7. Designing the Sample 8. Selecting a Sample 9. Reducing Sources of Error in Sampling and Data Collection 10. The Methodology Report Appendixes References Glossary/Index %M B.Damer.97 %0 BOOK %T Avatars!: Exploring and Building Virtual Worlds on the Internet %A Bruce Damer %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-68840-9 %D 1997 %P 522 %M B.Deitsch.01 %0 BOOK %T Java Internationalization %S Java Series %A Andrew Deitsch %A David Czarnecki %D 2001 %I O'Reilly & Associates %P 445 %G ISBN 0-59600019-7 %M B.Dertouzos.97 %0 BOOK %T What Will Be: How the New World of Information Will Change Our Lives %A Michael L. Dertouzos %P 320 %D 1997 %I Harper & Row %C San Francisco %G ISBN: 0-06251479-2 %Y I. Shaping the Future 1. Vision 2. The Revolution Unfolds 3. Where Person Meets Machine 4. New Tools II. How Your Life Will Change 5. Daily Life 6. Pleasure 7. Health 8. Learning 9. Business and Organizations 10. Government III. Reuniting Technology and Humanity 11. The Value of Information 12. Electronic Bulldozers 13. Electronic Proximity 14. Ancient Humans Appendix. The Five Pillars of the Information Age %M B.Dertouzos.01 %0 BOOK %T The unfinished revolution : human-centered computers and what they can do for us %A Michael L. Dertouzos %D 2001 %I HarperCollins %P 224 %G ISBN 0-06662067-8 %Y 1. Why Change Charting New Terrain Rise of the Information Marketplace Integrate Computers into Our Lives Give Us a Gas Pedal and Steering Wheel Reach All People 2. Let's Talk Elusive Intelligence Speech and Vision: Different Roles Let's Talk Show Me A New Metaphor Brain Chips 3. Do It for Me The Ascent to Meaning: E-Forms Meaning on the Web: Metadata Bring Things under Control Hundreds of Dumb Servants Start the Ball Rolling Automation and Society 4. Get Me What I Want Organize or Search? Discovering What Your Information Means The Semantic Web Conspiracy A New Information Model Call to Action 5. Help Us Work Together The Challenge Messages and Packages Collaboration Systems Information Work Privacy More Social Consequences Distance Education 6. Adapt to Me A Growing Need Pushing the OS Upward Nomadic Software 7. Applying the New Forces Health Commerce Disaster Control Medicine in the Bush Total Financial Services Play Sundials Why These Five Forces? Dovetailing People with the Forces 8. Oxygen Putting It All Together The Handy 21 The Enviro 21 The N21 Network Speech Automation Individualized Information Access Collaboration Customization The Oxygen Software System Turning on a Dime 9. Finishing the Unfinished Revolution Info Royalty Global Reach Monoculture and Overload The Technology Fountain No Machines beyond This Point Greater Humanity? Beyond the Information Revolution %M B.DeVellis.91 %0 BOOK %G ISBN 0-8039-3776-8 %T Scale Development: Theory and Applications %S Applied Social Research Methods %N Vol. 26 %A Robert F. Devellis %D 1991 %I Sage Publications %M B.Diaper.89 2/17/94 gp %0 BOOK %T Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction %G ISBN 0-47021606-9 %P 258 %A Dan Diaper %D 1989 %C Chichester, UK %I Ellis Horwood %M B.Dillon.94 %0 BOOK %T Designing Usable Electronic Text: Ergonomic Aspects of Human Information Usage %D 1994 %A Andrew Dillon %P 220 %G ISBN 0-7484-0113-X (paper) 0-7484-0112-1 (cloth) %I Taylor & Francis %M B.Dittrich.02 %0 BOOK %T Social thinking-software practice %A Yvonne Dittrich %A Christiane Floyd %A Ralf Klischewski %D 2002 %P 481 %I MIT Press %G ISBN: 0-26204204-5 %M B.Dix.93 %0 BOOK %T Human-Computer Interaction %A Alan Dix %A Janet Finlay %A Gregory Abowd %A Russell Beale %D 1993 %N 15 chapters %P 570 %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-458266-7 (hardback); 0-13-437211-5 (paperback) only outside USA %Y Introduction Part 1: Foundations 1: The Human 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Input-Output Channels 1.3 Human Memory 1.4 Thinking: Reasoning and Problem-solving 1.5 Individual Differences 1.6 Psychology and the Design of Interactive Systems 1.7 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading 2: The Computer 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Text Entry Devices 2.3 Positioning and Pointing Devices 2.4 Output Devices 2.5 Alternatives 2.6 Paper: Printing and Scanning 2.7 Memory 2.8 Processing 2.9 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading 3: The Interaction 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Models of Interaction 3.3 Frameworks and HCI 3.4 Ergonomics 3.5 Interaction Styles 3.6 The Context of the Interaction 3.7 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading Part II: Design Practice 4: Usability Paradigms and Principles 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Paradigms for Interaction 4.3 Principles to Support Usability 4.4 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading 5: The Design Process 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Software Life Cycle 5.3 Using Design Rules 5.4 Usability Engineering 5.5 Iterative Design and Prototyping 5.6 Design Rationale 5.7 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading 6: Models of the User in Design 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Cognitive Models 6.3 Goal and Task Hierarchies 6.4 Linguistic Models 6.5 The Challenge of Display Based Systems 6.6 Physical and Device Models 6.7 Cognitive Architectures 6.8 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading 7: Task Analysis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Differences between Task Analysis and Other Techniques 7.3 Task Decomposition 7.4 Knowledge Based Analysis 7.5 Entity-Relationship Based Techniques 7.6 Sources of Information and Data Collection 7.7 Uses of Task Analysis 7.8 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading 8: Dialogue Notations and Design 8.1 What is Dialogue? 8.2 Dialogue Design Notations 8.3 Diagrammatic Notations 8.4 Textual Dialogue Notations 8.5 Dialogue Semantics 8.6 Dialogue Analysis and Design 8.7 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading 9: Models of the System 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Standard Formalisms 9.3 Interaction Models 9.4 Status/Event Analysis Exercises Recommended Reading 10: Implementation Support 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Elements of Windowing Systems 10.3 Programming the Application 10.4 Using Toolkits 10.5 User Interface Management Systems 10.6 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading 11: Evaluation Techniques 11.1 What is Evaluation? 11.2 Goals of Evaluation 11.3 Styles of Evaluation 11.4 Evaluating the Design 11.5 Evaluating the Implementation 11.6 Choosing an Evaluation Method 11.7 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading 12: Help and Documentation 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Requirements of User Support 12.3 Approaches to User Support 12.4 Intelligent Help Systems 12.5 Designing User Support Systems 12.6 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading Part III: Advanced Topics 13: Groupware 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Groupware Systems 13.3 Computer-mediated Communication 13.4 Meeting and Decision Support Systems 13.5 Shared Applications and Artefacts 13.6 Frameworks for Groupware 13.7 Implementing Synchronous Groupware 13.8 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading 14: CSCW Issues and Theories 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Face-to-face Communication 14.3 Conversation 14.4 Text Based Communication 14.5 Group Working 14.6 Organizational Issues 14.7 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading 15: Multi-sensory Systems 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Usable Sensory Inputs 15.3 Multi-modal and Multi-media Systems 15.4 Speech in the Interface 15.5 Non-speech Sound 15.6 Handwriting Recognition 15.7 Text, Hypertext and Hypermedia 15.8 Animation and Video 15.9 Gesture Recognition 15.10 Computer Vision 15.11 Applications of Multi-media Systems 15.12 Summary Exercises Recommended Reading References Index %M B.Dix.98 %0 BOOK %T Human-Computer Interaction %D 1998 %A Alan J. Dix %A Janet E. Finlay %A Gregory D. Abowd %A Russell Beale %P 650 %O 2nd Edition %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-239864-8 %W http://www.hcibook.com/ %Y Preface to the second edition Preface to the first edition Introduction I. FOUNDATIONS 1. The human 2. The computer 3. The interaction II. DESIGN PRACTICE 4. Usability paradigms and principles 5. The design process 6. Models of the user in design 7. Task analysis 8. Dialog notations and design 9. Models of the system 10. Implementation support 11. Evaluation techniques 12. Help and documentation III. APPLICATION AREAS 13. Groupware 14. CSCW and social issues 15. Out of the glass box 16. Hypertext, multimedia and the World Wide Web %M B.Douglas.97 %0 BOOK %T The Ergonomics of Computer Pointing Devices %S Advanced Perspectives in Applied Computing %A Sarah A. Douglas %A Anant Kartik Mithal %P 233 %D 1997 %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN 3-540-19986-1 %Y 1. Introduction 1.1 Approach 1.2 The Organization of This Book 1.3 Importance and Future of Pointing Device Ergonomics 2. Human Motor Performance 2.1 Fitts' Law 2.2 Psychomotor Models 2.3 Other Aspects of Motor Behavior 2.4 Summary 2.5 Endnotes 3. Factors in Applying Psychomotor Studies to Pointing Devices 3.1 Devices: Operation, Features and Types 3.2 Limb Control 3.3 Tasks 3.4 Summary 4. A Survey of Ergonomic Studies 4.1 Studies by Device 4.2 Comparison Between Devices 4.3 Summary 4.4 Endnotes 5. Evaluating New Devices: A Case Study 5.1 Overview 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Previous Research 5.4 Method 5.5 Results 5.6 Discussion 5.7 Conclusions 5.8 Endnotes 6. Using the Microstructure of Movement to Understand Device Performance 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Research Questions 6.3 Method 6.4 Results 6.5 Discussion 6.6 Summary and Conclusions 6.7 Endnotes 7. Performance Models 7.1 Historical Background 7.2 GOMS 7.3 Keystroke Level Model 7.4 Stochastic Network Models 7.5 Extensions to the GOMS Model Research 7.6 Summary 7.7 Endnotes 8. Challenges of the Present and Future 8.1 Review of Pointing Device Research Findings 8.2 Integrating Ergonomics Research into Design 8.3 Innovations in Pointing Device Technology and Interfaces 8.4 Future Research Directions 8.5 Conclusions 8.6 Endnotes 9. Bibliography %M B.Dourish.01 %0 BOOK %T Where the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction %A Paul Dourish %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/0262041960 %D 2001 %P 256 %G ISBN 0-262-04196-0 %I MIT Press %Y 1 History of Interaction 2 Getting in Touch 3 Social Computing 4 "Being-in-the-World": Embodied Interaction 5 Foundations 6 Moving Toward Design 7 Conclusions and Directions %X Computer science as an engineering discipline has been spectacularly successful. Yet it is also a philosophical enterprise in the way it represents the world and creates and manipulates models of reality, people, and action. In this book Paul Dourish addresses the philosophical bases of human-computer interaction. He looks at how what he calls "embodied interaction" -- an approach to interacting with software systems that emphasizes skilled, engaged practice rather than disembodied rationality -- reflects the phenomenological approaches of Martin Heidegger, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and other twentieth-century philosophers. The phenomenological tradition emphasizes the primacy of natural practice over abstract cognition in everyday activity. Dourish shows how this perspective can shed light on the foundational underpinnings of current research on embodied interaction. He looks in particular at how tangible and social approaches to interaction are related, how they can be used to analyze and understand embodied interaction, and how they could affect the design of future interactive systems. %M B.Dreyfus.67 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T The Measure of Man: Human Factors in Design %A W. Dreyfus %G ISBN 0-82307370-X %P 54 %D 1967 %C New York, NY %I Whitney Library of Design %O Second Edition %M B.Druin.96 %0 BOOK %T Designing Multimedia Environments for Children %A Allison Druin %A Cynthia Solomon %D 1996 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-11688-2 %P 288 %O Includes CD-ROM %Y An Introduction: The Multimedia Landscape 1. Origins of Educational Multimedia Environments 2. CD-ROM Edutainment 3. Videodisc Problem-Solving Simulations 4. Children's Multimedia Authoring Tools 5. On-Line Multimedia Environments 6. Physical Multimedia Environments 7. The Activity of Innovation 8. Thoughts About Tomorrow %M B.Duffy.93 4/27/93 %0 BOOK %T Online Help: Design and Evaluation %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %A Thomas M. Duffy %A James E. Palmer %A Brad Mehlenbacher %D 1983 %P 272 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/duffy/online1.htm %G ISBN 0-89391-858-X (cloth); 0-89391-848-2 (paper) %Y 1. Online Help in Context 2. Medium of Delivery and the Design Process 3. A Task Model for Online Help 4. Designing Interactive Help Systems 5. Understanding the Design Process 6. An Overview of Evaluation Requirements and Options 7. The Help Design Evaluation Questionnaire (HDEQ) 8. Findings from the Evaluation of Help Systems Appendix: The Help Design Evaluation Questionnaire %M B.Dumas.88 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Designing User Interfaces for Software %A Joseph S. Dumas %D 1988 %G ISBN 0-13201971-X %P 174 %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %M B.Dumas.93 4/27/93 gp %0 BOOK %T A Practical Guide to Usability Testing %A Joseph S. Dumas %A Janice C. Redish %D 1993 %P 412 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %G ISBN 1-84150-020-8 (1999 revised edition) ISBN 0-89391-990-X (cloth); 0-89391-991-8 (paper) %Y I. CONCERNING USABILITY (1) 1 Introducing Usability (3) 2 Introducing Usability Testing (21) 3 Uncovering Usability Needs Before You Design (39) 4 Basing Designs on Expertise in Human-Computer Interaction (51) 5 Evaluating Usability Throughout Design and Development (63) 6 Establishing a Usability Program in Your Organization (83) II. PLANNING AND PREPARING FOR A USABILITY TEST (97) 7 Planning a Usability Test (99) 8 Defining Goals and Concerns (109) 9 Deciding who Should be Participants (119) 10 Recruiting Participants (135) 11 Selecting and Organizing Tasks to Test (159) 12 Creating Task Scenarios (171) 13 Deciding How to Measure Usability (183) 14 Preparing Test Materials (203) 15 Preparing the Test Environment (221) 16 Preparing the Test Team (233) 17 Conducting a Pilot Test (263) III. CONDUCTING AND USING THE RESULTS OF A USABILITY TEST (271) 18 Caring for the Test Participants (273) 19 Conducting the Test (287) 20 Tabulating and Analyzing Data (309) 21 Recommending Changes (331) 22 Communicating the Results (339) 23 Preparing a Highlight Tape (355) 24 Changing the Product and the Process (367) References (375) Appendix A: Setting Up a Usability Lab (383) Appendix B: Relevant Organizations and Journals (397) Author Index (407) Subject Index (409) %M B.Dustin.02 %0 BOOK %T Quality Web systems : performance, security, and usability %A Elfriede Dustin %A Jeff Rashka %A Douglas McDiarmid %D 2002 %P 318 %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-71936-3 %Y 1. Overview of Web Systems and Technologies Quality Web Systems Success Criteria Assigning Priorities Based on Risks Web System Engineering Web System Architecture 2. Web Engineering Using the RSI Approach Use Cases Analysis Goal Oriented Use Cases Analysis RSI Approach RSI Model Development Non-Functional Requirements Technology Selection Test Procedures From RSI Use Cases Chapter Summary References 3. Security Overview Web and Application Servers Database Server Client Computer Secure Communications Network Security Verifying Site Security TBS Case Study Chapter Summary References 4. Performance Overview Performance and Scalability Requirements Verifying Site Performance and Scalability Verification Phases Interpreting the Test Results Improving Performance and Scalability Analyzing Scalability and Cost TBS Case Study Chapter Summary References 5. Compatibility Client-Side Compatibility Issues Verifying Site Compatibility TBS Case Study Chapter Summary References 6. Usability and Accessibility Usability Engineering Accessibility Usability Evaluation Automating Usability Evaluation TBS Case Study Chapter Summary References 7. Tools Engineering Security Performance and Scalability Compatibility Usability Other Tools Chapter Summary Appendixes A. Evaluation Checklists B. Test Tool Evaluations C. Technology Book Store Case Study %M B.Dyson.97 %0 BOOK %T Release 2.0: A Design for Living in the Digital Age %A Esther Dyson %P 224 %D 1997 %I Broadway Books %G ISBN: 0-76790011-1 %Y 1. How I got the story and learned to love markets 2. Communities 3. Work 4. Education 5. Governance 6. Intellectual property 7. Content control 8. Privacy 9. Anonymity 10. Security 11. A design for living %M B.Earnshaw.01 %0 BOOK %T Frontiers of human-centered computing, online communities and virtual environments %A Rae A. Earnshaw %D 2001 %P 482 %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN: 1-85233238-7 %M B.Eberts.94 4/21/94 weh@sei.cmu.edu %0 BOOK %T User Interface Design %A Ray E. Eberts %D 1994 %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-140328-1 %Y I - INTRODUCTION 1. Interacting with Computers 2. Interface Widgets 3. Four Approaches to Human-Computer Interaction II - EMPIRICAL APPROACH 4. Experimental Methodology 5. Experimental Design and Analysis 6. Hazards to Conducting and Interpreting HCI Experiments III - COGNITIVE APPROACH 7. Mental Models 8. Human Information Processing 9. Neural Network Models 10. Metaphors and Analogies 11. Spatial Reasoning and Graphics 12. Workload Assessment IV - PREDICTIVE MODELING APPROACH 13. The Model Human Processor 14. GOMS 15. NGOMSL 16. Production Systems 17. Grammar Representations V - ANTHROPOMORPHIC APPROACH 18. Human-Human Communication 19. Natural Interface Design: Alternative Input Methods 20. Natural Interface Design: Perceptual and Cognitive Mismatches 21. Affordances, Constraints and World Knowledge VI - ISSUES IN HCI (APPLICATION OF APPROACHES) 22. Feedback and Help Messages 23. Menu Displays 24. Database Applications 25. Groupware References Author Index Subject Index %M B.Ericsson.84 11/4/90 gp %0 BOOK %T Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data %A K. A. Ericsson %A H. A. Simon %D 1984 %P 426 %C Cambridge, MA %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-55012-1; BF 455.E68 %G ISBN 0-262-05029-3, OCLC 10207167 %K EVALUATION Empirical %Y 1 Introduction and Summary 2 Effects of Verbalization 3 Completeness of Reports 4 Inferences From Verbal Data 5 Model of Verbalization 6 Methods for Protocol Analysis 7 Techniques of Protocol Analysis %M B.Ericsson.93 %0 BOOK %T Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data %A K. Anders Ericsson %A Herbert A. Simon %D 1993 %O Revised Edition %C Cambridge, MA %I MIT Press %P 496 %G ISBN 0-262-55023-7 (paper) 0-262-05047-1 (cloth) %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262550237 %K EVALUATION Empirical %M B.Esselink.2000 %0 BOOK %T A Practical Guide to Localization %A Bert Esselink %P 490 %I John Benjamins Publishing %G ISBN 1-58811006-0 paperback; 1-58811005-2 hardcover %D 2000 %M B.farkas.02 %0 BOOK %T Principles of Web Design %A David K. Farkas %A Jean B. Farkas %I Longman %S Allyn & Bacon Series in Technical Communication %D 2002 %G ISBN: 0-205-30291-2 %P 377 %X This is a university-level textbook that teaches Web design skills within a framework of information-design principles, rhetoric, and hypertext theory. The book emphasizes the importance of the underlying node-link structure in designing the navigational interface and creating content. %Y 1. Understanding the Web: A Designer's View 2. Planning the Project 3. Designing and Building the Project 4. Using Content Types Effectively 5. Societal Implications and Ethical Choices 6. Hypertext Theory and Node-Link Diagrams 7. Hierarchies and Organizing Content 8. The Navigational Interface 9. Designing Effective Links 10. Writing for the Web 11. Graphic Design 12. Site Maps, Search, and Indexes 13. Non-Hierarchical Information Structures Appendixes A. Twenty-Five Guidelines for Getting Started B. An Introduction to Copyright Law C. Project Reports D. Implementation Resources %W http://www.uwtc.washington.edu/pwd/ Companion Website %W http://www.ablongman.com/catalog/academic/product/1,4096,0205302912,00.html %M B.Faulkner.98 %0 BOOK %T The Essence of Human-Computer Interaction %S Essence of Computing Series %A Christine Faulkner %D 1998 %I Prentice Hall %S Computer Books %G ISBN 0-13-751975-3 %P 240 %Y Preface 1 An overview of human-computer interaction 1.1 The background to HCI 1.2 The relationship of HCI to other disciplines 1.3 The importance of HCI 1.4 The role of HCI in the development of software 1.5 Summary 1.6 Exercises 1.7 References 1.8 Further reading 1.9 Electronic resources 2 The user's physical capabilities 2.1 Cognition 2.2 The senses 2.3 Vision 2.4 Design considerations 2.5 Hearing 2.6 Touch -- the haptic channel 2.7 Taste and smell 2.8 Summary 2.9 Self test list 2.10 Exercises 2.11 References 2.12 Further reading 2.13 Electronic resources 3 The user's mental capabilities 3.1 Background 3.2 An overview of memory 3.3 Memory in action 3.4 Memory experiments 3.5 Guidelines for interfaces 3.6 Memory and learning 3.7 Computer-human systems? 3.8 Summary 3.9 Self test list 3.10 Exercises 3.11 References 3.12 Further reading 4 The interface 4.1 Background 4.2 The principles of interface design 4.3 The classification of interaction styles 4.4 Direct versus linguistic manipulation 4.5 Some design considerations 4.6 Summary 4.7 Self test list 4.8 Exercises 4.9 References 4.10 Further reading 5 Designing systems for people 5.1 Background 5.2 User classification 5.3 User types 5.4 The design process 5.5 Collection of data about the system 5.6 The purpose of task analysis 5.7 Strategies for representing design 5.8 Conclusions 5.9 Summary 5.10 Self test list 5.11 Exercises 5.12 References 5.13 Further reading 6 Evaluation and testing 6.1 The importance of evaluation 6.2 Problem areas in evaluation 6.3 When and what to evaluate 6.4 Evaluation techniques 6.5 Experiments 6.6 Questionnaires 6.7 Recommendations for questionnaire design 6.8 Questionnaire types 6.9 Interviews 6.10 Observation 6.11 Activity sampling and activity logging 6.12 Co-operative evaluation 6.13 Summary 6.14 Self test list 6.15 Exercises 6.16 References 6.17 Further reading 7 Making systems that people can use 7.1 Usability engineering 7.2 Defining objectives in usability engineering 7.3 Usability engineering as a process 7.4 Extensions to the usability specification 7.5 Checklist for developing a usability specification 7.6 Usability metrics 7.7 Socio-technical design 7.8 Problems caused by the introduction of computers 7.9 Managing computerization using socio-technical design 7.10 Dialogue design guidelines 7.11 General principles for system design 7.12 Summary 7.13 Self test list 7.14 Exercises 7.15 References 7.16 Further reading 8 Ergonomics, health and safety 8.1 Health and safety 8.2 Postural fatigue and repetitive strain injury 8.3 Ergonomics 8.4 The office environment 8.5 Summary 8.6 Self test list 8.7 Exercises 8.8 References 8.9 Further reading 8.10 Electronic resources 9 Social implications and the future of HCI 9.1 The workplace 9.2 The home 9.3 Society 9.4 Hypertext and the Web 9.5 Computer systems and the law 9.6 Summary 9.7 Self test list 9.8 Exercises 9.9 References 9.10 Further reading 9.11 Electronic resources Glossary %M B.Felker.81 11/4/90 gp %0 BOOK %T Guidelines for Document Designers %A Daniel B. Felker %A Frances Pickering %A Veda Charrow %A V. Melissa Holland %A Janice Redish %P 117 %G Report CS 207 188 %D 1981 %C 1055 Thomas Jefferson Street, NW, Washington, DC 20007 %I American Institutes for Research %K IMPLEMENTATION Guidance %Y I Introduction II Document Design Guidelines A Principles of Organizing Text B Principles of Writing Sentences C Typographic Principles D Graphic Principles III Document Design Research %M B.Fernandez.95 %0 BOOK %T Global Interface Design: A Guide to Designing International User Interfaces %A Tony Fernandes %D 1995 %I Academic Press %S Professional %P 191 %C Boston %G ISBN 0-12-253790-4; QA 76.9.U83F47 %K internationalization, globalization, localization, international user interfaces, cultural differences %O Includes CD-ROM %Y 1 Terminology 2 Globalization: Laying the Groundwork 3 National Language 4 Visual Language 5 National Formats 6 The Physical World 7 Introduction to Culture 8 Symbols and Taboos 9 Cultural Aesthetics 10 Usability Testing 11 Business Justification A Resources B Code C Multimedia %M B.Fink.95 %0 BOOK %T The Survey Handbook (The Survey Kit, Vol 1) %A Arlene Fink %A Eve P. Fielder %A James H. Frey %I Sage Publicaitions %D 1995 %G ISBN: 0-8039-5934-6 %M B.Fink.99 %0 BOOK %T Cyberseduction : reality in the age of psychotechnology %A Jeri Fink %D 1999 %P 308 %I Prometheus Books %G ISBN: 1-57392743-0 %M B.Fisher.94 %0 BOOK %T Multimedia Authoring: Building and Developing Documents %A Scott Fisher %I Academic Press %S Professional %D 1994 %G ISBN 0-12257560-1 0-12784811-8 (pbk) %P 286 %Y Introduction: Learning to Think Multimedia The Restrictions of Linearity Interactive Documents before Multimedia: Hypertext Goals of This Book Terminology Used in This Book Applicability: Who Needs Multimedia? Is There Anything Multimedia Can't Do? What Makes Multimedia Special? Making Music: How Many Tunes from Only 88 Keys? The Author as Composer Pace, Volume, and Tempo Storyboards: Visual Outlines Storyboard History How Do You Start? Storyboarding for Interactive Media Different Kinds of Stories, Different Kinds of Boards Components: Modules and Links What Is a Module? What Is a Link? Restrictions of Tools and Media How the Brain Retains Information Moving Modules In Our Last Episode... Open-Ended Links Structure: Analyzing the Information in Your Database What Is an Information Database? What Comes First? Profiling User Information The Nature of the Information Database Information Hierarchies Flat Versus Structured Information Layout Assumptions: Right Ones and Wrong Ones The Myth of Prerequisite Information Is There Such a Thing as a Valid Assumption? How Information Is Used Building Assumptions into the Document In the Audience's Shoes Preparing Paper and Online Documents from Common Source Road Maps: How To Get Around In Cyberspace What is Cyberspace, Anyway? Orienting the Reader: The Table of Contents Directory Listings "You Are Here" Is That All There Is? Guided Interactive Navigation Document Structure: Islands and Streams Document Conversion Versus Document Creation From Text to Hypertext From Hypertext to Hypermedia Advantages of Conversion Advantages of Modular Design Creating or Adapting - Common Needs Adapting an Existing Document Creating a New Document Multimedia Projects: Checklists, Issues, and Questions Integrating System Components Using the Checklists Checklist - Document Analysis Checklist - Roles of Development Staff Checklist - Authoring System Analysis Checklist - Delivery System Analysis Checklist - Understanding your Resources Timeline - Project Overview Conclusion - New Technology, New Information, New Aesthetics Appendix A - Online Examples Appendix B - Glossary Appendix C - Bibliography %M B.Fitts.67 11/4/90 gp %0 BOOK %T Human Performance %A Paul Fitts %A Michael I. Posner %G ISBN 0-31321245-7 %D 1967 %P 162 %C Belmont, CA %I Brooks/Cole Publishing %K DESIGN Psych Device %Y 1 Skills of Civilized Man 2 Learning and Skilled Performance 3 Motivation and Performance 4 Component Processes and Performance Capabilities 5 The Measurement of Skills 6 Human Capacities in Perceptual-Motor Skills 7 Language Skills 8 Applications %M B.Flanagan.98 %0 BOOK %T JavaScript: The Definitive Guide %A David Flanagan %A Dan Shafer %D 1998 %P 776 %I O'Reilly & Associates %G ISBN 1-56592-392-8 %Y Preface 1. Introduction to JavaScript I. CORE JAVASCRIPT 2. Lexical Structure 3. Data Types and Values 4. Variables 5. Expressions and Operators 6. Statements 7. Functions 8. Objects 9. Arrays 10. Pattern Matching with Regular Expressions 11. Further Topics in JavaScript II. CLIENT-SIDE JAVASCRIPT 12. JavaScript in Web Browsers 13. Windows and Frames 14. The Document Object Model 15. Events and Event Handling 16. Forms and Form Elements 17. Dynamic HTML 18. Saving State with Cookies 19. Compatibility Techniques 20. LiveConnect: JavaScript and Java 21. JavaScript Security III. REFERENCE %M B.Fleishman.84 11/4/90 gp %0 BOOK %T Taxonomies of Human Performance: The Description of Human Tasks %A E. A. Fleishman %A M. K. Quaintance %D 1984 %P 514 %C New York %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12-260450-4; OCLC 10737935 %K DESIGN Task %Y 1 The Need for Taxonomic Development in the Field of Human Performance 2 Role of Taxonomics in Scientific Development 3 Conceptual Bases for Classifying Human Task Performance 4 Methodological Issues in Developing and Evaluating Classificatory Systems 5 Classificatory Systems for Describing Human Tasks: Behavior Description 6 Classificatory Systems for Describing Human Tasks: Behavior Requirements 7 Classificatory Systems for Describing Human Tasks: Abilities and Task Characteristics 8 Data Bases and Taxonomic Development 9 The Criterion Measures Approach 10 The Information-Theoretic Approach 11 The Task Strategies Approach 12 The Ability Requirements Approach 13 The Task Characteristics Approach 14 Taxonomic Developments in Related Areas 15 Conclusions A Miller's Terminology: Definitions for the 25 Task Functions Involved in a Generalized Information-Processing System B Updated Definitions for the Ability Categories in Recent Forms of the Manual for the Ability Requirements Scales (MARS) C Tasks Representing Different Ability Categories D Task Characteristic Rating Scales %M B.Fleming.98 %0 BOOK %T Web Navigation: Designing the User Experience %A Jennifer Fleming %P 253 %O includes CD-Rom %D 1998 %I O'Reilly & Associates %G ISBN 1-56592-351-0 %Y 1. Getting Started 2. Ten Qualities of Successful Navigation 3. Designing for Users 4. Site Architecture 5. Interface and Interaction Design 6. Looking at Process 7. Navigation Design for Shopping Sites 8. Navigation Design for Community Sites 9. Navigation Design for Entertainment Sites 10. Navigation Design for Identity Sites 11. Navigation Design for Learning Sites 12. Navigation Design for Information Sites A Technical Tips B Glossary C Netography D Bibliography %M B.Foley.82 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics %A James D. Foley %A Andries Van Dam %D 1982 %P 664 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-14468-9; T 385.F63 %K DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION %Y 1 What is Interactive Graphics? 2 Basic Interactive Graphics Programming 3 Graphics Hardware 4 Implementation of a Simple Graphics Package 5 Interaction Devices and Techniques 6 The Design of User-Computer Graphic Conversations 7 Geometrical Transformations 8 Viewing in Three Dimensions 9 Modeling and Object Hierarchy 10 Advanced Display Architecture 11 Raster Algorithms and Software 12 Display Architecture 13 Representation of 3D Shapes 14 The Quest for Visual Realism 15 Algorithms for Removing Hidden Edges and Surfaces 16 Shading Models 17 Intensity and Color %M B.Foley.90 1/22/91 gp %0 BOOK %T Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice %A James D. Foley %A Andries van Dam %A Steven K. Feiner %A John F. Hughes %D 1990 %P 1174 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-12110-7; T 385.C587 %O 2nd Edition %Y 1 Introduction 2 Programming in the Simple Raster Graphics Package (SRGP) 3 Basic Raster Graphics Algorithms for Drawing 2D Primitives 4 Graphics Hardware 4.1 Hardcopy Technologies 4.2 Display Technologies 4.3 Raster-Scan Display Systems 4.4 The Video Controller 4.5 Random-Scan Display Processor 4.6 Input Devices for Operator Interaction 4.7 Image Scanners Exercises 5 Geometrical Transformations 6 Viewing in 3D 7 Object Hierarchy and Simple PHIGS (SPHIGS) 8 Input Devices, Interaction Techniques, and Interaction Tasks 8.1 Interaction Hardware 8.2 Basic Interaction Tasks 8.3 Composite Interaction Tasks Exercises 9 Dialogue Design 9.1 The Form and Content of User-Computer Dialogues 9.2 User-Interface Styles 9.3 Important Design Considerations 9.4 Modes and Syntax 9.5 Visual Design 9.6 The Design Methodology Exercises 10 User Interface Software 10.1 Basic Interaction-Handling Models 10.2 Window-Management Systems 10.3 Output Handling in Window Systems 10.4 Input Handling in Window Systems 10.5 Interaction-Technique Toolkits 10.6 User-Interface Management Systems Exercises 11 Representing Curves and Surfaces 12 Solid Modeling 13 Achromatic and Colored Light 14 The Quest for Visual Realism 15 Visible-Surface Determination 16 Illumination and Shading 17 Image Manipulation and Storage 18 Advanced Raster Graphics Architecture 19 Advanced Geometric and Raster Algorithms 20 Advanced Modeling Techniques 21 Animation Appendix: Mathematics for Computer Graphics %M B.Fowler.97 %0 BOOK %T GUI Design Handbook %I McGraw-Hill %A Susan L. Fowler %D 1997 %G ISBN 0-07-059274-8 %P 320 %Y Preface GUI Design from A to Z Check Box Combo Box Command Line Cursor Dialog Box, Expanding Dialog Box, Standard Dialog Box, Tabbed Drop-Down List Box Field, Entry Field, Protected Field, Required Graph Icon, Desktop Iconic Label Keyboard Shortcuts: Mnemonic, Accelerator Label List Box, Multiple-Selection List Box, Single-Selection Menubar Menu, Drop-Down Menu, Pop-Up Message Box Online Help, Context-Sensitive Online Help, Procedural Online Help, Reference Palette Pointer Progress Indicator Pushbutton Radio Button Scroll Bar Slide Bar Slider Spin Box Status Bar Table Toolbar Tooltip Window Wizard Appendix A: How to Design a Good GUI Appendix B: Usability Tests Bibliography %M B.Frascara.97 %0 BOOK %T User-Centred Graphic Design: Mass Communication and Social Change %A Jorge Frascara %D 1997 %P 176 %G ISBN 0-7484-0672-7 %I Taylor & Francis %Y 1 Mapping the terrain 1.1 Visual communication design: a working profile 1.2 Discipline and interdiscipline 1.3 The audience 1.4 The designer 1.5 Design, meaning, order and freedom 1.6 Summary 2 Design methods 2.1 The quantifiable and the human dimension 2.2 The insufficiency of semiotics 2.3 Some markers in the field 2.4 The visualization of strategies 2.5 Sorting requirements 2.6 The question of validity in data collection Zoe Strickler 3 Targeting communications: traffic safety project report 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Creating a background 3.3 Profile of the target group 3.4 The focus group sessions 3.5 Narrowing down the target group 3.6 Recommendations for a communication campaign strategy 3.7 Future action 3.8 The campaign concept: focus and choices 3.9 Visualizing ideas 4 Case histories 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Australia's Transport Accident Commission Campaign 4.3 Britain's Health and Social Security forms 4.4 Australia's Capita Insurance Company forms 4.5 British Telecom: the telephone book project 5 Profiling the communication designer 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The transformation of design Bernd Meurer 5.3 Deschooling and learning in design education Jan van Toorn 5.4 Design practice and education: moving beyond the Bauhaus model Dietmar Winkler %M B.Galegher.90 4/27/92 gp/rmb %0 BOOK %T Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Foundations of Cooperative Work %A J. Galegher %A R. E. Kraut %A C. Egido %D 1990 %C Hillsdale, New Jersey %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-80580534-6 (pbk) 0-80580533-8 (hdbk) %M B.Galitz.80 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Human Factors in Office Automation %A Wilbert O. Galitz %D 1980 %P 237 %C 100 Colony Square, Atlanta, GA 30361 %I Life Office Management Association %M B.Galitz.85 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Handbook of Screen Format Design %A Wilbert O. Galitz %D 1985 %G ISBN 0-89435-119-2 %P 250 %C P. O. Box 181, Wellesley, MA 02181 %I Q. E. D. Information Sciences Inc. %K DESIGN Display Prototype %O Revised Edition %O Superseded by "User-Interface Screen Design," 1993 %Y 1 Introduction 2 Important General Considerations 3 Considerations in Screen Design 4 Data Entry Screens 5 Inquiry Screens 6 Interactive Screens 7 Menu Screens 8 Color in Screen Design 9 Source Documents 10 Screen Design Steps %M B.Galitz.93 1/23/93 gp %0 BOOK %T User-Interface Screen Design %A Wilbert O. Galitz %D 1993 %G ISBN 0-471-56156-8; OCLC 30742052 %G ISBN 0-89435-406-X; OCLC 24954590; paper %P 532 %I John Wiley & Sons %I Q. E. D. Information Sciences Inc. %K DESIGN Display Prototype %Y 1 Introduction (1) 2 The System User (9) 3 System Considerations (21) 4 Considerations in Screen Design (59) 5 Data Entry Screens (129) 6 Inquiry Screens (183) 7 Multipurpose Screens (203) 8 Question and Answer Screens (205) 9 Menu Screens (209) 10 Graphical Screens (243) 11 Iconic Screens (387) 12 Statistical Graphics (403) 13 Color in Screen Design (425) 14 Source Documents (453) 15 Screen Design Steps (475) References (503) Index (521-532) %M B.Galitz.94 %0 BOOK %T It's Time to Clean Your Windows: Designing GUIs That Work %A Wilbert O. Galitz %I Q. E. D. Information Sciences Inc. %D 1994 %G ISBN: 0-47160668-5; 0-89435469-8 %Y Foreword Preface 1. Introduction 2. Characteristics of the Graphical User Interface 3. Principles of Graphical User Interface Design 4. The Graphical User Interface Screen Design Process - Overview 5. User Considerations 6. General Screen Design Considerations 7. Application Considerations 8. Windows 9. Menus 10. Device-Based Controls 11. Screen-Based Controls 12. Organizing and Layout Out Windows 13. Color 14. Icons 15. Other Screen Design Considerations 16. Testing %M B.Galitz.96 %0 BOOK %T The Essential Guide to User Interface Design: An Introduction to GUI Design Principles and Techniques %A Wilbert O. Galitz %P 626 %D 1996 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-15755-4 %Y Preface I. INTRODUCTION TO SCREEN DESIGN FOR THE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE 1. The Importance of Good Screen Design 2. Characteristics of a Graphical User Interface II. THE GUI SCREEN DESIGN PROCESS Step 1. Know Your User or Client Step 2. Understand the Business Function Step 3. Understand the Principles of Good Screen Design Step 4. Select the Proper Kinds of Windows Step 5. Develop System Menus Step 6. Select the Proper Device-Based Controls Step 7. Choose the Proper Screen-Based Controls Step 8. Organize and Lay Out Windows Step 9. Choose the Proper Colors Step 10. Create Meaningful Icons Step 11. Provide Effective Messages, Feedback, Guidance, and Language Translation Step 12. Test, Test, and Retest %M B.Garlock.99 %T Designing Web interfaces to library services and resources %A Kristen L. Garlock %A Sherry Piontek %D 1999 %G ISBN: 0-83890742-3 %I American Library Association %P 103 %0 BOOK %Y PREFACE Chapter 1 Web Interface Design for Libraries What Is Web Design? What Do Web Users Want? Creating a Good User Interface in the Web Environment Chapter 2 Content Ideas for a Content-Rich Site Presenting Content Format Access Delivery User Assistance Presenting Services Chapter 3 The Display of Your Library Web Site Why Using Color Is Important Plan Your Color Scheme Monitors and Browsers How to Use Color in Your Pages Chapter 4 Library Web Page Layout Tables As Design Tools Frames As Design Tools Navigation HTML Editors and Validators Chapter 5 Accessible Design Accessible Design and Assistive Technology Future Developments Chapter 6 Incorporating User Feedback into Design Iterative Design Gathering User Feedback Making Use of Web Statistics Things to Keep in Mind Chapter 7 Looking Ahead New Developments APPENDIX Online Resources INDEX %M B.Gentner.83 2/10/91 gp %0 BOOK %T Mental Models %A Dedre Gentner %A Al Stevens %D 1983 %C Hillsdale, NJ %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN 0-89859242-9 %M B.Gilmore.89 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T User-Computer Interface in Process Control: A Human Factors Engineering Handbook %G ISBN 0-12283965-X %A Walter E. Gilmore %A David I. Gertman %A Harold S. Blackman %D 1989 %P 436 %C San Diego, CA %I Academic Press %M B.Gloor.96 %0 BOOK %T Elements of Hypermedia Design: Techniques for Navigation & Visualization in Cyberspace %A Peter A. Gloor %P 400 %D 1996 %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN 0-81763911-X %M B.GO.92 9/30/93 Samu Mielonen f1sami@uta.fi Univ. of Tampere, Finland %0 BOOK %T PenPoint User Interface Design Reference %Q GO Corporation %D 1992 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-60858-8 %K PenPoint Style Guidelines %M B.Goodman.87 2/2/91 gp %0 BOOK %T The Complete HyperCard Handbook %A Danny Goodman %D 1987 %P 720 %C New York %I Bantam %G ISBN 0-553-34391-2 %K DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION TOOL Prototype Macintosh %Y I Browsing Through HyperCard II HyperCard's Authoring Environment III HyperCard's Programming Environment IV Applying HyperCard and HyperTalk %M B.Graham.2000 %0 BOOK %T Unicode: A Primer %A Tony Graham %P 528 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-76454625-2 %D 2000 %M B.Grantham.93 9/25/93 %0 BOOK %T The Digital Workplace: Designing Groupware %A Charles E. Grantham %A Larry Nichols %D 1993 %P 248 %C New York, New York %I Van Nostrand-Reinhold %G ISBN 0-442-01123-7 %Y 1. Introduction (Development of appreciation for why you need to plan for introduction of new technologies) The Future of Work: Prologue Decreasing Organizational Size Return of Work to the Home and Community The Purpose of this Book Increased Decision Effectiveness Technology Diffusion Creates Change The Plan of this Book The Enneagram Model: History and Applications Difference Between Thinking and Doing Processes 2. Communication: The Matrix of Interaction (Interpersonal Communication) Theories of Communication Temporal Aspects Levels of Communication Pragmatics Flow versus Particle Perspectives: The Competing World Views Creation of Shared Realities Social Construction of Realities Technology Impacts on Mediated Communication Communication Patterns and Affect Role Relationships and Organizational Behavior CASE STUDY Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Phenomenological Approach 3. Designing the Organization (How to plan the design process) Principles of Design Design as Opposed to Engineering History of Technology Design Six Principles for Organizational Technology Design A Model of Organizational Health: The Six Factors Relationship of Elements to Information Flows Function--Information Flow--Diagnostics Organizational Intervention Strategies and Evolution How to Correct Imbalances in Organizational Process 4. Customer Service and Quality: External Relationships (Building teams with technology) Strategic Customer Service Elements of Customer Satisfaction Assessment Where you are? Your Business Issues Partnerships External-Internal Permeable Boundaries Customers-End-Users-and Customer's Customer's CASE STUDY Development and Operating Functions: Strategic Customer Service 5. Engineering Your Business: Internal Influences (Getting More Effective with Less) Business Process Analysis The Methodology of Analysis Social Roles and Business Functions Technology, Teamwork and Business Process Relationships Between Employee Attitude, Customer Satisfaction and Business Success The Six Steps of Process Management Quality Improvement and Technology 6. Organizational Structure and Technology Impacts (Re-Engineering your Business Enterprise) Theories of Organizations and Technology The Structural Approach Socio-Technical Systems Matrix of System Complexity and Issues of Managerial Concern The Relationship of Information Technologies and Organizational Issues Managing the Change Process: Practical Advice CASE STUDY Integrating Customer Service Support: What Went Wrong 7. New Models of Thinking (Taking a Larger View) Systems: Closed, Open and Evolving Viable Systems Model Generative Rationality Visual Thinking and Information Flows Systems Through Time: Simulation Models: The Dialectic Model Technology Integration: Computers-Telecommunications and Education-Entertainment 8. Continuous Learning as an Institution (Getting Better at Getting Better) Difference between Learning and Training "Just in Time Learning" Managing Value Shifts Systems to Support Learning The Emerging Technologies of Learning: Multimedia and Virtual Reality CASE STUDY Video and Computer Arts and Organizational Learning 9. Epilogue: Improving the Self (Guiding the Process) Self-Knowledge: Opening the Door Moving Beyond Right and Left Brain Thinking Blending Mind, Body and Spirit Metamorphosis Meetings with Yourself The Quest Index %M B.Green.01 %0 BOOK %T Pleasure With Products: Beyond Usability %A William S. Green %A Patrick W. Jordan %D 2001 %I Taylor & Francis %P 392 %G ISBN 0-41523704-1 %Y Introduction. Pleasure with Products: Beyond Usability 'Human Factors and Design' 1. Beauty in Usability: Forget Ease of Use 2. The Personalities of Products 3. Beyond Usability, Computer Playfulness 4. The Basis of Product Emotions 5. Product Appearance and Consumer Pleasure 6. Product Design for Consumer Taste 7. Pleasure versus Efficiency in User Interfaces: Towards an Involvement Framework 8. The Scenario of Sensory Encounter: Cultural Factors in Sensory-Aesthetic Experience 9. Emergence of Pleasure: Communities of Interest and New Luxury Products 10. Carrying the Pleasure of Books into the Design of the Electronic Book 11. Difficulties and Pleasure? 12. Envisioning Future Needs: from Pragmatics to Pleasure 13. Designing Experience: Whether to Measure Pleasure of Just Tune In? 14. Using Video Ethnography to Inform and Inspire User Centred Design 15. Linking Product Properties to Pleasure. The Sensorial Quality Assessment Method 16. Design Based on Kansei 17. Participative Image-based Research as a Basis for New Product Development 18. Emotional Responses to Virtual Prototypes in the Design Evaluation of a Product Design 19. Understanding Attributes that Contribute to Pleasure in Product Use 20. Measuring Experience of Interactive Characters 21. Understanding People and Pleasure-Based Human Factors 22. Mapping the User-Product-Relationship (in Product Design) 23. Cooking Up Pleasurable Products: Understanding Designers 24. Prolonging the Pleasure 25. Comfort and Pleasure 26. Collecting Stories on User Experiences to Inspire Design - A Pilot 27. Usability Perception 28. Applying Evaluation Methods to Future Digital TV Services 29. Activity and Designing Pleasurable Interaction with Everyday Artifacts Conclusion %M B.Greenbaum.91 4/27/92 gp/rmb %0 BOOK %T Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems %A J. Greenbaum %A M. Kyng %G ISBN 0-80580611-3 (hdbk) 0-80580612-1 (pbk) %P 294 %D 1991 %C Hillsdale, New Jersey %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %M B.Greenberg.93 11/25/93 gp %0 BOOK %T The Computer User as Toolsmith: The Use, Reuse, and Organization of Computer-Based Tools %S Cambridge Series on Human-Computer Interaction %A Saul Greenberg %D 1993 %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-521-40430-4; QA76.9H85G73 %Y 1. Introduction 1.1. Using physical tools 1.2. Soft tools in general-purpose computing environments 1.3. Outline 2. Studying UNIX 2.1. Choosing UNIX 2.2. Techniques for analyzing activities of UNIX users 2.3. Data collection for the current study 3. Using commands in UNIX 3.1. Frequency distributions of commands for large groups 3.2. Usage frequency of particular commands between groups 3.3. Frequency distributions and command overlap between individuals 3.4. Growth of the command vocabulary 3.5. Relations in command sequences 4. Techniques for reusing activities 4.1. History mechanisms 4.2. Adaptive systems 4.3. Reuse through programming by example 5. Recurrent systems 5.1. A definition of recurrent systems 5.2. Recurrent systems in the non-computer world 5.3. Recurrent systems in information retrieval 5.4. UNIX csh as a recurrent system 6. Reuse opportunities in UNIX csh - potential and actual 6.1. Conditioning the distribution 6.2. Actual use of UNIX history 7. Principles, corroboration, and justification 7.1. Principles and guidelines 7.2. Corroboration 7.3. Stepping back 7.4. Concluding remarks 8. Organizing activities through workspaces 8.1. Relating activities 8.2. Implications: suggestions workspaces 8.3. Implementations 9. A workspace system: description and issues 9.1. The WORKBENCH system 9.2. Pragmatic concerns and research questions 10. Conclusion 10.1. Argument of the book 10.2. Contributions 10.3. Looking to the future Appendix A: A sample trace Appendix B: Summary statistics for each subject %M B.Grossman.98 %0 BOOK %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %T Information Retrieval: Algorithms and Heuristics %D 1998 %G ISBN 0-7923-8271-4 %P 272 %A David A. Grossman %A Ophir Frieder %Y 1. Introduction 2. Retrieval Strategies 3. Retrieval Utilities 4. Efficiency Issues pertaining to Sequential IR Systems 5. Integrating Structured Data and Text 6. Parallel Information Retrieval Systems 7. Distributed Information Retrieval 8. The Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) 9. Future Directions %M B.Guilford.78 11/4/90 gp %0 BOOK %T Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education %A J. P. Guilford %A B. Fruchter %D 1978 %P 545 %C New York %I McGraw-Hill %G ISBN 0-07-125150-9; HA 29.G9 %K EVALUATION Empirical %O 6th Edition %Y 1 Introduction for Students BASIC DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 2 Counting and Measuring 3 Frequency Distributions 4 Measures of Central Value 5 Measures of Variability 6 Correlation STATISTICAL TESTS AND DECISIONS 7 Probability and Mathematical Distributions 8 Statistical Estimations and Inferences 9 Significance of Differences 10 Hypothesis Testing 11 Chi Square 12 Nonparametric, or Distribution Free, Statistics 13 Analysis of Variance RELATIONS AND PREDICTIONS 14 Special Correlation Methods and Problems 15 Prediction and Accuracy of Prediction 16 Multiple Prediction PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS 17 Reliability of Measurements 18 Validity of Measurements 19 Test Scales and Norms %M B.Hafner.01 %0 BOOK %T The Well : a story of love, death, and real life in the seminal online community %A Katie Hafner %D 2001 %P 196 %I Carroll & Graf %G ISBN 0-78670846-8 %M B.Hackos.94 %0 BOOK %T Managing Your Documentation Projects %S Wiley Technical Communication Library %A JoAnn T. Hackos %P 656 %D 1994 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-59099-1 %Y 1. Managing for Quality - An Introduction to Publications Project Management 1. Managing for Quality - A Process Model 2. A Model of the Publications-Development Life Cycle 3. A Process-Maturity Model for Publications Organizations 4. The Roles of the Project Manager 2. Starting the Project - The Information-Planning Phase 5. Starting Projects on Time 6. Defining the Need for Information 7. Creating the Information Plan 8. Creating the Project Plan 9. Managing the Phase 1 Review Process 3. Establishing the Specifics - The Content-Specification Phase 10. Creating the Content Specifications 11. Revising the Project Plan 12. Creating a Tracking System 13. Creating Project Standards 14. Conducting the Content-Specification Reviews 4. Keeping the Project Running - The Implementation Phase 15. Managing Phase 3: Implementation Activities 16. Keeping the Project Operating Smoothly 17. Tracking Progress 18. Managing Change 19. Developing Prototypes 20. Introducing Usability Assessment 21. Anticipating Changes in the Development Life Cycle 5. Managing the Production Phase 22. Managing Production Activities 23. Managing Indexing 24. Scheduling Copyediting 25. Managing the Translation and Localization Process 6. Ending the Project - The Evaluation Phase 26. Evaluating the Publications Project 27. Evaluating the Publications Process 28. Evaluating the Publications Team 29. Preparing for the Project's Future Appendix A Information-Plan Template Appendix B Audience-Analysis Checklist Appendix C Environment-Analysis Checklist Appendix D Content-Specifications Template Appendix E Project Wrap-Up Report %M B.Hackos.97 %0 BOOK %T Standards for Online Communication: Publishing Information for the Internet/World Wide Web/Help Systems/Corporate Intranets %A JoAnn T. Hackos %A Dawn M. Stevens %P 380 %D 1997 %O Includes CD-ROM %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-15695-7 %Y 1. Defining the Process 2. Learning About Your Users' Information Needs 3. Determining the Stages of Use 4. Categorizing Information Needs 5. Recognizing the Implications of Design Research 6. Structuring Your Online System 7. Adding Hypertext Links 8. Structuring Your Topics 9. Testing Your Design and Implementation 10. the Right Tools 11. Designing the Information Interface 12. Ensuring Accessibility 13. Providing Navigation Aids 14. Composing Your Topics 15. Writing for Readability 16. Adding Graphics 17. Moving Forward with Multimedia A List of Guidelines B Bibliography C Using the CD-ROM %M B.Hackos.98 %0 BOOK %T User and Task Analysis for Interface Design %A JoAnn T. Hackos %A Janice C. Redish %D 1998 %G ISBN 0-471-17831-4 %P 488 %I John Wiley & Sons %Y Preface 1. Introducing User and Task Analysis for Interface Design What is this book about? What is interface design? What makes an interface usable? What is user and task analysis? When should you do user and task analysis? Why do user and task analysis at all? Why isn't this done all the time already? Where does user and task analysis come from? PART 1. UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT OF USER AND TASK ANALYSIS 2. Thinking About Users Why study users? Who are your users? Starting a user and task analysis What do you want to know about your users? Jobs, tasks, tools, and mental models: How users define themselves Individual differences What are the trade-offs? 3. Thinking About Tasks What is task analysis? Starting with users' goals Identifying different types and levels of task analysis Combining workflow analysis and job analysis Task analysis to develop a task list or task inventory Process analysis, task sequences Task hierarchies Procedural analysis Thinking of users according to their stages of use 4. Thinking About the Users' Environment Why is environment important? What aspects of the environment are important? What should you look for in the physical environment? What should you look for in the social and cultural environment? What are the trade-offs? 5. Making the Business Case for Site Visits Challenging or verifying your assumptions Countering objections to doing user and task analysis Preparing a business proposal PART 2. GETTING READY FOR SITE VISITS 6. Selecting Techniques Observing, listening to, and talking with users Interviewing users and others Working with users away from their work sites Using more traditional market research techniques Using more traditional systems development techniques 7. Setting Up Site Visits Issues and objectives Participants Locations Schedule Recruiting Data collection techniques 8. Preparing for the Site Visits Issues to consider as you prepare Organizing the team Training the team Materials for the site visits What materials will you need for the team to use during the site visits? What materials will you need to facilitate information gathering? Will you videotape? Audiotape? Deciding what you will do with the data Staying organized (building in record keeping) Site Visit Plan Site visit plan for SuperSales PART 3. CONDUCTING THE SITE VISIT 9. Conducting the Site Visit-Honing Your Observation Skills Handling the site visit Learning more about the user Taking notes on the user's environment Understanding the users' goals Understanding the users' tasks Asking the user to talk to you and to think aloud Noting where the user starts the task Noting what triggers the task Taking down the level of detail you need for your issues Capturing interactions with other resources: people, paper, programs Separating observations and inferences as you watch users Noting where the user ends the task (what happens next) Noting whether the user successfully met the goal Going on to the next observation or the next part of the site visit Thanking the user, distributing presents, and taking your leave 10. Conducting the Site Visit-Honing Your Interviewing Skills Listening-the most important part of interviewing Setting expectations about roles and knowledge Planning the questions or issues for site visit interviews Knowing what you are trying to learn Realizing the power of different types of questions Asking neutral questions Respecting silence Watching body language and other signals from users Capturing exactly what the user says Staying close to your site visit plan Being flexible Giving users opportunities to answer the questions you didn't ask Handling questions from users PART 4. MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM ANALYSIS TO DESIGN 11. Analyzing and Presenting the Data You Have Collected Methods for organizing and analyzing your data Other methods for analyzing your data Methods of enhancing your presentations Selecting the best methods for your analysis Selecting the right methods for analysis depends on team issues 12. Working toward the Interface Design Designing from what you've learned Qualitative usability goals and measurable objectives Objects/Actions: Nouns/Verbs Metaphors for the interface design Use scenarios Use sequences Use flow diagrams Use workflows Use hierarchies Storyboarding and sketching Video dramatizations 13. Prototyping the Interface Design Setting the background Building prototypes Evaluating prototypes Continuing the process 14. User and Task Analysis for Documentation and Training What types of documents and training materials need user and task analysis? What counts as documentation or training in a software application? Why are there so many types of communication in software? Who should prepare documentation and training materials? Why should you do user and task analysis for documentation and training? What might you do during site visits if your focus is documentation or training? What can you do with the information you gather during site visits? How do you move from decisions to prototypes? User's manuals: Why is organizing by users' tasks so important? Getting started manuals: What is minimalism? Online help: What do people want to know? On the screen: What is an embedded performance support system? What about the Web? What about computer-based and Web-based training? Appendix A. Template for a Site Visit Plan Issues and objectives Participants Locations Schedule for the field study project Recruiting Data collection techniques and schedule for each site visit Teams Materials Media Data analysis and reporting Appendix B. Resources Appendix C. Guidelines for User-Interface Design %M B.Harter.86 1/31/91 gp %0 BOOK %T Online Information Retrieval: Concepts, Principles, and Techniques %A Stephen P. Harter %D 1986 %P 259 %C San Diego, CA %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12-328456-2 %M B.Head.99 %0 BOOK %T Design Wise: A Guide to Evaluating the Interface Design of Information Resources %A Alison J. Head %P 196 %D 1999 %I CyberAge Books %G ISBN 0-91096531-5 (paperback) 0-91096539-0 (hardcover) %Y 1 Interface Design Basics 1 Why Design Matters 2 Secret Shame 3 Deconstructing Evaluation 2 Interface Design Analyses 4 CD-ROMs: Treasure Trove or Wasteland? 5 Web Sites: Weaving Deceit? 6 Online Commercial Databases: Power Tools Unplugged? 7 Four Predictions %M B.Heckel.84 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T The Elements of Friendly Software Design %A Paul Heckel %G ISBN 0-44638040-7 %D 1984 %P 205 %C New York %I Warner Books %M B.Heckel.91 %0 BOOK %T The Elements of Friendly Software Design: The New Edition %A Paul Heckel %D 1991 %P 319 %C Alameda, CA %I Sybex Inc. %G ISBN 0-89588-768-1, OCLC 23997264 %Y 1 An Historical Perspective 2 Our Counterproductive Instincts 3 The Elements of Friendly Software Design 4 Designing for Innovation Acceptance 5 Seeing and Friendly Software Design 6 Prototype, Revise, and Rewrite 7 Advice to the Beginning Designer 8 The Craft of Friendly Software Design 9 The Moment of Truth 10 Works in Progress 11 Roses and Cabbages: Familiarizing and Transporting User Interface Metaphors 12 Animation, Imagination, and Friendly Software Design 13 Final Words Afterword Epilogue The Wright Brothers and Software Invention Bibliography Index %M B.Heim.93 %0 BOOK %T The metaphysics of virtual reality %A Michael Heim %D 1993 %P 175 %I Oxford University Press %G ISBN: 0-19508178-1, OCLC 26855275 %Y 1 Infomania 2 Logic and intuition 3 Hypertext heaven 4 Thought processing 5 Heidegger and McLuhan: the computer as component 6 From interface to cyberspace 7 The erotic ontology of cyberspace 8 The essence of VR 9 Virtual-reality check 10 The electronic cafe lecture %M B.Heinle.97 %0 BOOK %T Designing With JavaScript: Creating Dynamic Web Pages (Web Review Studio Series) %A Nick Heinle %I O'Reilly & Associates %D 1997 %P 256 %G ISBN 1-56592-300-6 %Y Foreword Preface 1. Diving into JavaScript 2. Doing Windows 3. Controlling Frames 4. Forms and Functions 5. Getting in Line with Arrays 6. Too Many Browsers? Not Really 7. Dynamic Images 8. Customizing a Site with Cookies 9. Dynamic HTML 10. Getting Acquainted with Layers 11. The Show: Dynamic HTML Applied 12. Advanced Applications Epilogue A. The Document Object Model B. Event Handlers C. Which Browser Supports What? D. JavaScript Syntax %M B.henderson.98 %0 BOOK %T On Line and on Paper: Visual Representations, Visual Culture, and Computer Graphics in Design Engineering %S Inside Technology Series %A Kathryn Henderson %P 256 %D 1998 %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-08269-1 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262082691 %M B.Hendler.88 4/27/93 gp %0 BOOK %T Expert Systems: The User Interface %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %A James A. Hendler %D 1988 %P 336 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/hendler/expert.htm %G ISBN 0-89391-429-0 %M B.Henry.98 %0 BOOK %T User-Centered Information Design for Improved Software Usability %S Artech House Computer Science Library %I Artech House %A Pradeep Henry %D 1998 %P 254 %G ISBN 0-89006-946-8 %Y 1. Information: Its Role in Software Usability 2. What is UCID? 3. The UCID Process 4. Managing UCID 5. Analyzing Users and Tasks 6. Goal Setting for Software Usability and Information Quality 7. Designing the Information Architecture 8. Designing the Specifications and Prototypes 9. Designing Labels 10. Designing Messages 11. Designing Online Support Elements 12. Designing Printed Support Elements 13. Achieving Information Design Goals 14. Evaluating Information: Two-Level Approach Glossary %M B.Hills.96 %0 BOOK %T Intranet As Groupware %A Mellanie Hills %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-16373-2 %P 308 %D 1996 %Y Introduction 1. What Is an Intranet? 2. What Have Organizations Created Intranets and What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages? 3. How Will Intranets Change You and Your Organization? 4. What Is Groupware and Why Do You Need It? 5. How Do You Use Groupware? 6. Intranet Groupware and Workflow Products 7. How Do You Choose Intranet Groupware and What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages? 8. Building Your Intranet 9. What's So Hard about Groupware? 10. Two Approaches to Implementing Groupware 11. The Impact of Groupware and Workflow Appendix. Groupware and Intranet Resources %M B.Hillis.99 %0 BOOK %T Digital sensations : space, identity, and embodiment in virtual reality %A Ken Hillis %D 1999 %P 271 %I University of Minnesota Press %G ISBN: 0-81663250-2 (hc) 0-81663251-0 (pb) %Y Introduction: Digital Relations 1. A Critical History of Virtual Reality 2. Precursive Cultural and Material Technologies Informing Contemporary Virtual Reality 3. The Sensation of Ritual Space 4. Sight and Space 5. Space, Language, and Metaphor 6. Identity, Embodiment, and Place--VR as Postmodern Technology Epilogue: Digital Sensations %M B.Hiltz.78 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T The Network Nation: Human Communication via Computer %A Starr Roxanne Hiltz %A Murray Turoff %G ISBN 0-20103140-X 0-20103141-8 %D 1978 %P 528 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %M B.Hiltz.84 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Online Communities: A Case Study of the Office of the Future %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %A Starr Roxanne Hiltz %D 1984 %P 256 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/hiltz/online2.htm %G ISBN 0-89391-145-3 (cloth); 0-89391-374-X (paper) %M B.Hiltz.93 4/27/93 gp %0 BOOK %T The Virtual Classroom: Learning Without Limits via Computer Networks %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %A Starr Roxanne Hiltz %D 1993 %P 304 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %G ISBN 0-89391-928-4 (cloth); 1-56750-055-2 (paper) %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/hiltz/virtual.htm %M B.Hiltz.93b %0 BOOK %T The Network Nation: Human Communication via Computer %A Starr Roxanne Hiltz %A Murray Turoff %O Revised Edition %G ISBN 0-262-58120-5 (pbk) %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262581205 %D 1993 %P 557 %I MIT Press %M B.Hix.93 9/25/93 %0 BOOK %T Developing User Interfaces: Ensuring Usability Through Product and Process %A Deborah Hix %A H. Rex Hartson %D 1993 %P 381 %C New York, New York %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-57813-4, OCLC %G QA 76.9 U83 H59 %Y INTRODUCTION What is this book about? Who should read this book? Why is this book different? What are the objectives of this book? What are the organization and content of this book? How do you use the exercises? Where did this book come from? 1. ENSURING USABILITY IN HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION (1) 1.1 The Ubiquitous User Interface 1.2 What Is Usability? 1.3 Everyone Is An Expert 1.4 Developing Human-Computer Interaction 1.5 Behavioral and Constructional Domains 1.6 Roles in User Interface Development 1.7 Design Versus Development 1.8 The Value of Usability I: THE PRODUCT (13) 2. USER INTERACTION DESIGN GUIDANCE: STANDARDS, GUIDELINES, & STYLE GUIDES (15) 2.1 What Is Human Factors? 2.2 Kinds of Human Factors Information 2.3 Guidelines 3. INTERACTION STYLES (57) 3.1 What Are Interaction Styles? 3.2 Windows 3.3 Menus 3.4 Forms 3.5 Boxes 3.6 Typed-command Languages 3.7 Graphical Interfaces 3.8 Other Interaction Styles II: THE PROCESS 4. ITERATIVE EVALUATION-CENTERED USER INTERACTION DEVELOPMENT (95) 4.1 Principles for the Process of User Interaction Development and Its Management 4.2 Life Cycle Concepts for Software Development 4.3 Observing How Developers Work: Alternating Waves of Activity 4.4 A Life Cycle for User Interaction Development 4.5 Usability Management 4.6 Connections to Software Engineering 4.7 Summary 5. AN OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN (117) 5.1 Early Analysis Activities 5.2 Design 5.3 Summary 6. TECHNIQUES FOR REPRESENTING USER INTERACTION DESIGN (147) 6.1 Design Representation as a Development Activity 6.2 The Need for Behavioral Representation 6.3 Some Existing Representation Techniques 6.4 Introducing the User Action Notation (UAN) 6.5 Introducing a Simple Example 6.6 Devices and Primitive User Actions 6.7 Objects and Their Contexts 6.8 Interface Feedback 6.9 State Information 6.10 Conditions of Viability 6.11 Extensibility of the UAN 6.12 Task Repetition 6.13 More Exercises 6.14 Conclusions about Use of the UAN 7. MORE ON USING THE USER ACTION NOTATION (185) 7.1 Introducing Temporal Relations 7.2 Sequence 7.3 Combining Smaller Tasks into Larger Ones 7.4 Task Names, Macros, and Levels of Abstraction 7.5 Choice 7.6 Repeating Choice 7.7 Order Independence 7.8 Interruption 7.9 Interleavability 7.10 Concurrency 7.11 Intervals and Waiting 7.12 Summary of UAN Symbols 7.13 Exercises on Using UAN 7.14 Supplementary Representation Techniques 7.15 Final UAN Exercise 7.16 Extensions to the UAN 7.17 Software Tools for UAN Support 7.18 Experiences with the UAN 8. USABILITY SPECIFICATION TECHNIQUES (221) 8.1 What Are Usability Specifications? 8.2 Example of a Usability Specification Table 8.3 Setting Levels in the Usability Specification Table 8.4 Another Example 8.5 Hints to Help Create Usability Specification Tables 8.6 Cautions on Use of Usability Specifications 8.7 Summary 8.8 Exercise on Usability Specifications 9. RAPID PROTOTYPING OF INTERACTION DESIGN (249) 9.1 What is Rapid Prototyping? 9.2 Types of Prototyping 9.3 Weighing Rapid Prototyping 9.4 What to Put in a Prototype 9.5 Rapid Prototyping Tools 9.6 Examples From a Development Project 9.7 Summary and Future 9.8 Exercise on Rapid Prototyping 10. FORMATIVE EVALUATION (283) 10.1 What is Formative Evaluation? 10.2 Developing the Experiment 10.3 Directing the Evaluation Session 10.4 Generating and Collecting the Data 10.5 Analyzing the Data 10.6 Drawing Conclusions to Form a Resolution for Each Problem 10.7 Redesigning and Implementing the Revised Interface 10.8 Setting Up a Usability Lab 10.9 Conclusions 10.10 Exercise on Formative Evaluation 11. USER INTERFACE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS (341) 11.1 Classes of User Interface Development Tools 11.2 About User Interface Development Tools 11.3 Interaction Style Support Tools 11.4 Toolkits 11.5 User Interface Management Systems 11.6 Status of User Interface Development Tools 11.7 Evaluation of User Interface Development Tools 12. MAKING IT WORK: ENSURING USABILITY IN YOUR DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT (361) 12.1 What Have We Covered in This Book? 12.2 But I Can't Possibly Do All This... 12.3 So Where Do I Begin? 12.4 Where Should Responsibility for Ensuring Usability Reside? 12.5 Developing a Plan to Ensure Usability 12.6 Parting Words INDEX %M B.Hollands.99 %0 BOOK %T Engineering Psychology and Human Performance %A Justin Hollands %A Christopher D. Wickens %D 1999 %P 573 %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-32-104711-7 %O 3rd Edition %Y 1. Introduction to Engineering Psychology and Human Performance 2. Signal Detection, Information Theory, and Absolute Judgment 3. Attention in Perception and Display Space 4. Spatial Displays 5. Navigation and Interaction in Real and Virtual Environments 6. Language and Communications 7. Memory and Training 8. Decision Making 9. Selection of Action 10. Manual Control 11. Attention, Time-Sharing, and Workload 12. Stress and Human Error 13. Complex Systems, Process Control, and Automation %M B.Horn.89 %0 BOOK %A Robert E. Horn %T Mapping Hypertext: Analysis, Linking and Display of Knowledge for the Next Generation of On-line Text and Graphics %C Lexington, MA %I Lexington Institute %D 1989 %G ISBN: 0-96255650-5 %P 289 %M B.Horton.90 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Designing and Writing Online Documentation: Help Files to Hypertext %A William K. Horton %G ISBN 0-471-51399-7 0-471-50772-5 (pbk), OCLC %D 1990 %P 372 %C New York, NY %I John Wiley & Sons %M B.Horton.91 %0 BOOK %T Illustrating Computer Documentation: The Art of Presenting Information Graphically on Paper and Online %A William K. Horton %G ISBN 0-471-53845-0 %D 1991 %P 336 %C New York, NY %I John Wiley & Sons %Y The Need to Show Visual Thinking and Creativity Language of Graphics Planning Graphics Good Graphics Showing What Things Look Like Showing Processes and Procedures Showing Organization Labeling with Icons and Visual Symbols Displaying Graphics Online The Affective Effect of Graphics Global Graphics Color Enriching Graphics Page as Picture %M B.Horton.94b %0 BOOK %T The Icon Book: Visual Symbols for Computer Systems and Documentation %O Book and Disk %A William K. Horton %D 1994 %P 432 %G ISBN 0-471-59901-8, OCLC 28962614 %I John Wiley & Sons %Y Icons in Perspective How Icons Work Representing Ideas Graphically Showing Relationships Designing an Iconic Language Drawing Icons Color in Icons Standard Parts of the Icon Icons for Specific Purposes Icons for International Products Managing Development Testing Icons Editing Icons Forms, Formulas, and Checklists Case Study in Icon Design Icon Starter Set %M B.Horton.94 %0 BOOK %T Designing and Writing Online Documentation: Hypermedia for Self-Supporting Products %A William K. Horton %D 1994 %P 464 %G ISBN 0-471-30635-5 %S Wiley Technical Communication Library %C New York, NY %I John Wiley & Sons %Y 1. Going Online The Deluge ... and the Trickle What Is Online Documentation? Should Your Document Go Online? Myths About Online Documentation Types of Online Documentation 2. Planning Develop Documents Systematically Learn Who Uses the Product and Why Set Clear Objectives Observe What Questions Users Ask Use State-Of-The-Art Peopleware Select Software Carefully Wean Users from Paper Documents Convert Or Redesign? Design for Efficient Production 3. Access Access Uber Alles Automatic Access Semiautomatic Access Manual Access Combining Access Strategies Improving Context Sensitivity Improving Search Systems 4. Topics What Are Topics? Why Discrete Topics? How to Create a Good Topic Chunking Strategies What Goes Into a Topic? 5. Links Why Create Links? Links in Paper Documents Scope of Links Direction of Links Actions Triggered by Links Transitions Introduce the Destination Link Triggers Define Specific Types of Links Ways of Creating Links Before You Link... 6. Organization Standard Organizational Structures What Organization Is Best? Organize to Meet Users' Needs Layer Documents Avoid Common Organizational Problems Engineer a Reading Sequence Standardize Common Topic Clusters 7. Dialog Engineer Effective Dialogs Let Users Do More Than Read Use Familiar Metaphors Answer Questions Quickly The "Lost in Hyperspace" Problem Maps in Online Documents Touchscreen-Kiosk Design 8. Display A Screen Is Not a Page Design Screens Methodically Decide Where Documents Appear Do Not Pack Information Too Tightly Arrange the Display Logically Use Color to Communicate Make Text Legible Size Type for Prominence and Legibility Emphasize Scanning Targets 9. Words Use Short, Simple, Familiar Words Ensure Accurate Reading Speak Simply, Directly, and Accurately Apply a Consistent Style Throughout Assume Nonsequential Scanning Write Globally Indexing Large Documents 10. Pictures Use Pictures to Show Rather Than Tell Include Graphics in All Documents Design for the Screen, Not Paper Keep Pictures Simple Handle Large Graphics With Care Electronically Link Text and Graphics 11. New Media Onward to Multimedia Sound Music Voice Interactive Pictures Visual Transitions Mixing Media 12. Help What Is Help? Types of Help Facilities Make It Easy to Get Help Include Information the User Needs Fit Smoothly Into the User's Work Flow Integrate Help With Other Documents 13. Computer-Based Training Where to Use Computer-Based Training Types of Computer-Based Training Learn from Learning Theory Design Complete Learning Programs Provide Helpful Feedback Share Control With the Learner Design Standard Lesson Sequences 14. The Future Barriers Remain More Study Is Needed Authoring Will Never Be the Same Will Online Documents Replace Paper? Out of the Old Invent the New %M B.Howlett.96 %0 BOOK %T Visual Interface Design for Windows: Effective User Interfaces for Windows 95, Windows Nt, and Windows 3.1 %A Virginia Howlett %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-13419-8, OCLC 33898004 %D 1996 %P 230 %Y Preface 1. An Introduction to Visual Interface Design 2. The Effects of Visual Impact 3. The Process for Designing Visual Interfaces 4. Developing a Visual Interface Design Strategy 5. Universal Design Principles 6. Graphic Information Design Principles 7. An Introduction to the Psychology of Perception 8. Affordances, Realism, and Dimensions 9. Design for the Screen 10. Color 11. Icons and Imagery 12. Fonts 13. Interface Makeovers 14. Great Windows Interfaces I Have Met 15. Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them %M B.HP.93 9/30/93 Samu Mielonen f1sami@uta.fi Univ. of Tampere, Finland %0 BOOK %T Common Desktop Environment: Functional Specification %Q Hewlett-Packard %Q IBM %Q Sunsoft Inc. %Q USL %D 1993 %N X/Open document no: S306 %I X/Open Company Ltd. %G ISBN 1-85912-001-6 %K X/Open Style Guidelines %O Preliminary Draft %W ftp://XOPEN.CO.UK/pub/cdespec1/cde1_ps.Z %M B.Huff.54 2/2/91 gp %0 BOOK %T How to Lie with Statistics %A Darrell Huff %D 1954 %P 142 %C New York %I Norton %G ISBN 0-39309426-X 0-39331072-8 (reissue) %K EVALUATION Empirical %Y 1 The Sample with the Built-in Bias 2 The Well-Chosen Average 3 The Little Figures That Are Not There 4 Much Ado about Practically Nothing 5 The Gee-Whiz Graph 6 The One-Dimensional Picture 7 The Semiattached Figure 8 Post Hoc Rides Again 9 How to Statisticulate 10 How to Talk Back to a Statistic %M B.IBM.92 9/30/93 Samu Mielonen f1sami@uta.fi Univ. of Tampere, Finland %0 BOOK %T Object-Oriented Interface Design: IBM Common User Access Guidelines %Q IBM %D 1992 %N SC34-4399 %C Carmel, Indiana %I Que %G ISBN 1-56529-170-0; OCLC 28166156 %K SAA/CUA, Systems application architecture, Common user access, Style Guidelines %O Supersedes the original CUA 91 books: The SAA CUA Guide to User Interface Design (SC34-4289) The SAA CUA Advanced Interface Design Reference (SC34-4290) %X Brochure and Diskette: The CUA Vision: Bringing the Future Into Focus (G242-0215). The diskette has an animation of how IBM sees some of the future of user interface. There are some non-IBM systems that also hold copies of this. The known places are: * hobbes.nmsu.edu (128.123.35.151) pub/os2/info directory. (IBMCUA-1.ZOO and IBMCUA-2.ZOO) * BIX: IBM.OS2/LISTINGS (CUAVD.TXT AND CUAVDn.ZIP:n=1 to 7) * Compuserv: IBM FILES data library of the IBMOS2 forum. * Icaro BBS, in Madrid, Spain. Phone 34-1-519-4645. (8,n,1, speed up to V32bis) * The Hub BBS (203-663-1147). File area 55 ... OS/2 - Text (IBMCUAn.LZH n=1 to 5) VHS Videocassette: The CUA Vision: Bringing the Future Into Focus. The video talks about the CUA interface, why it is the way it is and how it might develop. * GV26-1003-00 Tape: VHS Signal: NTSC * GV26-1004-00 Tape: VHS Signal: PAL * GV26-1005-00 Tape: VHS Signal: SECAM %M B.International.02 %0 BOOK %T Developing International Software %A Dr. International %P 1040 %D 2002 %G ISBN 0-7356-1583-7 %I Microsoft Press %Y PART I INTRODUCTION 1 Understanding Internationalization 2 Designing a World-Ready Program PART II GLOBALIZATION 3 Unicode 4 Locale and Cultural Awareness 5 Text Input, Output, and Display 6 Multilingual User Interface (MUI) PART III LOCALIZABILITY 7 Software Localizability Guidelines 8 Mirroring 9 Content Localizability Guidelines PART IV LOCALIZATION 10 Localization PART V TESTING 11 Testing for World-Readiness 12 Testing Localizability with Pseudo-Localization PART VI TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGY 13 Graphics Device Interface Plus (GDI+) 14 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) 15 Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) and Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP) 16 Microsoft Office 17 MLang 18 Microsoft Layer for Unicode (MSLU) 19 The Microsoft .NET Framework 20 OpenType Fonts 21 Rich Edit 22 Microsoft SQL Server 23 Microsoft Windows Text Services Framework (TSF) 24 Uniscribe 25 Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 26 Extensible Markup Language (XML) %W http://www.microsoft.com/MSPress/books/5717.asp %M B.Isaacs.02 %0 BOOK %T Designing from both sides of the screen : how designers and engineers can collaborate to build cooperative technology %A Ellen Isaacs %A Alan Walendowski %D 2002 %P 336 %I New Riders %G ISBN: 0-67232151-3 %Y The Goal 1 On Being a Butler 2 Don't Impose: Respect Physical Effort 3 Don't Impose: Respect Mental Effort 4 Be Helpful The Process 5 Setting Up: Understanding Users' Needs 6 Structuring the User Interface 7 Laying Out the User Interface 8 Architecting with the UI in Mind 9 Initial Development 10 Iterative Development: Observing Use 11 Conclusion Appendixes A Guidelines B Recommended Readings %M B.Isensee.96 %0 BOOK %T The Art of Rapid Prototyping: User Interface Design for Windows and OS/2 %A Scott Isensee %A James Rudd %A Michael Heck %D 1996 %I International Thomson Publishing %G ISBN 1-85032215-5 %Y Preface 1. What Is Rapid Prototyping? 2. Why Prototype? 3. The Rapid Prototyping Process 4. Secrets of Success 5. Tools for Rapid Prototyping 6. Prototyping Examples %M B.Ivory.04 %0 BOOK %T Automated Web Site Evaluation - Researchers' and Practitioners' Perspectives %S Human-Computer Interaction Series, Vol. 4 %A M. Y. Ivory %D 2004 %P 225 %G ISBN 1-4020-1672-7 %I Springer-Verlag %M B.Jackson.94 %0 BOOK %T Computer Generated Colour: A Practical Guide to Presentation and Display %A Richard Jackson %A Lindsay MacDonald %A Ken Freeman %D 1994 %P 256 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-93378-3 %Y Light and Vision Colour Response and Modelling Colour Displays Generating the Image Designing Coloured Text Colour in Graphics and Visualization From Display to Print Glossary %M B.Johnson.93 2/17/94 gp %0 BOOK %T Human-Computer Interaction %A P. Johnson %D 1992 %C Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK %I McGraw-Hill %M B.Johnson.97 %0 BOOK %T Interface Culture: How New Technology Transforms the Way We Create and Communicate %A Steven A. Johnson %P 272 %D 1997 %I Harper & Row %C San Francisco %G ISBN: 0-06251482-2 %Y Preface: Electric Speed 1 Bitmapping: An Introduction 2 The Desktop 3 Windows 4 Links 5 Text 6 Agents Conclusion: Infinity Imagined %M B.Johnson.2000 %0 BOOK %T GUI Bloopers Don'ts and Do's for Software Developers and Web Designers %A Jeff Johnson %D 2000 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %P 584 %G ISBN 1-55860-582-7 %Y 1: First Principles 2: GUI Component Bloopers 3: Layout and Appearance Bloopers 4: Textual Bloopers 5: Interaction Bloopers 6: Web Bloopers 7: Responsiveness Bloopers 8: Management Bloopers 9: Software Reviews 10: War Stories of a User-Interface Consultant %M B.Jonassen.91 1/31/91 gp %0 BOOK %T Hypertext/Hypermedia %A David H. Jonassen %D 1989 %P 91 %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Educational Technology Publications %G ISBN 0-87778-217-2 %M B.Jones.89 1/31/91 gp %0 BOOK %T Human-Computer Interaction: A Design Guide %A Mark S. Jones %D 1989 %P 150 %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Educational Technology Publications %G ISBN 0-87778-207-5 %Y %M B.Jordan.98 %0 BOOK %T An Introduction to Usability %A Patrick W. Jordan %D 1998 %I Taylor & Francis %G ISBN 0-7484-0762-6 (paper) 0-7484-0794-4 (cloth) %Y 1 Introduction 2 What is Usability? 3 Principles of Usable Design 4 Designing for Usability 5 Methods for Usability Evaluation 6 Conducting a Usability Evaluation 7 Conclusions %M B.Kaasgaard.01 %0 BOOK %T Software Design & Usability : Talks with Bonnie Nardi, Jakob Nielsen, David Smith, Austin Henderson & Jed Harris, Terry Winograd and Stephanie Rosenbaum %A Klaus Kaasgaard %D 2000 %P 188 %G ISBN 8-71613495-8 %I Copenhagen Business School Press %Y Introduction: Designing for Use The Professional Stranger - A Talk with Bonnie Nardi The Unbearable Lightness of Web Design - A Talk with Jakob Nielsen The Art of Programming - A Talk with David Smith Beyond Formalisms - A Talk with Austin Henderson and Jed Harris On Hermeneutics and Software Design - A Talk with Terry Winograd Making Usability Research Usable - A Talk with Stephanie Rosenbaum %M B.Kantowitz.83 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Human Factors: Understanding People-System Relationships %A Barry H. Kantowitz %A Robert D. Sorkin %D 1983 %P 699 %C New York, NY %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-09594-X; TA 166.K365; OCLC 8866672 %K GENERAL Task DESIGN Psych EVALUATION %Y INTRODUCTION 1 Systems and People 2 Error and Reliability HUMAN CAPABILITIES 3 Hearing and Signal Detection Theory 4 Vision 5 Psychomotor Skill 6 Human Information Processing HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACES 7 Visual Displays (by J. R. Buck) 8 Auditory and Tactile Displays 9 Speech Communication 10 Controls and Tools 11 Data Entry (by H. E. Dunsmore) HUMAN-MACHINE SYSTEM PROPERTIES 12 Feedback and Control (by B. H. Kantowitz and J. R. Buck) 13 Human Factors in Computer Programming (by H. E. Dunsmore) 14 Decision Making with Applications to Inspection and Maintainability (by J. R. Buck and B. H. Kantowitz) 15 Workspace Design ENVIRONMENT 16 Noise 17 Microenvironments 18 Macroenvironments 19 Environmental Stressors 20 Legal Aspects of Human Factors %M B.Kaplan.2000 %0 BOOK %T Internationalization With Visual Basic %S Sams White Book Series %A Michael S. Kaplan %D 2000 %P 650 %I Sams %G ISBN 0-67231977-2 %M B.Kearsley.88 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Online Help Systems: Design and Implementation %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %A Greg Kearsley %D 1988 %P 128 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %G ISBN 0-89391-472-X %I Intellect %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/kearsley/online3.htm %M B.Kearsley.93 4/27/93 gp %0 BOOK %T Public Access Systems: Bringing Computer Power to the People %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %A Greg Kearsley %D 1993 %P 192 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %G ISBN 0-89391-947-0 (cloth); 0-89391-948-9 (paper) %I Intellect %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/kearsley/public.htm %M B.Khosla.2000 %0 BOOK %T Intelligent multimedia multi-agent systems : a human-centered approach %A Rajiv Khosla %A Ishwar K. Sethi %A Ernesto Damiani %D 2001 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %G ISBN 0-7923-7979-9 %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-7979-9 %P 333 %O Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science : Volume 582 %Y Part I: Motivation, Technologies, Enabling Theories and Human Centered Virtual Machine 1. Successful Systems or Successful Technologies? 2. Technologies 3. Pragmatic Considerations and Enabling Theories 4. Human-Centered System Development Framework 5. Human-Centered Virtual Machine Part II: HCVM Applications in Health Informatics, Face Detection, Net Euchre and Sales Recruitment 6. Intelligent Multimedia Multi-Agent Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Support System 7. A Multi-Agent System for Face Detection and Annotation 8. Modeling Human Dynamics and Breakdowns - Intelligent Agents for Internet Games and Recruitment Part III: HCVM Applications in Internet and E-Commerce 9. Intelligent Multimedia Information Management 10. Brokerage System for Electronic Commerce Based on HCVM 11. User-Centered Approach to Content-Based Retrieval of medical Images 12. HCVM Revisited %M B.King.98 %0 BOOK %T Assistive Technology: Essential Human Factors %A Thomas W. King %D 1998 %P 305 %G ISBN: 0-20527326-2 %I Allyn & Bacon %Y 1. Why a Book on Human Factors in Assistive Technology? "Jim" -- A Case Example to Begin The Importance of Human Factors Resources in Human Factors 2. Tools, Transparency, and Assistive Technology Who Are Tool Users? Transparent, Translucent, and Opaque Assistive Technologies Assistive Technology: Special Tools for Special People? A Brief History of Assistive Technology Component Areas of Assistive Technology Who Are the Primary Users of Assistive Technology? The Professionals and Others Who Work with Assistive Technology Who Uses Assistive Technology? Case Examples 3. What Are Human Factors? Background Human Factors in Assistive Technology Human Factors in Daily Life A Quick Human Factors Quiz -- Some Practical Realities Essential Areas of Human Factors in AT: Details and Case Examples A Framework for Understanding Human Factors in AT: Baker's Basic Ergonomic Equation 4. Human Factors and Assistive Technology Goals Human Factors and Intents of Assistive Technology Details and Applications of Baker's Basic Ergonomic Equation 5. Essential Human Factors in Assistive Technology Specific Human Factors is AT 6. Switches and Controls: The Pass Keys to Assistive Technology Switches and Controls: Definitions and Examples Specific Human Factors Regarding Switches and Controls A Brief International Perspective on Switches and Controls Assistive Technology and Fitts' Law 7. CRT, LCD, and LED Screens: The Gateways to Assistive Technology How Screens Work -- A Brief Overview Screens in Everyday Life Essential Human Factors Related to Screens 8. AT Levels, Technological Literacy, and Life Span Issues Levels of Assistive Technology Toward Technological Literacy Components of AT Diagnosis and Intervention Technology Issues Across the Life Span 9. Why AT Fails: A Human Factors Perspective Factors Related to the People Who Surround the AT User Factors Related to the AT User Factors Related to the AT Device Itself Appendix: Resources for More Information on Human Factors and Assistive Technology Glossary References %M B.King.03 %0 BOOK %T Speed Up Your Site: Web Site Optimization %A Andrew B. King %A Konstantin Balashov %A Jason Wolf %D 2003 %G ISBN 0-7357-1324-3 %P 496 %I New Riders Publishing %W http://www.websiteoptimization.com/ %Y Part I - The Psychology of Performance Chapter 1 - Response Time: Eight Seconds, Plus or Minus Two Chapter 2 - Flow in Web Design (PDF) Part II - Optimizing Markup: HTML and XHTML Chapter 3 - HTML Optimization Chapter 4 - Advanced HTML Optimization Chapter 5 - Extreme XHTML Chapter 6 - Case Study: PopularMechanics.com Part III - DHTML Optimization: CSS and JavaScript Chapter 7 - CSS Optimization Chapter 8 - Advanced CSS Optimization Chapter 9 - Optimizing JavaScript for Download Speed Chapter 10 - Optimizing JavaScript for Execution Speed (HTML) Chapter 11 - Case Study: DHTML.com Part IV - Graphics and Multimedia Optimization Chapter 12 - Optimizing Web Graphics Chapter 13 - Minimizing Multimedia Chapter 14 - Case Study: Apple.com Part V - Search Engine Optimization Chapter 15 - Keyword Optimization Chapter 16 - Case Studies: PopularMechanics.com and iProspect.com Part VI - Advanced Optimization Techniques Chapter 17 - Server-Side Techniques Chapter 18 - Compressing the Web Chapter 19 - Case Studies: Yahoo.com and WebReference.com %M B.Kirakowski.90 9/12/92 ss %0 BOOK %T Effective Methodology for the Study of HCI %S Human Factors in Information Technology, 5 %A Jurek Kirakowski %A Mary Corbett %D 1990 %P 363 %C Amsterdam %I North-Holland %I Elsevier Science Publishers %G ISBN 0-444-88447-5 %Y 1: THE PROBLEM OF METHODOLOGY (1) 1: What is Effective Methodology? (5) 2: CONCEPTUALISING THE INTERFACE (37) 2: Studying the User (41) 3: User to Interface (83) 3: INFORMED CHOICES (123) 4: Structural Framework (127) 5: Towards an Informed Choice of Method (167) 4: TECHNIQUES FOR HCI RESEARCH (201) 6: The Questionnaire (205) 7: Content Analysis (245) 8: Analysing the Data (275) 5: EMPIRICAL HCI (311) 9: The Way Forward (315) %M B.Kletz.95 %0 BOOK %T Computer Control and Human Error %A Trevor A. Kletz %I Gulf Pub Co. %G ISBN 0-88415269-3 %D 1995 %P 125 %M B.Kommers.96 %0 BOOK %T Hypermedia learning environments : instructional design and integration %A Piet A. M. Kommers %A R. Scott Grabinger %A Joanna C. Dunlap %D 1996 %P 276 %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %G ISBN: 0-8058-1828-6 (paperback) 0-8058-1828-6 (hardcover) %Y Preface Purpose Goals Audience Content and Parts Limitations How to Use this Book Acknowledgments Software Examples Contributors Part I: Hypermedia and Multimedia Concepts 1. Definitions Piet A. M. Kommers New Media: Are they Essential to Learning and Teaching Definitions The Family of New Media References 2. Multimedia Environments Piet A.M. Kommers Hypermedia as Information Resources for Learning Three Metaphors underlying Hypermedia Learning Through CD-ROM-based Hypermedia Conclusion References 3. Research on the Use of Hypermedia Piet A.M. Kommers Multimedia in the Landscape of Teaching and Learning Didactic, Physical, and Epistemic Navigation in Hypertext Research Line 1: Can hypertext essentially assist in complex mental tasks, such as learning and knowledge acquisition? Research Line 2: Which is the best way of interacting between users and a hypertext system? Research Line 3: What user interfaces are appropriate for navigation and collaboration in hypertext? Research Line 4: Which Is the right granularity to represent knowledge beyond the level of associative links? Conclusion References Part II: Developing Hypermedia and Multimedia Applications 4. Nodes and Organization Joanna C. Dunlap Scott Grabinger Node Characteristics Guidelines Conclusion 5. Links Scott Grabinger Joanna C. Dunlap Characteristics of Links Kinds of Links: Contextual Links Kinds of Links: Support Links Guidelines Conclusion 6. Human-Computer Interface Design Rose Marra HCI Definition Basic HCI Principles Production Bias Assimilation Bias Intuitiveness Computer as Tool Conclusion References 7. Screen Design Scott Grabinger Legibility Aesthetic Quality Guidelines Basic Typography Guidelines Macrolevel Design Guidelines Microlevel Design Guidelines Conclusion References 8. User Support Strategies Joanna C. Dunlap Orienting Users to the Application Facilitating Navigation Feedback to Keep Users Informed General User Support Conclusion 9. Evolution and Maintenance Rose Marra Definitions Rationale for Evolution and Maintenance Creating Procedures Guidelines Conclusion References 10. Formative Evaluation Martin Tessmer Front-end and Formative Evaluation Purposes Multimedia Evaluation Needs Front-end Evaluation Questions Formative Evaluation Questions Evaluating the Multimedia Experience and Outcomes Conclusion References Part III: Rich Environments for Active Learning 11. Encourage Student Responsibility Scott Grabinger Joanna C. Dunlap REALs Guidelines Conclusion References 12. Make Learning Meaningful Joanna C. Dunlap Scott Grabinger Generative Learning Anchored Instruction Cooperative Learning and Generativity Guidelines Conclusion References 13. Active Knowledge Construction Joanna C. Dunlap Scott Grabinger Guidelines Conclusion References 14. Learner Assessment Thomas A. Cyr Tests versus Assessment Basic Premises Assessment Guidelines Lifelong Learning Competencies and Assessment Conclusion References Index %M B.Korghage.97 %0 BOOK %T Information Storage and Retrieval %A Robert R. Korfhage %D 1997 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-14338-3 %Y Overview Document and Query Forms Query Structures The Matching Process Text Analysis User Profiles and Their Use Multiple Reference Point Systems Retrieval Effectiveness Measures Effectiveness Improvement Techniques Alternative Retrieval Techniques Output Presentation Document Access The Ectosystem and Policy Issues Appendices Glossary %M B.Kosslyn.93 %0 BOOK %T Elements of Graph Design %A Stephen Michael Kosslyn %P 309 %D 1993 %I W H Freeman & Co. %G ISBN 0-71672362-X %M B.Kowalski.97 %0 BOOK %S Kluwer International Series on Information Retrieval %T Information Retrieval Systems %A Gerald Kowalski %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %G ISBN 0-7923-9926-9 %D 1979 %P 296 %Y 1 Introduction to Information Processing Systems 1.1 Definition of Information Retrieval System 1.2 Objectives of Information Retrieval Systems 1.3 Functional Overview 1.3.1 Item Normalization 1.3.2 Selective Dissemination of Information 1.3.3 Document Database Search 1.3.4 Index Database Search 1.4 Relationship to Database: Management System 1.5 Digital Libraries and Data Warehouses 1.6 Summary 2 Information Retrieval System Capabilities 2.1 Search Capabilities 2.1.1 Boolean Logic 2.1.2 Proximity 2.1.3 Contiguous Word Phrases 2.1.4 Fuzzy Searches 2.1.5 Term Masking 2.1.6 Numeric and Date Ranges 2.1.7 Concept and Thesaurus Expansions 2.1.8 Natural Language Queries 2.2 Browse Capabilities 2.2.1 Ranking 2.2.2 Zoning 2.2.3 Highlighting 2.3 Miscellaneous Capabilities 2.3.1 Vocabulary Browse 2.3.2 Iterative Search and Search History Logs 2.3.3 Canned Query 2.4 Standards 2.4.1 Z39.50 Standard and WAIS 2.4.2 Architecture Standards 2.5 Summary 3. Cataloging and Indexing 3.1 History and Objectives of Indexing 3.1.1 History 3.1.2 Objectives 3.2 Indexing Process 3.2.1 Scope of Indexing 3.2.2 Precoordination and Linkages 3.3 Automatic Indexing 3.3.1 Indexing by Term 3.3.2 Indexing by Concept 3.4 Information Extraction 3.5 Summary 4. Data Structures 4.1 Introduction to Data Structure 4.2 Stemming Algorithms 4.1.1 Introduction to the Stemming Process 4.1.2 Porter Algorithm 4.1.3 Dictionary Look-up Stemmers 4.1.4 Successor Stemmers 4.1.5 Conclusions 4.3 Inverted File Structure 4.4 N-Gram Data Structure 4.4.1 History 4.4.2 N-Gram Architecture 4.5 PAT Data Structure 4.6 Signature File Structure 4.7 Hypertext Data Structure 4.7.1 Definition of Hypertext Structure 4.7.2 Hypertext History 4.8 Summary 5. Automatic Indexing 5.1 Classes of Automatic Indexing 5.2 Statistical Indexing 5.2.1 Probabilistic Weighting 5.2.2 Vector Weighting 5.2.2.1 Simple Term Frequency Algorithm 5.2.2.2 Inverse Document Frequency 5.2.2.3 Signal Weighting 5.2.2.4 Discrimination Value 5.2.2.5 Problems With Weighting Schemes 5.2.2.6 Problems With the Vector Model 5.2.3 Baysean Model 5.3 Natural Language 5.3.1 Index Phrase Generation 5.3.2 Natural Language Processing 5.4 Concept Indexing 5.5 Hypertext Linkages 5.6 Summary 6. Document and Term Clustering 6.1 Introduction to Clustering 6.2 Thesaurus Generation 6.2.1 Manual Clustering 6.2.2 Automatic Term Clustering 6.2.2.1 Complete Term Relation Method 6.2.2.2 Clustering Using Existing Clusters 6.2.2.3 One Pass Assignments 6.3 Item Clustering 6.4 Hierarchy of Clusters 6.5 Summary 7. User Search Techniques 7.1 Search Statements and Binding 7.2 Similarity Measures and Ranking 7.2.1 Similarity Measures 7.2.2 Ranking Algorithms 7.3 Relevance Feedback 7.4 Selective Dissemination of Information Search 7.5 Weighted Searches of Boolean Systems 7.6 Searching the Internet and Hypertext 7.7 Summary 8. Information Visualization 8.1 Introduction to Information Visualization 8.2 Cognition and Perception 8.2.1 Background 8.2.2 Aspects of Visualization Process 8.3 Information Visualization Technologies 8.4 Summary 9. Text Search Algorithms 9.1 Introduction to Text Search Techniques 9.2 Software Text Search Algorithms 9.3 Hardware Text Search Systems 9.4 Summary 10. Information System Evaluation 10.1 Introduction to Information System Evaluation 10.2 Measures Used in System Evaluations 10.3 Measurement Example - TREC Results 10.4 Summary %M B.Kress.95 %0 BOOK %T Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design %A Gunther R. Kress %A Theo Van Leeuwen %A Gunther R. Gress %I Routledge %G ISBN 0-41510600-1 (pbk) 0-41510599-4 (hdbk) %D 1995 %M B.Kristof.95 %0 BOOK %A Ray Kristof, Amy Satran %D 1995 %G 1568302215 %I Pearson Education %P 144 %T Interactivity By Design %M B.Krug.2000 %0 BOOK %A Steve Krug %T Don't Make Me Think! A Common Sense Approach to Web Usability %D 2000 %P 224 %G ISBN 0-7897-2310-7 %I Que %I Circle.com Library %Y I. GUIDING PRINCIPLES 1. Don't Make Me Think! 2. How We Really Use the Web 3. Billboard Design 101 4. Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral? 5. Omit Needless Words II. THINGS YOU NEED TO GET RIGHT 6. Street Signs and Breadcrumbs 7. The First Step in Recovery is Admitting That the Home Page is Beyond Your Control III. MAKING SURE YOU GOT THEM RIGHT 8. "The Farmer and the Cowman Should Be Friends" 9. Usability Testing on 10 Cents a Day 10. Usability Testing: The Movie 11. On Not Throwing the Baby out With the Dishes APPENDIXES Recommended Reading %M B.Krueger.91 1/1/93 lo %0 BOOK %T Artificial Reality II %A Myron W. Krueger %D 1991 %P 288 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-52260-8; NX 180 T4 K7 1990 %Y 1 Antecedents in Art and Technology (1-10) 2 Early Work: GLOWFLOW, METAPLAY, and PSYCHIC SPACE (11-32) 3 VIDEOPLACE (33-64) 4 Goggles and Gloves (65-82) 5 Artificial Reality: A New Aesthetic Medium (83-100) 6 Perception (101-122) 7 Reality Responds (123-150) 8 Controlling the Experience (151-168) 9 Applications (169-208) 10 Artificial Reality and the Arts (209-228) 11 Cybernetic Society (229-260) Conclusion (261-266) Glossary (267-280) Index %M B.Kukulska.99 %A Agnes Kukulska-Hulme %0 BOOK %T Language and Communication : Essential Concepts for User Interface and Documentation Design %D 1999 %P 162 %G ISBN: 0-19510838-8 %Y Part I. Introduction and Foundation 1. Introduction 2. Foundation Concepts Part II. Essential Language Concepts and the User Interface 3. Language Varieties 4. Language Changes 5. Language Correspondences 6. The Effect of Context 7. The Effect of Medium and Interaction Part III. Languages for Special Purposes and Functions 8. Labeling and Abbreviation 9. Explanation and Assistance Part IV. Summary and Recommendations 10. Making It Work Appendix: Language Resources and Further Readings %M B.Landauer.96 %0 BOOK %T The Trouble With Computers: Usefulness, Usability, and Productivity %A Thomas K. Landauer %I MIT Press %D 1996 %P 440 %G ISBN 0-262-62108-8 (paper) 0-262-12186-7 (cloth) %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262621088 %M B.Lansdale.94 %0 BOOK %T Understanding Interfaces: A Handbook of Human-Computer Dialogue %S Computer and People Series %A Mark W. Lansdale %A Thomas C. Ormerod %D 1994 %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12528390-3 %Y 1. INTERFACES IN CONTEXT 1. The context of interface use 2. UNDERSTANDING DIALOGUE 2. Fitting dialogues to the task 3. Fitting dialogues to the medium 4. The structure of dialogues 5. Maintaining dialogues 3. UNDERSTANDING USER SKILLS 6. Skill as procedures 7. Skill as understanding 8. Skill as exploration 4. UNDERSTANDING INTERFACE DESIGN 9. Designing interfaces 10. Evaluating interfaces %M B.Lazar.2006 %M B.Lazar.2005 %0 BOOK %T Web Usability: A User-Centered Design Approach %A Jonathan Lazar %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %I Pearson Addison Wesley %D 2006 %P 394 %G ISBN 0-321-32135-9 %Y Introduction to Web usability Defining the mission and target user population Requirements gathering: what information is needed? Methods for requirements gathering Information architecture and site navigation Page design Designing for universal usability Physical design Usability testing Implementation and marketing Maintaining and evaluating Web sites %M B.Laurel.91 1/1/93 lo %0 BOOK %T Computers as Theatre %A Brenda Laurel %D 1991 %P 256 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-51048-0, OCLC 30699099; QA 76.9 H85 L38 %Y 1 The Nature of the Beast (1-33) Representing Action Interface Evolution Interface Interdisciplines Throw the Baggage Out A Definitional Digression Models of the Interface The World's a Stage Theatre as an Interface Metaphor Interactivity and Human Activity Is Drama Serious Enough? An Artistic Perspective 2 Dramatic Foundations, Part I: Elements of Qualitative Structure (35-65) Delayed Gratification Hoary Poetics The Cultural Backdrop The Four Causes, or Why Things Are the Way They Are The Four Causes of Human-Computer Activity The Six Elements and Causal Relations Among Them 3 Dramatic Foundations, Part II: Orchestrating Action (67-92) Dramatic Potential: The "Flying" Wedge Dramatic Anatomy 4 Dramatic Techniques for Orchestrating Human Response (93-123) Form and Experience Constraints Engagement: The First-Person Imperative 5 Design Principles for Human-Computer Activity (125-165) Designing Action Designing Character and Thought Designing Language and Communication Designing Enactment 6 New Directions in Human-Computer Activity (167-198) Building a Better Mousetrap An Environment for Writing The Smart House: Actions in Search of Characters Multimedia Virtual Reality Beyond the Yellow Brick Road A New Opposable Thumb References (199-206) Index %M B.Lazar.2001 %0 BOOK %T User-Centered Web Development %A Jonathan Lazar %D 2001 %I Jones & Bartelett Publishers %P 224 %G ISBN: 0-7637-1431-3 %W http://catalog.jbpub.com/detail.cfm?i=1431-3 %Y 1: Introduction 2: User-Centered Web Development Lifecycle 3: Defining the Site Mission and the Target User Population 4: What Information Need to be Collected from Users? 5: Methods of Gathering Requirements 6: Conceptual Design of the Web Site- Site Architecture and Navigation 7: Conceptual Design and the Web Site-Page Layout 8: Conceptual Design- Designing for Multiple Browsers 9: Physical Design 10: Usability Design 11: Implementation and Marketing 12: Maintenance and Evaluation %X Frequently, web sites are designed without considering the needs of the users. As a result, the web site often fails to fulfill its intended purpose. User-Centered Web Development guides readers through the process of designing web-based resources based on the needs of the user. This text will take the reader from the initial idea of developing a web site, through determining the mission of the web site, collecting the requirements, designing the pages, performing usability testing, and implementing and managing a web site. Further, large case studies will assist readers in comprehending how these user-centered design concepts can be applied to real-world settings. %M B.Lazzaro.93 %0 BOOK %T Adaptive Technologies for Learning and Work Environments %A Joseph J. Lazzaro %D 1993 %P 251 %I The American Library Association 50 East Huron Street Chicago, IL 60611 Phone: 312-280-5108, 800-545-2433 %G ISBN 0-8389-0615-x %Y Figures Preface Introduction 1 Breaking Barriers with Adaptive Technology Blindness and Visual Impairment Deafness and Hearing Impairment Motor and/or Speech Impairment The Americans with Disabilities Act Conclusion 2 The Personal Computer From Abacus to Apple Computer Hardware Software Personal Computer Manufacturers Selecting a Personal Computer 3 Technology for Persons with Vision Impairments Speech Synthesis Magnification Systems Braille Systems Optical Character Recognition Systems Products for Persons with Vision Impairments 4 Technology for Persons with Hearing Impairments Text Telephones Facsimile Communication Computer-Assisted Access Signaling Systems Captioning Systems Electronic Amplification Systems Products for Persons Who Are Deaf or Hearing Impaired 5 Technology for Persons with Motor and/or Speech Impairments Adapted Keyboards Keyboard Modification Software Alternative Input Systems Voice Recognition Systems Alternative Communications Devices Environmental Control Systems Products for Persons with Motor and/or Speech Impairments 6 Applications for Adaptive Technology Local Area Networks The Online World Compact Disks Telecommunications Services and CD-ROM Products 7 Rehabilitation Engineering and Training Rehabilitation Engineering Training Technical Support 8 Funding Adaptive Technology Cost-Savings Ideas Personal Funding Sources Government-Sponsored Funding Sources Private-Sector Funding Sources Financial Aid Resources Appendixes A Organizational Resources for Persons with Disabilities B Assistive Technology Conferences C Journals and Newsletters on Assistive Technology D Technology Assistance States Index Figures 1 Personal Computer Checklist 2 Rehabilitation Engineering Checklist %M B.Lee.93 %0 BOOK %T Object-Oriented GUI Application Development %A Geoff Lee %D 1993 %P 180 paperback %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-363086-2 %X MindFrame for Windows 1.0 Release Note (November 17, 1993) * INTERNET ACCESS: mndframe.zip (MindFrame for Windows) is available for anonymous ftp ftp://ftp.cica.indiana.edu/pub/pc/win3/programr and its mirror sites. * CompuServe ACCESS: It is also in the library of the following forums: IBMAPP, WINUSER, and RELIGION. Do a search on user ID 76460,2760 to locate the file (different file names in different forum library). Please send any comment or suggestion to Geoff Lee ("gcl@netcom.com" on Internet, or 76460,2760 on CompuServe). "MindFrame for Windows" is a freeware application developed to teach an object modeling approach presented in the book: "Object-Oriented GUI Application Development" Geoff Lee, Prentice Hall, 1993, ISBN 0-13-363086-2. This application is useful in many other areas as well, for example, in Bible studying (metaphors, parables, prophecies, types), neural modeling, ecological modeling, and task modeling. There are 20 sample applications covering these areas. There are also description of each of the sample application in the on-line Help. Read "About MindFrame..." help topic for more information. This is a copyrighted software, but you can freely redistribute if you keep the release intact. The following is the content of mdnframe.txt file in the .zip file: 1 Installation Procedure: DOS> mkdir MndFrame DOS> cd MndFrame DOS> copy b:MndFrame.zip (or where you kept the mndframe.zip file) DOS> unzip -d mndframe.zip (extract files into subdirectories) DOS> copy grid.vbx \windows\systems (your local Windows system directory) 2 Running the application: . In Windows, open your "File Manager" . Go to \MndFrame directory . Find the MndFrame.exe file . Drag the MndFrame.exe file icon into a "Program Manager" window . Open the MndFrame.exe program 3 Sample applications: Once you are in the MindFrame application, open files in the \MndFrame\Samples subdirectories. There are 20 sample files organized according to areas of application (e.g., object modeling, neural modeling, bible studying). You can also find description of each of these samples in the On-Line Help file. 4 On-line help: Use the "About MindFrame..." menu item in the "Help" menu to learn more about this application. There is an on-line help provided for this application. Read through the help topics to learn about using this application. 5 Files in this release: mndframe.txt: this file mdnframe.exe: the executable file of "MindFrame for Windows" freeware mndframe.hlp: the on-line help file for "MindFrame for Windows" biblnote.ps: the PostScript file of help text on using this application to study metaphors, parables, types, and prophecies in the Holy Bible. grid.vbx: the visual basic grid control that is necessary to run this application. It must be copied into your local "system" directory for Windows (\windows\system in most cases). samples\*: in this directory, there are 20 samples (*.frm files) in the subdirectories for each application area (e.g., objmodel, ecology, neural, parable). %Y 1 Introduction Overview of graphical user interface applications and this book PART I Software Development Life Cycle 2 Software Development Life Cycle Activities Structured Software Development Life Cycle Structured Rapid Prototyping Approach Object-Oriented Software Development 3 Life Cycle Activities of GUI Application Development GUI Application Development Preliminary Requirements Specification GUI Application Analysis GUI Design GUI Prototyping GUI Evaluation GUI Application Integration PART II Analysis Activities of GUI Application Development 4 Analyzing Users Overview User Analysis Factors Procedure for Conducting User Analysis Case Study: A Personnel Recruiting Application 5 Analyzing User Tasks Modeling Human-Computer Interaction Simplified Task Model Task Modeling for Multiple User-Role Applications A Textual Notation for Task Modeling Case Study: A Personnel Recruiting Application 6 Constructing User Interface Object Model Object Model User-Interface Level Object-Modeling Procedure Notation for User Interface Level Object Model Case Study: A Personnel Recruiting Application PART III Graphical User Interface Design Activities 7 User Interface System-Level Design System Partitioning on User-Group Boundaries Dynamic Behavior in a Task Model Prioritizing Object-Model Elements Logical Grouping of Object-Model Elements Error-Prevention and -Recovery Behavior Case Study: A Personnel Recruiting Application 8 User Interface Metaphor Design Why User Interface Metaphors? Criteria of User Interface Metaphors Limitations of User Interface Metaphors User Interface Metaphor Design Procedure Notation for Metaphor-Mapped Object Model GUI Representation of Metaphors Case Study: A Personnel Recruiting Application 9 Object-Oriented Graphical User Interface Design GUI Design Mapping of the Object Model GUI Design Mapping of User Interface Metaphor User Interaction Models Style-Specific GUI Interaction Components User Interface Design Guidelines Presenting Application Objects Presenting the Relationships Presenting the Operations, Attributes, and Facets 10 Contextual Graphical User Interface Design States and Their Dependencies in GUI Temporal and Spatial Modes Visual Cues in Various Style Guides Contextual Messages in Style Guides PART IV Graphical User Interface Software Implementation 11 Software Architectural Design of GUI Applications Decomposing a Software System Subsystem Interfacing Mechanisms Dialog-Independent Software Architecture Software Mapping of the Object-Oriented Design Software Mapping of the Contextual GUI Design Integrating the Application Style-Independent Architecture Toolkit-Independent Software Architecture Locale-Independent Architecture 12 Implementing Graphical User Interface Software with Reusable Toolkits Graphical User Interface Environments User Interface Software Development Environments Object-Oriented Graphical User Interface Toolkits User Interface Rapid-Prototyping Tools Bibliography %X Software programmers developing GUI applications across a variety of platforms face a number of challenges. "Object-oriented GUI Application Development" addresses these challenges by presenting an object-oriented life-cycle methodology that integrates the process of developing an application with the development of the application's graphical user interface. Rather than focusing on the API level, Lee shows how the high level abstractions of user task model, application object model, and metaphor mental model can be used to guide the development of graphical user interfaces for a variety of graphical environments. The first part of the book examines various software development approaches and their life-cycle activities. The second part focuses on analysis activities, including analyzing users and construct the user task model and application object model. The third part presents user interface metaphor design, as well as object-oriented and contextual GUI design following Apple Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, Motif, OPEN LOOK, and NeXTSTEP styles. The fourth part examines GUI implementation on a number of graphical environments with various object-oriented toolkits or application frameworks. Key Features: * Presents an object-oriented life-cycle approach universally applicable to various standard style guides and windowing environments. * Examines GUI application development from the perspective of the higher level abstractions of user task model, application object model, and metaphor mental model. * Deals specifically with object-oriented GUI applications, and covers a number of object-oriented toolkits and application frameworks. %M B.Lesk.97 %0 BOOK %T Practical Digital Libraries: Books, Bytes, and Bucks %S Multimedia Information and Systems %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 1-55860459-6 %D 1997 %P 300 %Y 1 Evolution of Libraries 1.1 Why Digital Libraries? 1.2 History and Change 1.3 Advantages of Digital Libraries 1.4 Rise of Printing and Libraries 1.5 Vannevar Bush 1.6 Computer Technology 1.6.1 Processors 1.6.2 Memory Technology 1.6.3 Software 1.7 Information and Software 1.8 Summary 2 Text Access Methods 2.1 Computer Typesetting and Online Databases 2.2 Text Formats 2.3 Linear Text Searching 2.4 Inverted Files 2.5 Hash Coding 2.6 Other Text Search Issues 2.7 Thesauri 2.8 Document Conversion 2.9 Summary 3 Images of Pages 3.1 Scanning and Fax Machines 3.2 Image Formats for Scanned Printed Pages 3.3 Display Requirements 3.4 PostScript, Acrobat, and Reprinting 3.5 Indexing Images of Pages 3.6 Shared Text/Image Systems 3.7 Image Storage vs. Book Storage 3.8 Summary 4 Multimedia Storage and Access 4.1 Sound Formats: Vinyl, Tape, and CD 4.2 Pictures: GIF and JPEG 4.3 Automatic Speech Recognition 4.4 Moving Images: MPEG and Motion JPEG 4.5 Indexing Images: Motion Segmentation 4.6 Summary 5 Knowledge Representation Methods 5.1 Library Classification 5.2 Indexing Words and Thesauri 5.3 Artificial Intelligence Structures 5.4 Hypertext 5.5 Vector Models 5.6 History-Based Information Resources 5.7 New Information Techniques 5.8 Summary 6 Distribution 6.1 Physical Objects: Books and CD-ROMs 6.2 Computer Network Technologies 6.2.1 Packets vs. Circuits 6.2.2 Stars vs. Buses 6.2.3 Ethernet 6.2.4 Arpanet and Addressing 6.3 Security on the Net 6.4 Cryptography 6.5 Summary 7 Usability and Retrieval Evaluation 7.1 General Human Factors Considerations 7.2 Text Displays: Fonts and Highlighting 7.3 Image Displays and Compression Systems 7.3.1 Text 7.3.2 Speech 7.3.3 Images 7.4 Interface Controls: Menus and Keywords 7.5 Access Methods 7.6 Retrieval Evaluation 7.7 Summary 8 Collections and Preservation 8.1 Traditional Paper Collections 8.2 Traditional Preservation Problems: Acid Paper and Perfect Binding 8.3 Digitizing Special Collections and Archives 8.4 Sharing of Collections among Libraries 8.5 New Kinds of Material and Their Durability 8.6 Summary and Responsibilities to the Future 9 Economics 9.1 Traditional Economics and Economies of Scale 9.2 Scholarly Publications Today 9.3 Models for Library Funding 9.4 Paying for Electronic Information 9.5 Access versus Ownership 9.6 Importance of Administrative Costs 9.7 Electronic Commerce 9.8 The Future of Quality Information 9.9 Summary 10 Intellectual Property Rights 10.1 History of Copyright Law 10.2 History of Patent Law 10.3 Other Legal Risks 10.4 National Information Infrastructure Dangers 10.5 Intellectual Property Protection 10.5.1 Fractional Access 10.5.2 Control of Interface 10.5.3 Hardware Locks ("Dongles") 10.5.4 Repositories 10.5.5 Steganography 10.5.6 Cryptolopes, or Secret Envelopes 10.5.7 Special Hardware 10.5.8 Economic Approaches 10.5.9 Flickering 10.6 Summary: Future Research and Law 11 International Activities 11.1 Information Policy, Not Industrial Policy 11.2 United States 11.2.1 University of California at Berkeley 11.2.2 University of Michigan 11.2.3 University of Illinois 11.2.4 Stanford University 11.2.5 University of California at Santa Barbara 11.2.6 Carnegie Mellon University 11.2.7 Other U.S. Projects 11.3 United Kingdom 11.4 France 11.5 Other EU Efforts 11.6 Japan 11.7 Australia 11.8 Elsewhere 11.9 International Cooperation 11.10 Summary 12 Future: Ubiquity, Diversity, Creativity, and Public Policy 12.1 Dream to Be Realized 12.2 Future Roles in Information Handling 12.3 Effect of Digital Technology on Universities 12.4 Society and Creativity 12.5 Public Policy Questions 12.6 Projections %M B.Lindgaard.94 %0 BOOK %T Usability Testing and System Evaluation: A Guide for Designing Useful Computing Systems %S Chapman & Hall Computing %A Gitte Lindgaard %D 1994 %I Chapman & Hall %G ISBN 0-41246100-5 %M B.Lindsay.77 11/4/90 gp %0 BOOK %T Human Information Processing: An Introduction to Psychology %A P. H. Lindsay %A D. A. Norman %D 1977 %P 777 %C New York %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12-540960-6; BF 455.L494 %K DESIGN Psych %O 2nd Edition %Y PERCEPTION 1 Human Perception 2 The Visual System 3 The Dimensions of Vision 4 The Auditory System 5 The Dimensions of Sound 6 Neural Information Processing 7 Pattern Recognition and Attention MEMORY 8 The Memory Systems 9 Using Memory 10 The Representation of Knowledge 11 The Neural Basis of Memory THINKING 12 Language 13 Learning and Cognitive Development 14 Problem Solving and Decision Making 15 The Mechanisms of Thought SOCIAL & PERSONALITY 16 Social Interactions 17 Stress and Emotion A Measuring Psychological Variables B Operating Characteristics %M B.Liungman.91 followup to get related books from amazon %0 BOOK %T Dictionary of Symbols %A Carl G. Liungman %K icons graphics %D 1991 %I Abc-Clio %G ISBN 0-87436610-0 %M B.Liungman.94 followup to get related books from amazon %0 BOOK %T Dictionary of Symbols %A Carl G. Liungman %K icons graphics %D 1994 %O Reprint Edition %I W.W. Norton & Company %G ISBN 0-39331236-4 %M B.Losee.98 %0 BOOK %A Robert M. Losee %T Text Retrieval and Filtering: Analytic Models of Performance %D 1998 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %G ISBN 0-7923-8177-7 %S Kluwer International Series on Information Retrieval %P 356 %Y 1. Introduction 2. Quantitative Reasoning 3. Similarity and Retrieval Decisions 4. Measuring Performance 5. The Quality of A Ranking Method 6. Performance with One Term 7. Multivariate Probabilities 8. Performance with Multiple Terms 9. Logics and Rules 10. Linguistic Knowledge %M B.Lunde.99 %0 BOOK %T CJKV Information Processing %A Ken Lunde %K Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, East Asian Language %D 1999 %I O'Reilly & Associates %P 1001 %G ISBN 1-56592224-7 %M B.Luong.95 %0 BOOK %T Internationalization Developing Software for Global Markets %A Tuoc V. Luong %A James S. H. Lok %A S. H. Lok %A Kevin Driscoll %D 1995 %P 293 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-07661-9 %Y Foreword 1. What Is Internationalization? 2. Components of Internationalization 3. Corporate Support for Internationalization 4. Internationalization and Development 5. Internationalization and Documentation 6. International Enabling Quality Assurance 7. Defining a Locale 8. Localization Decisions 9. Localization Enabling 10. Managing Localization 11. Performing Localization 12. European Localization QA 13. Asian Localization 14. Asian QA Appendix A: International Tables Appendix B: International Date Formats Appendix C: Internationalizing Microsoft Windows 3.X Applications Appendix D: International Functional Requirements Document (IFRD) Appendix E: Sample Locale Appendix F: Sample Character Map %M B.MacAulay.99 %0 BOOK %T Web Style Guide: Basic Design Principles for Creating Web Sites %A Patrick J. Lynch %A Sarah Horton %D 1999 %P 164 %I Yale University Press %G ISBN 0-30007675-4 %Y Process Interface Design Site Design Page Design Typography Editorial Style Web Graphics Multimedia %W http://info.med.yale.edu/caim/manual/ %M B.MacAulay.95 %0 BOOK %T Human-Computer Interaction for Software Designers %S Tutorial Gudies in Computing and Information Systems %A Linda MacAulay %D 1995 %I International Thomson Publishing %G ISBN 1-85032177-9 %Y Preface and acknowledgements 1. HCI and the software designer 2. Understanding user needs and requirements 3. Designing the user interface 4. Designing graphical user interfaces 5. Designing user interfaces to CSCW systems 6. Usability 7. HCI standards Appendix A: Answers to exercises %M B.Mandel.97 %0 BOOK %T The Elements of User Interface Design %A Theo Mandel %D 1997 %P 440 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-16267-1 %Y 1. Designing Quality Software User Interfaces 2. What Is a User Interface? 3. User Interface Models 4. The Psychology of Humans and Computers 5. The Golden Rules of User Interface Design 6. Computer Standards and User Interface Guidelines 7. Software Usability Testing 8. User Interface Evolution: Command-Lines and Menus 9. User Interface Evolution: Graphical User Interfaces 10. Object-Oriented User Interfaces: The New World 11. Object-Oriented User Interfaces: Meeting User Needs 12. An Iterative User Interface Design Process 13. The Interface Designer's Toolkit 14. Help, Advisors, Wizards, and Multimedia 15. Social User Interfaces and Intelligent Agents 16. The New World of PC-Internet User Interfaces %M B.Mander.02 %0 BOOK %T Web usability for dummies %A Richard Mander %A Bud E. Smith %D 2002 %I Hungry Minds %P 318 %G ISBN 0-76451546-2 %M B.Marca.92 %0 BOOK %T Groupware: Software for Computer Supported Cooperative Work %A David Marca %A Geoffrey Bock %D 1992 %C Los Alamitos, California %I IEEE Computer Society Press %G ISBN 0-81862637-2 %M B.Marcus.92 4/26/92 gp %0 BOOK %T Graphic Design for Electronic Documents and User Interfaces %A Aaron Marcus %D 1992 %P 266 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %I ACM Press %G ISBN 0-201-54364-8, OCLC 23462016; ACM Order number 703900 %Y 1 Layout 1.1 Proportion and Grids: Invisible Keys to Successful Layout 1.2 Graphic Design of Spatial Metaphors, Displays, and Tools 1.3 An Annotated Bibliography for Graphic Design of Spatial Displays 2 Typography 2.1 Making Type Decisions 2.2 Forms Design 2.3 The Typography of Complex Documentation: Computer Programs 3 Symbolism 3.1 Clarity and Consistency in Icon Design 3.2 Icon Design Tips 3.3 Icon Design in a CAD/CAM Graphical User Interface: A Case Study 3.4 An Annotated Bibliography of Signs, Icons, and Symbols 4 Color 4.1 The Ten Commandments of Color 4.2 An Annotated Bibliography of Color 5 Visualizing Knowledge: Charts, Diagrams, and Maps 5.1 Chart Design 5.2 An Annotated Bibliography of Chart and Diagram Design 5.3 An Annotated Bibliography of Map Design 6 Screen Design for User Interfaces 6.1 Common User-Interface Design 6.2 The User-Interface Standards Manual as a Tool for Effective Management 7 A Comparison of Graphical User Interfaces 7.1 Windowing Systems 7.2 Windowing-System Overview 7.3 Windows 7.4 Menus 7.5 Controls and Control Panels 7.6 Query and Message Boxes 7.7 Mouse/Keyboard Interface 7.8 Analysis of Common Tasks 7.9 Advantages and Disadvantages A Windowing-System Dependent Terminology B Detailed System Descriptions and Comparisons %M B.Martin.73 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Design of Man-Computer Dialogues %A James Martin %D 1973 %P 559 %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-201251-0 %Y I. INTRODUCTION 1. The Information Windows 2. Design Methodology 3. Categories of Terminal Operators II. ALPHANUMERIC DIALOGUES 4. Natural Language Dialogue 5. Dialogue with Programming 6. Man-Machine Dialogues on Commercial Systems 7. Twenty-Three Techniques for Alphanumeric Keyboard Displays 8. Control Functions 9. Should it be Built into the Hardware? 10. Dialogue with a Light Pen 11. Computer Data Entry III. DIALOGUES WITH SOUND AND GRAPHICS 12. The Use of Pictures 13. Interactive Graphics 14. Graphics for Design Work 15. Symbolic Representation in Graphics 16. Voice Answerback Systems IV. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 17. User Psychology 18. Response Time Requirements 19. Human Channel and Buffer Capacity 20. The Creative Operator 21. Display Encoding V. OPERATORS WITHOUT TRAINING 22. The Totally Naive Operator 23. The Untrained Operator 24. Computer Assisted Instruction 25. Information Control Rooms 26. Terminals for Management VI. IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS 27. Control of User Errors 28. When Failures Occur 29. Severity and Privacy 30. Dialogue Program Generators 31. Bullet-Proofing 32. Simulation of the Man-Machine Interface Appendix. A Psychiatrist Talks to Eliza Class Problems Index %M B.Martin.91 3/22/93 gp %0 BOOK %T Doing Psychology Experiments %A David W. Martin %D 1991 %P 288 + xiv %C Pacific Grove, California %I Brooks/Cole Publishing %G ISBN 0-534-14490-X; BF181.M315 1990 %O Third Edition %Y 1. How to Make Observations 2. How to Get an Experimental Idea 3. How to Find Out What's Been Done 4. How to Decide Which Variables to Manipulate and Measure 5. How to Decide on a Within-Subject versus Between-Subjects Design 6. How to Plan a Single-Variable Experiment 7. How to Plan a Multiple-Variable Experiment 8. How to Plan Quasi-Experiments 9. How to Interpret Experimental Results 10. How to Report Experimental Results 11. How to Use Theory 12. How to Tell When You are Ready to Begin 13. How to Be Fair with Subjects 14. How to Be Fair with Science A. How to Do Basic Statistics B. Statistical Tables Glossary Index %M B.Martin.91 9/30/93 Samu Mielonen f1sami@uta.fi Univ. of Tampere, Finland %0 BOOK %T Systems Application Architecture: Common User Access %A James Martin %A Kathleen Kavanagh Chapman %A Joe Leben %D 1991 %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-785023-9 %K IBM SAA/CUA Style Guidelines %M B.Martin.96 %0 BOOK %T The User Interface Design Book for the Applications Programmer %A Alexander Martin %A David Eastman %D 1996 %P 316 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-95371-7 %Y How to find your way around this book 1. First Steps 1. Introduction to Design 2. How to Start the Design 3. Tools For the Job 4. The Design Specification 2. Designed to Use 1. Computer Literate versus The Rest 2. GUI versus Text 3. The Fundamentals of Input 4. WIMP and Controls 5. Context Switching 6. Graphics, Animation and Screen Presentation 7. Sound 8. Presenting Text 9. Being Intelligent 10. Learning Curve 11. Little Helpers 12. Documentation and Support Materials 3. Development Issues 1. Basic Program Structure 2. Program versus Data 3. Tools and Productivity 4. List Processing Further Reading %M B.Mates.2000 %0 BOOK %T Adaptive Technology for the Internet : Making Electronic Resources Accessible to All %A Barbara T. Mates %A Doug Wakefield %A Judith M. Dixon %D 2000 %P 192 %G ISBN: 0-83890752-0 %I American Library Association %Y Could Helen Keller Use Your Library? Click (W) Here(?)!---Basic Document Design Large-Print Access to the Internet Hearing the Internet Touching the Internet with Braille Adaptive Technology for Hearing Impairments Surfing the Internet with a ``Different'' Board Computers Reading and Speaking---``Stand-Alone'' Systems Funding Adaptive Technology Making It All Work---Staff Training Announcing Improved Access Working in the Real World APPENDIXES A Websites Helpful for Information on Accessibility B Selected Vendors, Manufacturers, and Consultants C Special Libraries with Adaptive Technology Programs Glossary Bibliography and Reading Resources %M B.Mayhew.92 3/29/93 gp %0 BOOK %T Principles and Guidelines in Software User Interface Design %A Deborah J. Mayhew %D 1992 %P 619 %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-721929-6 %Y 1. Introduction 2. The User Profile 3. Conceptual Models 4. Menus 5. Fill-in Forms 6. Question and Answer 7. Command Languages 8. Function Keys 9. Direct Manipulation 10. Natural Language 11. Dialog Styles Summary 12. Input and Output Devices 13. Organization of Functionality 14. Screen Layout and Design 15. Response Time 16. Error Handling 17. User Documentation 18. Summary and Conclusions %M B.Mayhew.99 %0 BOOK %T The Usability Engineering Lifecycle: A Practitioner's Guide to User Interface Design %A Deborah J. Mayhew %D 1999 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 1-55860-561-4 %P 560 %Y Preface 1: Introduction REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS 2: User Profiles 3: Contextual Task Analysis 4: Usability Goal Setting 5: Platform Capabilities and Constraints 6: General Design Principles DESIGN/TESTING/DEVELOPMENT Design Level 1 7: Work Reengineering 8: Conceptual Model Design 9: Conceptual Model Mockups 10: Iterative Conceptual Model Evaluation Design Level 2 11: Screen Design Standards 12: Screen Design Standards Prototyping 13: Iterative Screen Design Standards Evaluation 14: Style Guide Development Design Level 3 15: Detailed User Interface Design 16: Iterative Detailed User Interface Design Evaluation INSTALLATION 17: User Feedback ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES 18: Promoting and Implementing The Usability Engineering Lifecycle 19: Usability Project Planning 20: Cost-Justification 21: Organizational Roles and Structures %M B.McAlester.02 %0 BOOK %T Skip Intro: Flash Usability and Interface Design %A Duncan McAlester %A Michelangelo Capraro %D 2002 %G ISBN 0-7357-1178-X %P 272 %I New Riders Publishing %Y 1 Bad Flashers Anonymous 2 Basic Training Section I: Hopart Bothur Exhibit Site 3 Overview -- A Comfortable Situation 4 A Good Experience from the Start 5 Scrolling Without Boundaries 6 Less Cluttered and More Usable 7 A Point of Flexibility Section II: GroceryClick.com Site Design 8 Overview -- Convenience in a Flash 9 Tabbed Windows -- Convenient Access to Supplementary Information 10 Needles and Haystacks -- Site Searches Section III: Wind-Automata Developer Site 11 Overview -- A Familiar Setting 12 A Simple Hierarchy 13 Tool Tips -- Know Before You Go 14 The End... Appendixes A What Every Interface Designer Should Know B Usability Resources C Flash and Design Resources %M B.McCormick.82 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Human Factors in Engineering and Design %A Ernest J. McCormick %A M. S. Sanders %D 1982 %C New York, NY %I McGraw-Hill %O Superseded by Sanders & McCormick, 1993 %G ISBN 0-07044902-3 %M B.McCracken.03 %0 BOOK %A Daniel D. McCracken %A Rosalee J. Wolfe %A Jared M. Spool %D 2003 %G 0130411612 %I Prentice Hall %P 336 %T User-Centered Website Development: A Human-Computer Interaction Approach %M B.McGraw.97 %0 BOOK %T User-Centered Requirements: The Scenario-Based Engineering Process Approach %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %D 1997 %A Karen L. McGraw %A Karan Harbison %G ISBN 0-8058-2064-7 [cloth] 0-8058-2065-5 %P 392 %Y Part I: Introduction to the Scenario-based Engineering Process Engineering Activities and Artifacts Part II: Process & Techniques Planning and Managing Effective Requirements Activities Selecting the Right Techniques Scenario Elicitation, Analysis, and Generation Conducting and Analyzing Interactive Observation Sessions Conducting and Using the Interview Effectively Defining Work Processes and Conducting Task Analysis Eliciting and Analyzing Domain Concepts Using Process Tracing to Analyze the Problem-Solving Process Conducting and Analyzing Group Sessions Evaluating and Refining Requirements %M B.McKay.99 %0 BOOK %T Developing User Interfaces for Microsoft Windows %P 640 %O Includes CD-ROM %D 1999 %I Microsoft Press %A Everett N. McKay %W http://mspress.microsoft.com/books/2493.htm %G ISBN 0-7356-0586-6, OCLC %Y Part I - The Basics 1 - Know the Standards 2 - Read Other User Interface Design Books 3 - Establish Consistent Terminology 4 - Establish a Consistent User Interface Style 5 - Pay Attention to Other Programs Part II - Understanding Users 6 - Beginning vs. Advanced Users 7 - Using Applications vs. Utilities 8 - Users Aren't Designers 9 - Users Aren't You Part III - Design Concepts 10 - Good User Interfaces Are Visible 11 - Good User Interfaces Are Invisible 12 - Learn from The Design of Everyday Things 13 - Learn from the Web 14 - Prototype with Caution 15 - Keep It Simple Part IV - Design Details 16 - Prefer the Standard Controls 17 - Direct Manipulation Is Cool 18 - Appropriate Defaults Are Cool 19 - Configurability Is Cool 20 - Previews Are Cool 21 - Tooltips Are Cool 22 - Unnecessary Dialog Boxes Are Evil 23 - Unnecessary Message Boxes Are Pure Evil 24 - Unnecessary Repetitive Tasks Are Evil 25 - Speed Is a User Interface Issue Part V - Testing and QA 26 - Programmer Testing 27 - User Testing 28 - Talk to Your Other Team Members 29 - Check Your Dialog Boxes 30 - Check Your Error Messages 31 - Check Your Printing 32 - Check Your Help System and Documentation 33 - Check Your Setup Program 34 - Use System Colors 35 - Handle All Video Modes 36 - Learn How to Play QA Gefahren 37 - Keep Looking for Improvements Appendix %M B.McKnight.91 %0 BOOK %T Hypertext in Context %S Cambridge Series on Electronic Publishing %A Cliff McKnight %A Andrew Dillon %A John Richardson %D 1991 %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-52137488-X %P 166 %M B.Meadow.92 3/22/93 gp %0 BOOK %T Text Information Retrieval Systems %A Charles T. Meadow %D 1992 %P 302 %C San Diego, California %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12-487410-X; Z699 M413 1991 %Y 1 Introduction 2 Data, Information, and Knowledge 3 Representation of Information 4 Attribute Content and Values 5 Logical Models of Data Structure 6 The Physical Structure of Data 7 Querying the Information Retrieval System 8 Interpretation and Execution of Query Statements 9 Text Searching 10 Multi-Database Searching and Mapping 11 Search Feedback and Iteration 12 Search Strategy 13 The Information Retrieval System Interface 14 Measurement and Evaluation Index (295-302) %M B.Mehlmann.81 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T When People Use Computers: An Approach to Developing an Interface %A Marilyn Mehlmann %P 142 %G ISBN 0-13-956219-2 %D 1981 %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %M B.Meister.85 2/17/94 gp %0 BOOK %T Behavioral Analysis and Measurement Methods %A D. Meister %D 1985 %G ISBN 0-471-89640-3 %P 509 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %M B.Meister.86 11/7/90 gp %0 BOOK %T Human Factors Evaluation and Testing %A D. Meister %D 1986 %G ISBN 0-44442701-5 %P 424 %C Amsterdam %I Elsevier Science Publishers %M B.Menzel.2000 %0 BOOK %T Robo sapiens -- Evolution of a New Species %A Peter Menzel %A Faith D'Aluisio %D 2000 %P 240 %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-13382-2 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262133822 %Y Introduction Peter Menzel Electric dreams Robo sapiens Bio logical Remote possibilities Work mates Serious fun Methodology Faith D'Aluisio Glossary %X Around the world, scientists and engineers are participating in a high-stakes race to build the first intelligent robot. Many robots already exist--automobile factories are full of them. But the new generation of robots will be something else: smart machines that act like living creatures. When they are brought into existence, science fiction will have become fact. What will happen then? With our prosthetic limbs, titanium hips, and artificial eyes, we are already beginning to resemble our machines. Equally important, our machines are beginning to resemble us. Robots already walk, talk, and dance; they can react to our facial expressions and obey verbal commands. When they take the next step and become fully autonomous, what will they do? Will we be partners or rivals? Could we meld into a single species--Robo sapiens? In Robo sapiens, Peter Menzel and Faith D'Aluisio present the next generation of intelligent robots and their makers. Accompanying brilliant photographs of more than one hundred robots is an account of the little-known, yet vitally important scientific competition to build an autonomous robot. Containing extensive interviews with robotics pioneers, anecdotal "field notes" with behind-the-scenes information, and easy-to-understand technical data about the machines, Robo sapiens is a field guide to our mechanical future. %M B.Microsoft.92 9/30/93 Samu Mielonen f1sami@uta.fi Univ. of Tampere, Finland %0 BOOK %T The Windows Interface: An Application Design Guide %Q Microsoft Corporation %D 1992 %C Redmond, WA %I Microsoft Press %G ISBN 1-55615-439-9, OCLC 27148664 %K Microsoft Windows Style Guidelines %M B.Microsoft.92 9/30/93 Samu Mielonen f1sami@uta.fi Univ. of Tampere, Finland %0 BOOK %T The GUI Guide: International Terminology for the Windows Interface %Q Microsoft Corporation %D 1993 %C Redmond, WA %I Microsoft Press %G ISBN 1-55615-538-7 %K Microsoft Windows Style Guidelines %K internationalization, localization, globalization %M B.Microsoft.95 %0 BOOK %T The Windows Interface Guidelines for Software Design %A Tandy Trower %Q Microsoft Corporation %D 1995 %C Redmond, WA %I Microsoft Press %G ISBN 1-55615-679-0; OCLC 32590068 %Y Introduction PT. I. FUNDAMENTALS OF DESIGNING USER INTERACTION Ch. 1. Principles and Methodology Ch. 2. Basic Concepts Ch. 3. The Windows Environment Ch. 4. Input Basics Ch. 5. General Interaction Techniques PT. II. WINDOWS INTERFACE COMPONENTS Ch. 6. Windows Ch. 7. Menus, Controls, and Toolbars Ch. 8. Secondary Windows PT. III. DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND GUIDELINES Ch. 9. Window Management Ch. 10. Integrating with the System Ch. 11. Working with OLE Embedded and OLE Linked Objects Ch. 12. User Assistance Ch. 13. Visual Design Ch. 14. Special Design Considerations IV. APPENDIXES Appendix A Mouse Interface Summary Appendix B Keyboard Interface Summary Appendix C Guidelines Summary Appendix D Supporting Specific Versions of Microsoft Windows Appendix E International Word Lists Glossary %M B.Microsoft.95 %0 BOOK %T Developing International Software for Windows 95 and Windows NT %A Nadine Kano %Q Microsoft Corporation %D 1995 %C Redmond, WA %I Microsoft Press %G ISBN 1-55615-840-8, OCLC %W http://www.microsoft.com/globaldev/dis_v1/disv1.asp %Y Preface 1. Understanding Internationalization 2. Designing a Global Program 3. Encoding Character Sets 4. Preparing the User Interface for Localization 5. Supporting Local Conventions 6. Accommodating Multilingual I/O on Microsoft Windows 7. Processing Far Eastern Writing Systems Appendix A: Glossary Appendix B: Common Latin Diacritics and Ligatures Appendix C: Selected International Punctuation Symbols Appendix D: Sort Order for Selected Languages Appendix E: Code-Page Support in Microsoft Windows Appendix F: Locale-Specific Code-Page Information Appendix G: DBCS/Unicode Mapping Tables Appendix H: Code Pages Appendix I: Microsoft Win32 Country-Specific and Language-Specific Information Appendix J: Platform Support for the Win32 NLSAPI Appendix K: Locale Support in Microsoft Windows Appendix L: Multilingual API Functions and Structures Appendix M: Font Signature Bit-Field Assignments Appendix N: Windows 95 Input Method Manager API Functions Appendix O: Windows 95 Input Method Manager API Messages and Parameters Appendix P: Localized Editions of Microsoft Windows Appendix Q: International Keyboard Layouts Appendix R: Dead-Key Combinations on International Keyboard Layouts Appendix S: Weights and Measures Appendix T: International Currency, Date, and Time Formats Appendix U: Paper and Envelope Types and Sizes Appendix V: International Address Formats Appendix W: Microsoft Subsidiaries Additional Reading %M B.Microsoft.99 %0 BOOK %T Microsoft Windows User Experience %S Microsoft Professional Series %Q Microsoft Corp %P 594 %D 1999 %I Microsoft Press %G ISBN 0-7356-0566-1 %W http://mspress.microsoft.com/books/2466.htm %W http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/books/winguide/welcome.htm %Y PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF DESIGNING USER INTERACTION 1 Getting Started 2 Design Principles and Methodology 3 Basic Concepts 4 The Windows Environment 5 Input Basics 6 General Interaction Techniques PART 2 WINDOWS INTERFACE COMPONENTS 7 Windows 8 Menus, Controls, and Toolbars 9 Secondary Windows PART 3 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND GUIDELINES 10 Window Management 11 Integrating with the System 12 Working with OLE Embedded and Linked Objects 13 User Assistance 14 Visual Design 15 Special Design Considerations PART 4 APPENDIXES AND REFERENCES APPENDIX A Mouse Interface Summary APPENDIX B Keyboard Interface Summary Glossary Bibliography %M B.Mijksenaar.97 %0 BOOK %T Visual Function: An Introduction to Information Design %A Paul Mijksenaar %D 1997 %P 56 %I Princeton Architectural Press %G ISBN 1-56898-118-X %M B.Minasi.94 %0 BOOK %T Secrets of Effective GUI Design %A Mark Minasi %D 1994 %I SYBEX %G ISBN 0-78211495-4 %P 225 %M B.MorrisAnne.98 %0 BOOK %T Human aspects of library automation %A Anne Morris %A Hilary Dyer %D 1998 %O 2nd ed. %P 400 %I Gower %G ISBN: 0056607504-0 %Y PART I HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS 1 Human Characteristics PART II HEALTH AND SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS 2 The Importance of Health and Safety 3 Musculoskeletal and Postural Problems 4 Work-related Upper Limb Disorders 5 Eye and Vision Problems 6 Stress 7 Reproductive Hazards 8 Other Alleged Health Hazards PART III WORKPLACE DESIGN: WORKSTATION CONSIDERATIONS 9 Basic Considerations 10 Workstation Components PART IV WORKPLACE DESIGN: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 11 Lighting 12 Noise 13 Heating and Ventilation PART V WORKPLACE DESIGN: WORKSTATION DESIGN 14 Workstation Layout and Design 15 Workstation Layouts for Library Functions PART VI THE HUMAN -- COMPUTER INTERFACE 16 The Software Interface 17 User Needs 18 Dialogue Design 19 Screen Design 20 Interaction 21 Software Evaluation PART VII JOB DESIGN 22 Job Design PART VIII PLANNING AUTOMATED SYSTEMS 23 Technological Change 24 Training References Subject Index %M B.Morris.98 %0 BOOK %T Web Page Design: A Different Multimedia %A Mary E. S. Morris %A Randy J. Hinrichs %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-239880-X %D 1998 %Y 1. Web - A Different Multimedia 2. Content Design 3. Cognitive Design 4. Audience Considerations 5. Navigational Design 6. Layout 7. Designing Graphical Elements 8. Adding Meta-Information 9. Interactivity Design 10. Designing for Time 11. Experiential Design 12. Testing the Design 13. Sun and Java, Case Study No. 1 14. Point Communications, Case Study No. 2 15. GolfWeb, Case Study No. 3 %M B.Moulton.02 %0 BOOK %T Accessible technology in today's business : case studies for success %A Gary Moulton %D 2002 %P 235 %I Microsoft Press %G ISBN: 0-73561501-2 %M B.Mullet.95 %0 BOOK %T Designing Visual Interfaces: Communication Oriented Techniques %A Kevin Mullet %A Darrell Sano %D 1995 %P 273 %I Sunsoft Press %G ISBN 0-13-303389-9 %Y Introduction The Mess We're In What Visual Designers Do Art and Design Functional vs. Aesthetic Concerns Form, Function, and the Question of a Universal Aesthetic Design and Rationality Elegance and Simplicity Principles Unity Refinement Fitness Common Errors Clutter and Visual Noise Interference Between Competing Elements Using Explicit Structure as a Crutch Belaboring the Obvious Overly Literal Translation Excessive Detail and Embellishment Gratuitous Dimensionality All of the Above Techniques Reducing a Design to Its Essence Regularizing the Elements of a Design Combining Elements for Maximum Leverage Scale, Contrast, and Proportion Background: Visual Variables Principles Clarity Harmony Activity Restraint Common Errors Insufficient Contrast Excessive Contrast Visual Interference Spatial Tension Overextension Awkward Dimensions Techniques The Squint Test Establishing Perceptual Layers Sharpening Visual Distinctions Integrating Figure and Ground Organization and Visual Structure Background: Perceptual Organization Principles Grouping Hierarchy Relationship Balance Common Errors Haphazard Layout Conflicting Symmetries Ambiguous Internal Relationships Aligning Labels but not Controls Alignment Within but not Across Controls False Structure Excessive Display Density All of the Above Techniques Using Symmetry to Ensure Balance Using Alignment to Establish Visual Relationships Optical Adjustment for Human Vision Shaping the Display with Negative Space Module and Program Background: Grid-Based Design Principles Focus Flexibility Consistent Application Common Errors Arbitrary Component Positions Arbitrary Component Dimensions Random Window Sizes and Layouts Unrelated Icon Sizes and Imagery Inconsistent Control Presentations Inconsistent Visual Language Techniques Reinforcing Structure through Repetition Establishing Modular Units Creating Grid-Based Layout Programs Image and Representation Background: Semiotics Principles Immediacy Generality Cohesiveness Characterization Communicability Common Errors Misleading Syntax Poorly Integrated Structure Dominant Secondary Elements Using Type as Image Using Images for Abstract Concepts Images Based on Obscure Allusions Culture or Language Dependencies Offensive or Suggestive Imagery Techniques Selecting the Right Vehicle Refinement through Progressive Abstraction Coordination to Ensure Visual Consistency So What About Style? Principles Distinctiveness Integrity Comprehensiveness Appropriateness Common Errors Unwarranted Innovation Combining Unrelated Elements Partial Fulfillment Internal and External Inconsistency Incompatible Concepts Techniques Mastering the Style Working Across Styles Extending and Evolving the Style Conclusion Further Information %M B.Mumford.83 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Designing Human Systems for New Technology %A Enid Mumford %G ISBN 0-90380828-5 %D 1983 %P 108 %C Booth Street West, Manchester M15 6PB, England %I Manchester Business School %M B.Musciano.98 %0 BOOK %T HTML: The Definitive Guide %A Chuck Musciano %D 1998 %A Bill Kennedy %I O'Reilly & Associates %G ISBN 1-56592-492-4 %P 500 %O 3rd Edition %M B.Myers.88 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Creating User Interfaces by Demonstration %A Brad A. Myers %G ISBN 0-12512305-1 %D 1988 %P 320 %C New York %I Academic Press %M B.Nardi.93 %0 BOOK %T A Small Matter of Programming: Perspectives on End User Computing %A Bonnie A. Nardi %D 1993 %P 184 + 16 illus. %C Cambridge, Massachusetts %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-14053-5 NARSH %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262140535 %X A SMALL MATTER OF PROGRAMMING asks why it has been so difficult for end users to command programming power and explores the problems of end user-driven application development that must be solved to afford end users greater computational power. Drawing on empirical research on existing end user systems, A SMALL MATTER OF PROGRAMMING analyzes cognitive, social, and technical issues of end user programming. In particular, it examines the importance of task-specific programming languages, visual application frameworks, and collaborative work practices for end user computing, with the goal of helping designers and programmers understand and better satisfy the needs of end users who want the capability to create, customize, and extend their applications software. The ideas in the book are based on the author's research on two successful end user programming systems -- spreadsheets and CAD systems -- as well as other empirical research. Nardi concentrates on broad issues in end user programming, especially end users' strengths and problems, introducing tools and techniques as they are related to higher-level user issues. %Y 1. Introduction 2. Conversation and Computers 3. Task-specific Programming Languages 4. Interaction Techniques for End User Application Development 5. Application Frameworks 6. Collaborative Work Practices 7. Scenarios of End User Programming %M B.Nardi.99 %0 BOOK %A Bonnie A. Nardi %A Vicki O'Day %T Information Ecologies: Using Technology with Heart %D 1999 %I MIT Press %P 246 %G ISBN 0-262-14066-7 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262140667 %Y I Information Ecologies: Concepts and Reflections 1. Rotwang the Inventor 2. Framing Conversations about Technology 3. A Matter of Metaphor: Technology as Tool, Text, System, Ecology 4. Information Ecologies 5. Values and Technology 6. How to Evolve Information Ecologies II Case Studies 7. Librarians: A Keystone Species 8. Wolf, Batgirl, and Starlight: Finding a Real Community in a Virtual World 9. Cultivating Gardeners: The Importance of Homegrown Expertise 10. Digital Photography at Lincoln High School 11. A Dysfunctional Ecology: Privacy Issues at a Teaching Hospital 12. Diversity on the Internet 13. Conclusion %M B.NASA.88 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Space Station Freedom Program: Human-Computer Interface Guide %Q NASA %D 1988-12 %C Houston, TX %I Johnson Space Center %O Version 2.1 %M B.Newman.95 %0 BOOK %T Interactive System Design %A William M. Newman %A Michael G. Lamming %D 1995 %P 468 %C Wokingham, England %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-63162-8, OCLC 31971415 %W http://www.rxrc.xerox.com/publis/isd/home.htm %Y The Framework Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Defining the problem Chapter 3: The Human Virtual Machine Chapter 4: Design processes and representations System design Chapter 5: User study methods Chapter 6: Systems analysis and design Chapter 7: Requirements definition System evaluation Chapter 8: Usability analysis and inspection Chapter 9: Prototyping and evaluation Chapter 10: Experiments in support of design Case Study A: Evaluation and analysis of a telephone operator's workstation User interface design Chapter 11: User interface notations Chapter 12: Interaction styles Chapter 13: Conceptual design: The user's mental model Chapter 14: Conceptual design: Methods Chapter 15: Designing to guidelines Case Study B: Designing a human memory aid %M B.Newman.2000 %0 BOOK %T Talk to your computer : speech recognition made easy %A Dan Newman %D 2000 %P 191 %I Waveside %G ISBN: 0-96703893-6 %M B.NeXT.92 9/30/93 Samu Mielonen f1sami@uta.fi Univ. of Tampere, Finland %0 BOOK %T NeXTSTEP User Interface Guidelines %Q NeXT Computer, Inc. %D 1992 %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-63250-0 %K NeXT Style Guidelines %O Release 3 %Y Introduction 1. A Visual Guide to the User Interface An Application's Windows Controls 2. Design Philosophy Basic Principles Action Paradigms Extensions Testing User Interfaces 3. User Actions: The Keyboard and Mouse How the Keyboard and Mouse Work Implementing Special Keys Implementing Mouse Actions Managing the Cursor Implementing Selection 4. The Window Interface to Applications How Windows Work Implementing Windows Implementing Standard Windows Implementing Window and Application Status 5. Panels How Panels Work Implementing Ordinary Panels Implementing Attention Panels Standard Panels 6. Menus How Menus Work Implementing Menus Standard Menus and Commands 7. Controls Buttons Text Fields Sliders Color Wells Scrollers Browsers and Selection Lists Choosing the Appropriate Control 8. The Interface to the File System How the File System Is Organized Using Paths Using File Name Extensions Using File Packages Creating Unrequested Files and Folders Displaying File Names Suggested Reading Glossary %M B.Nickerson.87 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Using Computers: Human Factors in Information Systems %A Raymond S. Nickerson %D 1987 %P 434 %C Cambridge, MA %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-64022-8 (paper) 0-262-14040-3 (cloth), 12692789; QA 76.N497 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262640228 %K GENERAL DESIGN %O A Bradford Book %Y 1 Introduction 2 Backdrop 3 Uses and Users of Information Systems 4 Anticipated Developments 5 The Study of Person-Computer Interaction 6 The Physical Interface 7 The Cognitive Interface 8 Software Tools 9 Communication and Information Services 10 Information Technology and Jobs 11 Information Systems in the Office 12 Designing Interactive Systems 13 Some User Issues 14 Programming 15 Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems 16 Some Research Challenges 17 Quality of Life: The Fundamental Issue 18 A Perspective %M B.Nicolle.01 %0 BOOK %T Inclusive design guidelines for HCI %A Colette Nicolle %A Julio Abascal %D 2001 %P 285 %I Taylor & Francis %G ISBN: 0-74840948-3 %M B.Nielsen.90 2/11/91 jn %0 BOOK %T Hypertext and Hypermedia %A Jakob Nielsen %D 1990 %P 263 %C San Diego, CA %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12-518410-7; 0-12-518411-5 (pbk), OCLC 28148201; 4-8337-8583-8 (Japanese translation) %W http://www.useit.com/jakob/hthmbook.html %K Hypertext Hypermedia %Y Preface 1. Defining Hypertext and Hypermedia 2. An Example of a Hypertext System 3. The History of Hypertext 4. Applications of Hypertext 5. Major Current Hypertext Systems 6. The Architecture of Hypertext Systems 7. Hardware Support for Hypertext 8. Navigating Large Information Spaces 9. Hypertext Usability 10. Writing Hypertexts 11. Converting Existing Text to Hypertext 12. The Future of Hypertext Appendix A. Some Hypertext Products and Vendors Appendix B. Annotated Bibliography Index %M B.Nielsen.93 9/25/93 gp %0 BOOK %T Usability Engineering %A Jakob Nielsen %D 1993 %P xiv + 358 %C Boston, MA %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12-518405-0 (hardcover), OCLC 27640655; 0-12-518406-9 (paperback) %Y Preface Audience Teaching Usability Engineering 1 Executive Summary 1.1 Cost Savings 1.2 Usability Now! 1.3 Usability Slogans Your Best Guess Is Not Good Enough The User Is Always Right The User Is Not Always Right Users Are Not Designers Designers Are Not Users Vice Presidents Are Not Users Less Is More Details Matter Help Doesn't Usability Engineering Is Process 1.4 Discount Usability Engineering Scenarios Simplified Thinking Aloud Heuristic Evaluation 1.5 Recipe For Action 2 What Is Usability? 2.1 Usability and Other Considerations 2.2 Definition of Usability Learnability Efficiency of Use Memorability Few and Noncatastrophic Errors Subjective Satisfaction 2.3 Example: Measuring the Usability of Icons 2.4 Usability Trade-Offs 2.5 Categories of Users and Individual User Differences 3 Generations of User Interfaces 3.1 Batch Systems 3.2 Line-Oriented Interfaces 3.3 Full-Screen Interfaces Menu Hierarchies 3.4 Graphical User Interfaces 3.5 Next-Generation Interfaces 3.6 Long-Term Trends in Usability 4 The Usability Engineering Lifecycle 4.1 Know the User Individual User Characteristics Task Analysis Functional Analysis The Evolution of the User 4.2 Competitive Analysis 4.3 Goal Setting Financial Impact Analysis 4.4 Parallel Design 4.5 Participatory Design 4.6 Coordinating the Total Interface 4.7 Guidelines and Heuristic Evaluation 4.8 Prototyping Scenarios 4.9 Interface Evaluation Severity Ratings 4.10 Iterative Design Capture the Design Rationale 4.11 Follow-Up Studies of Installed Systems 4.12 Meta-Methods 4.13 Prioritizing Usability Activities 4.14 Be Prepared 5 Usability Heuristics 5.1 Simple and Natural Dialogue Graphic Design and Color Less Is More 5.2 Speak the Users' Language Mappings and Metaphors 5.3 Minimize User Memory Load 5.4 Consistency 5.5 Feedback Response Time System Failure 5.6 Clearly Marked Exits 5.7 Shortcuts 5.8 Good Error Messages Multiple-Level Messages 5.9 Prevent Errors Avoid Modes 5.10 Help and Documentation A Model of Documentation Use The Minimal Manual 5.11 Heuristic Evaluation Effect of Evaluator Expertise 6 Usability Testing Reliability Validity 6.1 Test Goals and Test Plans Test Plans Test Budget Pilot Tests 6.2 Getting Test Users Novice versus Expert Users Between-Subjects versus Within-Subjects Testing 6.3 Choosing Experimenters 6.4 Ethical Aspects of Tests with Human Subjects 6.5 Test Tasks 6.6 Stages of a Test Preparation Introduction Running the Test Debriefing 6.7 Performance Measurement 6.8 Thinking Aloud Constructive Interaction Retrospective Testing Coaching Method 6.9 Usability Laboratories To Videotape or Not Cameraless Videotaping Portable Usability Laboratories Usability Kiosks 7 Usability Assessment Methods beyond Testing 7.1 Observation 7.2 Questionnaires and Interviews 7.3 Focus Groups 7.4 Logging Actual Use Combining Logging with Follow-Up Interviews 7.5 User Feedback 7.6 Choosing Usability Methods Combining Usability Methods 8 Interface Standards User Benefits from Consistency and Standards Vendor Benefits from Consistency and Standards The Dangers of Standards 8.1 National, International and Vendor Standards 8.2 Producing Usable In-House Standards 9 International User Interfaces 9.1 International Graphical Interfaces Gestural Interfaces 9.2 International Usability Engineering 9.3 Guidelines for Internationalization Characters Numbers and Currency Time and Measurement Units Don't Despair 9.4 Resource Separation 9.5 Multilocale Interfaces 10 Future Developments 10.1 Theoretical Solutions 10.2 Technological Solutions 10.3 CAUSE Tools: Computer-Aided Usability Engineering 10.4 Technology Transfer Appendix A Exercises Hints Appendix B Bibliography B.1 Conference Proceedings B.2 Journals B.3 Introductions and Textbooks B.4 Handbook B.5 Reprint Collections B.6 Important Monographs and Collections of Original Papers B.7 Guidelines Style Guides B.8 Videotapes B.9 Other Bibliographies Bibliographic Databases %W http://www.useit.com/jakob/useengbook.html %M B.Nielsen.95 %0 BOOK %T Multimedia and Hypertext: The Internet and Beyond %A Jakob Nielsen %D 1995 %P 480 %I Academic Press %S Professional %G ISBN 0-12518408-5 %Y Preface 1. Defining Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Multimedia 2. An Example of a Hypertext System 3. The History of Hypertext 4. Applications of Hypertext 5. The Architecture of Hypertext Systems 6. Hardware Support for Hypertext 7. Hypertext on the Internet 8. Coping with Information Overload 9. Navigating Large Information Spaces 10. Hypertext Usability 11. Multimedia Authoring 12. Repurposing Existing Content 13. The Future of Multimedia and Hypertext Appendix: Annotated Bibliography %W http://www.useit.com/jakob/mmhtbook.html %M B.Nielsen.99 %0 BOOK %T Designing Web Usability: The Practice of Simplicity %A Jakob Nielsen %I New Riders Publishing %G ISBN 1-56205-810-X %D 1999 %P 432 %W http://www.useit.com/jakob/webusability/ %Y Introduction: Why Web Usability? Page Design Content Design Site Design Intranet Design Accessibility for Users with Disabilities International Use: Serving a Global Audience Future Predictions: The Only Web Constant Is Change Conclusion: Simplicity in Web Design Recommended Readings %M B.Nielsen.02 %0 BOOK %T Homepage usability : 50 websites deconstructed %A Jakob Nielsen %A Marie Tahir %D 2002 %P 315 %I New Riders %G ISBN 0-7357-1102-X %M B.Ninness.2000 %0 BOOK %T School and Behavioral Psychology : Applied Research in Human-Computer Interactions, Functional Assessment and Treatment %A H. A. Chris Ninness %A Glen McCuller %A Lisa Ozenne %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-7975-6 %D 2000 %P 199 %Y 1. Autonomic Learning 2. Lucy in the Sky: Learning Without Language 3. The Evolution of Language and Rule-Governed Behavior 4. An Experimental Analysis of Rule-Governed Behavior and Human-Computer Interactions 5. Computer-Interactive Functional Assessments 6. Learning to Behave Yourself %M B.Nogier.01 %0 BOOK %A Jean-Francois Nogier %T De l'ergonomie du logiciel au design des sites web (Software ergonomics for the design of Web sites) %G ISBN 2-10005833-9 %I Dunod %P 250 %D 2001 %O French language book %Y 1 : Critiques Ergonomiques 2 : L'Ecran 3 : Le dialogue homme-machine 4 : Les erreurs et l'aide en ligne 5 : Conception des sites web 6 : La navigation web 7 : La page web 8 : Pratique de l'utilisabilie Conclusion Annexes A. L'etre humain en situation de travail B. Check-list de conception d'un site web %M B.Norlin.02 %0 BOOK %T Usability testing for library websites : a hands-on guide %A Elaina Norlin %A C. M. Winters %P 112 %G ISBN 0-83893511-7 %I American Library Association %D 2002 %M B.Norman.88 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T The Psychology of Everyday Things %A Donald A. Norman %D 1988 %P 257 %C New York %I Basic Books %G ISBN 0-465-06709-3, OCLC %G TS 171.4.N67 %O Reissued as The Design of Everyday Things, 1990, Doubleday ISBN 0-385-26774-6 (paperback) %Y 1 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things 2 The Psychology of Everyday Actions 3 Knowledge in the Head and in the World 4 Knowing What to Do 5 To Err Is Human 6 The Design Challenge 7 User-Centered Design Notes Suggested Readings %M B.Norman.90 %0 BOOK %T The Design of Everyday Things %A Donald A. Norman %D 1990 %P 257 %C New York %I Doubleday %G ISBN 0-385-26774-6 %O Previously published as The Psychology of Everyday Things, 1988. %Y 1 The Psychopathology of Everyday Things 2 The Psychology of Everyday Actions 3 Knowledge in the Head and in the World 4 Knowing What to Do 5 To Err Is Human 6 The Design Challenge 7 User-Centered Design Notes Suggested Readings %M B.Norman.91 4/27/93 gp %0 BOOK %T The Psychology of Menu Selection: Designing Cognitive Control of the Human/Computer Interface %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %A Kent L. Norman %D 1991 %P 352 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %G ISBN 0-89391-553-X, OCLC 22275113 %K hci-sites:books %W http://lap.umd.edu/POMSfolder/pomsHome.html %I Intellect %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/norman/menu.htm %Y I: THE THEORY AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MENU SELECTION SYSTEMS (1) 1. Introduction to the Theory of Control at the Human/Computer Interface (3) 2. Types of Menus and Cognitive Structures (25) 3. Tasks and Flow of Control (47) 4. Cognitive Elements of Menu Selection (77) II. DESIGN GUIDELINES FROM EMPIRICAL RESEARCH (113) 5. Research Issues and Methods in Menu Selection (115) 6. Formatting and Phrasing the Menu (126) 7. Performance, Acquisition, and Training Methods (159) 8. Depth versus Breadth in Hierarchical Menu Trees (189) 9. Search Behavior in Hierarchical Menu Structures (214) 10. Rapid Access Menus (237) III: IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF MENU SYSTEMS (259) 11. Clustering of Menus (261) 12. Prototyping and Evaluation of Menu Selection Systems (281) 13. The Future of Menu Selection (305) References (323) Appendix: Checklist for Menu Design with Cross-References to Sections in the Text (334) Author Index (341) Subject Index (345) %M B.Norman.92 %0 BOOK %T Turn Signals Are the Facial Expressions of Automobiles %A Donald A. Norman %D 1992 %C Reading, Massachusetts %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-58124-8 hdbk; 0-201-62236-X ppbk, OCLC 24671087 %Y 1. I Go to a Sixth Grade Play 2. Design Follies 3. The Home Magazine Kitchen 4. Refrigerator Doors and Message Centers 5. High-Technology Gadgets 6. The Teddy 7. How Long is Noon? 8. Real Time 9. Nature's Packaging 10. Evolution versus Design 11. Turn Signals are the Facial Expressions of Automobiles 12. Book Jackets and Science 13. Brain Power 14. Hofstadter's Law 15. One Chance in a Million 16. Coffee Cups in the Cockpit 17. Writing as Design, Design as Writing %M B.Norman.93 10/1/93 gp %0 BOOK %T Things That Make Us Smart: Defending Human Attributes in the Age of the Machine %A Donald A. Norman %D 1993 %C Reading, Massachusetts %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-58129-9 %I Perseus %G ISBN 0-201-62695-0 %M B.Norman.98 %A Donald A. Norman %0 BOOK %T The Invisible Computer: Why Good Products Can Fail, the Personal Computer Is So Complex and Information Appliances Are the Solution %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-26214065-9 %D 1998 %P 340 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262140659 %Y 1 Drop Everything You're Doing 2 Growing Up: Moving from Technology-Centered to Human-Centered Products 3 The Move to Information Appliances 4 What's Wrong with the PC? 5 There Is No Magical Cure 6 The Power of Infrastructure 7 Being Analog 8 Why Is Everything So Difficult to Use? 9 Human-Centered Development 10 Want Human-Centered Development? Reorganize the Company 11 Disruptive Technologies 12 A World of Information Appliances Appendix Examples of Information Appliances %M B.Noyes.99 %0 BOOK %T User-centered design of systems %A Janet M. Noyes %A Christopher Baber %D 1999 %P 222 %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN: 3-54076007-5 %M B.Noyes.01 %0 BOOK %T Designing for humans %A Janet M. Noyes %D 2001 %P 215 %I Psychology Press %G ISBN: 0-41522721-6; 0-41522722-4 (pbk.) %M B.NRC.83 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Research Needs for Human Factors %Q National Research Council, Committee on Human Factors %D 1983 %P 160 %C Washington, DC %I National Academy Press %M B.Oborne.85 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Computers at Work: A Behavioural Approach %A David J. Oborne %D 1985 %P 420 %C Chichester, England %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-47190410-4 %M B.ODonnell.94 98-05-18 gp %0 BOOK %T Programming for the World: A guide to Internationalization %A Sandra Martin O'Donnell %D 1994 %P 440 %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I PTR Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-722190-8 %K software localization; internationalization; globalization %Y 1. Introducing the World 2. A World of Differences 3. Designing for the World 4. Encoding Characters 5. Locales 6. Supporting Multiple Encodings 7. Input and Output 8. Processing International Data 9. Program Messages 10. What Doesn't Change 11. Documenting the World 12. Multilingual and Distributed Computing Appendix A: Defining a Locale Appendix B: Input Methods Appendix C: For More Information Appendix D: Acronyms Appendix E: Standard Control Characters %M B.Olsen.92 4/27/93 gp %0 BOOK %T User Interface Management Systems: Models and Algorithms %A Dan R. Olsen, Jr. %D 1992 %P 231 %C Mountain View, CA %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 1-55860-220-8, OCLC 24701052 %Y 1. Introduction 2. UIMS Architectures 3. State Machine UIMSs 4. Grammar UIMSs 5. Event-based UIMSs 6. Production Systems 7. Dialog Trees 8. Language UIMS Models 9. Constraint Systems for Visual Presentation 10. Editing Dialog Models 11. Interface Quality %M B.Olsen.98 %0 BOOK %T Developing User Interfaces %A Dan R. Olsen, Jr. %D 1998 %P 414 %C Mountain View, California %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 1-55860-418-9, OCLC %Y 1 Introduction 2 Designing the Functional Model 3 Basic Computer Graphics 4 Basics of Event Handling 5 Basic Interaction 6 Widget Tool Kits 7 Interfaces from Widgets 8 Input Syntax 9 Geometry of Shapes 10 Geometric Transformations 11 Interacting with Geometry 12 Drawing Architectures 13 Cut, Copy, Paste 14 Monitoring the Interface: Undo, Groupware, and Macros %M B.Oravec.96 %0 BOOK %T Virtual Individuals, Virtual Groups: Human Dimensions of Groupware and Computer Networking %S Cambridge Series on Human-Computer Interaction, 11 %A Jo Ann Oravec %D 1996 %P 389 %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-52145493-X %Y Introduction 1. Evolution of computer application genres: Groupware and other network-based system applications 2. On the infinite variety of virtual entities 3. The shape of groups to come: Efforts to define, label, explain, and model collaborative activity 4. Shaped resources and spaces: Lessons from the use of desks, tables, whiteboards, office settings, and video 5. Cultural objects and technological dreams: Dependence, autonomy, and intellectual augmentation 6. Privacy, anonymity, and agency: Applications of computer networking and the development of social analogues 7. Toward a genre-responsive design approach for computing applications %M B.OSF.91 9/30/93 Samu Mielonen f1sami@uta.fi Univ. of Tampere, Finland %0 BOOK %T OSF/Motif Style Guide %Q Open Software Foundation %D 1991 %N revision 1.1 (for OSF/Motif release 1.1) %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-640616-5 %K OFS/Motif Style Guidelines %O Superseded by revision 1.2 %M B.OSF.93 1/9/94 gp %0 BOOK %T OSF/Motif Style Guide %Q Open Software Foundation %D 1993 %N revision 1.2 (for OSF/Motif release 1.2) %C Englewood Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-643123-2, OCLC 27405726 %K OFS/Motif Style Guidelines %M B.Paciello.2000 %0 BOOK %T Web Accessibility for People With Disabilities %A Michael G. Paciello %D 2000 %P 392 %I CMP Books %G ISBN: 1-92962908-7 %M B.Paterno.99 %0 BOOK %I Springer-Verlag %D 1999 %P 208 %G ISBN 1-85233-155-0 %T Model-Based Design and Evaluation of Interactive Applications %A Fabio Paterno %S Applied Computing %W http://www.springer.co.uk/com_pubs/ct_mbde.htm %W http://giove.cnuce.cnr.it/~fabio/mbde.html %K User Interfaces; Software Engineering; System Performance and Evaluation %Y 1. Introduction: Why Model-Based Design and Evaluation of Interactive Applications? Basic Concepts Structure of the book and intended audience Other sources of information 2. Model-Based Approaches: Task-Oriented Approaches GOMS The cycle of Norman Task Analysis methods UAN Petri Nets UML Exercises 3. Task Elicitation: Scenarios Use Cases Task Analysis Support for task identification in informal scenarios Task and errors Exercises 4. The ConcurTaskTrees Notation: Introduction to ConcurTaskTrees Task Allocation Temporal Relationships Task Types Additional Information Associated with Tasks Structuring the Task Model Example of ConcurTaskTrees Specification Tool Support Task Models for Co-operative Applications Exercises 5. Task-Based Design: Approaches to Designing Presentations Criteria for Designing User Interfaces Criteria to Group Tasks to be Supported by the Same Presentation Designing User Interfaces with the Support of the Task Model An Example Tasks for Accessing Databases Task-Oriented Help Adaptability Adaptivity Concluding Remarks Exercises 6. Architectural Models of Interactive Applications: Software Architectures for User Interfaces The Interactor Model Composition Operators for Interactors From the Task Model to the User Interface Architecture Model The Transformation Algorithm Creations of Connections among Interactors to Support the Information Flow Example of Application of the Transformation Exercises 7. Patterns in Interactive Applications: Introduction Patterns How to Represent a Task Pattern An Example of Task Pattern Architectural Patterns An Example of Architectural Pattern Relationships between Tasks and Architectural Patterns Tool Support for Patterns Comments on Patterns Exercises 8. Usability Evaluation: Criteria for User Interface Evaluation Introduction to Approaches to Usability Evaluation Examples of Methods for Usability Evaluation Remote Usability Evaluation The RemUsine Method Evaluation of RemUsine Exercises 9. Conclusions: Summarising the Results described Suggestions for Open Areas of Interest References Index %M B.Parker.96 1998-10-28 %0 BOOK %T Looking Good in Print %A Roger C. Parker %A Carrie Beverly %D 1996 %O Includes CD-ROM %I Ventana Communications Group Inc. %G ISBN: 1-566044-71-5 %Y Introduction 1. Getting Started 2. Tools of Organization 3. The Architecture of Type 4. Building Blocks of Design 5. The Art of Illustration 6. Information Graphics 7. Communicating With Photographs 8. Working With Color 9. Working With Service Bureaus 10. Distribution Media: Newsletters, Tabloids & Newspapers 11. Sales Materials 12. Business Communication 13. Advertising Materials: Response & Collection 14. Common Design Pitfalls 15. Redesign A. About the Companion CD-ROM B. Clip Art, Photographs & Font Resources C. Resources for Desktop Publishers %M B.Pearrow.2000 %0 BOOK %T Web Site Usability Handbook %A Mark Pearrow %D 2000 %I Charles River Media %G ISBN: 1-58450026-3 %P 350 %O with DS-ROM %Y Getting Started Introduction to Usability Human Factors User Centered Design Usability and the Web Usability Toolbox Usability Tools and Techniques Heuristic Evaluation Scientific Approach Usability Testing Putting It All Together Creating a Usability Program Transforming Data into Change Web Site Usability Lifecycle %M B.Peters.99 %0 BOOK %T Computerized monitoring and online privacy %A Thomas A. Peters %D 1999 %P 402 %I McFarland & Co. %G ISBN: 0-78640706-9 %M B.Pfaffenberger.97 %0 BOOK %T The Elements of Hypertext Style %A Bryan Pfaffenberger %I Academic Press %S Professional %G ISBN 0-12553142-7 %D 1997 %P 297 %M B.Picard.97 %0 BOOK %T Affective Computing %A Rosalind W. Picard %P 275 %D 1997 %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-16170-2 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262161702 %Y Introduction I ENVISIONING AFFECTIVE COMPUTING 1 Emotions Are Physical and Cognitive 2 Affective Computers 3 Applications of Affective Computing 4 Potential Concerns II BUILDING AFFECTIVE COMPUTING 5 Affective Signals and Systems 6 Recognizing and Expressing Affect 7 Emotion Synthesis 8 Affective Wearables Summary %M B.Powazek.01 %0 BOOK %T Design for Community: The Art of Connecting Real People in Virtual Places %A Derek M. Powazek %D 2001 %P 336 %I New Riders Publishing %G ISBN 0-7357-1075-9 %Y 1. Is This Trip Really Necessary? ... What to Know Before You Begin 2. Content Comes First ... Give Your Community Something to Talk About 3. Design Matters ... Architectural and Visual Design for Successful Communities 4. Tools for Doing the Heavy Lifting ... How to Power Your Community 5. Policies and Policing ... Setting, Communicating, and Enforcing the Rules 6. Moderation, Karma, and Flame Bait ... How to Survive Your Own Users 7. Chat, Cams, and Virtual Intimacy ... Seeing Computers as Intimacy Devices 8. Barriers to Entry ... Making Them Work for It 9. Email Keeps the Conversation Alive ... Community That Comes to You 10. Commerce Communities ... How to Keep Money from Screwing Everything Up 11. Killing Your Community ... Nothing Gold Can Stay 12. What's Next? ... Back to the Future Postscript. Where Do We Go from Here? %M B.Powell.90 %0 BOOK %T Designing user interfaces %A James E. Powell %D 1990 %P 390 %I Microtrend Books %G 0-915391-40-6, OCLC 22382313 %M B.Preece.94 4/22/94 gp %0 BOOK %T Human-Computer Interaction %A Jenny Preece %A Yvonne Rogers %A Helen Sharp %A David Benyon %A Simon Holland %A Tom Carey %D 1994 %P 773 %C Reading, Mass. %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-62769-8, OCLC 35598754 %Y I. INTRODUCTION (1) 1. What is HCI? (3) 2. Components of HCI (29) Interview with Terry Winograd (53) II. HUMANS AND TECHNOLOGY: HUMANS (55) Interview with Donald Norman (59) 3. Cognitive Frameworks for HCI (61) 4. Perception and Representation (75) 5. Attention and Memory Constraints (99) 6. Knowledge and Mental Models (123) 7. Interface Metaphors and Conceptual Models (141) 8. Learning in Context (155) 9. Social Aspects (173) 10. Organizational Aspects (185) Interview with Marilyn Mantei (201) III. HUMANS AND TECHNOLOGY: TECHNOLOGY (203) Interview with Ben Shneiderman (207) 11. Input (211) 12. Output (237) 13. Interaction Styles (261) 14. Designing Window Systems (285) 15. User Support and On-Line Information (307) 16. Designing for Collaborative Work and Virtual Environments (325) Interview with Roy Kalawsky (343) IV. INTERACTION DESIGN: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES (345) Interview with Tom Moran (349) 17. Principles of User-Centred Design (351) 18. Methods for User-Centred Design (371) 19. Requirements Gathering (383) 20. Task Analysis (409) 21. Structured HCI Design (431) 22. Envisioning Design (451) V. INTERACTION DESIGN: SUPPORT FOR DESIGNERS (465) Interview with Bill Verplank (467) 23. Supporting Design (469) 24. Guidelines: Principles and Rules (487) 25. Standards and Metrics (501) 26. Design Rationale (523) 27. Prototyping (537) 28. Software Support (565) Interview with Deborah Hix (593) VI. INTERACTION DESIGN: EVALUATION (595) Interview with Brian Shackel (599) 29. The Role of Evaluation (601) 30. Usage Data: Observations, Monitoring, Users' Opinions (615) 31. Experiments and Benchmarking (641) 32. Interpretive Evaluation (657) 33. Predictive Evaluation (671) 34. Comparing Methods (691) Glossary (709) Solutions to Questions (725) References (745) Index (761) %W http://www.acm.org/~perlman/preece.html Review from SIGCHI Bulletin %M B.Preece.2000 %0 BOOK %T Online Communities: Designing Usability and Supporting Sociability %A Jenny Preece %D 2000 %G ISBN 0-471-80599-8 %I John Wiley & Sons %P 464 %W http://www.ifsm.umbc.edu/onlinecommunities/ %Y PART ONE: GETTING ACQUAINTED 1 Introduction 2 Community Tours 3 Sociability: Purpose, People and Polices 4 Usability: Tasks, Users, Software 5 Research Speaks to Practice: Interpersonal Communication 6 Research Speaks to Practice: Groups PART TWO: DEVELOPING ONLINE COMMUNITIES 7 Community-Centered Development 8 Selecting Software 9 Guidelines: Sociability and Usability 10 Assessing Needs and Evaluating Communities 11 Development Case Studies 12 Looking to the Future %M B.Price.84 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T How to Write a Computer Manual %A Jonathan Price %D 1984 %P 295 %G ISBN 0-80536870-1 %C Menlo Park, CA %I Benjamin/Cummings Publishing %M B.Preece.02 %0 BOOK %W http://www.wiley.co.uk/interactiondesign/ Publisher Information %W http://www.ID-Book.com/ Companion Website (February 2002) %T Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction %A Jenny Preece %A Yvonne Rogers %A Helen Sharp %G ISBN 0-471-49278-7, OCLC 48265540 %P 544 %D 2002 %I John Wiley & Sons %Y Preface + Gary Perlman 1. What is interaction design? Interview with Gitta Saloman 2. Understanding conceptualizing interaction Interview with Terry Winograd 3. Understanding users 4. Designing for collaboration and communication Interview with Abigail Sellen 5. Understanding how interfaces affect users 6. The process of interaction design Interview with Gillian Crampton Smith 7. Identifying needs and establishing requirements Interview with Suzanne Robertson 8. Design, prototyping and construction 9. User-centred approaches to interaction design Interview with Karen Holtzblatt 10. Introducing evaluation 11. An evaluation framework 12. Observing users Interview with Sara Bly 13. Asking users and experts Interview with Jakob Nielsen 14. Testing and modeling users Interview with Ben Shneiderman 15. Doing design and evaluation in the real world: communicators and advisory systems %M B.Price.93 9/25/93 gp %0 BOOK %T How to Communicate Technical Information: A Handbook of Software and Hardware Documentation %A Jonathan Price %A Henry Korman %D 1993 %P 325 %O Second Edition %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %I Benjamin/Cummings Publishing %G ISBN 0-80536829-9 (pbk) %Y 1. PLANNING 1. The Project Cycle - What You Do at Each Stage 2. Gathering Information 3. Understanding Your Audience and Their Work 4. Learning the Product 5. Planning the Documentation 6. Developing a Schedule and Estimating Costs 7. As You Work 2. WRITING 8. Openers - Tables of Contents and Introductions 9. Getting Users Started 10. Tutorials 11. Computer-Based Training 12. Procedures 13. Reference Materials 14. Indexes and Glossaries 15. Job Aids or Quick Reference Cards 16. Online Help 3. REVISING 17. Getting feedback 18. Rewriting Drafts 19. Refining Your Style 20. Updating a Manual 21. Reviewing Someone Else's Manual %M B.Proctor.94 %0 BOOK %T Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems %A Robert W. Proctor %A Trisha Van Zandt %D 1994 %C Boston, MA %I Allyn & Bacon %G ISBN 0-205-13999-X; OCLC 27814490 %Y Foreword 1. FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN FACTORS 1. Historical Foundations of Human Factors 2. Research Methods in Human Factors 3. Reliability and Human Error in Systems 4. Human Information Processing 2. PERCEPTUAL FACTORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 5. Sensory Input 6. Perception of Basic Properties 7. Perception of Objects in the World 8. The Display of Visual, Auditory, and Tactile Information 3. COGNITIVE FACTORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 9. Attention and the Assessment of Mental Workload 10. Retention and Comprehension of Information 11. Solving Problems and Making Decisions 12. Experts and Expert Systems 4. MOVEMENT FACTORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 13. Response Selection and Principles of Compatibility 14. Control of Movement 15. The Acquisition of Motor Skill 16. Controls and Controlling Actions 5. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 17. Anthropometrics and Workspace Design 18. The Physical Environment 19. Human Resource Management 20. Human-Computer Interaction 21. The Practice of Human Factors Appendix 1 Areas under the Standard Normal Curve from the z to Infinity Appendix 2 Values of log{sub:2}n and -p log{sub:2}p Glossary %M B.Rada.95 %D 1995 %0 BOOK %T Interactive Media %A Roy Rada %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN 0-38794485-0 %P 242 %Y Preface 1. Introduction 2. Human-Computer Interaction 3. Hypertext 4. Multimedia 5. Hypermedia 6. Group and Groupware Principles 7. Groupware Applications 8. The Organization 9. Networks and their Applications 10. Organizational Case Studies 11. Conclusion 12. Exercises 13. Selected Abbreviations %M B.Raman.97 %0 BOOK %T Auditory User Interfaces: Toward the Speaking Computer %A T. V. Raman %D 1997 %P 168 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-9984-6 %G ISBN 0-7923-9984-6 %Y Preface Acknowledgements 1. SPEECH-ENABLED APPLICATIONS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 What Is UI? 1.3 Alternative Modes of Interaction 1.4 Retrofitting Spoken Interaction 1.5 The Speech-enabling Approach 1.6 Separating Computation From User Interface 2. NUTS AND BOLTS OF AUDITORY INTERFACES 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Speech Synthesis 2.3 Speech Recognition 2.4 Digital Signal Processing Techniques 2.5 Auditory Displays And Audio Formatting 2.6 Interactive User Interface Development 3. THE AUDIO DESKTOP 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Visual Desktop 3.3 Conversational Gestures 3.4 Choosing Abstractions For The Audio Desktop 4. CONCRETE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN AUDIO DESKTOP 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Basic Services For Speech-enabling The Desktop 4.3 The Emacspeak Desktop 4.4 Speech-enabled Editing Tools 4.5 Structured Editing And Templates 4.6 Browsing Structured Information 4.7 Information Management On The Audio Desktop 4.8 Speech-enabled Messaging Tools 4.9 Editing Program Source 4.10 Software Development Environment 4.11 Technique Used To Speech-enable Emacs 4.12 Thanking The Emacs Community 5. SPEECH-ENABLING THE WWW 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Aural Information Access 5.3 Web Surfing Without A Monitor %M B.raskin.2000 %0 BOOK %T Humane Interface: New Directions for Designing Interactive Systems %A Jef Raskin %D 2000 %P 256 %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-37937-6 %W http://www.awl.com/product/0,2627,0201379376,00.html %Y Cognetics and the Locus of Attention Meanings, Modes, Monotony, and Myths Quantification Unification Navigation and Other Aspects of Humane Interfaces Interface Issues Outside the User Interface Appendix A: The One-Button Mouse History Appendix B: SwyftCard Interface Theory of Operation %M B.Ravden.89 11/7/90 gp %0 BOOK %T Evaluating Usability of Human-Computer Interfaces: A Practical Method %G ISBN 0-47021496-1; 0-74580614-7 %A Susannah J. Ravden %A Graham I. Johnson %D 1989 %P 126 %C Chichester, England %I John Wiley & Sons %Y I INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO THE METHOD 1 The Ideas Behind the Method 2 Overview of the Method II THE EVALUATION CHECKLIST IN DETAIL 3 The Evaluation Checklist 4 Detailed Explanations of Criterion-Based Sections III HOW TO EVALUATE A USER INTERFACE USING THE METHOD 5 How to Construct Tasks for the Evaluation 6 How to Conduct the Evaluation 7 How to Analyse the Results of the Evaluation Appendix: Case Studies %M B.Ray.85 4/27/92 gp/rmb %0 BOOK %T Methods Toward a Science of Behavior and Experience %O Second Edition %A W. J. Ray %A R. Ravizza %D 1985 %P 414 %G ISBN 0-53404041-1 %C Belmont, California %I Wadsworth Publishing %M B.Ray.88 %0 BOOK %T Methods Toward a Science of Behavior and Experience %O Third Edition %A William J. Ray %A Richard Ravizza %D 1988 %G ISBN 0-53408778-7 %P 373 %C Belmont, California %I Wadsworth Publishing %M B.Ray.93 %0 BOOK %T Methods Toward a Science of Behavior and Experience %O Fourth Edition %A William J. Ray %D 1993 %G ISBN 0-53417838-3 %P 471 %C Pacific Grove, California %I Brooks/Cole Publishing Company %M B.Ray.97 %0 BOOK %T Methods Toward a Science of Behavior and Experience %O Fifth Edition %A William J. Ray %D 1997 %G ISBN 0-53420346-9 %P 476 %C Pacific Grove, California %I Brooks/Cole Publishing Company %M B.Ray.99 %0 BOOK %T Methods Toward a Science of Behavior and Experience %O Sixth Edition %A William J. Ray %D 1999 %G ISBN 0-53435721-0 %P 496 %C Belmont, California %I Wadsworth %M B.Ray.95 %0 BOOK %T Technology, Computers, and the Special Needs Learner %A John R. Ray %A M. Kathleen Warden %A Kathleen Warden %D 1995 %P 240 %I Delmar Pub %G ISBN 0-82736476-8 %M B.Reason.90 1/1/93 lo %0 BOOK %T Human Error %A James Reason %D 1990 %P 302 %C New York, NY %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-521-31419-4 %Y 1 The Nature of Error (1-18) 2 Studies of Human Error (19-52) 3 Performance Levels and Error Types (53-96) 4 Cognitive Underspecification and Error Forms (97-124) 5 A Design for a Fallible Machine (125-147) 6 The Detection of Errors (148-172) 7 Latent Errors and Systems Disasters (173-216) 8 Assessing and Reducing the Human Error Risk (217-250) Appendix (251-257) References (258-290) Name Index Subject Index %M B.Redmill.97 %0 BOOK %T Human Factors in Safety-Critical Systems %A Felix Redmill %A Jane Rajan %I Butterworth-Heinemann %G ISBN 0-75062715-8 %D 1997 %Y Preface PART 1 SAFETY-CRITICAL SYSTEMS AND HUMAN RELIABILITY 1 Introducing Safety-critical Systems Felix Redmill 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Safety and Safety-critical Systems 1.3 The Human Element in Failure 1.4 A Consideration of Risk 1.5 Hazard and Risk Analysis 1.6 Designing for Safety 1.7 The Safety Case 1.8 Safety Culture 1.9 The Right Questions 2 The Causes of Human Error Deborah Lucas 2.1 The Aim of this Chapter 2.2 Human Error and Major Accidents 2.3 What Causes Human Errors? 2.4 Some Key Concepts and Distinctions 2.5 Cognitive Models of Human Error 2.6 Practical Use of Models of Error Causation 2.7 Conclusions 3 Human Reliability Assessment: Methods and Techniques Carlo Cacciabue 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Criteria for Classifying Human Factors Methods 3.3 Methodologies for Human Reliability Assessment 3.4 Methods and Techniques for Human Reliability Analysis 3.5 Comparison of Methods 3.6 Conclusions PART 2 HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 4 Introduction to HCI in Safety-critical systems Graham Storrs 4.1 What Makes HCI Design So Important? 4.2 What Makes HCI Design So Difficult? 4.3 Approaches To User Interface Design 4.4 Where Are The Hazards In User Interfaces? 4.5 Putting User Interfaces in Context 4.6 People Are Not Like Other System Components 4.7 Concluding Remarks 5 Specification of Safety-critical Systems Jeremy Clare 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Nature of Specifications 5.3 The Life Cycle Context 5.4 Risk Analysis in the Specification Process 5.5 Fault Tree Analysis for Supporting the Analysis of Likelihood in Risk Evaluation 5.6 Hazard Analysis of Human-centred Systems 5.7 Conclusions 6 Interface Design for Safety-critical Systems Jane Rajan 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Display Design Process 6.3 Structuring the Display System 6.4 Representation of Displayed Information 6.5 Abnormal and Emergency Operation 6.6 Conclusion 7 Training and Operator Support Andrew Shepherd 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Understanding the Task 7.3 Acquisition and Application of Skill 7.4 Making Training and Support Design Choices 7.5 Developing Support Aids for Operators 7.6 Ensuring Safe and Competent Operation through Training 7.7 Assessing Performance 7.8 Concluding Remarks 8 Design and Support for Abnormal Situations Jonathan Berman 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Behaviour in Abnormal Situations 8.3 Safety-based Support 8.4 Training Support 8.5 Conclusions PART 3 SOCIO-TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 9 Social Factors in Safety-critical Systems Ron Westrum 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Social Factors in the Design Process 9.3 The Conduct of Operations 9.4 Managing the Interfaces 9.5 Conclusion 10 Learning from Incidents at Work Florus Koornneef Andrew Hale 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Accident Models 10.3 Accident Analysis Techniques 10.4 The ISA System 10.5 Discussion 11 Procedural Violations - Causes, Costs and Cures Steve Mason 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Direct Motivators 11.3 Behaviour Modifiers 11.4 A Work Design Approach 11.5 Routine, Situational, Exceptional and Optimising Violations 11.6 Controlling Procedural Violations 11.7 The HFRG Violation Approach 11.8 Conclusions 12 The Treatment of Human Factors in Safety Cases David Collier 12.1 Regulation and Safety Cases 12.2 The Content of a Safety Case 12.3 Writing Safety Cases and Obtaining Regulatory Approval %M B.Redmond-Pyle.95 %0 BOOK %T Graphical User Interface Design and Evaluation: A Practical Process %K GUIDE %A David Redmond-Pyle %A Alan Moore %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13315193-X %D 1995 %M B.Reilly.96 %0 BOOK %T Rapid Prototyping; Moving to Business-Centric Development %G ISBN: 1-85032193-0 %P 286 %A John P. Reilly %D 1996 %I Thomson Computer Press %Y Introduction I. Rapid Application Prototyping 1. Introduction to RAP 2. Conceptualization 3. Visualization 4. Development, Transition, and Production II. RAP Techniques 5. Business Event Analysis 6. Parallel Decomposition 7. User Task Analysis 8. Evolutionary Prototyping A. RAP Work Breakdown Structure B. RAP and Business Process Reengineering (BPR) Glossary Select Bibliography %M B.Reiss.2000 %0 BOOK %T Practical Information Architecture: A Hands-On Approach to Structuring Successful Websites %A Eric L. Reiss %D 2000 %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN: 0-201-72590-8 %P 224 %Y PART I. CONSIDERATIONS 1. Setting the Scene Defining Information Architecture We All Learned The Basics Long Ago Who Needs to Know? So Who Is the Information Architect? What Skills Are Needed? Size Doesn't Matter (Much) You Have Both a Product and a Customer About Common Sense Structuring a Website Can't Be Learned in a Linear Fashion Heard All This Before (A Note to Experienced Information Architects) Defining a Few Terms 2. Defining the Task A Brief Introduction to the Site Development Process Setting Your Goals New Direct Sales Channel Streamline Existing Sales Routine Reduce the Need for Live Sales and Service Reps Reduce the Need for Pre-Printed Documentation Create Web Presence for Lead Generation Build Better Customer/Investor/Press Relationships Rescuing the Service Sector Keep Your Main Goal in Focus Defining Your Target Audience Chicken or Egg: Goals or Audience? Goals and Audience Must Be in Harmony Don't Take Goals for Granted Your Target Audience Also Has Goals Researching the Organization 3. Measuring Your Success Measuring Time and Money And When You're Up and Running ... Customer Satisfaction Surveys Cannibalization of Existing Sales Channels 4. Defining the Content Information Chunking Wish Lists A Structure Starts to Develop Role Playing Retain Your Primary Point of View Reviewing Competing Websites Teamwork or Lonely Nights The Post-It Technique Process or Outcome 5. Providing Useful Services User Experience and Online Brand-Building The Battle for Share of Mind Why People Visit in the First Place Why People Come Back A Review of Basic Computer Capabilities A Note to Technically Minded Readers And for Everybody Else A (Very) Short History of the Computer Revolution Make Your Product the "Hero" 6. Ensuring Successful Online Sales Building Shared References Putting Things in Perspective (Literally) ... and Figuratively The Shared Reference Test Establishing Trust A Few Common Tricks of the Trade The Ebay Feedback System Keep the Sales Process Moving Keep It Simple for Users Objections to Online Sales Different Prices from Market to Market Prices Vary from Customer to Customer Not All Products Are Available in All Markets 7. Deciding on the Type of Site Generic Types Functional Sites Topical Sites Generic Techniques Multi-Target Sites Associative Sites Generic Styles Newsletter Sites Image Sites Tile Sites Traditional Sites Search Sites Hobby Sites Evolution on the Web On a Related Note ... II. MECHANICS 8. Putting Together the First Structure What You Want to Accomplish What Are You Going to Put on the First Page? Getting Started Menu Length: The Myth of "Seven, Plus or Minus Two" So What's the Proper Number of Menu Items? Sets of Menu Items and Completeness Developing Homogeneous Systems An Example of Main Page and Menu Considerations Wide and Narrow? Good Structures Are Invisible One Step at a Time Structuring from the Bottom Up 9. Getting It Down on Paper Post-Its -- Again Written Outlines Mindmapping Electronic Applications Numbering Systems Making Notes About Specific Content 10. Calling Things by Their Right Name Speak Your Audience's Language Be Consistent IA Snafus Eliminating Doubt Improving the Scent Cute Labels The Graphic Designer's (I)Con Game You Can't Brainstorm Labels 11. Structuring the Lower Levels The Pros and Cons of Shell Structures Ensuring You Have Editorial Content on Each Page Levels of Detail Visitors Should Be Able to Anticipate Levels of Detail Optimum Editorial Content Length One Final Note 12. Getting the Most Out of Hyperlinks Contextual Navigation Dynamic Billboards Getting Lost Through Hypertext Visitors Like Hyperlinks Orphaned Subsites Avoid Run-On Hyperlinks Short Links Orphaned Links Splashes and Other Eyecatchers Recommended Reading 13. Adding Secondary Features Home (Main Menu) Contact Feedback Site Maps Site Indexes Disclaimers What's New About This Site First-Time Visitors Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Quick Links Search Search Engine Options Typical Search Engine Problems III. FINE-TUNING 14. Refining the First Structure Input from the Team Reviewing the Structure Language Content Navigation and Links Individual Pages Goals and Growth A Final Note 15. Building a Subsite Typical Subsites When Do You Need a Subsite? Accessing the Subsite Reusing Information Reusing Design and Navigation When to Create New Design and Navigation Adapting Existing Information from a CD-ROM Guided Tours Providing Real Value 16. Talking to a Specific Audience Building One-to-One Relationships Creating a Depth-Segmented Sites Profiled Subsites Asking Questions Adaptive Navigation 17. Moving on to the Production Phase The Production Phase Where Designers and Architects Clash: Labels Working With Content Providers 18. Testing the Usability What It's All About Heuristic Evaluations Testing With Pencil and Paper Testing a Simple Navigational Interface Testing a Structural Prototype Testing a Complex Navigational Interface Full-Blown Beta-Testing 19. Looking Forward The Advent of WAP What Is WAP What Can WAP Do? How Does WAP Work? Why Surf on a Five-Line Screen? What's the New Role of the Information Architect? The Death of the PC? The Future of Traditional Websites Easier Content-Management Interfaces Better Electronic Tools for Information Architects Better Window Shopping The Value of External Links More Effective Use of Metadata Keeping Websites Legal Increased Emphasis on Personalization A Final Thought Appendix: Sample Editorial Content Forms Glossary Further Reading List Index %M B.Rheingold.2000 %0 BOOK %T Tools for Thought -- The History and Future of Mind-Expanding Technology %A Howard Rheingold %D 2000 %P 336 %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-262-68115-3 %Y 1 The Computer Revolution Hasn't Happened Yet 2 The First Programmer Was a Lady 3 The First Hacker and his Imaginary Machine 4 Johnny Builds Bombs and Johnny Builds Brains 5 Ex-Prodigies and Antiaircraft Guns 6 Inside Information 7 Machines to Think With 8 Witness to History: The Mascot of Project Mac 9 The Loneliness of a Long-Distance Thinker 10 The New Old Boys from the ARPAnet 11 The Birth of the Fantasy Amplifier 12 Brenda and the Future Squad 13 Knowledge Engineers and Epistemological Entrepreneurs 14 Xanadu, Network Culture, and Beyond Afterword %X The digital revolution did not begin with the teenage millionaires of Silicon Valley, claims Howard Rheingold, but with such early intellectual giants as Charles Babbage, George Boole, and John von Neumann. In a highly engaging style, Rheingold tells the story of what he calls the patriarchs, pioneers, and infonauts of the computer, focusing in particular on such pioneers as J. C. R. Licklider, Doug Engelbart, Bob Taylor, and Alan Kay. Taking the reader step by step from nineteenth-century mathematics to contemporary computing, he introduces a fascinating collection of eccentrics, mavericks, geniuses, and visionaries. The book was originally published in 1985, and Rheingold's attempt to envision computing in the 1990s turns out to have been remarkably prescient. This edition contains an afterword, in which Rheingold interviews some of the pioneers discussed in the book. As an exercise in what he calls "retrospective futurism," Rheingold also looks back at how he looked forward. %M B.Roebuck.75 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Engineering Anthropometry Methods %A John A. Roebuck %A K. H. E. Kroemer %A Walter Gary Thomson %D 1975 %P 459 %G ISBN 0-471-72975-2 %C New York, NY %I John Wiley & Sons %M B.Rosenfeld.98 %0 BOOK %T Information Architecture for the World Wide Web %A Louis Rosenfeld %A Peter Morville %D 1998 %P 202 %I O'Reilly & Associates %G ISBN 1-56592-282-4 %W http://www.argus-acia.com/ Argus Center for Information Architecture %Y 1. What Makes a Web Site Work 2. Introduction to Information Architecture 3. Organizing Information 4. Designing Navigation Systems 5. Labeling Systems 6. Searching Systems 7. Research 8. Conceptual Design 9. Production and Operations 10. Information Architecture in Action Selected Bibliography %M B.Rosenfeld.02 %0 BOOK %T Information Architecture for the World Wide Web %O Second Edition %A Louis Rosenfeld %A Peter Morville %D 2002 %P 486 %I O'Reilly & Associates %G ISBN 0-596-00035-9 %W http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/infotecture2/ %Y Part I. Introducing Information Architecture 1. Defining Information Architecture A Definition Tablets, Scrolls, Books, and Libraries Explaining IA to Others What Isn't Information Architecture? Why Information Architecture Matters Bringing Our Work to Life 2. Practicing Information Architecture Do We Need Information Architects? Who's Qualified to Practice Information Architecture? Information Architecture Specialists Practicing Information Architecture in the Real World Information Ecologies What Lies Ahead 3. User Needs and Behaviors The "Too-Simple" Information Model Information Needs Information Seeking Behaviors Part II. Basic Principles of Information Architecture 4. The Anatomy of an Information Architecture Visualizing Information Architecture Information Architecture Components 5. Organization Systems Challenges of Organizing Information Organizing Web Sites and Intranets Organization Schemes Organization Structures Creating Cohesive Organization Systems 6. Labeling Systems Why You Should Care About Labeling Varieties of Labels Designing Labels 7. Navigation Systems Types of Navigation Systems Gray Matters Browser Navigation Features Building Context Improving Flexibility Embedded Navigation Systems Supplemental Navigation Systems Advanced Navigation Approaches 8. Search Systems Does Your Site Need Search? Basic Search System Anatomy Choosing What to Search Search Algorithms Presenting Results Designing the Search Interface Where to Learn More 9. Thesauri, Controlled Vocabularies, and Metadata Metadata Controlled Vocabularies Technical Lingo A Thesaurus in Action Types of Thesauri Thesaurus Standards Semantic Relationships Preferred Terms Polyhierarchy Faceted Classification Part III. Process and Methodology 10. Research Process Overview A Research Framework Context Content Users Participant Definition and Recruiting User Research Sessions In Defense of Research 11. Strategy What Is an Information Architecture Strategy? Strategies Under Attack From Research to Strategy Developing the Strategy Work Products and Deliverables The Strategy Report The Project Plan Presentations 12. Design and Documentation Guidelines for Diagramming an Information Architecture Blueprints Wireframes Content Mapping and Inventory Content Modeling Controlled Vocabularies Design Sketches Web-Based Prototypes Architecture Style Guides Point-of-Production Architecture Administration Part IV. Information Architecture in Practice 13. Education Chaos in Education A World of Choice But Do I Need a Degree? 14. Ethics Ethical Considerations Shaping the Future 15. Building an Information Architecture Team Destructive Acts of Creation Fast and Slow Layers Project Versus Program Buy or Rent Do We Really Need to Hire Professionals? The Dream Team 16. Tools and Software A Time of Change Categories in Chaos Questions to Ask Part V. Information Architecture in the Organization 17. Making the Case for Information Architecture You Must Sell The Two Kinds of People in the World Running the Numbers Talking to the Reactionaries Other Case-Making Techniques The Information Architecture Value Checklist A Final Note 18. Business Strategy The Origins of Strategy Defining Business Strategy Strategic Fit Exposing Gaps in Business Strategy One Best Way Many Good Ways Understanding Our Elephant Competitive Advantage The End of the Beginning 19. Information Architecture for the Enterprise Economies Don't Always Scale "Think Different" The Ultimate Goal A Framework for Centralization Timing Is Everything: A Phased Rollout Strategy Versus Tactics: Who Does What A Framework for Moving Forward Part VI. Case Studies 20. MSWeb: An Enterprise Intranet Challenges for the User Challenges for the Information Architect We Like Taxonomies, Whatever They Are Benefits to Users What's Next MSWeb's Achievement 21. evolt.org: An Online Community evolt.org in a Nutshell Architecting an Online Community The Participation Economy How Information Architecture Fits In Trouble Spots for Online Communities The "Un-Information Architecture" Appendix: Essential Resources %M B.Rosson.01 %0 BOOK %T Usability Engineering: Scenario-Based Development of Human Computer Interaction %A Mary Beth Rosson %A John M. Carroll %P 448 %D 2001 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 1-55860-712-9 %Y 1: Scenario-Based Usability Engineering 2: Analyzing Requirements 3: Activity Design 4: Information Design 5: Interaction Design 6: Prototyping 7: Usability Evaluation 8: User Documentation 9: Emerging Paradigms for User Interaction 10: Usability Engineering in Practice Appendix: Inferential Statistics Glossary %M B.Rubin.88 11/7/90 gp %0 BOOK %T User Interface Design for Computer Systems %A Tony Rubin %D 1988 %C Chichester, England %I Ellis Horwood %G ISBN 0-74580299-0 %P 195 %M B.Rubin.94 %0 BOOK %T Handbook of Usability Testing: How to Plan, Design, and Conduct Effective Tests %A Jeffrey Rubin %D 1994 %C New York %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-59403-2, OCLC %Y I. INTRODUCTION TO USABILITY TESTING 1. The Problem of Unusable Products and Systems 2. Overview of Usability Testing II. PREPARING FOR USABILITY TESTING 3. Setting Up a Testing Environment 4. Testing Roles with Special Emphasis on the Test Monitor III. SIX STAGES OF CONDUCTING A TEST 5. Developing the Test Plan 6. Selecting and Acquiring Participants 7. Preparing the Test Materials 8. Conducting the Test 9. Debriefing the Participant 10. Transforming Data into Findings and Recommendations IV. EXPANDING USABILITY 11. Establishing a Usability Program: Strategies and Tactics %M B.Rubinstein.84 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T The Human Factor: Designing Computer Systems for People %A Richard Rubinstein %A Harry Hersh %D 1984 %P 249 %C Maynard, MA %I Digital Press %G ISBN 0-932376-44-4; QA 76.9 S88 R83 1984 %K DESIGN Task %O With the Assistance of Henry Ledgard %Y 1 Why Human Factors? 2 Design Philosophy 3 Task Analysis and Use Models 4 Starting a Design 5 Conceptual Models 6 Language 7 The Other Kind of Software 8 Human Interface Styles 9 Responding to Users 10 Presentation and Representation 11 Testing Systems 12 Parting Thoughts %M B.Rubinstein.88 4/26/92 gp %0 BOOK %T Digital Typography: An Introduction to Type and Composition for Computer System Design %A Richard Rubinstein %D 1988 %P 353 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-17633-5 %M B.Salant.94 %0 BOOK %T How to Conduct Your Own Survey %A Priscilla Salant %A Don A. Dillman %D 1994 %P 232 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-01273-4 %X "Leading professionals give you proven techniques for getting reliable results * Accurate sampling * Effective questionnaires * Convincing presentations * Telephone, mail, and face-to-face surveys" (from the book cover) %Y Practical Surveys Cornerstones of a Quality Survey Deciding What Information You Need Choosing a Survey Method When and How to Select a Sample Writing Good Questions Questionnaire Design Setting Your Survey in Motion and Getting It Done From Questionnaires to Survey Results Reporting Survey Results Advice, Resources, and Maintaining Perspective %M B.Salkind.91 3/22/93 gp %0 BOOK %T Exploring Research %A Neil J. Salkind %D 1991 %P 361 + xxii %C New York %I Macmillan Publishing Company %G ISBN 0-02-405283-3; BF76.5.S24 %Y 1. The Role and Importance of Research 2. The Research Process 3. Reviewing the Literature and Selecting a Problem 4. Measuring Behavior 5. Sampling and Generalizability 6. Methods of Measuring Behavior 7. Data Collection and Data Analysis 8. Inferential Statistics 9. Using the Personal Computer in Data Analysis 10. Historical Research 11. Conducting Descriptive Research 12. Experimental and Causal Comparative Research 13. The Process of Evaluation 14. Being a Researcher Appendices References Index %M B.Salton.83 3/22/93 gp %0 BOOK %T Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval %A Gerard Salton %A Michael J. McGill %D 1983 %C New York %I McGraw-Hill %G ISBN 0-07-054484-0; Z699 S313 %Y 1 Information Retrieval: An Introduction 0 Preview 1 Overview 2 Changing Technology 3 Information System Types 4 Functional Approach to Information Retrieval 5 Simple File Structures 2 Systems Based on Inverted Files 0 Preview 1 General Considerations 2 Adjacency and Term Frequency Features 3 Commercial Inverted File Systems 4 Enhancements of Basic Retrieval Strategy 3 Text Analysis and Automatic Indexing 0 Preview 1 Indexing Environment 2 Manual and Automatic Indexing 3 Automatic term Extraction and Weighting 4 A Simple Automatic Indexing Process 5 Automatic Term Association and Use of Context 6 Some Theoretical Approaches 7 Automatic Indexing Experiments 4 The SMART and SIRE Experimental Retrieval Systems 0 Preview 1 Introduction 2 The SMART System Environment 3 SMART System Procedures 4 Automatic Enhancements of Conventional Retrieval 5 Retrieval Evaluation 0 Preview 1 Introduction 2 Evaluation of Retrieval Effectiveness 3 Measures of Retrieval Effectiveness 4 Evaluation of System Cost and Efficiency 6 Retrieval Refinements 0 Preview 1 Introduction 2 Vector Similarity Functions 3 Term Weighting Systems 4 File Clustering 5 Dynamic Query Adjustment 6 Citation Processing 7 Natural Language Processing 0 Preview 1 Components of Natural Language Systems 2 Language Processing and Information Retrieval 3 Syntactic Analysis Systems 4 Syntactic Analysis in Information Retrieval 5 Linguistic Methods in Question Answering 8 Access to Information: Hardware and Software Approaches 0 Preview 1 Conventional Storage Devices 2 Hardware Enhancements to Retrieval 3 Text Access Methods 9 Data Management Systems 0 Preview 1 Types of Information Systems 2 The Structure of Data Base Management Systems 3 Query Processing 4 Data Quality 10 Future Directions in Information Retrieval 0 Preview 1 Introduction 2 Technological Development 3 Information Theories and Models 4 Advanced Information System 5 Conclusion Indexes Name Index Subject Index %M B.Salton.89 3/22/93 gp %0 BOOK %T Automatic Text Processing: The Transformation, Analysis, and Retrieval of Information by Computer %A Gerard Salton %D 1989 %C Reading, Mass. %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-12227-8; QA 76.9 T48 S25 1989 %Y PART 1: THE INFORMATION-PROCESSING ENVIRONMENT 1 The Information Environment 1.1 Automatic Information Processing 1.2 Types of Information 2 The Computer Environment 2.1 Computer Architecture 2.2 Storage Technology 2.3 Input-Output and Peripheral Equipment 2.4 Computer Networks 2.5 Integrated Computing Systems 3 The Automated Office 3.1 The Office Environment 3.2 Analyzing Office Systems 3.3 File-management Systems 3.4 Office Display Systems 3.5 Office-Information Retrieval PART 2: WORD PROCESSING AND FILE ACCESS 4 Text Editing and Formatting 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Approaches to Word Processing 4.3 Text Editing and Formatting 4.4 Typical Processing Systems 4.5 Automatic Typesetting Systems 5 Text Compression 5.1 Statistical Language Characteristics 5.2 Rationale for Text Compression 5.3 Text Compression Methods 6 Text Encryption 6.1 Basic Cryptographic Concepts 6.2 Conventional Cryptographic Systems 6.3 Sample Cryptographic Ciphers 6.4 The Data Encryption Standard (DES) 6.5 Ciphers Based on Computationally Difficult Problems 7 File-Accessing Systems 7.1 Basic Concepts 7.2 Single-Key Searching: Sequential Search 7.3 Single-Key Indexed Searches 7.4 Tree Searching 7.5 Balanced Search Trees 7.6 Multiway Search Trees 7.7 Hash-Table Access 7.8 Indexed Searches for Multikey Access 7.9 Bitmap Encoding for Multikey Access 7.10 Multidimensional Access Structures PART 3: INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS 8 Conventional Text-Retrieval Systems 8.1 Database Management and Information Retrieval 8.2 Text Retrieval Using Inverted Indexing Methods 8.3 Extensions to the Inverted Index Operations 8.4 Typical File Organization 8.5 Optimization of Inverted-List Procedures 8.6 Text-Scanning Systems 8.7 Hardware Aids to Text Searching 9 Automatic Indexing 9.1 Indexing Environment 9.2 Indexing Aims 9.3 Single-term Indexing Theories 9.4 Term Relationships in Indexing 9.5 Term-phrase Formation 9.6 Thesaurus-Group Generation 9.7 A Blueprint for Automatic Indexing 10 Advanced Information-Retrieval Models 10.1 The Vector Space Model 10.2 Automatic Document Classification 10.3 Probabilistic Retrieval Model 10.4 Extended Boolean Retrieval Model 10.5 Integrated System for Processing Text and Data 10.6 Advanced Interface Systems PART 4: TEXT ANALYSIS AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING 11 Language Analysis and Understanding 11.1 The Linguistic Approach 11.2 Dictionary Operations 11.3 Syntactic Analysis 11.4 Knowledge-based Processing 11.5 Specialized Language Processing 12 Automatic Text Transformations 12.1 Text Transformations 12.2 Automatic Writing Aids 12.3 Automatic Abstracting Systems 12.4 Automatic Text Generation 12.5 Automatic Translation 13 Paperless Information Systems 1.1 Paperless Processing 1.2 Processing Complex Documents 1.3 Graphics Processing 1.4 Speech Processing 1.5 Automatic Teleconferencing Systems 1.6 Electronic Mail and Messages 1.7 Electronic Information Services 1.8 Electronic Publications and the Electronic Library Author Index Subject Index %M B.Salzman.94 %0 BOOK %T Software by Design: Shaping Technology and the Workplace %A Harold Salzman %A Stephen R. Rosenthal %D 1994 %I Oxford Univ Press %G ISBN 0-19508340-7 %Y I. Structuring Technology and The Workplace Introduction 1. Social Shaping of Technology 2. Software in the Workplace 3. The Structure of Software Design II. Case Studies of Software Design 4. Banking and a Tale of Two Systems 5. Keeping the Customer Satisfied: Field Service and the Art of Automation 6. The Computer System and the Hospital 7. Software Design, Social Choices, and the Workplace III. Implications for Management and for Further Research on Technology Design 8. Understanding and Managing Software Acquisition 9. Social Dimensions of Software Design: Challenges of Effective Design for the Workplace A: Outline of the Research Project B: Teaching Cases on Software Design and Use %M B.Sanders.87 4/27/92 gp/rmb %0 BOOK %T Human Factors in Engineering and Design %O Sixth Edition %A M. S. Sanders %A Ernest J. McCormick %D 1987 %C New York %I McGraw-Hill %O Superseded by Sanders & McCormick, 1993 %G ISBN 0-07-044903-1 %M B.Sanders.93 %0 BOOK %T Human Factors in Engineering and Design (7th Edition) %A Mark S. Sanders %A Ernest J. McCormick %D 1993 %P 790 %C New York %I McGraw-Hill %G ISBN 0-07-054901-X; TA 166.S33; OCLC 25245564 %Y 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Human Factors and Systems (3) 2. Human Factors Research Methodologies (23) 2: INFORMATION INPUT 3. Information Input and Processing (47) 4. Text, Graphics, Symbols, and Codes (91) 5. Visual Displays of Dynamic Information (132) 6. Auditory, Tactual, and Olfactory Displays (160) 7. Speech Communications (197) 3: HUMAN OUTPUT AND CONTROL 8. Physical Work and Manual Materials Handling (225) 9. Motor Skills (273) 10. Human Control of Systems (301) 11. Controls and Data Entry Devices (334) 12. Hand Tools and Devices (383) 4: WORKPLACE DESIGN 13. Applied Anthropometry, Work-Space Design, and Seating (415) 14. Arrangement of Components within a Physical Space (456) 15. Interpersonal Aspects of Workplace Design (485) 5: ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 16. Illumination (511) 17. Climate (551) 18. Noise (589) 19. Motion (622) 6: HUMAN FACTORS APPLICATIONS 20. Human Error, Accidents, and Safety (655) 21. Human Factors and the Automobile (696) 22. Human Factors in Systems Design (726) APPENDIXES A. List of Abbreviations (759) B. Control Devices (764) C. NIOSH Recommended Action Limit Formula for Lifting Tasks (769) INDEXES Name Index (771) Subject Index (781) %M B.Sano.96 %0 BOOK %T Designing Large-Scale Web Sites: A Visual Design Methodology %A Darrell Sano %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-14276-X %D 1996 %Y Preliminary Design Preparation Designing the Organizational Framework Applying Visual Design for the Web Visual Design Workshop %M B.Savourel. %0 BOOK %T XML Internationalization and Localization %A Yves Savourel %D 2001 %P 544 %G ISBN 0-67232096-7 %I Sams %M B.Scherer.2000 %0 BOOK %T Living in the State of Stuck: How Assistive Technology Impacts the Lives of People with Disabilities %O 3rd Edition %A Marcia J. Scherer %D 2000 %I Brookline Books %G ISBN: 1-57129079-6 %P 212 %M B.Schiff.80 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Perception: An Applied Approach %A W. Schiff %D 1980 %C New York, NY %I Houghton Mifflin %G ISBN 0-39527054-5 %P 493 %M B.Schmitt.2000 %0 BOOK %T International Programming for Microsoft Windows %S Microsoft Programming Series %I Microsoft Press %A David A. Schmitt %P 350 %D 2000 %G ISBN 1-57231956-9 %M B.Schreck.03 %0 BOOK %T Security and Privacy in User Modeling %S Human-Computer Interaction Series, Vol. 2 %I Springer-Verlag %A J. Schreck %D 2003 %P 232 %G ISBN 1-4020-1130-X %M B.Schriver.96 %0 BOOK %T Dynamics in Document Design: Creating Texts for Readers %A Karen A. Schriver %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-30636-3 %P 592 %D 1996 %Y Preface 1. What Is Document Design? 2. Evolution of the Field: Contextual Dynamics 3. How Documents Engage Readers' Thinking and Feeling 4. The Impact of Poor Design: Thinking about Ourselves as Users of Texts and Technology 5. Seeing the Text: The Role of Typography and Space 6. The Interplay of Words and Pictures 7. What Document Designers Can Learn from Readers A. Publications of Interest to Document Designers B. Common Typographic Symbols C. Guidelines for Designing Online Displays Bibliography Index Colophon %M B.Sheridan.74 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Man-Machine Systems: Information, Control, and Decision Models of Human Performance %A Thomas B. Sheridan %A William R. Ferrel %D 1974 %C Cambridge, MA %I MIT Press %G ISBN 0-26219118-0; 0-26269072-1 %P 452 %M B.Shneiderman.80 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Software Psychology: Human Factors in Computer and Information Systems %A Ben Shneiderman %D 1980 %P 320 %C Cambridge, MA %I Winthrop %G ISBN 0-87626-816-5, OCLC %G QA 76.6.S543 %K DESIGN EVALUATION Empirical %Y 1 Motivation for a Psychological Approach 2 Research Methods 3 Programming as Human Performance 4 Programming Style 5 Software Quality Evaluation 6 Team Organization and Group Processes 7 Database Systems and Data Models 8 Database Query and Manipulation Languages 9 Natural Language 10 Interactive Interface Issues 11 Designing Interactive Systems 12 Computer Power To, Of, and By the People %M B.Shneiderman.87 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction %A Ben Shneiderman %D 1987 %P 464 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-16505-8; QA 76.9.I58S47 %K GENERAL Lifecycle DESIGN Task Device Psych Prototype Guidance Model EVALUATION Empirical Dialogue Guidelines %Y MOTIVATIONS AND FOUNDATIONS 1 Human Factors of Interactive Software 2 Theories, Principles, and Guidelines INTERACTION STYLES 3 Menu Selection Systems 4 Command Languages 5 Direct Manipulation CONSIDERATIONS AND AUGMENTATIONS 6 Interaction Devices 7 Response Time and Display Rate 8 System Messages 9 Printed Manuals, Online Help, and Tutorials ASSESSMENT AND REFLECTION 10 Iterative Design, Testing, and Evaluation 11 Social and Individual Impact %M B.Shneiderman.89 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Hypertext Hands-On! An Introduction to a New Way of Organizing and Accessing Information %A Ben Shneiderman %A Greg Kearsley %G ISBN 0-201-15171-5 %D 1989 %P 192 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %O includes two disks %Y 1 Essential Concepts 2 Applications 3 System Design Issues 4 Implementation Issues 5 Authoring 6 Systems 7 Personalities 8 Possibilities 9 The End is Just the Beginning Appendix/Using the Software Version Bibliography Epilog/The Making of Hypertext Hands-On! Hyper Glossary Index %M B.Shneiderman.92 4/26/92 gp %0 BOOK %T Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction (Second Edition) %A Ben Shneiderman %D 1992 %P 592 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-57286-9, OCLC %Y 1 Human Factors of Interactive Software 2 Theories, Principles, and Guidelines 3 Menu Selection and Form Fillin 4 Command Languages 5 Direct Manipulation 6 Interaction Devices 7 Response Time and Display Rate 8 System Messages, Screen Design, and Color 9 Multiple-Window Strategies 10 Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 11 Information Exploration Tools 12 Printed Manuals, Online Help, and Tutorials 13 Iterative Design, Testing, and Evaluation 14 User-Interface Development Environments Social and Individual Impact of User Interfaces %0 BOOK %M B.Shneiderman.97 %T Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction %A Ben Shneiderman %D 1997 %P 638 %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-69497-2 %O Third Edition %W http://www.aw.com/DTUI %Y 1. Human Factors of Interactive Software 2. Theories, Principles, and Guidelines 3. Managing Design Processes 4. Expert Reviews, Usability Testing, Surveys, and Continuing Assessments 5. Software Tools 6. Direct Manipulation and Virtual Environments 7. Menu Selection, Form Fillin, and Dialog Boxes 8. Command and Natural Languages 9. Interaction Devices 10. Response Time and Display Rate 11. Presentation Styles: Balancing Function and Fashion 12. Printed Manuals, Online Help, and Tutorials 13. Multiple-Window Strategies 14. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 15. Information Search and Visualization Ch. 16. Hypermedia and the World Wide Web Afterword: Societal and Individual Impact of User Interfaces %0 BOOK %M B.Shneiderman.02 %T Leonardo's laptop : human needs and the new computing technologies / %A Ben Shneiderman %D 2002 %P 269 %I MIT Press %G ISBN: 0-26219476-7 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/main/feature/leonardoslaptop/ %Y 1. Learning from Leonardo 2. Unusable at any bandwidth 3. The quest for universal usability 4. New methods, new goals 5. Understanding human activities and relationships 6. The New Education: E-learning 7. The New Business: E-commerce 8. The New Medicine: E-healthcare 9. The New Politics: E-government 10. The quest for mega-creativity 11. Grander goals %M B.Shneiderman.04 %0 BOOK %A Ben Shneiderman %A Catherine Plaisant %D 2004 %G ISBN 0-32-119786-0 %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %O 4th edition %P 672 %T Designing the User Interface : Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction %M B.Sinclair.98 %0 BOOK %T Typography on the Web %A Joseph T. Sinclair %D 1998 %P 350 %O Includes CD-ROM %G ISBN 0-12645-545-7 %Y Introduction Part I: Fundamentals of Typography: Readability: The Historical Objective It's All in the Face Principles of Typography The Santa Clara System Part II: Digital Typography: How Typography Works on a Computer Part III: Typesetting for the Web: Typesetting with HTML Special HTML Techniques Web Text Layout Techniques Part IV: Cascading Style Sheets: Introduction to Cascading Style Sheets Using Cascading Style Sheets Part V: Bitstream TrueDoc: Introduction to TrueDoc Using TrueDoc in Web Pages Web Authoring Software Featuring TrueDoc Hedging Your Bets Part VI: Advanced Techniques for Web Typography: Advanced HTML Techniques Using Typesetting with Dynamic HTML Using Special Techniques for Large Volume Publishing Typography for Net-TV What's Your Type? Appendix Glossary %M B.Smilonich.96 %0 BOOK %T The Cross-GUI Handbook: For Multiplatform User Interface Design %A Nick Smilonich %A Lynne Thompson %A Aaron R. Marcus %D 1996 %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-57592-2 %Y 1. Design Principles 2. Desktop 3. Windows 4. Menus 5. Controls 6. Dialog Boxes 7. Interaction and Feedback A. Comparison of Windowing System Component Terminology B. Comparison of Windowing System Components - Graphical Representations Selected Bibliography %M B.Smith.96 %0 BOOK %T ISO and ANSI Ergonomic Standards for Computer Products: A Guide to Implementation and Compliance %A Wanda J. Smith %D 1996 %G ISBN 0-13-151119-X %P 352 %Y 1. Standards and Standards Organizations 2. History of Ergonomic Computer Standards 3. ISO 9241 4. European Ergonomic Requirements 5. North American Ergonomic Standards 6. U.S. Ergonomic Requirements for Special Circumstances 7. Ergonomic Standards in Other Countries 8. Ergonomic Checklists 9. Usability Testing 10. The Impact and Future of Ergonomic Standards Glossaries Appendix Bibliography %M B.Solso.84 11/4/90 gp %0 BOOK %T An Introduction to Experimental Design in Psychology: A Case Approach %A R. L. Solso %A H. H. Johnson %D 1984 %P 285 %C New York %I Harper & Row %G ISBN 0-06-043414-7; BF 191.S65 %K EVALUATION Empirical %O 3rd Edition %Y 1 An Introduction to Scientific Inquiry 2 Anatomy of Experimental Design: Design Strategies 3 Anatomy of Experimental Design: Control 4 Design Critiques 5 Control of Subject Variables 6 Design Critiques 7 Ethics of Experimental Research %M B.Solso.89 3/22/93 gp %0 BOOK %T An Introduction to Experimental Design in Psychology: A Case Approach %A Robert L. Solso %A Homer H. Johnson %D 1989 %P 363 + xiv %C New York %I Harper & Row %G ISBN 0-06-046436-4; BF191.S65, BF181J67i %O Fourth Edition %Y Part One: Basic Principles in Experimental Design 1. An Introduction to Scientific Inquiry 2. Anatomy of Experimental Design: Design Strategies 3. Anatomy of Experimental Design: Control 4. Design Critiques I 5. Control of Subject Variables 6. Design Critiques II 7. Ethics of Experimental Research 8. The Psychological Literature: Reading for Understanding and as a Source for Research Ideas 9. Conducting Research and Writing a Research Paper Part Two: Analysis of Experiments 10. Cola Tasting 11. Picture Memory 12. Distance and Rank 13. Long-Term Memory 14. Creative Porpoise 15. Maternal Behavior 16. Humor 17. Alcohol and Perception 18. Russian Vocabulary 19. Therapy for Anger 20. Office Environments 21. Prosocial Behavior 22. Birdsong Learning 23. Note Taking 24. Weight Loss 25. Parents' Views A. Computational Procedures for Basic Statistics B. Statistical Tables References Name Index Subject Index %M B.Spencer.85 1/31/91 gp %0 BOOK %T Computer Usability Testing and Evaluation %A Richard H. Spencer %D 1985 %P 224 %C Englewood-Cliffs, NJ %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-164088-7 %Y 1 Introduction 2 Usability Mission 3 Product, User, and Evaluator 4 Product and Evaluation Planning Cycles 5 Usability Documentation 6 Criteria -- Qualitative and Quantitative 7 Evaluating Usability 8 Data and Reporting A Checklist of Usability Considerations for Computer Design Evaluations B Usability Test Plan -- Example C Human Factors Considerations -- Examples D Standards %M B.Spolsky.01 %0 BOOK %T User interface design for programmers %A Joel Spolsky %D 2001 %P 144 %I Apress %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN: 1-89311594-1 %Y 1. Controlling Your Environment Makes You Happy 2. Figuring Out What They Expected 3. Choices 4. Affordances and Metaphors 5. Broken Metaphors 6. Consistency and Other Hobgoblins 7. Putting the User in Charge 8. Design for Extremes 9. People Can't Read 10. People Can't Control the Mouse 11. People Can't Remember 12. The Process of Designing a Product 13. Those Pesky Usability Tests 14. Relativity: Understanding UI Time Warps 15. But...How Does It Know? 16. Tricks of the Trade 17. Designing for the Web 18. Programming for Humans %M B.Spool.97 %0 BOOK %T Web Site Usability: A Designer's Guide %A Jared M. Spool %A Tara Scanlon %A Will Schroeder %A Carolyn Snyder %D 1997 %I User Interface Engineering %G ISBN 0-96606410-0 %M B.Spool.98 %0 BOOK %T Web Site Usability: A Designer's Guide %A Jared M. Spool %A Tara Scanlon %A Will Schroeder %A Carolyn Snyder %A Terri DeAngelo %D 1998 %P 156 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %G ISBN 1-55860-569-X %Y Part 1: Research Results 1. Web Site Usability: The Big Picture 2. Getting Around: Navigation 3. Getting Around: Links 4. Within-Site Searching 5. The Difficulty of Comparisons 6. Readability and Page Layout 7. Graphic Design on the Web 8. User Preference Part 2: Site Scrapbook 9. Edmund's 10. Hewlett Packard 11. WebSaver 12. Travelocity 13. Inc 14. C|net 15. Fidelity 16. Disney Part 3: Testing Sites 17. How We Tested Web Sites %M B.Sproull.92 %0 BOOK %T Connections: New Ways of Working in the Networked Organization %A Lee Sproull %A Sara Kiesler %P 300 %D 1992 %G ISBN 0-262-69158-2 %W http://mitpress.mit.edu/book-home.tcl?isbn=0262691582 %I MIT Press %M B.Stephens.02 %0 BOOK %T Usable Shopping Carts %A Jon Stephens %A Jody Kerr %A Clifton Evans %D 2002 %P 200 %G ISBN 1-90415114-0 %I glasshaus %M B.Stone.05 %0 BOOK %A Debbie Stone %A Caroline Jarrett %A Mark Woodroffe %A Shailey Minocha %D 2005 %G ISBN 0120884364 %I Morgan Kaufmann %P 704 %S Interactive Technologies %T User Interface Design and Evaluation %M B.Strunk.79 2/2/91 gp %0 BOOK %T The Elements of Style %A William Strunk, Jr. %A E. B. White %D 1979 %P 92+xvii %C New York %I Macmillan Publishing Company %G ISBN 0-02-418190-0 0-02-418200-1 (pbk); PE 1408.S772 %K IMPLEMENTATION Guidance %O 3rd Edition %M B.Stuart.96 %0 BOOK %T The Design of Virtual Environments %S McGraw-Hill Series on Visual Technology %A Rory Stuart %D 1996 %I McGraw-Hill %G ISBN 0-07063299-5 %Y Introduction 1. Defining the User, Task, and Environment 2. Human Capabilities and Performance 3. Requirements for VE Applications 4. Input Technologies 5. Output Technologies 6. Computational and Supporting Technologies 7. Objects, Behaviors, and Interactions 8. Design Trade-Offs 9. System Performance 10. Usability 11. Value for Task and Application 12. Using the Results of the Evaluation 13. Conclusion Appendix Glossary Bibliography %M B.Suchman.87 1/31/91 gp %0 BOOK %T Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-Computer Communication %A Lucy A. Suchman %D 1987 %P 203+xiv %C New York %I Cambridge University Press %G ISBN 0-521-33137-4 0-521-33739-9 (pbk), OCLC 15429358; T 59.7.S83 %Y 1 Introduction 2 Interactive Artifacts 3 Plans 4 Situated Actions 5 Communicative Resources 6 Case and Methods 7 Human-Machine Communication 8 Conclusion %M B.Sun.89 9/30/93 Samu Mielonen f1sami@uta.fi Univ. of Tampere, Finland %0 BOOK %T OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Functional Specification %Q Sun Microsystems, Inc. %D 1989 %C Reading, Mass. %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-52365-5 %K Open Look Style Guidelines %M B.Sun.89 9/30/93 Samu Mielonen f1sami@uta.fi Univ. of Tampere, Finland %0 BOOK %T OPEN LOOK Graphical User Interface Application Style Guidelines %Q Sun Microsystems, Inc. %D 1989 %C Reading, Mass. %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-52364-7 %K Open Look Style Guidelines %M B.Sun.99 %0 BOOK %T Java Look and Feel Design Guidelines %Q Sun Microsystems, Inc. %D 1999 %C Reading, Mass. %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-61585-1 %K Style Guidelines %W http://java.sun.com/products/jlf/ed1/dg/index.htm Version 1.0.2 December 1999 %W http://java.sun.com/products/jlf/ Version 2.0 February 2001 (supersedes above) %M B.Sun.01 Arne@c3po.in-berlin.de Arne Burmeister %0 BOOK %T Java Look and Feel Design Guidelines %O Second Edition %Q Sun Microsystems, Inc. %D 2002 %C Reading, Mass. %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %K Style Guidelines %W http://java.sun.com/products/jlf/ Version 2.0 February 2001 %M B.Sureth.97 %0 BOOK %T Developing Natural Language Interfaces: Processing Human Conversations %A Russell Suereth %I McGraw-Hill %G ISBN 0-07913017-8 %D 1997 %Y Preface 1. A Basic Conversation Processor The Processes in a Conversation Processor Knowledge in a Conversation Processor Conversation Processors and Natural Language Processors An Overview of a Basic Conversation Processor Reading the Input Sentence and Extracting the Words Looking Up Words in the Dictionary Word Types in the Input Sentence Identifying the Sentence Structure in the Input Sentence Identifying Semantic Items in the Input Sentence Generating a Response Developing a Conversation Processor 2. Knowledge about Grammatical Sentences Knowledge in a Conversation Processor Representing Knowledge Limitations when Representing Knowledge Grammatical Sentence Knowledge Explaining Grammar Errors Generating a Grammatical Response Incorporating Knowledge into Your Conversation Processor 3. Appearing to Understand Time Problems in Language Understanding Problems in Language Understanding for Language Processors Understanding in a Conversation Processor The Meaning of Input Sentence Words Resolving Ambiguous Meaning Resolving Incomplete Meaning Resolving Inconsistent Meaning Generating the Response to Appear to Understand Incorporating Understanding into Your Conversation Processor 4. Syntactic Analysis of Phrases Syntactic Analysis in Natural Language Processors Identifying Phrases in a Conversation Processor Resolving Grammar Problems Incorporating Phrase Identification into Your Conversation Processor 5. Semantic Analysis of Semantic Items Semantic Analysis in Natural Language Processing Identifying Semantic Items in Your Conversation Processor Incorporating Semantic-Item Identification into Your Conversation Processor 6. Appearing to Understand Idioms and Synonyms Idioms and Synonyms Processing Idioms in a Conversation Processor Processing Synonyms in a Conversation Processor Incorporating Idiom Processing into Your Conversation Processor Incorporating Synonym Processing into Your Conversation Processor 7. Generating Questions Appearing to Have Needs and a Purpose Pragmatic Analysis Generating Questions in a Conversation Processor Limitations of the Conversation Processor in This Chapter Incorporating Question Generation into Your Conversation Processor 8. Semantic Constraints Constraints Semantic Constraints in a Conversation Processor Action and Subject Constraints Determiner and Noun Constraints Adjective Position Constraints Counting Constraints Incorporating Semantic Constraints into Your Conversation Processor 9. Handling Diverse Types of Input Sentences Types of Sentences Semantic Features of Diverse Sentences Handling Diverse Sentences in a Conversation Processor Identifying Multiple Actions Identifying Multiple Subject Descriptions Identifying Multiple Manners Copying Semantic Information Incorporating Diverse Sentence Processing into Your Conversation Processor 10. Appearing to Understand a Text Processing Texts Processing Texts in a Natural Language Processor Processing Texts in a Conversation Processor Incorporating Text Understanding into Your Conversation Processor Conclusion %M B.Sutcliffe.89 1/31/91 gp %0 BOOK %T Human-Computer Interface Design %A A. Sutcliffe %D 1989 %P 205 %C New York %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN 0-387-91339-4 %M B.Suter.89 9/25/93 gp %0 BOOK %T Experimentation in Psychology: A Guided Tour %G ISBN %A W. Newton Suter %A Henry Clay Lindgren %A Sarah J. Hiebert %D 1989 %C Boston %P 507 %G ISBN 0-20511691-4 %I Allyn & Bacon %M B.Symmonds.02 %0 BOOK %T Internationalization and Localization Using Microsoft .Net %A Nick Symmonds %P 376 %D 2002 %I APress %G ISBN 1-59059002-3 %Y 1. Localization concepts Multilanguage support What the user expects Resource files 2. Localization aspects GUI design Unicode Time & date Numbers Calendars Sort orders Help files 3. Resource files in VB6 4. System.Globalization namespace 5. System.Resources namespace 6. Resource file tools 7. Creating a resource editor in C# and VB .NET 8. Localizing your new resource editor 9. An ASP.NET example designed with localization from the start 10. Resource file versioning in .NET 11. The software development plan %M B.Taylor.92 98-05-18 gp %0 BOOK %T Global Software: Developing Applications for the International Market %A Dave Taylor %D 1992 %C New York %I Springer-Verlag %G ISBN 0-38797706-6 %P 319 %K internationalization %M B.Thatcher.02 %0 BOOK %T Constructing accessible web sites %A Jim Thatcher %A Cynthia Waddell %A Shawn Henry %A Sarah Swierenga %A Mark Urban %A Michael Burks %A Bob Regan %A Paul Bohman %D 2002 %P 415 %I glasshaus %G ISBN: 1-90415100-0 %W http://www.glasshaus.com/bookInfo.asp?bookId=44 %Y 1 Understanding Web Accessibility 2 Overview of Law and Guidelines 3 Assistive Technology, Browsers and Accessibility 4 Creating Accessible Content 5 Accessible Navigation 6 Accessible Data Input 7 Testing for Section 508 Compliance 8 Web Development Tools and Accessibility 9 Separating Content from Presentation 10 Accessibility and Macromedia Flash 11 Implementing Accessibility in Enterprise 12 Emerging Technologies 13 US Web Accessibility Law in Depth A Quick Reference Guide B Glossary of Terms C Section 508 Guidelines %M B.Thimbleby.90 1/1/93 lo %0 BOOK %T User Interface Design %A Harold Thimbleby %D 1990 %P 470 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %I ACM Press %G ISBN 0-201-41618-2; ACM Order number 704907; QA76.9.U83T48 1990 %Y 1 Introduction (1-16) 2 Interaction (17-30) 3 From the User (31-52) 4 Through the Interface (53-82) 5 To the Computer (83-110) 6 Easy to Use? (110-132) 7 Basic Design Problems (133-148) 8 Attitudes to Design (149-168) 9 Science (169-196) 10 Principles for Principles (197-226) 11 Modes and WYSIWYG (227-260) 12 Undo (261-286) 13 A Formal Model for Interactive Systems (287-314) 14 Mathematics (315-344) 15 Equal Opportunity (344-364) 16 An Example Design (365-390) 17 Good by Design (391-412) 18 Epilogue: What of the Future? (413-428) 19 Carrying on (429-441) References (443-447) %M B.Thomas.98 %0 BOOK %A Richard C. Thomas %T Long Term Human-Computer Interaction: An Exploratory Perspective %I Springer-Verlag %C London %G ISBN 3-540-76209-4 %P 216 %P 1998 %Y Preface Foreword by Alan Dix 1 Setting The Scene 1.1 Evidence for Continuous Change 1.2 A Changing Focus in HCI 1.3 Framework for Long Term Interaction 1.4 The Costs of Longitudinal Studies 1.5 The Sydney Study 1.6 Outline of the Book 2 The Long Haul From Novice to Expert 2.1 Skill Acquisition 2.2 The Problems of Novices 2.3 Experienced Performance 2.4 Longitudinal Studies 2.5 Conclusion 3 Data Collection 3.1 Approaches to Longitudinal Data Collection in HCI 3.2 The White Rat of HCI 3.3 Monitoring at Sydney 3.4 Cohorts 3.5 Drop Out Rates 3.6 Summary 4 Learning and Transfer 4.1 The First Lab 4.2 Task Descriptions 4.3 Initial Learning in 1991 4.4 Initial Learning in 1992 and 1993 4.5 Typing Speeds 4.6 Performance Improvements in Editing 4.7 Conclusions 5 A Fresh Look at Vocabulary 5.1 Previous Work 5.2 Frequencies in the Sydney Study 5.3 The Type Token Ratio 5.4 Trends in TTR 5.5 Transitions in the TTR 5.6 Other Behaviours 5.7 Discussion 5.8 Conclusions 6 Exploration 6.1 Previous Field Studies of Exploration 6.2 Operational Definition of Exploration 6.3 Early Exploration 6.4 Continuous Exploration 6.5 Serendipity 6.6 The Importance of Chance 6.7 Conclusions 7 Crossovers 7.1 A Classification of Temporal Effects 7.3 File Write Methods 7.4 Visualisation Technique 7.5 File Write Crossover Results 7.6 Discussion 7.7 The Zone of Exploration Model 7.8 Conclusion 8 Conclusions 8.1 Methodologies 8.2 Process Dynamics 8.3 Implications for Design 8.4 Training, Education and Job Design References A. Command Codes and Ranks B. A Model of the Command Distribution %M B.Thorell.90 %0 BOOK %T Using Computer Color Effectively: An Illustrated Reference %A Lisa G. Thorell %A Wanda J. Smith %I Prentice Hall %D 1990 %G ISBN 0-13-939878-3, OCLC 18321247 %P 258 %Y I. COMPUTER COLOR 1. The Benefits of Computer Color 2. Displaying Computer Color 3. Transferring Color to Hard Copy 4. Color Coding 5. Computer Color Applications II. Technical Aspects of Vision and Computer Color 6. Color Vision 7. Color Image Quality 8. Color, Visual Comfort, and Performance 9. Specification of Color 10. Manipulating Color on Displays III. Color Application Guidelines 11. Computer Color Guidelines Glossary %M B.Tichauer.78 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T The Biomechanical Basis of Ergonomics %G ISBN 0-471-03644-7 %P 99 %A E. R. Tichauer %D 1978 %C New York, NY %I John Wiley & Sons %M B.Tilley.93 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T The Measure of Man: Human Factors in Design %P 96 %A Alvin R. Tilley %A Henry Dreyfus %O Revised Edition %D 1967 %C New York, NY %I Whitney Library of Design %G ISBN 0-82303031-8 %M B.Tognazzini.92 4/26/92 gp %0 BOOK %T Tog on Interface %A Bruce Tognazzini %D 1992 %P 352 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-60842-1, OCLC 26158736 %Y PART I: THE EARLY YEARS (1) 1 Closing the Window of Vulnerability 2 The Creeping Learning Curve 3 Making Your First Macintosh Application a Success 4 The Lowdown on Layers and the Finder 5 Make the Most of Modes 6 Command Keys vs. the Mouse 7 Hiding the Menu Bar 8 HyperCard and the Apple Human Interface 9 Short Subjects 10 Take Out the Papers and the Trash PART II: THE PROCESS OF DESIGN (57) 11 Three Key Players 12 Field Analysis 13 Brainstorming and Scenarios 14 User Testing on the Cheap PART III: THE GOLDILOCKS THEORIES (91) 15 Carl Jung and the Macintosh 16 Information Theory 17 Conceptual Models PART IV: THE NATURAL INTERFACE: PRINCIPLES TO DESIGN BY (143) 18 Natural Law 19 The Evolving, Adaptive, Consistent Environment 20 The Advent of Agents 21 Designing "Natural" Multimedia PART V: MORE MAIL! (177) 22 The Holy Interface, or Command Keys Revisited 23 How to Make an Extra Couple Million in the 1990s 24 The Troof about Moof 25 The "3-D" Look in the Interface 26 The Cure for Trash Can Madness 27 Fitts' Law: Why Pull-Down Menus Work Best 28 More Short Subjects 29 OOP is All Greek to Me 30 Freedom, Rules, and the Illusion of Control 31 Three Corners for Reform 32 Watch Out for Those Loose Floorboards 33 Making an Interface Articulate PART VI: OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO SUCCESS (253) 34 Rationalization, Assumption, and Denial 35 Second Release Software 36 Case Study: One-Or-More Buttons 37 A Glimpse of the Future 38 A Final Word Appendix A: References (295) Appendix B: Index of Principles and Guidelines (301) Appendix C: Index of Letter Writers (317) Index (319) %M B.Tognazzini.95 %0 BOOK %T Tog on Software Design %A Bruce Tognazzini %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-48917-1, OCLC %D 1995 %P 407 %Y Introduction 1. Trends 2. Future Computing 3. Managing the Future 4. From Quality to Kansei 5. Starfire Applied 6. Understanding Users 7. A Garden of Design 8. Beyond the Horizon Appendix A: Behind the Scenarios Appendix B: Designing With Video Prototypes %M B.Rorres.02 %0 BOOK %T Practitioners handbook for user interface design and development %A R. J. Torres %D 2002 %P 375 %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN: 0-13-091296-4 %Y Part 1 Preliminaries 1 Introduction 2 User-Centered Design Through Delivery 3 Understanding People 4 A User-Centered Product Team 5 Popular UI Styles 6 Participatory Methods 7 A Word About Tools Part 2 Getting Started 8 Planning a UI Design and Development Effort 9 Requirements 10 Users, Their Work Environment, and Tasks 11 Conceptual Design and Architecture 12 Principles, Guidelines, and Style Guides 13 Mockups, Simulations, and Prototypes 14 Usability Evaluation 15 Iteration Part 3 Getting Serious 16 High Level Design 17 Specification Techniques 18 Low-Level Design 19 Product Construction, Test, and Deployment Part 4 Wrapping Up 20 Looking Back and Beyond %M B.Tufte.83 11/4/90 gp %0 BOOK %T The Visual Display of Quantitative Information %A Edward R. Tufte %D 1983 %P 197 %C Cheshire, CT %I Graphics Press %G ISBN 0-9613921-0-X %K EVALUATION Empirical %Y I GRAPHICAL PRACTICE 1 Graphical Excellence 2 Graphical Integrity 3 Source of Graphical Integrity and Sophistication II THEORY OF DATA GRAPHICS 4 Data-Ink and Graphical Redesign 5 Chartjunk: Vibrations, Grids, and Ducks 6 Data-Ink Maximization and Graphical Design 7 Multifunctioning Graphical Elements 8 Data Density and Small Multiples 9 Aesthetics and Technique in Data Graphical Design Epilogue: Designs for the Display of Information %M B.Tufte.90 4/26/92 gp %0 BOOK %T Envisioning Information %A Edward R. Tufte %D 1990 %P 126 %C Cheshire, Connecticut %I Graphics Press %G ISBN 0-9613921-1-8 %Y Escaping Flatland Micro/Macro Readings Layering and Separation Small Multiples Color and Imagination Narratives of Space and Time Epilogue %M B.Tufte.97 %0 BOOK %T Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative %A Edward R. Tufte %D 1997 %P 156 %C Cheshire, Connecticut %I Graphics Press %G ISBN 0-9613921-2-6 %Y Images and Quantities Visual and Statistical Thinking: Displays of Evidence for Making Decisions Explaining Magic: Pictorial Instructions and Disinformation Design The Smallest Effective Difference Parallelism: Repetition and Change, Comparison and Surprise Multiples in Space and Time Visual Confections: Juxtapositions from the Ocean of the Streams of Story %M B.Turkle.84 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit %A Sherry Turkle %G ISBN 0-67146848-0; 0-67160602-6 %P 362 %D 1984 %C New York, NY %I Simon and Schuster %M B.Tuthill.97 %0 BOOK %T Creating Worldwide Software: Solaris International Developer's Guide %O 2nd Edition %A Bill Tuthill %A David Smallberg %K Sun Solaris, Unix %P 416 %D 1997 %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN 0-13-494493-3 %Y 1. Winning in Global Markets 2. Understanding Linguistic and Cultural 3. Encoding Character Sets 4. Establishing Your Locale Environment 5. Messaging for Program Translation 6. Displaying Localized Text 7. Handling Language Input 8. Working with CDE 9. Motif Programming 10. X11 Programming 11. Communicating Network Data 12. Writing International Documentation 13. Product Localization 14. Standards Organizations 15. Internationalization Checklist A. Languages, Territories, and Locale Names B. Locale Summaries and Keyboard Layouts %M B.Uren.93 %0 BOOK %T Software Internationalization and Localization: An Introduction %A Emmanuel Uren %A Robert Howard %A Tiziana Perinotti %D 1993 %P 300 %C New York %I Van Nostrand-Reinhold %G ISBN 0-44-201498-8 %K software localization; internationalization; globalization %Y Preface 1. Introduction 1. ISSUES 2. Issues in Software Internationalization and Localization 2. INTERNATIONALIZATION AND LOCALIZATION FOR WESTERN EUROPEAN LANGUAGES ON THE IBM PC 3. General Topics 4. Specific Topics 3. OTHER COMPUTERS AND OTHER LANGUAGES 5. Other Computers 6. Other Languages 7. Standards and Standards Organizations 4. BUSINESS ASPECTS 8. Logistics, Roles, and Responsibilities 9. Cost Considerations 10. Going the Other Way: Europe to America Appendix A Paper Sizes Appendix B UNIX Appendix C Macintosh Appendix D The Basic Concepts of Computers: Software Appendix E The Basic Concepts of Computers: Hardware Appendix F Alphabetic List of Localizers with Experience in Western European Languages Appendix G Names and Addresses of Standards Organizations Appendix H Wordperfect 5.1 Character Sets Appendix I DOS Code Pages Appendix J ISO Character Sets Appendix K Macintosh Character Sets Appendix L HP-UX Character Sets Appendix M DOS National Language Support System Functions Glossary %M B.VanSomeren %0 BOOK %T The Think Aloud Method: A Practical Guide to Modelling Cognitive Processes (Knowledge-Based Systems) %A Maarten W. Van Someren %A Yvonne F. Barnard %A Jacobijn Sandberg %D 1994 %I Academic Press %G ISBN 0-12714270-3 %Y 1. Thinking aloud 2. Studying the content of cognitive processes 3. The think aloud method 4. Practical procedures in obtaining think aloud protocols 5. Building models of problem-solving 6. Languages for task analysis and psychological modelling 7. Analysing the protocols 8. Examples A: Exercises B: Instructions for two problem-solving tasks C: Protocols of 'learning word meanings' D: Analysing expert problem-solving E: Coding scheme architectural design F: Protocol of novice problem-solving in physics %M B.Varhol.95 %0 BOOK %T User-centered application design with Visual Basic %A Peter Varhol %D 1995 %P 325 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN: 0-471-11522-3 %M B.Vaske.90 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Socializing the Human-Computer Environment %S Human/Computer Interaction Series %A Jerry Vaske %A Charles Grantham %D 1990 %P 312 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %I Intellect %G ISBN 0-89391-471-1 %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/vaske/social.htm %M B.Vincente.99 %0 BOOK %T Cognitive Work Analysis: Toward Safe, Productive, and Healthy Computer-Based Work %A Kim J. Vicente %I Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %D 1999 %G ISBN 0-8058-2397-2 paper 0-8058-2396-4 cloth %P 408 %Y I: Introduction What's in a Word? (Glossary) What's the Problem? Scope and Criteria for Success Why Work Analysis? An Ecological Perspective II: Three Approaches to Work Analysis Normative Approaches to Work Analysis: ``The One Best Way?'' Descriptive Approaches to Work Analysis: "What Workers Really Do" Toward a Formative Approach to Work Analysis: "Workers Finish the Design" III: Cognitive Work Analysis in Action Case Study: Process Control Phase 1: Work Domain Analysis Phase 2: Control Task Analysis Phase 3: Strategies Analysis Phase 4: Social Organization and Cooperation Analysis Phase 5: Worker Competencies Analysis Implications for Design and Research IV: Final Words Designing for Adaptation: Safety, Productivity, and Health and the Global Knowledge-Based Economy Appendix: Historical Addendum %M B.Vredenburg.02 %0 BOOK %T User-centered design : an integrated approach %A Karel Vredenburg %A Scott Isensee %I Carol Righi %D 2002 %P 246 %I Prentice Hall %G ISBN: 0-13-091295-6 %M B.Waern.90 1/1/93 lo %0 BOOK %T Cognitive Aspects of Computer Supported Tasks %A Yvonne Waern %D 1990 %P 327 %C Chichester, England %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-91141-0 %Y 1. General Introduction (1-4) PART I: THE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE (5-120) Introduction (5-9) 2. Some Basics of Cognition (10-30) 3. Long-Term and Working Memory (31-43) 4. Complex Information Processing (44-67) 5. Learning Computerized Tasks (68-112) 6. Individual Differences (113-120) PART II: THE TASK PERSPECTIVE (121-236) 7. A General Frame of Reference (123-144) 8. From Ideas to Text (145-167) 9. From Question to Answer (168-182) 10. From Problem to Solution (183-202) 11. From Function to Form on Computer Support in Design Engineering (203-236) PART III: THE INTERFACE PERSPECTIVE (237-274) Introduction (237-238) 12. Communication Styles (241-248) 13. Lexical and Syntactical Aspects of Communication (249-255) 14. Physical Aspects of Communication (256-266) 15. Metacommunication (267-274) PART IV: THE EFFECTS PERSPECTIVE (275-306) Introduction (277-278) 16. Effects on Cognitive Performance (279-293) 17. Conceptual Effects (294-306) Refences (307-320) %M B.Wainer.97 %0 BOOK %T Visual Revelations: Graphical Tales of Fate and Deception from Napoleon Bonaparte to Ross Perot %A Howard Wainer %D 1997 %P 180 %I Copernicus Books %G ISBN 0-38794902-X %Y I. Graphical Failures 1. How to Display Data Badly 2. Graphical Mysteries II. Graphical Triumphs 3. Graphical Answers to Scientific Questions 4. Three Graphic Memorials 5. A Nobel Graph 6. Todai Moto Kurashi 7. Picturing an L.A. Bus Schedule III. Graphical Forms 8. Humble Pie 9. Double Y-Axis Graphs 10. Tabular Presentation 11. A Rose by Another Name 12. Trilinear Plots 13. Implicit Graphs IV. Using Graphical Methods 14. Measuring Graphicacy 15. Graphs in the Presidential Campaign: Why Weren't They Used More Broadly? 16. Visual Aids When Comparing an Apple to the Stars V. Improving Graphical Presentations 17. Integrating Figures and Text 18. Elegance, Grace, Impact, and Graphical Displays 19. Sense-Lining 20. Making Readable Overhead Displays Finally %M B.Wall.96 %0 BOOK %T Programming Perl %S Nutshell Handbook %A Larry Wall %A Randal L. Schwartz %A Tom Christiansen %A Stephen Potter %D 1996 %P 670 %O 2nd Edition %I O'Reilly & Associates %G ISBN 1-56592-149-6 %Y Preface 1. An Overview of Perl 2. The Gory Details 3. Functions 4. References and Nested Data Structures 5. Packages, Modules, and Object Classes 6. Social Engineering 7. The Standard Perl Library 8. Other Oddments 9. Diagnostic Messages Glossary %M B.Ware.2000 %T Information Visualization: Perception for Design %A Colin Ware %D 2000 %I Morgan Kaufmann Publishers %P 384 %G ISBN 1-55860-511-8 %Y 1: Foundation for a Science of Data Visualization 2: The Environment, Optics, Resolution and the Display 3: Lightness, Brightness, Contrast and Constancy 4: Color 5: Visual Attention and Information that Pops Out 6: Static and Moving Patterns 7: Visual Objects and Data Objects 8: Space Perception and 3D Data Display 9: Images and Words 10: Visually Mediated Interaction with Data %M B.Waters.97 1998-10-28 %0 BOOK %T Universal Web Design %A Crystal Waters %O Includes CD-ROM %P 450 %D 1997 %I New Riders Publishing %G ISBN: 1-56205-738-3 %Y Introduction 1 elements of the web experience 2 navigational rules & options 3 graphic enhancements 4 page sizes 5 text transformations 6 forms & functionality 7 putting it on the table 8 frames 9 sound bytes 10 movin' & shakin' 11 color & contrast 12 the importance of HTML 13 the text-only option 14 downloadables 15 accessibility review & resources 16 WebTV 17 assistive technology & legislation i connections %M B.Webster.89 2/2/91 gp %0 BOOK %T The NeXT Book %G ISBN 0-201-15851-5, OCLC 19630859 %A Bruce F. Webster %D 1989 %P 387 %C Reading, MA %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %K IMPLEMENTATION TOOL Windows Prototype %M B.Weinberg.71 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T The Psychology of Computer Programming %A Gerald M. Weinberg %D 1971 %P 288 %C New York, NY %I Van Nostrand-Reinhold %G ISBN 0-442-29264-3; ISBN 0-442-20764-6 (PPBK) %Y I PROGRAMMING AS HUMAN PERFORMANCE 1 Reading Programs 2 What Makes a Good Program? 3 How Can We Study Programming? II PROGRAMMING AS A SOCIAL ACTIVITY 4 The Programming Group 5 The Programming Team 6 The Programming Project III PROGRAMMING AS AN INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY 7 Variations in the Programming Task 8 Personality Factors 9 Intelligence, or Problem-Solving Ability 10 Motivation, Training, and Experience IV PROGRAMMING TOOLS 11 Programming Languages 12 Some Principles for Programming Language Design 13 Other Programming Tools V EPILOGUE Index %M B.Weinschenk.95 %T Guidelines for Enterprise-Wide GUI Design %A Susan Weinschenk %A Sarah C. Yeo %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN 0-471-11845-1 (book) 0-471-12633-0 (CD-ROM) %P 222 %D 1995 %Y Controls Data Fields Dialog Boxes and Windows Menus Messages Color Icons and Toolbars Metaphors Fonts Visual Coding Graphing Navigation and Interaction Online Help Customization Guide Appendices %M B.Weinschenk.97 %0 BOOK %T GUI Design Essentials %A Susan Weinschenk %A Pamela Jamar %A Sarah C. Yeo %D 1997 %I John Wiley & Sons %P 344 %O Includes CD-Rom %G ISBN 0-471-17549-8 %Y Preface PART I THE PROCESS OF INTELLIGENT INTERFACE DESIGN 1 An Overview of Intelligent Interface Design A Tale of Two Software Projects What Is an Interface? Why Intelligent Interface Design? Why an Interface Design Process? The Three Phases of Interface Design Interface Design Is not a Search for the Holy Grail 2 Analysis Purpose Deliverables Preparation Process 3 Design Purpose Deliverables Preparation Process 4 Construction Purpose Deliverables Preparation Process 5 Usability Testing Identify the Scope of the Test Plan and Prepare for the Test Conduct the Test Analyze and Report Test Results 6 Designing for the Web Analysis for Web Sites Design for Web Sites Construction of Web Sites Testing of Web Sites PART II DESIGN GUIDELINES 7 Designing for People Cognitive Considerations Visual Considerations Physical Considerations Environmental and Social Issues The Purpose of the Interface About Guidelines 8 Structure Primary and Secondary Windows Dialog Boxes Tabs Menus Menu Bars Drop-Down Menus Pop-Up Menus Roll-Up Menus Toolbars Relationship between Toolbars, Command Buttons, and Menus 9 Interaction Command Buttons Option Buttons Check Boxes Text Boxes List Boxes Multiple Selection List Boxes Tables and Grids Spin Boxes Sliders Tree Views 10 Presentation Screen Layout Fonts Color Choices and Combinations Designing or Choosing Graphics Charts and Graphs 11 Internet and Intranet Site Design Navigation Page Layout Page Titles and Headings Frames and Windows Graphics Backgrounds Color Fonts Readability Netiquette Multimedia International Issues 12 Online Support Online Help Wizards 13 Best Practices for Customizing, Implementing, and Maintaining Guidelines Whom to Involve What to Customize Project Planning for Customizing Guidelines Implementing and Maintaining Guidelines Appendix A List of Guidelines Structure Interaction Presentation Internet and Intranet Online Support Appendix B For More Information Interface Design Guidelines Online Help and Documentation Web Design Appendix C Forms, Tables, and Checklists Appendix D How to Use the Files on CD-ROM %M B.Weinschenk.2000 %0 BOOK %T Designing Effective Speech Interfaces %A Susan Weinschenk %A Dean T. Barker %I John Wiley & Sons %D 2000 %P 406 %G ISBN 0-471-37545-4 %Y INTRODUCTION TO SPEECH INTERFACES Basic Concepts Human Factors in Speech Technology The Nature of Sound The Nature of Language SPEECH TECHNOLOGY Speech Technologies Computer Software Hardware Application of Speech Technology LAWS AND GUIDELINES FOR SPEECH INTERFACE DESIGN Laws of Interface Design Speech Guidelines BEST PRACTICES Usability Processes and Techniques Universal Design Appendices %M B.Weiss.85 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T How to Write a Usable User Manual %G ISBN 0-89495052-5 (paper) 0-89495051-7 (hard) %A Edmond H. Weiss %D 1985 %P 197 %C Philadelphia, PA %I ISI Press %M B.Weiss.94 %0 BOOK %T Making Computers People-Literate %S The Jossey-Bass Management %A Elaine Weiss %I Jossey-Bass Publishers %G ISBN 1-55542622-0 %D 1994 %P 281 %Y 1. How the Interface Between User and Computer Affects Performance 1. What Makes Systems Easy to Learn and Easy to Use 2. Techniques for Improving Interactions Between People and Computers 2. Finding the Source of Performance Problems 3. The Presentation Interface: Improving the Visual Display of Information 4. The Conversation Interface: Improving the Visual of Information 5. The Navigation Interface: Making It Easy for Users to Get Around in the System 6. The Explanation Interface: Incorporating Features That Help Users Learn About the System 7. Ensuring Successful Implementation of Solutions 3. Techniques in Action 8. When Training Stops Working: Case Study of First Atlantic Bank 4. Resources A. User Satisfaction Survey B. Evaluation Task Selection Worksheet C. Presentation Interface Checklists D. Conversation Interface Checklists E. Navigation Interface Checklists F. Explanation Interface Checklists G. Glossary %M B.Weiss.02 %0 BOOK %T Handheld Usability %A Scott Weiss %D 2002 %P 271 %I John Wiley & Sons %G ISBN: 0-470-84446-9 %W http://handheldusability.info/ %Y 1: Handheld vs. Desktop 2: Handheld Devices 3: Information Architecture: Process 4: Information Architecture: Practice 5: Prototyping 6: Usability Testing A: Paper Prototyping the Palm OS B: Sample Respondent Screener C: Sample Discussion Guide D: Usability Testing Case Study E: Handheld History %M B.Weizenbaum.76 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Computer Power and Human Reason %A Joseph Weizenbaum %D 1976 %P 300 %C San Francisco, CA %I Freeman %G ISBN 0-71670463-3 %M B.Wickens.84 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Engineering Psychology and Human Performance %A Christopher D. Wickens %G ISBN 0-67520156-X; 0-67318663-6 %D 1984 %P 513 %C Columbus, OH %I Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co. %K DESIGN Psych %Y 1 Introduction to Engineering Psychology and Human Performance 2 Signal Detection and Absolute Judgment 3 Decision Making 4 Perception of Verbal Material 5 Nonverbal Perception 6 Memory 7 Attention and Perception 8 Attention, Time-Sharing, and Workload 9 Selection of Action 10 Serial Reaction Time, Transcriptions, and Errors 11 Continuous Manual Control 12 Process Control and Automation %M B.Wickens.92 %0 BOOK %T Engineering Psychology and Human Performance %A Christopher D. Wickens %O Second Edition %G ISBN 0-67346161-0 %D 1992 %P 560 %I HarperCollins %M B.Wickens.2000 %0 BOOK %T Engineering Psychology and Human Performance %A Christopher D. Wickens %A Justin G. Hollands %O third Edition %G ISBN 0-32104711-7 0-32101343-3 %D 2000 %P 573 %I Prentice Hall %M B.Wickens.97 %0 BOOK %T An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering %A Christopher D. Wickens %A Sallie E. Gordon %A Yili Liu %D 1997 %P 750 %G ISBN 0-32-101229-1 %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %Y 1 Introduction to Human Factors 2 Research Methods 3 Design and Evaluation Methods 4 Visual Sensory Systems 5 Auditory, Tactile, and Vestibular System 6 Cognition 7 Decision Making 8 Displays 9 Control 10 Engineering Anthropometry and Work-Space Design 11 Biomechanics of Work 12 Work Physiology 13 Stress and Workload 14 Safety, Accidents, and Human Error 15 Human-Computer Interaction 16 Automation 17 Transportation Human Factors 18 Selection and Training 19 Social Factors %M B.Wilton.02 %0 BOOK %T Practical JavaScript for the Usable Web %A Paul Wilton %A Stephen Williams %A Sing Li %D 2002 %P 400 %I glasshaus %G ISBN 1-90415105-1 %Y Chapter 1: Getting Started with JavaScript Chapter 2: Data and Decisions Chapter 3: Functions and Code Design Chapter 4: Interacting with the Web Browser Chapter 5: Windows and Frames Chapter 6: DHTML for IE4 and NN4 Chapter 7: The DOM: DHTML for the Latest Browsers Chapter 8: Advanced Form Techniques Chapter 9: Passing Information Between Web Pages and Data Storage Chapter 10: Data Validation Techniques %M B.Winograd.86 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T Understanding Computers and Cognition %A Terry Winograd %A Fernando Flores %D 1986 %P 207 %C Norwood, NJ %I Ablex Publishing %W http://www.intellectbooks.com/authors/winograd/design2.htm %I Intellect %G ISBN 0-89391-050-3, OCLC 11727403 %M B.Winograd.95 %0 BOOK %T Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design %A Terry Winograd %A Fernando Flores %D 1995 %O Reissue Edition %P 207 %I Addison-Wesley Publishing %G ISBN 0-201-11297-3 %M B.Wood.98 %0 BOOK %T User interface design : bridging the gap from user requirements to design %A Larry E. Wood %D 1998 %P 312 %I CRC Press %G ISBN: 0-84933125-0 %M B.Woodson.87 11/4/90 gp %0 BOOK %T Human Factors Reference Guide for Electronics and Computer Professionals %A W. E. Woodson %G ISBN 0-07071766-4 %P 204 %D 1987 %C New York %I McGraw-Hill %K DESIGN Psych %M B.Wurman.97 %0 BOOK %T Information Architects %A Richard Saul Wurman %P 240 %I Watson-Guptill %G ISBN 1-88800138-0 %D 1997 %M B.Yang.01 %0 BOOK %T Face Detection and Gesture Recognition for Human-Computer Interaction %A Ming-Hsuan Yang %A Narendra Ahuja %D 2001 %P 200 %G ISBN 0-7923-7409-6 %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %W http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-7409-6 %S Kluwer International Series in Video Computing : Volume 1 %Y 1. Introduction 2. Detecting Faces in Still Images 3. Recognizing Hand Gestures Using Motion Trajectories 4. Skin Color Model 5. Face Detection Using Multimodal Density Models 6. Learning to Detect Faces with SNoW 7. Conclusion and Future Work Appendices %M B.Yunker.02 %0 BOOK %T Beyond Borders: Web Globalization Strategies %A John Yunker %D 2002 %I New Riders Publishing %W http://www.bytelevel.com/beyondborders/ %P 576 %G ISBN 0-7357-1208-5 %Y PART I THINKING GLOBALLY 1 One Internet; Many Voices 2 Navigating the Multilingual Internet PART II PREPARATION 3 First Steps -- and Missteps 4 Are You Ready to Go Global? PART III IMPLEMENTATION 5 Web Globalization Workflow 6 Let's Talk Budget 7 Internationalization and Localization PART IV TEXT AND TRANSLATION 8 Translation Management 9 Computer-Aided Translation (CAT) 10 Writing for a Global Audience PART V DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, AND MANAGEMENT 11 World Wide Design 12 Creating Multilingual Content 13 Global Content Management PART VI BEYOND THE WEB 14 Mastering Your (Country) Domain 15 Supporting International Customers 16 Promoting Your Site Globally 17 The Future of Web Globalization PART VII APPENDIXES A Glossary B Global Color Chart C Character Entities D Language and Country Codes E Encodings F International Notation Standards %M B.Zelanski.96 %0 BOOK %T Design Principles and Problems %A Paul Zelanski %D 1996 %O 2nd Edition %I Holt Rinehart & Winston %G ISBN 0-15501615-6 %M B.Zetie.95 %0 BOOK %T Practical User Interface Design: Making GUIs Work %A Carl Zetie %I McGraw-Hill %G ISBN 0-07709167-1 %O Includes Disk %D 1995 %Y Introduction 1. Fundamental principles 2. Conceptual models 3. Taskflow 4. Dialog design 5. Detailed design 6. Errors and help A. Choosing a design tool B. The demonstration disk References and further reading %M B.Zuboff.88 11/4/90 gp/bs %0 BOOK %T In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power %A Shoshana Zuboff %D 1988 %G ISBN 0-46503211-7 %P 468 %C New York, NY %I Basic Books fpack:!@#$%^&*(): IUI99.BA %S Tutorials %M C.IUI.99.3 %T Intelligent User Interfaces: An Introduction %A Mark Maybury %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 3-4 %K Intelligent user interfaces, Intelligent multimedia interpretation and generation, User and discourse modelling, Agent-based interfaces, Model-based interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p3-maybury/p3-maybury.pdf %X Intelligent user interfaces promise to improve the interaction for all. Drawing upon material from the recently completed Readings in Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) (Maybury and Wahlster, 1998), this tutorial will define terms, outline the history, describe key subfields, and exemplify and demonstrate intelligent user interfaces in action. %S Tutorials %M C.IUI.99.5 %T Designing and Evaluating Intelligent User Interfaces %A Kristina Hook %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 5-6 %K Intelligent user interfaces, Usability, Design methods, Evaluation %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p5-hook/p5-hook.pdf %X Intelligent user interfaces have been proposed as a means to overcome some of the problems that direct-manipulation interfaces cannot handle, such as: information overflow problems; providing help on how to use complex systems; or real-time cognitive overload problems. Intelligent user interfaces are also being proposed as a means to make systems individualised or personalised, thereby increasing the systems flexibility and appeal. But in order for intelligent user interface to gain ground and be of real use to their users, more attention has to be given to usability issues. In this tutorial we shall discuss methods for design and evaluation of intelligent user interfaces from a usability perspective. %M C.IUI.99.7 %T Intelligent Interface Agents %S Tutorials %A Henry Lieberman %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 7 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p7-lieberman/p7-lieberman.pdf %X N/A %S Plenary Address %M C.IUI.99.11 %T Agent-Based Multimedia Interaction for Virtual Web Pages %A Wolfgang Wahlster %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 11 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p11-wahlster/p11-wahlster.pdf %X N/A %S Information Retrieval Agents %M C.IUI.99.15 %T Collapsible User Interfaces for Information Retrieval Agents %A Martin Frank %A Pedro Szekely %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 15-22 %K Software agents, Information retrieval, Model-based user interfaces, Graphical user interfaces, Human-computer interaction %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p15-frank/p15-frank.pdf %X This paper presents an architecture for information retrieval agents in which each agent declaratively describes its domain, input, output, and user interface. A mediating piece of software can then assemble software agents for a given information retrieval task, and produce a single, unified user interface for that task from the individual agents' descriptions. %S Information Retrieval Agents %M C.IUI.99.23 %T Multi-Agent Learning Approach to WWW Information Retrieval using Neural Network %A Yong S. Choi %A Suk I. Yoo %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 23-30 %K Agent, Learning, Information retrieval, World Wide Web, Relevance feedback, Neural network, Search service %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p23-choi/p23-choi.pdf %X In this paper, we propose a multi-agent learning approach to information retrieval on the World Wide Web where each agent collaboratively learns its environment from user's relevance feedback using a neural network mechanism. Our approach makes it possible to discover information sources that will give the desired information, and retrieve that information efficiently and effectively. First, we present a framework for our multi-agent learning approach and introduce a training procedure for capturing knowledge about user's interests and preferences in the information retrieval domain. Secondly, we mathematically analyze the performance of our approach. Finally, to show the utility of our approach, we present the experimental results of our approach and compare them to those obtained. %S Information Retrieval Agents %M C.IUI.99.31 %T IBOTS: Agent Control Through the User Interface %A Luke S. Zettlemoyer %A Robert St. Amant %A Martin S. Dulberg %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 31-37 %K Agents, Intelligent assistants, User interface %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p31-zettlemoyer/p31-zettlemoyer.pdf %X This paper describes an ibot, a specialized software agent that exists in the environment of the user interface. Such an agent interacts with applications through the same medium as a human user. Its sensors process screen contents and mouse/keyboard events to monitor the user's actions and the responses of the environment, while its effecters can generate such events for its own contributions to the interaction. We describe the architecture of our agent and * its algorithms for image processing, event management, and state representation. We illustrate the use of the agent with a small feasibility study in the area of software logging; results are promising for future progress. %S Information Retrieval Agents %M C.IUI.99.39 %T Butterfly: A Conversation-Finding Agent for Internet Relay Chat %A Neil W. Van Dyke %A Henry Lieberman %A Pattie Maes %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 39-41 %K Agents, Internet, Conversation, Information filtering %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p39-van_dyke/p39-van_dyke.pdf %X The Internet enables groups of people throughout the world to interact to discuss issues, get assistance, learn, and socialize. However, when there are thousands of loosely defined groups in which a user could potentially participate, the problem becomes finding the groups of most interest. In this paper we focus on the domain of Internet Relay Chat real-time text messaging, and describe a "social butterfly" agent called Butterfly that samples available conversational groups and recommends ones of interest. We discuss Butterfly's motivation, usage, real-world design constraints, implementation, and results. Finally, we introduce work in progress on a multi-agent approach that has grown out of our experience with Butterfly. %M C.IUI.99.45 %T Bridging Science and Applications %A Jude Shavlik %A Lawrence Birnbaum %A William Swartout %A Eric Horvitz %A Barbara Hayes-Roth %B IUI99 %D 1999 %S Panels %P 45-46 %K Technology transfer, Intelligent interfaces, Commercialization %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p45-shavlik/p45-shavlik.pdf %X The members of this panel will discuss their experiences and lessons learned transferring research on intelligent user interfaces to the "marketplace." They will also discuss the influence applications-oriented work should have on defining basic research issues. Panelists are from leading industrial and academic institutions. They will address questions such as the following: 1. Which basic research issues in intelligent user interfaces are most relevant to their work? 2. Which intelligent-interfaces technique proved most useful in their projects? 3. Which intelligent-interfaces technique least met what was expected of it when their projects began? 4. What "major breakthrough" in intelligent-interfaces research would have the largest impact on their current and future projects? 5. Which basic research topic appears to be most over emphasized, in terms of its expected practical impact? 6. Which basic research topic appears to be most under emphasized, in terms of its expected practical impact? 7. How important is it that users are aware of the "true" level of intelligence of their interfaces? Did users expect too much or too little of the intelligent interfaces, especially compared to their expectations for traditional interfaces? 8. In hindsight, how should they have restructured their initial expectations about the role of automated intelligence in the development of advanced user interfaces? %S Collaborative Filtering and Collaborative Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.49 %T Documentation Know-How Sharing by Automatic Process Tracking %A Kenji Satoh %A Akitoshi Okumura %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 49-56 %K Know-how, Documentation support, Document sharing, Citation %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p49-satoh/p49-satoh.pdf %X Some groupware products support office jobs by providing cooperative functions such as workflow management. However, they cannot support documentation jobs because the jobs need individual creativity which is difficult to share. This paper proposes a 'Know-how Sharing Agent' which allows individual creativity used for documentation jobs to be shared. The Know-how Sharing Agent supports document creation by preparing the most exemplary document and its documentation operations. The documentation operations were also saved by the agent automatically when the document was created. This type of agent thus promotes documentation activities by sharing the know-how needed for documentation. %S Collaborative Filtering and Collaborative Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.57 %T Collecting User Access Patterns for Building User Profiles and Collaborative Filtering %A Ahmad M. Ahmad Wasfi %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 57-64 %K Autonomous agent, Classical information theory, Finite context-model, Content-based filtering, Collaborative filtering %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p57-ahmad_wasfi/p57-ahmad_wasfi.pdf %X The paper proposes a new learning mechanism to extract user preferences transparently for a World Wide Web recommender system. The general idea is that we use the entropy of the page being accessed to determine its interestingness based on its occurrence probability following a sequence of pages accessed by the user. The probability distribution of the pages is obtained by collecting the access patterns of users navigating on the Web. A finite context-model is used to represent the usage information. Based on our proposed model, we have developed an autonomous agent, named ProfBuilder, that works as an online recommender system for a Web site. ProfBuilder uses the usage information as a base for content-based and collaborative filtering. %S Collaborative Filtering and Collaborative Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.65 %T Let's Browse: A Collaborative Web Browsing Agent %A Henry Lieberman %A Neil W. Van Dyke %A Adriana S. Vivacqua %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 65-68 %K Browsing, Collaboration, Agents, User profiles %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p65-lieberman/p65-lieberman.pdf %X Web browsing, like most of today's desktop applications, is usually a solitary activity. Other forms of media, such as watching television, are often done by groups of people, such as families or friends. What would it be like to do collaborative Web browsing? Could the computer provide assistance to group browsing by trying to help find mutual interests among the participants? Let's Browse is an experiment in building an agent to assist a group of people in browsing, by suggesting new material likely to be of common interest. It is built as an extension to the single-user Web browsing agent Letizia. Let's Browse features automatic detection of the presence of users, automated "channel surfing" browsing, and dynamic display of the user profiles and explanation of recommendations. %S Reactive and Adaptive Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.71 %T Generating Mixed-Initiative Hypertexts: A Reactive Approach %A Berardina De Carolis %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 71-78 %K Dynamic hypertext generation, Mixed-initiative interaction, Automated presentation of information %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p71-de_carolis/p71-de_carolis.pdf %X Interaction with an adaptive hypertext can be seen as a form of "goal-oriented" dialogue, where the user asks for information through a set of predefined queries and the system answers ensuring that the global communicative goal of the information process is achieved through a sequence of dialogue sections (hypermedia nodes). The system establishes what to say to the user at every turn of the dialogue based on the user model settings and on the interaction history. Planning on demand the information content of a hypertext node that responds to a particular link selection in a particular context requires a "reactive" approach; this differs from common hypertext planning in that it applies local adjustment criteria to an overall plan and, in mixed-initiative situations, tries to tit together the system's and the user's points of view. %S Reactive and Adaptive Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.79 %T Making Systems Sensitive to the User's Time and Working Memory Constraints %A Anthony Jameson %A Ralph Schafer %A Thomas Weis %A Andre Berthold %A Thomas Weyrath %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 79-86 %K Adaptive systems, User modeling, Bayesian networks, Time pressure, Working memory, Natural language %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p79-jameson/p79-jameson.pdf %X Recent advances in user modeling technology have brought within reach the goal of having systems adapt to temporary limitations of the user's available time and working memory capacity. We first summarize empirical research by ourselves and others that sheds light on the causes and consequences of these (continually changing) resource limitations. We then present a decision-theoretic approach that allows a system to assess a user's resource limitations and to adapt its behavior accordingly. This approach is illustrated with reference to the performance of the prototype assistance system READY. %S Reactive and Adaptive Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.87 %T Adapting to User Preferences in Crisis Response %A Wayne Iba %A Melinda Gervasio %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 87-90 %K Adaptive interfaces, Collaborative scheduling, User modeling %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p87-iba/p87-iba.pdf %X The domain of crisis planning and scheduling taxes human response managers due to high levels of urgency and uncertainty. Such applications require assistant technologies (in contrast to automation technologies) and provide special challenges for interface design. We present INCA, the INteractive Crisis Assistant, that helps users develop effective crisis response plans and schedules in a timely manner. INCA also adapts to the individual users by anticipating their preferred responses to a given crisis and their intended repairs to a candidate response. We evaluate our system in HAZMAT, a synthetic domain involving hazardous material incidents. The results show that INCA provides effective support for the timely generation of effective responses and tailors itself to individual users. %M C.IUI.99.93 %T IUI and Agents for the New Millennium %A Henry Lieberman %A Jeffrey M. Bradshaw %A Yolanda Gil %A Ted Selker %B IUI99 %D 1999 %S Panels %P 93-94 %K Agents, Intelligent interfaces, Personalization %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p93-lieberman/p93-lieberman.pdf %X Advocates of intelligent user interfaces are used to fighting an uphill battle against more conventional approaches. Skeptics have been reluctant to accept intelligent tutoring systems, adaptive user interfaces, machine learning, predictive user models, anthropomorphic interaction, etc. as part of everyday interfaces because they have been suspicious of the feasibility of such techniques and fearful of the risk of possible mistakes. The good news is that we seem to be making progress in gaining acceptance. Past IUI conferences abound with examples of intelligent interface experiments that clearly demonstrate their feasibility. Limited examples of intelligent interfaces are actually starting to make their ways into commercial products. There is considerable evidence that opposition is softening. However, we're not out of the woods yet. Many of the early examples of commercial IUI and agent software are positioned as "add-ons" to the more familiar direct-manipulation interfaces, rather than playing a central role. We haven't yet reached the point where a new application is simply assumed, as a matter of course, to require all the representation, reasoning and learning features that IUI attendees advocate. But suppose we do? Suppose intelligence becomes such an integral part of the interface in the 21st century that we couldn't imagine applications without it? How will our software environment and the software industry change as a result? Will knowledge bases, inference engines, and learning algorithms become as much a part of the operating system as windows and menus? Will the idea of an "application", as a standalone, shrink-wrapped single-purpose interface, disappear? Once the interface is intelligent, is there any point to having present-day concepts like "files" or "directories"? Will all interfaces become personalized to the extent that there won't be any more "generic" interfaces that remain the same across millions of users? Will all information sources be interactive and customized, obsoleting paper books and linear movies? Will that lead to a loss of shared context among users? How will different intelligent user interfaces interoperate and co-operate? What, if anything, will be the next step beyond IUIs and agents? The panel will ask participants to speculate on how the widespread acceptance of intelligent user interfaces that we expect for the next millennium will transform our computing environments. %S Plenary Address %M C.IUI.99.97 %T Collaborative, Spoken-Language Interface Agents %A Candace L. Sidner %A Daniel M. Coffman %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 97 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p97-sidner/p97-sidner.pdf %X First, the day of the GUI is drawing to a close. Second, many visionaries have argued that the new user interface will be a direct and delegate interface. But that's wrong. The coming interface is one in which the user collaborates with the computer. The computer understands what the user is doing, can take part in those activities and is able to respond conversationally to the user's activities. This requires an interface that not only understands the user's individual utterances but also can participate in a conversation. Because conversations are fundamentally about the purposes for which people participate in the conversation, this new interface will also require that the machine understand and model purposes behind conversation. During this talk we will demonstrate new interfaces, some with speech, that participate with users in collaborations about doing email. We will use these demonstrations to illustrate how conversation and tasks can play a role in user interfaces. We will also demonstrate instances where spoken conversational interaction is more efficient than GUI interaction. %S Intelligent Multimedia Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.101 %T Mixing Scripted Interaction with Task-Oriented Language Processing in a Conversational Interface %A Gene Ball %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 101-103 %K Conversational interfaces, Dialogue, Scripting, Speech recognition %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p101-ball/p101-ball.pdf %X Natural conversational interaction with computers will require systems that can successfully process unconstrained spoken input. Within the domain of its competency, such a system must be able to process an utterance in a "deep" fashion, extracting the detailed information necessary to carry out a useful task. When users stray outside the supported domain, the system must still be able to respond to a "broad" range of plausible inputs to maintain basic conversational competency. This paper reports on an effort to combine simple pattern matching techniques which can provide broad coverage with deep processing based on robust natural language template matching. %S Intelligent Multimedia Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.105 %T A Robust Selection System using Real-Time Multi-Modal User-Agent Interactions %A Katsumi Tanaka %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 105-108 %K Multi-modal interface, Uncertainty, Real-time interaction, Gaze, Speech, Agent model %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p105-tanaka/p105-tanaka.pdf %X This paper presents a real-time object selection system which can deal with gaze and speech inputs that include uncertainty. Although much research has focused on integration of multi-modal information, most of it assumes that each input is accurately symbolized in advance. In addition, real-time interaction with the user is an important and desirable feature which most systems have overlooked. Unlike those systems, our system is intended to satisfy these two requirements. In our system, target objects are modeled by agents which react to user's action in real-time. The agent's reactions are based on integration of multi-modal inputs. We use gaze input which enables real-time detection of focus-of-attention but has low accuracy, whereas speech input has high accuracy but non-real-time feature. Highly accurate selection with robustness is achieved by complementary effect through probabilistic integration of these two modalities. Our first experiment shows that it is possible to select target object successfully in most cases, even if either of the modalities includes great uncertainty. %S Intelligent Multimedia Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.109 %T User Acceptance of an Intelligent User Interface: A Rotorcraft Pilot's Associate Example %A Christopher A. Miller %A Matthew D. Hannen %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 109-116 %K Cockpit information management, Rotorcraft Pilot's Associate, Associate Systems, Page selection, Symbol selection/declutter, Automated task allocation, Pan & zoom, Window location, Intent estimation %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p109-miller/p109-miller.pdf %X The U.S. Army's Rotorcraft Pilot's Associate (RPA) program is developing an advanced, intelligent "associate" system for flight demonstration in a future attack/scout helicopter. A significant RPA component is the intelligent user interface known as the Cockpit Information Manager (CIM). This paper describes the high level architecture of the CIM, with emphasis on its pilot-perceptible behaviors: Crew Intent Estimation, Page Selection, Symbol Selection/Declutter, Intelligent Window Location, Automated Pan and Zoom, and Task Allocation. We then present the subjective results of recent full mission simulation studies using the CIM to illustrate pilots' attitudes toward these behaviors and their perceived effectiveness. %S Visual and Plan-Based Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.119 %T Intelligent Multi-Shot Visualization Interfaces for Dynamic 3D Worlds %A William H. Bares %A James C. Lester %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 119-126 %K Intelligent 3D visualization, Adaptive and customizable user interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p119-bares/p119-bares.pdf %X In next-generation virtual 3D simulation, training, and entertainment environments, intelligent visualization interfaces must respond to user-specified viewing requests so users can follow salient points of the action and monitor the relative locations of objects. Users should be able to indicate which object(s) to view, how each should be viewed, cinematic style and pace, and how to respond when a single satisfactory view is not possible. When constraints fail, weak constraints can be relaxed or multi-shot solutions can be displayed in sequence or as composite shots with simultaneous viewports. To address these issues, we have developed CONSTRAINTCAM, a real-time camera visualization interface for dynamic 3D worlds. It has been studied in an interactive testbed in which users can issue viewing goals to monitor multiple autonomous characters navigating through a virtual cityscape. CONSTRAINTCAM's real-time performance in this testbed is encouraging. %S Visual and Plan-Based Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.127 %T Integrating Organizational Memory and Performance Support %A Christopher Johnson %A Larry Birnbaum %A Ray Bareiss %A Tom Hinrichs %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 127-134 %K Intelligent performance support, Task models, Organizational memory, Hypermedia %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p127-johnson/p127-johnson.pdf %X We describe an approach to building integrated performance support systems by using model-based task tracking to link performance support tools to video-based organizational memory systems, enabling contextually appropriate help and advice as well as proactive critiquing. %S Visual and Plan-Based Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.135 %T Planning and User Interface Affordances %A Robert St. Amant %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 135-142 %K Planning, Affordances %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p135-st__amant/p135-st__amant.pdf %X This paper takes a first step toward formalizing the concept of affordance in user interfaces. Using a simple example of an AI planning domain, we show how different types of affordance can be described in terms of the costs associated with plan execution. We identify a number of similarities between executing plans and interacting with a graphical user interface, and argue that affordances for planning environments apply equally well to user interface environments. We support our argument with examples of common user interface mechanisms, described in affordance terms. %S Programmable/Instructable Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.145 %T Programming by Demonstration: An Inductive Learning Formulation %A Tessa A. Lau %A Daniel S. Weld %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 145-152 %K Programming by demonstration, Machine learning, Inductive logic programming, Version spaces %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p145-lau/p145-lau.pdf %X Although Programming by Demonstration (PBD) has the potential to improve the productivity of unsophisticated users, previous PBD systems have used brittle, heuristic, domain-specific approaches to execution-trace generalization. In this paper we define two application-independent methods for performing generalization that are based on well-understood machine learning technology. TGENVS uses version-space generalization, and TGENFOIL is based on the FOIL inductive logic programming algorithm. We analyze each method both theoretically and empirically, arguing that TGENVS has lower sample complexity, but TGENFOIL can learn a much more interesting class of programs. %S Programmable/Instructable Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.153 %T InfoBeams -- Configuration of Personalized Information Assistants %A Mathias Bauer %A Dietmar Dengler %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 153-156 %K Information assistants, Wrapper induction, Programming by demonstration, Information integration %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p153-bauer/p153-bauer.pdf %X With the enormous amount of data contained in the WWW, one of the crucial tasks a user has to face is the identification and aggregation of relevant pieces of information to satisfy her current information needs. This paper presents an approach to the system-supported configuration of individualized information services. The programming-by-demonstration approach pursued by the InfoBeans releases the user from learning a programming language or dealing with technical subtleties. The first version of this system will be released this fall. %S Programmable/Instructable Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.157 %T An Instructable, Adaptive Interface for Discovering and Monitoring Information on the World-Wide Web %A Jude Shavlik %A Susan Calcari %A Tina Eliassi-Rad %A Jack Solock %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 157-160 %K Intelligent Web interfaces, Instructable software agents, Machine learning, Neural networks, Information retrieval %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p157-shavlik/p157-shavlik.pdf %X We are creating a customizable, intelligent interface to the World-Wide Web that assists a user in locating specific, current, and relevant information. The Wisconsin Adaptive Web Assistant (WAWA) is capable of accepting instructions regarding what type of information that users are seeking and how to go about looking for it. WAWA compiles these instructions into neural networks, which means that the system's behavior can be modified via training examples. Users can create these training examples by rating pages retrieved by WAWA, but more importantly the system uses techniques from reinforcement learning to internally create its own examples (users can also later provide additional instructions). WAWA uses these neural networks to guide its autonomous navigation of the Web, thereby producing an interface to the Web that users periodically instruct and which in the background searches the Web for relevant information, including periodically revisiting pages that change regularly. %S Model-Based Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.163 %T Developing Adaptable Hypermedia %A Fabio Paterno %A Cristiano Mancini %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 163-170 %K Task models, Model-based design, Hypermedia, Adaptable user interfaces, Museum applications %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p163-paterno/p163-paterno.pdf %X In this paper we discuss the design and implementation of hypermedia able to adapt to different types of usage. Our work is based on a method whose main elements are: a strong user involvement, the identification of different types of users, and the application of task models to support the design and development of hypermedia. Different task models are associated with different types of users. We show examples of the approach proposed taken from a case study where museum information is considered. %S Model-Based Interfaces %M C.IUI.99.171 %T Towards a General Computational Framework for Model-Based Interface Development Systems %A Angel Puerta %A Jacob Eisenstein %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 171-178 %K Model-based interface development, Interface models, Knowledge-based user interface design, User interface development tools %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p171-puerta/p171-puerta.pdf %X Model-based interface development systems have not been able to progress beyond producing narrowly focused interface designs of restricted applicability. We identify a level-of-abstraction mismatch in interface models, which we call the mapping problem, as the cause of the limitations in the usefulness of model-based systems. We propose a general computational framework for solving the mapping problem in model-based systems. We show an implementation of the framework within the MOBI-D (Model-Based Interface Designer) interface development environment. The MOBI-D approach to solving the mapping problem enables for the first time with model-based technology the design of a wide variety of types of user interfaces. %S Plenary Address %M C.IUI.99.181 %T Anticipating User's Needs: Redeeming Big Brother in the Information Age %A Kristian J. Hammond %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 181-182 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p181-hammond/p181-hammond.pdf %X N/A %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.185 %T ConCall: Edited and Adaptive Information Filtering %A Annika Waern %A Mark Tierney %A Asa Rudsstrom %A Jarmo Laaksolahti %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 185 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p185-waern/p185-waern.pdf %X N/A %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.186 %T Adaptive Support: The Intelligent Tour Guide %A Marc Rossel %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 186 %K Adaptive navigation support, User models, Guided tours %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p186-rossel/p186-rossel.pdf %X This paper presents the Intelligent Tour Guide realized in an Adaptive Multimedia Presentation System which is called AMPreS [1]. It supports an individual learning process by establishing user-tailored guided tours in real-time. Furthermore, different kinds of tours are developed to meet different users' needs. %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.187 %T Evaluating Adaptive Navigation Support %A Kristina Hook %A Martin Svensson %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 187 %K Adaptive, Navigation, Evaluation, Hypermedia %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p187-hook/p187-hook.pdf %X "Lost in hyperspace" is a feeling that is familiar to almost anyone using a computer. After a few actions, we do not know where we are, how we got there, or what our original goal was. Adaptive navigation systems has been proposed as a means to aid users in finding their way through information spaces. Several systems have been designed that adapts the navigation to users' knowledge (e.g 11), to users' preferences and goals (9), to users' tasks (8), or to users' spatial ability (1,6). The hope is that if user characteristics are considered the cognitive workload can be reduced, or users' learning may be improved, etc., but will they? %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.188 %T STARzoom -- An Interactive Visual Database Interface %A Per Bruno %A Viktor Ehrenberg %A Lars Erik Holmquist %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 188 %K Information retrieval, WordNet, Hypernyms, Semantic clustering, Visual information seeking %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p188-bruno/p188-bruno.pdf %X STARzoom is a visualisation of a semantic hierarchical database utilising the hypemym structure from WordNet. It is also the search tool for that same database with which the user interacts in trying to visually chisel out a search query. %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.189 %T Visual Querying and Explanation of Recommendations from Collaborative Filtering Systems %A Junichi Tatemura %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 189 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p189-tatemura/p189-tatemura.pdf %X Collaborative filtering is a technique that makes use of knowledge from other users to find useful information by computing similarity of the users based on their rating patterns [2]. Although this technique can deal with a user's subjective "taste" for data such as movies and music, one of its problems is that a user's taste is diverse and changing; the filter might fit only a portion of the user's taste or fail to satisfy her or his temporary needs. We claim that the system should explain how filtered items match the user's taste and give users control so that they can explore the information space to find what they want. We have developed a visual interface of a collaborative filtering system that supports querying and explanation of recommendations. %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.190 %T Stack Search -- A Graphical Search Model %A Ted Skolnick %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 190 %K Search, Boolean, Stack, Paper, News, Graphical, Model, Keyword, Wall Street Journal Interactive Edition (WSJIE) %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p190-skolnick/p190-skolnick.pdf %X Most text-searching user interfaces (UIs) are made of standard UI components arranged in text-based forms. This approach to searching has some shortcomings. Text based UIs can be difficult to understand, seem unpredictable or lack the control needed to find information quickly. Stack Search is a graphical search tool created at The Wall Street Journal Interactive Edition that provides a different model of searching. It gives feedback that allows users to see the affects of their actions as well as the control needed to precisely isolate information. %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.191 %T Opportunistic Exploration of Large Consumer Product Spaces %A Doug Bryan %A Anatole Gershman %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 191 %K Information retrieval, Visual navigation, Visual metaphor, Browsing, Searching %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p191-bryan/p191-bryan.pdf %X We have identified a user behavior called opportunistic exploration that is significantly different than both browsing and searching. A novel visual metaphor for opportunistic exploration, an aquarium, is presented. In an aquarium users may explore a corpus at any level of granularity. The aquarium automatically controls granularity based on the history of operations performed by a user. We will demonstrate the metaphor on a collection of 12,000 consumer products. %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.192 %T A Software Agent for Performance Improvement of Existing Information Retrieval Systems %A Bernard J. Jansen %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 192 %K Software agents, Information retrieval, Adaptive interfaces, Interface agents, Software integration %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p192-jansen/p192-jansen.pdf %X This paper describes a software agent developed specifically for integration with existing information retrieval interfaces and search engines. The software agent assists the user with query reformulation. The agent assistance is based on characteristics of the user population, user actions during the search process, information from retrieved documents, and historical information from past queries. With minor modification, the software agent can be integrated with a variety of interfaces and search engines. %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.193 %T Multilingual "Worldtrek" for Authoring and Comprehension %A Marie-Luce Picard %A Eric Boudaillier %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 193 %K Graph, Semantic networks, tcl/tk, Hypertextual navigation %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p193-picard/p193-picard.pdf %X WORLDTREK offers an interactive graphical visualization of multilingual terminologies within authoring systems and comprehension assistance tools. It will be customized for browsing of dependencies in data-mining applications. %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.194 %T WordView: Understanding Words in Context %A Lorraine Normore %A Mark Bendig %A Carol Jean Godby %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 194 %K Information retrieval, Information visualization, Natural language processing, Compound nominals %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p194-normore/p194-normore.pdf %X WordView is a tool that shows how words are used in naturally occurring phrases to support the intelligent parsing of such phrases. It embodies an easy to understand graphic summary and a user-controllable inspection facility. %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.195 %T PESCE: A Visual Generator for Software Understanding %A Rogelio Adobbati %A W. Lewis Johnson %A Stacy Marsella %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 195 %K Software visualization, Knowledge-based user interfaces, Presentation generation %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p195-adobbati/p195-adobbati.pdf %X We present a short overview of PESCE, a system that addresses the problem of automatically generating consistent visual explanations of software. %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.196 %T Visual Presentation Agents for 3D Environments %A Volker Paelke %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 196 %K Visual presentation techniques, 3D user interfaces, Interactive 3D animation, Agents, 3D illustrations %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p196-paelke/p196-paelke.pdf %X We describe a platform independent system that provides reusable visual presentation techniques for use in highly interactive 3D environments like 3D interfaces. %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.197 %T A High-Level "Tasking" Interface for Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicles %A Christopher A. Miller %A Michael Pelican %A Robert Goldman %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 197 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p197-miller/p197-miller.pdf %X N/A %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.198 %T Mobile Communication and Interaction in Context %A Jo Herstad %A Do Van Thanh %A Jan Arild Audestad %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 198 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p198-herstad/p198-herstad.pdf %X Current mobile communication solutions leave out information about the context in which the communication takes place. Context is, however, a key factor for the success of interpersonal communication. The contextual communication system described in this paper enhances existing mobile multimedia communication systems by introducing a feedback loop to convey contextual information. This information can be used either by the communication system or the addressee to select the most appropriate communication media, or to adjust and optimize the interaction mechanisms. Our claim is that to make useful, functional and powerful new tools for supporting human-human communication and interaction at a distance, the context has to be considered in the design of communication and information solutions. %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.199 %T A Contextual Analysis of Referring Gestures %A Frederic Wolff %A Laurent Romary %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 199 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p199-wolff/p199-wolff.pdf %X N/A %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.200 %T The Optimization Assistant -- Helping Engineers Explore Designs through Collaboration %A Ted Long %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 200 %K Intelligent assistant, Advisor, Collaboration %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p200-long/p200-long.pdf %X In this paper, we discuss an intelligent assistant that was placed into Engineous Software's iSIGHT product. It helps mechanical engineers design optimization plans for discovering optimal product designs. It was determined that an intelligent assistant was a better solution than providing data filters or a wizard. %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.201 %T StoryMat: A Play Space with Narrative Memories %A Kimiko Ryokai %A Justine Cassell %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 201 %K Storytelling, Recording and recalling stories, Soft interface %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p201-ryokai/p201-ryokai.pdf %X In this paper, we present the design and the prototype of a work-in-progress, StoryMat: a soft intelligent play mat that records and recalls children's storytelling activities. %S Posters/Demonstrations %M C.IUI.99.202 %T Programming Constraint System by Demonstration %A Takashi Hattori %B IUI99 %D 1999 %P 202 %K Constraints, Programming by demonstration, End user programming %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/291080/p202-hattori/p202-hattori.pdf %X The executable constraint system aims to maintain the integrity of structures that users create during an edit session. When the users modify a part of the structures, other parts are modified accordingly, based on instructions given by the users. The instructions are presented by demonstration, and form a constraint that is satisfied when the current state is its fixed point. The users can dynamically control a set of executable constraints to be satisfied. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): IJHCS52.BA %M J.IJHCS.52.1.1 %T The Impact of Animated Interface Agents: A Review of Empirical Research %A Doris M. Dehn %A Susanne Van Mulken %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 1 %P 1-22 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Over the last years, the animation of interface agents has been the target of increasing interest. Largely, this increase in attention is fuelled by speculated effects on human motivation and cognition. However, empirical investigations on the effect of animated agents are still small in number and differ with regard to the measured effects. Our aim is two-fold. First, we provide a comprehensive and systematic overview of the empirical studies conducted so far in order to investigate effects of animated agents on the user's experience, behaviour and performance. Second, by discussing both implications and limitations of the existing studies, we identify some general requirements and suggestions for future studies. %M J.IJHCS.52.1.23 %T Evaluating Focus Theories for Dialogue Management %A Renaud Lecuche %A Dave Robertson %A Catherine Barry %A Chris Mellish %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 1 %P 23-76 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Interactive reasoning tools are usually driven by an agenda of tasks to perform, rather than by conventions of human dialogue. On the other hand, theories of dialogue in natural language tend to ignore the constraints imposed by reasoning tools. This paper presents a system composed of a reasoning module and a dialogue manager which cooperate to produce dialogues that are suitable for reasoning and follow human dialogue conventions. The dialogue manager is driven by focus rules. Various competing focus theories exist but there have been few comparative studies of their use in non-trivial tasks. We make a comparative study of the use of focus theories, which requires us to be precise about our interpretation of our chosen focus theories, and to develop an innovative means of empirical testing for them. We evaluate the theories on an example of combined dialogue and reasoning from the domain of requirements elicitation. %M J.IJHCS.52.1.77 %T On the Use of Shared Task Models in Knowledge Acquisition, Strategic User Interaction and Clarification Agents %A Frances M. T. Brazier %A Catholijn M. Jonker %A Jan Treur %A Niek J. E. Wijngaards %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 1 %P 77-110 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X In this paper, three different roles of a shared task model as an intermediate representation of a task are presented and illustrated by applications developed in cooperation with industry. First the role of a shared task model in knowledge acquisition is discussed. In one of the two applications, decision support in the domain of soil sanitation, one of the existing generic task models for diagnostic reasoning provided a means to structure knowledge acquisition. In the second application, diagnosis of chemical processes, the acquisition process resulted in a shared task model for diagnostic reasoning on Nylon-6 production. Secondly, the role of a shared task model in designing user interaction is addressed. Three levels of interaction are considered of importance: interaction at the object level, at the level of strategic preferences, and at the level of task modification. In an application in the domain of environmental decision making, this led to the design of a user interface based on the acquired shared task model, within which all three levels of interaction were available to users. Finally, the role of shared task models within a multi-agent system including a clarification agent is addressed. Two software agents were designed that each share a task model with the user: one for a diagnosis task, and one for a clarification task. The shared model of the clarification task reflects the shared task model of diagnosis; clarification includes clarification of the overall diagnostic reasoning process. The multi-agent architecture presented has been developed to support a user both at the level of the diagnostic task he or she is performing and at the level of clarification. The architecture has been applied to the diagnosis of chemical processes. %M J.IJHCS.52.1.111 %T Navigation Strategies with Ecological Displays %A Catherine M. Burns %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 1 %P 111-129 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Ecological interface design (EID) has shown success as an approach for interface design in the case of a process control microworld. However, in applying the EID approach to larger systems, questions arise as how to support the navigation and integration of abstract information. In this study, three ecological displays were developed for a simulated power plant from the same abstraction hierarchy. The displays differed in the integration of abstract information, demonstrating high-space low-time, low-space high-time, and high-space high-time integration. While using the displays, the screen actions of subjects were recorded and their navigation movements studied through maps of navigation trajectories. Distinct differences were apparent between the temporally integrated and the temporally separated displays. In the temporally separated displays, clear scanning patterns emerged and these scanning patterns were correlated with improved performance on the display. This suggests that scanning patterns are an adaptation to needed but separated information. It also suggests that functional integration is an important characteristic to support when designing large ecological displays. %M J.IJHCS.52.1.131 %T A Framework for Understanding Human Factors in Web-Based Electronic Commerce %A Gareth E. Miles %A Andrew Howes %A Anthony Davies %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 1 %P 131-163 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The World Wide Web and email are used increasingly for purchasing and selling products. The use of the internet for these functions represents a significant departure from the standard range of information retrieval and communication tasks for which it has most often been used. Electronic commerce should not be assumed to be information retrieval, it is a separate task-domain, and the software systems that support it should be designed from the perspective of its goals and constraints. At present there are many different approaches to the problem of how to support seller and buyer goals using the internet. They range from standard, hierarchically arranged, hyperlink pages to "electronic sales assistants", and from text-based pages to 3D virtual environments. In this paper, we briefly introduce the electronic commerce task from the perspective of the buyer, and then review and analyse the technologies. A framework is then proposed to describe the design dimensions of electronic commerce. We illustrate how this framework may be used to generate additional, hypothetical technologies that may be worth further exploration. %M J.IJHCS.52.1.165 %T Video Data and Video Links in Mediated Communication: What Do Users Value? %A Anne H. Anderson %A Lucy Smallwood %A Rory Macdonald %A Jim Mullin %A Annemarie Fleming %A Claire O'Malley %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 1 %P 165-187 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Most studies of video-mediated, computer-supported cooperative work have investigated the impact of video conference communication links between users. Fewer studies have explored the use of multimedia systems which provide video data. In our study, the perceived benefits of these two sorts of video provision have been directly compared. We explored how users rate the value and usefulness of video links and video data in the same collaborative task, where the video links and data were delivered at different frame rates. Our comparisons of the perceived relative values of teledata and telepresence are based on the responses of 117 users each of whom took part in a session lasting around 45 min in one of the two simulations. Both studies manipulated the quality of multimedia delivery for telepresence and teledata in the same way. The simulations were: (i) the Travel Service Simulation where participants plan a holiday itinerary and (ii) the Financial Service Simulation where participants choose a property and arrange an appropriate mortgage. Participants produced very similar ratings for the perceived quality of the telepresence and the teledata. Subjects across both studies were also in broad agreement on the relative usefulness of the various kinds of multimedia data, teledata being regarded as generally more useful than telepresence. Subjects in both studies tended to rank teledata high in terms of (a) what was most useful, (b) what was the most important feature to preserve and (c) what was the most important to improve. For these multimedia customer services, teledata is more highly valued by users than telepresence. Within such complex multimedia applications, the indication for service delivery then is that, if bandwidth is limited, it would be better assigned to teledata services than to telepresence. %M J.IJHCS.52.2.191 %T Dialogues on Function Allocation %A John C. McCarthy %A Enda Fallon %A Liam Bannon %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 2 %P 191-201 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Irish poet Seamus Heaney, reflecting on the co-existence of industry and agriculture, the acorn and the rusted bolt, the engine shunting and the trotting horse in Derry when he was growing up, asks: Is it any wonder when I thought I would have second thoughts? His dialogical sensibility to "both-and", Derry as both industrial and agricultural, modern and traditional, left Heaney "suffering the limits of each claim" (Heaney, 1998, p. 295). This discomfort with limiting "either-or" claims on descriptions of a personal history reminds us of the dialogicality of people's meaning making (McCarthy & O'Connor, 1999). Given that dialogicality, is it any wonder that thoughts steal second thoughts? %M J.IJHCS.52.2.203 %T Function Allocation: Algorithm, Alchemy or Apostasy? %A T. B. Sheridan %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 2 %P 203-216 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Fitts gave us our list, the function allocation counterpart of Moses' 10 commandments, or Luther's 95 theses. Based on the qualitative axioms of Fitts, we have sought to evolve function allocation into a science. But can usable algorithms or procedures be attained? Thus far the logic has eluded us, in spite of valiant efforts. Some have declared in disgust that function allocation can never be more than black art. Must we admit that function allocation is mostly art, judgement based on experience, with little prospect for rigorous science? Or in the end must we become apostates, and abandon our hopes for rational function allocation according to those scientific principles we have held so dear in practicing our profession? The paper discusses the following problems of function allocation: (1) computers, automation and robotics offer ever greater capability, but at the cost of greater system complexity and designer bewilderment, making the stakes for function allocation ever higher than before; (2) proper function allocation differs by process stage; (3) automation appears most promising at intermediate complexity, but the bounds of "intermediate" are undefined; (4) "human-centered design", while an appealing slogan, is fraught with inconsistencies in definition and generalizability; (5) "naturalistic decision-making" and "ecological" design are incompatible with normative decision theory; (6) function allocation is design, and therefore extends beyond science; and (7) living with the technological imperative, letting our evolving machines show us what they can do, acceding or resisting as the evidence becomes clear, appears inevitable. In spite of our best efforts to cope with these and other problems of function allocation, error and dispute over allocation criteria are human nature. Perhaps that is part of the Darwinian reality, the requisite variety, the progenitor of progress. At least we have it in our power to say no to new technology, or do we? %M J.IJHCS.52.2.217 %T The Fiction of Function Allocation, Revisited %A Robert B. Fuld %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 2 %P 217-233 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X In the human factors engineering literature, the function allocation concept has been a source of debate for decades, particularly in terms of its practical utility for general design. The present article revisits some fundamental criticisms of the hypothesized function allocation process, reviews related experience in the US nuclear power industry and draws parallels to the histories of modern philosophy and science. %M J.IJHCS.52.2.235 %T The "Charge of the Byte Brigade" and a Socio-Technical Response %A Chris W. Clegg %A Melanie Older Gray %A Patrick E. Waterson %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 2 %P 235-251 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X We discuss the "Charge of the Byte Brigade", manifest in the over-emphasis on technological solutions to system design and a set of criticisms levied against humans. Function allocation is central to these issues. We identify a number of different perspectives on the meaning and status of function allocation and outline our own position. This is critical of the field generally, and we argue for a number of actions, not least for a change in name in an attempt to capture a more integrative perspective on socio-technical allocations. Much of what we recommend is concerned with re-branding and re-positioning the content and underlying mindsets of this field of endeavour, and with extending the roles of people working in it. In particular, we argue that socio-technical allocations are central to system design, that we need a more integrated approach to the design and use of systems and that this process should be owned by system managers and users. We argue the need for more research and development, for the development of improved tools to support design, for raising public awareness and for developing new partnerships with relevant stakeholders. In the final part of the paper, we describe our own approach to the development and use of a set of interrelated tools to support socio-technical allocations. Finally, we comment on the existing marginalization of these issues. %M J.IJHCS.52.2.253 %T Principles for Modelling Function Allocation %A Erik Hollnagel %A Andreas Bye %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 2 %P 253-265 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Automation is the key element in safety, reliability of industrial processes. Selecting the right type and level of automation requires careful consideration of how to allocate tasks between operators and automation. This is important in order that the joint system, human and machine as seen together, perform in the intended manner. The Halden Reactor Project is currently engaged in a project to study this topic, with an emphasis on maximizing the operator's ability to maintain control and handle unexpected events. Functional models can be used to study this in a process control environment, because they explicitly describe the functions that must be provided by the process or the operator. This paper describes how functional modelling of the joint system can be used to provide a basis for how functions should be allocated. %M J.IJHCS.52.2.267 %T KOMPASS: A Method for Complementary Function Allocation in Automated Work Systems %A Gudela Grote %A Cornelia Ryser %A Toni Waler %A Anna Windischer %A Steffen Weik %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 2 %P 267-287 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X A method supporting complementary function allocation in automated work systems called KOMPASS will be presented. KOMPASS supports interdisciplinary design teams in deciding about function allocation in automated systems, taking into account the need for an integral consideration of people-related, technological and organizational factors in the design of work systems in order to satisfy the demands for effectiveness and safety of the overall work system as well as for motivating jobs for the human operators. A set of empirically tested criteria for the evaluation of the complementarity of system design forms the basis of guidelines for the analysis of work systems, individual tasks and human-machine systems as well as for a heuristic for system design. The method is described, including a practical example of an automation project to which it was applied. %M J.IJHCS.52.2.289 %T Allocation of Function: Scenarios, Context and the Economics of Effort %A Andy Dearden %A Michael Harrison %A Peter Wright %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 2 %P 289-318 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X In this paper, we describe an approach to allocation of function that makes use of scenarios as its basic unit of analysis. Our use of scenarios is driven by a desire to ensure that allocation decisions are sensitive to the context in which the system will be used and by insights from economic utility theory. We use the scenarios to focus the attention of decision makers on the relative costs and benefits of developing automated support for the activities of the scenario, the relative impact of functions on the performance of the operator's primary role and on the relative demands placed on an operator within the scenario. By focussing on relative demands and relative costs, our method seeks to allocate the operator's limited resources to the most important and most productive tasks within the work system, and to direct the effort of the design organization to the development of automated support for those functions that deliver the greatest benefit for the effective operation of the integrated human-machine system. %M J.IJHCS.52.2.319 %T Exploring the Implications of Allocation of Function for Human Resource Management in the Royal Navy %A John Strain %A Ken Eason %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 2 %P 319-334 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Automation changes the allocation of function between machines and people and there can be many concerns about the effects on individual human performance. However, these changes also have wider consequences because the number of people in the system may be reduced and the skills they require may be different with consequential impact upon manning, recruitment and training policies. These wider implications are rarely considered in a systematic manner when a new technical system is being developed. This paper presents a method for the assessment of these wider implications during the system development process. This method has been developed and demonstrated in a Royal Navy context to explore the impact of automation in a new class of warships on the manning of the warship and on human resource planning in the Navy. The paper describes the method and the results of applying it in the naval context. The method utilizes the approach of organisational requirements definition for information technology systems (ORDIT) to determine the responsibilities within the planned socio-technical system and a scenario-based workshop approach for establishing the implications and options at each stage of the analysis. The results demonstrate that it is possible to trace the implications of a technical change of this kind for a major organization but that it is a multi-stage and multi-layered process. There are within the process many options with different implications which reveals where the organization has leverage to plan for the future. %M J.IJHCS.52.2.335 %T Function Allocation: A Perspective from Studies of Work Practice %A Peter Wright %A Andy Dearden %A Bob Fields %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 2 %P 335-355 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Function allocation is a central component of systems engineering and its main aim is to provide a rational means of determining which system-level functions should be carried out by humans and which by machines. Such allocation, it is assumed, can take place early in design life cycle. Such a rational approach to work design sits uneasily with studies of work practice reported in the ACI and CSCW literature. In this paper we present two case studies of work in practice. The first highlights the difference between functional abstractions used for function allocation decision making and what is required to make those functions work in practice. The second highlights how practice and technology can co-evolve in ways that change the meanings of functions allocated early in design. The case studies raise a number of implications for function allocation. One implication is that there is a need for richer representations of the work context in function allocation methods. Although some progress has been made in function allocation methodologies, it is suggested that the method of Contextual Design might offer useful insights. A second implication is that there is a need for better theories of work to inform function allocation decision making. Activity Theory is considered as a possible candidate since it incorporates a cultural-historical view of work evolution. Both Contextual Design and Activity Theory challenge assumptions that are deeply embedded in the human factors and systems engineering communities. In particular, that functions and tasks are an appropriate unit of analysis for function allocation. %M J.IJHCS.52.2.357 %T Cooperation, Reliability of Socio-Technical Systems and Allocation of Function %A Laurence Rognin %A Pascal Salembier %A Moustapha Zouinar %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 2 %P 357-379 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X When (re)designing a work environment, tasks or functions are allocated more or less explicitly among humans and between humans and machines. After a brief review and discussion of issues related to task allocation, we argue that an important aspect to be addressed when (re)designing socio-technical systems is the systematic evaluation of the impact of allocation decisions on the overall reliability of such systems. It is contended that the cooperative dimension of such systems is one of the main elements that contribute to this reliability. This claim leads us to present a conceptual framework for modelling the human contribution to the overall reliability of complex cooperative work systems. The framework is characterized here as a set of notions, mainly regulation and shared context, used to discuss and reason about this role of humans in the error tolerance properties of such systems. These notions are demonstrated with different examples derived from empirical studies of work practices in two complex cooperative work settings (air traffic and nuclear reactor control). We then show how this conceptual framework can be used for the evaluation of allocation decisions and more generally to inform design. %M J.IJHCS.52.3.385 %T The Role of Knowledge Modelling Techniques in Software Development: A General Approach Based on a Knowledge Management Tool %A J. Cuena %A M. Molina %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 3 %P 385-421 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The aim of the paper is to discuss the use of knowledge models to formulate general applications. First, the paper presents the recent evolution of the software field where increasing attention is paid to conceptual modelling. Then, the current state of knowledge modelling techniques is described where increased reliability is available through the modern knowledge-acquisition techniques and supporting tools. The knowledge structure manager (KSM) tool is described next. First, the concept of knowledge area is introduced as a building block where methods to perform a collection of tasks are included together with the bodies of knowledge providing the basic methods to perform the basic tasks. Then, the CONCEL language to define vocabularies of domains and the LINK language for methods formulation are introduced. Finally, the object-oriented implementation of a knowledge area is described and a general methodology for application design and maintenance supported by KSM is proposed. To illustrate the concepts and methods, an example of system for intelligent traffic management in a road network is described. This example is followed by a proposal of generalization for reuse of the resulting architecture. Finally, some concluding comments are made regarding the feasibility of using the knowledge modelling tools and methods for general application design. %M J.IJHCS.52.3.423 %T Understanding and Facilitating the Browsing of Electronic Text %A Elaine G. Toms %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 3 %P 423-452 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Browsing tends to be used in two distinctive ways, alternatively associated with the goal of the activity and with the method by which the goal is achieved. In this study, the definition of browsing combines aspects of both concepts to define browsing as an activity in which one gathers information while scanning an information space without an explicit purpose. The objective of this research was to examine how browsers interact with their browsing environment while manipulating two types of interface tools constructed from the content. * Menus: these were considered a stable device facilitating navigation, orientation and route finding. One version was presented in traditional hierarchical form while the other displayed all levels of the hierarchy simultaneously. * "Items-to-browse" tools: these were meant to encourage meandering and diversion and to prime the browsing activity. One version displayed automatically a set of Suggestions while the second was a typical Search Tool. Forty-seven adults (24 males) performed the two types of tasks (one with no purpose and the second, a control, purposeful) in four sessions over a period of four weeks. Participants scanned and/or searched the textual content of current issue plus three months of back issues of the Halifax Chronicle Herald/Mail Star using a system designed specifically for this research. At any one time only one of each type of tool was available. Those with no assigned goal examined significantly more articles and explored more menu options. They made quick decisions about which articles to examine, spending twice as much time reading the content. They tended not to explore the newspaper to a great extent, examining only 24% of the articles in a single issue. About three-quarters of what they examined was new information on topics that they had not known about before being exposed to the paper. The type of menu had no impact on performance, but differences were discovered between the two items-to-browse tools. Those with no goal selected more articles from the Suggestions and found more interesting articles when the Suggestions were available. %M J.IJHCS.52.3.453 %T Assessing Word-Processing Skills by Event Stream Analysis %A R. D. Dowsing %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 3 %P 453-469 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X This paper derives the algorithms required to process the stream of textual events collected from a candidate's interaction with a word processor to produce an assessment of their word-processing skills. The information that can be extracted from the textual event stream is compared to that which can be deduced from a comparison of the candidate's submitted answer with the model answer(s) generated by the examiner. For many examinations, document comparison is simpler and more efficient than event stream analysis but it is not always possible to fully analyse errors from document comparison; hence a mixture of document comparison and event stream analysis is desirable for computer-based word-processing assessment. %M J.IJHCS.52.3.471 %T Measurement of Presence and its Consequences in Virtual Environments %A Sarah Nichols %A Clovissa Haldane %A John R. Wilson %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 3 %P 471-491 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X A sense of presence is one of the critical components required by any effective virtual environment (VE). In contrast, side effects such as sickness may be produced in some virtual environments, detracting from the enjoyment or usefulness of the VE and from subsequent performance of the participant. Both presence and sickness in virtual environments are multifactorial phenomena not easily amenable to understanding or measurement. The first experiment reported here compares use of direct performance measures and rating scales to assess presence, whilst varying the VE display medium (head mounted and desktop displays) and whether or not sound was used in the VE. The second experiment addresses associations between presence, sickness and enjoyment of virtual environment participation. There was enough comparability between a reflex response within the VE and the rating scales to justify future exploration of the former measure of presence. A number of explanations are given for the partial association found between presence and sickness. %M J.IJHCS.52.3.493 %T Incremental Acquisition of Search Knowledge %A Ghassan Beydoun %A Achim Hoffmann %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 3 %P 493-530 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The development of highly effective heuristics for search problems is a difficult and time-consuming task. We present a knowledge acquisition approach to incrementally model expert search processes. Though, experts do not normally have complete introspective access to that knowledge, their explanations of actual search considerations seem very valuable in constructing a knowledge-level model of their search processes. Furthermore, for the basis of our knowledge acquisition approach, we substantially extend the work done on Ripple-down rules which allows knowledge acquisition and maintenance without analysis or a knowledge engineer. This extension allows the expert to enter his domain terms during the KA process; thus the expert provides a knowledge-level model of his search process. We call this framework nested ripple-down rules. Our approach targets the implicit representation of the less clearly definable quality criteria by allowing the expert to limit his input to the system to explanations of the steps in the expert search process. These explanations are expressed in our search knowledge interactive language. These explanations are used to construct a knowledge base representing search control knowledge. We are acquiring the knowledge in the context of its use, which substantially supports the knowledge acquisition process. Thus, in this paper, we will show that it is possible to build effective search heuristics efficiently at the knowledge level. We will discuss how our system SmS1.3 (SmS for Smart Searcher) operates at the knowledge level as originally described by Newell. We complement our discussion by employing SmS for the acquisition of expert chess knowledge for performing a highly pruned tree search. These experimental results in the chess domain are evidence for the practicality of our approach. %M J.IJHCS.52.3.531 %T Toward the Optimal Link Structure of the Cyber Shopping Mall %A Jinwoo Kim %A Byunggon Yoo %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 3 %P 531-551 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X This study aims at identifying the optimal link structure, which is an essential requirement for convenient and pleasant cyber shopping. To achieve the goal, this paper presents a research framework in which different types of links are hypothesized to cause different patterns of customer navigation, which in turn is expected to influence cognitive convenience and emotional pleasure of cyber shopping. Based on two dimensions of links, link direction and link target, various links are classified into five types; NBR (Neighbourhood), PAR (Parent), TOP, NEP (Nephew), and IND (Index). Two consecutive experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the cognitive and emotional usability of various combinations of the five link types. Experimental results clearly indicated that different combinations of link types influenced customers' navigation patterns, which in turn had effects on the convenience and pleasure of shopping. It was found that the combination of NBR, TOP and IND generated the optimal link structure, whereas PAR and NEP rather decreased the degree of shopping pleasure and convenience. This paper concludes with its limitations and implications on the construction of effective cyber shopping malls. %M J.IJHCS.52.3.553 %T The Reuse of Knowledge: A User-Centred Approach %A Debbie Richards %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 3 %P 553-579 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The motivation for the work reported in this paper is the belief that not only is it beneficial to reuse knowledge but it is essential if we wish to build knowledge-based systems (KBS) that meet the needs of users. The focus of most KBS research is on complex modelling at the knowledge level which requires a knowledge engineer to act as the intermediary between the expert and the system. The type of reuse primarily considered is the reuse of ontologies or problem-solving methods so that improvements can be made in system quality and development time. However, there is little focus on the needs of users to access the knowledge in a variety of ways according to the individual's decision style or situation. The system described in this paper seeks to support the user in a number of different activities including knowledge acquisition, inferencing, maintenance, tutoring, critiquing, "what-if" analysis, explanation and modelling. The ability to ask different types of questions and to explore the knowledge in alternative ways is a different type of knowledge reuse. The knowledge acquisition and representation technique used as the foundation is known as ripple-down rules (RDR). To support the exploration activities, RDR have been combined with formal concept analysis which automatically generates an abstraction hierarchy from the low-level RDR assertions. The paper suggests that rapid and incremental KA together with retrospective modelling can be used to provide the user with a system that they can own, build and explore without the difficulties associated with capturing and validating the conceptual models of experts via the mediation of a knowledge engineer. %M J.IJHCS.52.4.583 %T A Plan-Based Agent Architecture for Interpreting Natural Language Dialogue %A Liliana Ardissono %A Guido Boella %A Leonardo Lesmo %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 4 %P 583-635 %K dialogue processing; plan and goal recognition; agent modelling; natural language interpretation. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X This paper describes a plan-based agent architecture for modelling NL cooperative dialogue; in particular, the paper focuses on the interpretation of dialogue and on the explanation of its coherence by means of the recognition of the speakers' underlying intentions. The approach we propose makes it possible to analyze an explain in a uniform way several apparently unrelated linguistic phenomena, which have been often studied separately and treated via ad-hoc methods in the models of dialogue presented in the literature. Our model of linguistic interaction is based on the idea that dialogue can be seen as any other interaction among agents: therefore, domain-level and linguistic actions are treated in a similar way. Our agent architecture is based on a two-level representation of the knowledge about acting: at the metalevel, the agent modelling (AM) plans describe the recipes for plan formation and execution (they are a declarative representation of a reactive planner); at the object level, the domain and communicative actions are defined. The AM plans are used to identify the goals underlying the actions performed by an observed agent; the recognized plans constitute the dialogue context, where the intentions of all participants are stored in a structured way, in order to be used in the interpretation of the subsequent dialogue turns. %M J.IJHCS.52.4.637 %T Speech Recognition for Command Entry in Multimodal Interaction %A David A. Tyfa %A Mark Howes %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 4 %P 637-667 %K speech recognition; multiple resources; multimodal interaction; command entry; hands-busy; eyes-busy; verbal interference. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Two experiments investigated the cognitive efficiency of using speech recognition in combination with the mouse and keyboard for a range of word processing tasks. The first experiment examined the potential of this multimodal combination to increase performance by engaging concurrent multiple resources. Speech and mouse responses were compared when using menu and direct (toolbar icon) commands, making for a fairer comparison than in previous research which has been biased against the mouse. Only a limited basis for concurrent resource use was found, with speech leading to poorer task performance with both command types. Task completion times were faster with direct commands for both speech and mouse responses, and direct commands were preferred. In the second experiment, participants were free to choose command type, and nearly always chose to use direct commands with both response modes. Speech performance was again worse than mouse, except for tasks which involved a large amount of hand and eye movement, or where direct speech was used but mouse commands were made via menus. In both experiments recognition errors were low, and although they had some detrimental effect on speech use, problems in combining speech and manual modes were highlighted. Potential verbal interference effects when using speech are discussed. %M J.IJHCS.52.4.669 %T The Collaborative Production of Computer Commands in Command and Control %A Paul Luff %A Christian Heath %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 4 %P 669-699 %K command and control; CSCW; workplace studies; interaction analysis; ethnography. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The division of labour, in its turn, implies interaction; for it consists not in the sheer difference of one man's kind of work from that another, but in the fact that the different tasks and accomplishments are parts of a whole to whose product all, in some degree, contribute. And wholes, in the human social realm as in the rest of the biological and in the physical realm, have their essence in interaction. Work as social interaction is the central theme of sociological and social psychological study of work. Hughes (1958) In an interaction with a computer the user receives information that is output by the computer, and responds by providing input to the computer - the user's output becomes the computer's input and vice versa. Dix, Finlay, Abowd and Beale (1993, p. 11) In this paper, we examine the details of the use of a computer system in situ. Drawing from recent developments in the social sciences, we adopt an analytic orientation that is distinctive from much current work in human-computer interaction and cognitive engineering. Rather than focusing on a circumscribed activity of an individual at a computer system, we explore how the production of computer-based activities is sensitive to the ongoing work and interaction of the participants in the setting. The study utilizes materials including fieldwork and audio-visual recordings to explore how one particular technology is used, a system for automatically controlling trains on an urban transportation system. We focus on the "uses" of this system, a fairly conventional command-and-control system, in the Control Room, and examine how the technology is immersed within the action and interaction of the participants. In particular, we explore how the entry of commands into the system by one controller is coordinated with the conduct of colleagues, and how their conduct is inextricably embedded in their colleague's use of the system. It also reveals how the activities of controllers are managed from moment to moment, so that a division of labour emerges through the course of their interaction. Although in drawing upon naturalistic materials, this study contributes to the growing corpus of "workplace studies" within the field of computer-supported cooperative work, by examining the details of computer-based activities it continues the tradition within human-computer interaction of being concerned with the detailed use of technologies. Indeed, the emerging distinction between the two fields, one considered as focusing on matters associated with the individual "user", and the other on the "group", may be false. %M J.IJHCS.52.4.701 %T Accountability and Automation Bias %A Linda J. Skitka %A Kathleen Mosier %A Mark D. Burdick %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 4 %P 701-717 %K automation; accountability; vigilance; decision making; bias. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Although generally introduced to guard against human error, automated devices can fundamentally change how people approach their work, which in turn can lead to new and different kinds of error. The present study explored the extent to which errors of omission (failures to respond to system irregularities or events because automated devices fail to detect or indicate them) and commission (when people follow an automated directive despite contradictory information from other more reliable sources of information because they either fail to check or discount that information) can be reduced under conditions of social accountability. Results indicated that making participants accountable for either their overall performance or their decision accuracy led to lower rates of "automation bias". Errors of omission proved to be the result of cognitive vigilance decrements, whereas errors of commission proved to be the result of a combination of a failure to take into account information and a belief in the superior judgement of automated aids. %M J.IJHCS.52.4.719 %T A Theoretical Model of Differential Social Attributions Toward Computing Technology: When the Metaphor becomes the Model %A George M. Marakas %A Richard D. Johnson %A Jonathan W. Palmer %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 4 %P 719-750 %K anthropomorphism; symbolic computing; social acts; laws of control; computer self-efficiency. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X This paper explores the use of metaphorical personification (anthropomorphism) as an aid to describing and understanding the complexities of computing technologies. This common and seemingly intuitive practice (it "reads", "writes", "thinks", "is friendly", "catches and transmits viruses", etc.) has become the standard by which we formulate our daily communications, and often our formal training mechanisms, with regard to the technology. Both anecdotal and empirical sources have reported numerous scenarios in which computers have played a noticeably social role, thus being positioned more as a social actor than as a machine or "neutral tool." In these accounts, human behavior has ranged from making social reference to the device ("It's really much smarter than me,"), to more overt social interactions including conversational interplay and display of common human emotions in response to an interaction. Drawing from behavioral psychology and attribution theory, a theoretical model of the phenomenon is offered from which several propositions are advanced regarding the nature of the behavior, positive and negative implications associated with extended use of this metaphor, and recommendations for research into this ubiquitous social phenomena. ... I have encountered these situations before, and in every case they were the result of human error. - HAL 9000 from Arthur C. Clarke's 2001: A Space Odyssey %M J.IJHCS.52.4.751 %T Variables Affecting Information Technology End-User Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Literature %A Mo Adam Mahmood %A Janice M. Burn %A Leopoldo A. Gemoets %A Carmen Jacquez %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 4 %P 751-771 %K end-user satisfaction; information technology; meta-analysis. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The level of end-user satisfaction with information technology (IT) has widely been accepted as an indicator of IT success. The present research synthesizes and validates the construct of IT end-user satisfaction using a meta-analysis. It accomplishes this by analysing the empirical results of 45 end-user satisfaction studies published between 1986 and 1998 and by focusing on relationships between end-user satisfaction and nine variables: perceived usefulness, ease of use, user expectations, user experience, user skills, user involvement in system development, organizational support, perceived attitude of top management toward the project and user attitude toward information systems (IS) in widely divergent settings. The present analysis found positive support for the influence of all nine variables on end-user IT satisfaction but to varying degrees. The most significant relationships were found to be user involvement in systems development, perceived usefulness, user experience, organizational support and user attitude toward the IS. This has implications for IS analysis and design as well as user training and the development of training support packages. %M J.IJHCS.52.5.775 %T Self-Instructive Spreadsheets: An Environment for Automatic Knowledge Acquisition and Tutor Generation %A M. Lentini %A D. Nardi %A A. Simonetta %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 5 %P 775-803 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Typically, spreadsheet applications are difficult to use for casual users (different from developers), mainly because of lack of support. In fact, building a tutoring facility for such applications is a time-consuming task. Our aim is the realization of a tool for the automatic generation of Intelligent Tutors for conventional spreadsheet applications. We have developed a system that works in two steps. In the first one, it extracts an explicit representation of the problem-solving pattern coded in a programmed spreadsheet. In the second step, it generates a hypertextual guide and an interactive tutor that can effectively support, in the native environment, the casual user of the spreadsheet with the specific application it is designed for. We have successfully tested our system on a class of students using an application for budget analysis. %M J.IJHCS.52.5.805 %T Consumer Web Search Behaviour: Diagrammatic Illustration of Wayfinding on the Web %A Chris Hodkinson %A Geoffrey Kiel %A Janet R. McColl-Kennedy %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 5 %P 805-830 %K consumer behaviour: information search; WWW; wayfinding. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X External information search behaviour has long been of interest to consumer researchers. Experimental and post hoc survey research methodologies have typically used a large number of variables to record search activity. However, as these are usually considered in aggregate, there is little opportunity for the researcher to overview the search style of a consumer. To date, the diagrammatic illustration of search behaviour has been limited to experimental environments in which the available information was strictly bounded, for example, within databases or when information display boards have been used. This paper, which focuses largely on inter-site world wide web (WWW) search behaviour, discusses web search paradigms and the variables used to capture WWW search. It also provides a conceptual framework for the representation of external information search behaviour in diagrammatic form. The technique offers researchers an opportunity to holistically interpret information search data and search styles. The benefits include the identification of particular search styles, more precise interpretation of web search activity numeric data and the potential application for the training of web users to improve their search effectiveness. %M J.IJHCS.52.5.831 %T The Impact of Data Models and Task Complexity on End-User Performance: An Experimental Investigation %A Chechen Liao %A Prashant C. Palvia %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 5 %P 831-845 %K data models; end user performance; data representation; conceptual modeling. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The purpose of this study was to investigate similarities and differences in the quality of data representations produced by end-users using the relational model (RM), the extended entity-relationship model (EERM), and the object-oriented model (OOM). By performing laboratory experiments using MIS major students, quality was evaluated on five constructs of a data model (i.e. entity/object, descriptor, identifier, relationship and generalization hierarchy) and six facets of a relationship (i.e. unary one-to-one, unary one-to-many, binary one-to-one, binary one-to-many, binary many-to-many and ternary many-to-many-to-many). The research focused on two major issues: data model design and data model conversion. The first issue investigated the differences in user performance between the RM, the EERM and the OOM. The second investigated the differences in user performance between the RM and the relational conversions of the EERM and the OOM models. For the first issue, EERM and OOM scored much higher than the RM in correctness scores of binary one-to-many and binary many-to-many relationships, but only the EERM led to significance. The RM and OOM scored much higher than EERM for unary one-to-one relationships, however, only the RM resulted in significance. The OOM required significantly less time for task completion than EERM. For the second issue, RM and the relational conversion of OOM scored significantly higher than the relational conversion of EERM for unary one-to-one relationships. %M J.IJHCS.52.5.847 %T Evaluating Environments for Functional Programming %A Jon Whittle %A Andrew Cumming %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 5 %P 847-878 %K functional programming; transformational programming; structure editors. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Functional programming presents new challenges in the design of programming environments. In a strongly typed functional language, such as ML, much conventional debugging of runtime errors is replaced by dealing with compile-time error reports. On the other hand, the cleanness of functional programming opens up new possibilities for incorporating sophisticated correctness-checking techniques into such environments. CYNTHIA is a novel editor for ML that both addresses the challenges and explores the possibilities. It uses an underlying proof system as a framework for automatically checking for semantic errors such as non-termination. In addition, CYNTHIA embodies the idea of programming by analogy-whereby users write programs by applying abstract transformations to existing programs. This paper investigates CYNTHIA's potential as a novice ML programming environment. We report on two studies in which it was found that students using CYNTHIA commit fewer errors and correct errors more quickly than when using a compiler/text editor approach. %M J.IJHCS.52.5.879 %T An Efficient Camera Calibration Method for Vision-Based Head Tracking %A K. S. Parka %A C. J. Lim %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 5 %P 879-898 %K vision-based head tracking; eye-controlled human/computer interface; camera calibration. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate an efficient camera calibration method for vision-based head tracking. Tracking head movements is important in the design of an eye-controlled human/computer interface. A vision-based head tracking system is proposed to allow the user's head movements in the design of the eye-controlled human/computer interface. We propose an efficient camera calibration method to track the three-dimensional position and orientation of the user's head accurately. We also evaluate the performance of the proposed method and the influence of the configuration of calibration points on the performance. The experimental error analysis results showed that the proposed method can provide more accurate and stable pose (i.e. position and orientation) of the camera than the direct linear transformation method which has been used in camera calibration. The results for this study can be applied to the tracking of head movements related to the eye-controlled human/computer interface and the virtual reality technology. %M J.IJHCS.52.5.899 %T Some Human Dimensions of Computer Virus Creation and Infection %A Andy Bissett %A Geraldine Shipton %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 5 %P 899-913 %K virus-maker; psychoanalysis; motivation. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Infection of computer systems by destructive computer viruses is a commonplace occurrence. Consequently, an extensive literature exists concerning the technical means of virus prevention, detection and disinfection. By contrast, in this paper we consider the human dimensions and implications behind the invention and release of computer viruses. We examine and discuss some possible conscious motivations: these include political, commercial and malicious. However, the paper is also concerned with unconscious motivations and goes on to look at possible meanings for these disruptive activities from within a psychodynamic framework based on the work of Melanie Klein. The paper draws upon previously published information about viruses and their makers in order to furnish material for these discussions. Of equal import in understanding the effect that virus infection has upon computer users. A personal anecdote illustrates the disruption to peace of mind brought about simply by the fear of virus infection. We conclude that virus creation means different things for different perpetrators, but that generally it is a destructive act aimed at dismantling what is apparently 'whole' and satisfactory. This reflects the reality that human life involves a constant struggle with processes of destructiveness as well as creativity. Paradoxically, the orderly, constructed world may become stronger through the process of learning and defending against each new virus, but this strengthening of defences may itself inflame the problem. We conclude by considering some concrete consequences for computer users, and areas for future investigation. %M J.IJHCS.52.5.915 %T Keyword Comparison: A User-Centered Feature for Improving Web Search Tools %A Xiaowen Fang %A Gavriel Salvendy %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 5 %P 915-931 %K keyword comparison; search engines; www. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Current web search tools are examined. Human cognitive limitations in working memory, text processing and comprehension, problem solving, and decision-making in a search process are analysed. Based on the literature review, a user-centered feature, keyword comparison, was proposed to help users review the search results and extract useful information. Experimental search engines and browsers were developed using Visual Basic, Java and Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programming languages. An experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of this feature. The dependent variables were the number of relevant web sites identified during the 1-hour period and satisfaction. The independent variable was the interface type of the search tools. A between-subject t -test experimental design was utilized with 20 subjects. Testing of the hypothesis, by contrasting the user-centered feature against the current search engine, indicated that feature keyword comparison improved users' search performance by 77% and satisfaction in using the feature by 35%. %M J.IJHCS.52.5.933 %T Peripheral Participation in Video-Mediated Communication %A Andrew Monk %A Leon Watts %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 5 %P 933-958 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The importance of overhearing, and other ways of monitoring communicative behaviour not explicitly directed at oneself, has been illustrated in numerous ethnographic studies of computer-supported cooperative work. This paper is concerned with a particular form of monitoring. A "peripheral participant" is defined as someone who has a legitimate interest in monitoring a joint task (being carried out by some "primary participants") but who is not actively involved in carrying out the task themselves. The concept is illustrated through field studies of telemedical consultation and related to other analyses of overhearing. Two experiments are reported where participatory status was manipulated using a role-play task. Ratings of interpersonal awareness, measures of gaze direction and recall of the conversation all indicate that the task successfully operationalized the distinction between primary and peripheral participation. In addition, the experiment manipulated the visibility of the peripheral participant to a remote primary participant. This was shown to have an effect on the remote primary participant's interpersonal awareness of the peripheral participant. Potential mechanisms for this effect are considered. It is concluded that peripheral participation is a potentially important form of involvement that needs to be considered when designing and configuring equipment for video-mediated cooperative work. %M J.IJHCS.52.6.961 %T Evaluating a Domain-Specialist-Oriented Knowledge Management System %A Timothy C. Lethbridge %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 6 %P 961-990 %K software evaluation; knowledge management; creative task assistant. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X We discuss the evaluation of software tools whose purpose is to assist humans to perform complex creative tasks. We call these creative task assistants (CTAs) and use as a case study CODE4, a CTA designed to allow domain specialists to manage their own knowledge base. We present an integrated process involving evaluation of usability, attractiveness and feature contribution, the latter two being the focus. To illustrate attractiveness evaluation, we assess whether CODE4 has met its objective of having users not trained in logical formalisms choose the tool to represent and manipulate knowledge in a computer. By studying use of the tool by its intended users, we conclude that it has met this objective. To illustrate feature contribution evaluation, we assess what aspects of CODE4 have in fact led to its success. To do this, we study what tasks are performed by users, and what features of both knowledge representation and user interface are exercised. We find that features for manipulating the inheritance hierarchy and naming concepts are considered the most valuable. Our overall conclusion is that those developing or researching CTAs would benefit from using the three types of evaluation in order to make effective decisions about the evolution of their products. %M J.IJHCS.52.6.991 %T Creating an Effective Training Environment for Enhancing Telework %A Viswanath Venkatesh %A Cheri Speier %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 6 %P 991-1005 %K game-based training; intrinsic motivation; telework. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X There is a growing need for research examining the effective implementation and management of teleworking as it is increasingly being used as an organizational work structure. The enhanced functionality of many information technologies facilitates the completion of work across geographically dispersed teleworkers while simultaneously providing a vehicle to overcome social isolation that has been viewed as an inhibitor of teleworker effectiveness. This research assesses two training methods that can be used to help teleworkers develop skill sets for using these technologies. The results suggest that using a game-based training method facilitates the training process by increasing users' intrinsic motivation resulting in increased intention to use the technology. This can be particularly important in enhancing the effective completion of team and individual telework while at the same time providing a mechanism to minimize teleworkers social isolation. %M J.IJHCS.52.6.1007 %T Using Intentional Models for the Interface Design of Multi-Level Systems %A Alan W. Colman %A Ying K. Leung %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 6 %P 1007-1029 %K intentional models; user interface design; multi-layered systems; object-oriented methodology; human-computer interaction. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X In this paper, it is argued that the design of computer interfaces for complex, multi-layered systems needs to take into account the differing intentional models that are held by different types of users of such systems, and that there is a strong correlation between the job roles of individuals and the level of abstraction of the mental models held by such users. An approach to the analysis and design of complex multi-layered systems based on the analysis of job roles to elicit such models is suggested and linked with other techniques of task analysis and object-oriented analysis and design. The methodology is illustrated with the interface analysis for an automatic environmental chemical analyser. %M J.IJHCS.52.6.1031 %T Calculators are Needlessly Bad %A Harold Thimbleby %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 6 %P 1031-1069 %K consumer product user interfaces; feature interaction; feature incoherence; calculator and calculator user interfaces. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X In the two decades hand-held calculators have been readily available, there has been ample time to develop a usable design and to educate the consumer public into choosing quality devices. This article reviews a representative calculator that is "state of the art" and shows it has an execrable design. The design is shown to be confusing and essentially non-mathematical. Substantial evidence is presented that illustrates the inadequate documentation, bad implementation, feature interaction, and feature incoherence. These problems are shown to be typical of calculators generally. Despite the domain (arithmetic) being well defined, the design problems are profound, widespread, confusing-and needless. Worrying questions are begged: about design quality control, about consumer behaviour, and about the role of education-both at school level (training children to acquiesce to bad design) and at university level (training professionals to design unusable products). The article concludes with recommendations. "The problem of efficient and uniform notations is perhaps the most serious one facing the mathematical public." Florian Cajori (1993) "[. . .] contrivances adapted to peculiar purposes [. . .] and what is worse than all, a profusion of notations (when we regard the whole science) which threaten, if not duly corrected, to multiply our difficulties instead of promoting our progress." Charles Babbage, quoted in Cajori (1993). %M J.IJHCS.52.6.1071 %T Ontology-Driven Document Enrichment: Principles, Tools and Applications %A Enrico Motta %A Simon Buckingham Shum %A John Domingue %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 6 %P 1071-1109 %K semantic web; ontologies; knowledge modelling; digital documents; document retrieval; intelligent news servers; scholarly discourse; medical informatics %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X In this paper, we present an approach to document enrichment, which consists of developing and integrating formal knowledge models with archives of documents, to provide intelligent knowledge retrieval and (possibly) additional knowledge-intensive services, beyond what is currently available using "standard" information retrieval and search facilities. Our approach is ontology-driven, in the sense that the construction of the knowledge model is carried out in a top-down fashion, by populating a given ontology, rather than in a bottom-up fashion, by annotating a particular document. In this paper, we give an overview of the approach and we examine the various types of issues (e.g. modelling, organizational and user interface issues) which need to be tackled to effectively deploy our approach in the workplace. In addition, we also discuss a number of technologies we have developed to support ontology-driven document enrichment and we illustrate our ideas in the domains of electronic news publishing, scholarly discourse and medical guidelines. %M J.IJHCS.52.6.1111 %T WonderTools? A Comparative Study of Ontological Engineering Tools %A A. J. Duineveld %A R. Stoter %A M. R. Weiden %A B. Kenepa %A V. R. Benjamins %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 52 %N 6 %P 1111-1133 %K ontology tools. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %W http://www.swi.psy.uva.nl/wondertools/ WonderTools website %X Ontologies are becoming increasingly important in a variety of different fields, such as intelligent searching on the web, knowledge sharing and reuse, knowledge management, etc. Therefore, we expect that the need for tools to support the construction of ontologies will increase significantly in the coming years. In this paper, we investigate several of these tools. We evaluate the tools using two different ontologies: a simple one about university employees, and a second, more complex one, about the structure of a university study. The evaluation was conducted using a framework, which incorporates aspects of ontology buildings and testing, as well as cooperation with other users. Our conclusions are that the usefulness of the tools depends on the level of the users and the stage of development of the ontology. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI96-1.BA %M C.CHI.96.1.3 %T Self Disclosure on Computer Forms: Meta-Analysis and Implications %S PAPERS: Learning From Users %A Suzanne Weisband %A Sara Kiesler %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 3-10 %K Computer forms, Computer interviews, Electronic surveys, Measurement, Disclosure, Response bias, Electronic communication %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Weisband/sw_txt.htm %X Do people disclose more on a computer form than they do in an interview or on a paper form? We report a statistical meta-analysis of the literature from 1969 to 1994. Across 39 studies using 100 measures, computer administration increased self-disclosure. Effect sizes were larger comparing computer administration with face-to-face interviews, when forms solicited sensitive information, and when medical or psychiatric patients were the subjects. Effect sizes were smaller but had not disappeared in recent studies, which we attribute in part to changes in computer interfaces. We discuss research, ethical, policy, and design implications. %M C.CHI.96.1.11 %T The Design and Long-Term Use of a Personal Electronic Notebook: A Reflective Analysis %S PAPERS: Learning From Users %A Thomas Erickson %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 11-18 %K Electronic notebooks, Personal information management, Customization, Tailoring, Longitudinal study, Reflective analysis, Co-evolution of design and practice %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %X This article describes the design and use of a personal electronic notebook. The findings provide a useful data point for those interested in the issue of how to design highly customizable systems for managing personal information. After a description of the notebook's interface and the usage practices that have co-evolved with the interface, I discuss some of the features that have made the notebook useful over the long term, and trends in the evolution of the design. %M C.CHI.96.1.19 %T Technomethodology: Paradoxes and Possibilities %S PAPERS: Learning From Users %A Graham Button %A Paul Dourish %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 19-26 %K Ethnography, Ethnomethodology, Design practice, Methodology, Accounts, Abstraction %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Button/jpd_txt.htm %X The design of CSCW systems has often had its roots in ethnomethodological understandings of work and investigations of working settings. Increasingly, we are also seeing these ideas applied to critique and inform HCI design more generally. However, the attempt to design from the basis of ethnomethodology is fraught with methodological dangers. In particular, ethnomethodology's overriding concern with the detail of practice poses some serious problems when attempts are made to design around such understandings. In this paper, we discuss the range and application of ethnomethodological investigations of technology in working settings, describe how ethnomethodologically-affiliated work has approached system design and discuss ways that ethnomethodology can move from design critique to design practice: the advent of technomethodology. %M C.CHI.96.1.27 %T Does Animation in User Interfaces Improve Decision Making? %S PAPERS: Empirical Studies of Graphics and Visual Design %A Cleotilde Gonzalez %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 27-34 %K Animation, Decision making %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %X This paper reports a laboratory experiment that investigated the relative effects of images, transitions, and interactivity styles used in animated interfaces in two decision making domains. Interfaces used either realistic or abstract images, smooth or abrupt transitions, and parallel or sequential interactivity. Results suggest that decision making performance is influenced by the task domain, the user experience, the image, transition, and interactivity styles used in animated interfaces. Subjects performed better with animated interfaces based on realistic rather than abstract images. Subjects were more accurate with smooth rather than abrupt animation. Subjects were more accurate and enjoyed more the animation with parallel rather than sequential interactivity. Implications on the design of animated interfaces for decision making are provided. %M C.CHI.96.1.35 %T Assessing the Effect of Non-Photorealistic Rendered Images in CAD %S PAPERS: Empirical Studies of Graphics and Visual Design %A Jutta Schumann %A Thomas Strothotte %A Andreas Raab %A Stefan Laser %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 35-41 %K Non-photorealistic rendering, Architectural presentation, Preliminary drafts, Sketches, CAD %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Schumann/chi96fi.html %X Recent work in computer graphics has resulted in new techniques for rendering so-called non-photorealistic images. While such features are now already appearing in commercially available software, little is known about the effect of non-photorealistic images on users and their usefulness in specific contexts. In this paper we report on an empirical study with 54 architects who compared the output of a sketch-renderer for producing pencil-like drawings with standard output of CAD systems for architectural designs. The results show that the different kinds of renditions actually have a very different effect on viewers and that non-photorealistic images actually do deserve their place in the repertoire of CAD systems. %M C.CHI.96.1.42 %T Gratuitous Graphics? Putting Preferences in Perspective %S PAPERS: Empirical Studies of Graphics and Visual Design %A Ellen Levy %A Jeff Zacks %A Barbara Tversky %A Diane Schiano %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 42-49 %K Visualization, Spatial representation, 3-D graphics, User interface design %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Levy/lev_txt.htm %X Rapid growth in 3-D rendering technologies has deluged us with glitzy graphical representations. In what contexts do people find 3-D graphs of 2-D data both attractive and useful? We examine students' preferences for graphical display formats under several use scenarios. Line graphs were preferred more for conveying trends than details, and more for promoting memorability than for immediate use; bar graphs showed the opposite pattern. 3-D graphs were preferred more for depicting details than trends, more for memorability than immediate use, and more for showing others than oneself. The reverse held for 2-D graphs. %M C.CHI.96.1.50 %T Beating the Limitations of Camera-Monitor Mediated Telepresence with Extra Eyes %S PAPERS: Collaborative Systems %A Kimiya Yamaashi %A Jeremy R. Cooperstock %A Tracy Narine %A William Buxton %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 50-57 %K Telepresence, Teleconferencing, CSCW, Multimedia %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Yamaashi/ky_txt.htm %X In physical presence, you are most aware of your immediate surroundings, such as what is at your feet or who is beside you, and less aware of objects further away. In telepresence, almost the opposite is true. Due to the nature of the medium, you are most aware of what is in front, often at a distance, as dictated by the limited view of the camera. Even where remote camera control is possible, the range of exploration is limited and the logistics of control are typically awkward and slow. All of this adds up to a pronounced loss of awareness of the periphery in telepresence. The research described here attempts to compensate for these problems through two mechanisms. First, we provide telepresence users with two separate views, one wide-angle and the other, a controllable, detailed view. To simplify navigation, the two views are seamlessly linked together, so that selecting a region of one will have an effect in the other. Second, we utilize sensor information from the remote location to provide the user with notification of relevant events that may require attention. Together, these tools significantly enhance users' awareness of their telepresence surroundings. %M C.CHI.96.1.58 %T Talk and Embodiment in Collaborative Virtual Environments %S PAPERS: Collaborative Systems %A John Bowers %A James Pycock %A Jon O'Brien %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 58-65 %K Conversation analysis, Interaction analysis, Body movement, Embodiment, Virtual reality, CSCW %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Bowers/jb_txt.htm %X This paper presents some qualitative, interpretative analyses of social interaction in an internationally distributed, real-time, multi-party meeting held within a collaborative virtual environment (CVE). The analyses reveal some systematic problems with turn taking and participation in such environments. We also examine how the simple polygonal shapes by means of which users were represented and embodied in the environment are deployed in social interaction. Strikingly, some familiar coordinations of body movement are observed even though such embodiments are very minimal shapes. The paper concludes with some suggestions for technical development, derived from the empirical analyses, which might enhance interactivity in virtual worlds for collaboration and cooperative work. %M C.CHI.96.1.66 %T Emacspeak -- A Speech Interface %S PAPERS: Alternative Methods of Interaction %A T. V. Raman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 66-71 %K Speech interface, Direct access, Spoken feedback, Audio formatting, Speech as a first-class I/O medium %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Raman/paper.html %X Screen-readers -- computer software that enables a visually impaired user to read the contents of a visual display -- have been available for more than a decade. Screen-readers are separate from the user application. Consequently, they have little or no contextual information about the contents of the display. The author has used traditional screen-reading applications for the last five years. The design of the speech-enabling approach described here has been implemented in Emacspeak to overcome many of the shortcomings he has encountered with traditional screen-readers. The approach used by Emacspeak is very different from that of traditional screen-readers. Screen-readers allow the user to listen to the contents appearing in different parts of the display; but the user is entirely responsible for building a mental model of the visual display in order to interpret what an application is trying to convey. Emacspeak, on the other hand, does not speak the screen. Instead, applications provide both visual and speech feedback, and the speech feedback is designed to be sufficient by itself. This approach reduces cognitive load on the user and is relevant to providing general spoken access to information. Producing spoken output from within the application, rather than speaking the visually displayed information, vastly improves the quality of the spoken feedback. Thus, an application can display its results in a visually pleasing manner; the speech-enabling component renders the same in an aurally pleasing way. %M C.CHI.96.1.72 %T Audio Enhanced 3D Interfaces for Visually Impaired Users %S PAPERS: Alternative Methods of Interaction %A Stephen W. Mereu %A Rick Kazman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 72-78 %K User interface, Auditory interface, Disability access, 3D interface %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Mereu/rnk-txt.htm %X Three dimensional computer applications such as CAD packages are often difficult to use because of inadequate depth feedback to the user. It has, however, been shown that audio feedback can help improve a user's sense of depth perception. This paper describes an experiment which evaluates the use of three different audio environments in a 3D task undertaken by visually impaired users. The three audio environments map tonal, musical, and orchestral sounds to an (x, y, z) position in a 3D environment. In each environment the user's task is to locate a target in three dimensions as accurately and quickly as possible. This experiment has three important results: that audio feedback improves performance in 3D applications for all users; that visually impaired users can use 3D applications with the accuracy of sighted users; and that visually impaired users can attain greater target accuracy than sighted users in a sound-only environment. %M C.CHI.96.1.79 %T Dual Device User Interface Design: PDAs and Interactive Television %S PAPERS: Multi-Modal Applications %A Scott Robertson %A Cathleen Wharton %A Catherine Ashworth %A Marita Franzke %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 79-86 %K Personal digital assistants (PDA), Interactive television (ITV), Ubiquitous computing, Mobile computing, Multiple devices %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Robertson/spr_txt.htm %X Computing environments which involve many interacting devices are a challenge for system and user interface designers. A prototype of a multiple-device application consisting of a personal digital assistant (PDA) that operates in conjunction with interactive television (ITV) was developed from user requirements for a real estate information service. The application is used both as a stand-alone service and in conjunction with a television. Users interact exclusively with the PDA. The television responds to PDA output and is used for the presentation of visual images and videos. In this paper the application is described and user interface design issues that arise in the context of multiple device systems are discussed. %M C.CHI.96.1.87 %T Pen Computing for Air Traffic Control %S PAPERS: Multi-Modal Applications %A Stephane Chatty Patrick Lecoanet %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 87-94 %K Air traffic control, Gesture recognition, Mark-based input, Pen computing, Touch-screen, Direct manipulation, Prototyping %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Chatty/sc_txt.htm %X Modernizing workstations for air traffic controllers is a challenge: designers must increase efficiency without affecting safety in any way. Air traffic control is a time-intensive and safety-critical activity, and thus interaction efficiency and low error rates are crucial. Classical interaction techniques have been used in prototype workstations, but the resulting efficiency is not always satisfactory. This leads designers to consider more advanced interaction techniques. This paper reports on the design and a preliminary evaluation of the first prototype of project IMAGINE, which represents the second generation of graphical interfaces for air traffic control. This prototype, GRIGRI, uses a high resolution touch screen and provides mark based input through the screen. The use of gestures, as well as the use of multi-modal techniques, make interaction faster, and closer to the controllers' habits. %M C.CHI.96.1.95 %T Multimodal Interfaces for Dynamic Interactive Maps %S PAPERS: Multi-Modal Applications %A Sharon Oviatt %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 95-102 %K Multimodal interface design, Dynamic interactive maps, Spoken, Pen-based, and multimodal input, Predictive modeling, Robust processing %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Oviatt/slo_txt.htm %X Dynamic interactive maps with transparent but powerful human interface capabilities are beginning to emerge for a variety of geographical information systems, including ones situated on portables for travelers, students, business and service people, and others working in field settings. In the present research, interfaces supporting spoken, pen-based, and multimodal input were analyze for their potential effectiveness in interacting with this new generation of map systems. Input modality (speech, writing, multimodal) and map display format (highly versus minimally structured) were varied in a within-subject factorial design as people completed realistic tasks with a simulated map system. The results identified a constellation of performance difficulties associated with speech-only map interactions, including elevated performance errors, spontaneous disfluencies, and lengthier task completion time -- problems that declined substantially when people could interact multimodally with the map. These performance advantages also mirrored a strong user preference to interact multimodally. The error-proneness and unacceptability of speech-only input to maps was attributed in large part to people's difficulty generating spoken descriptions of spatial location. Analyses also indicated that map display format can be used to minimize performance errors and disfluencies, and map interfaces that guide users' speech toward brevity can nearly eliminate disfluencies. Implications of this research are discussed for the design of high-performance multimodal interfaces for future map systems. %M C.CHI.96.1.103 %T Using the Web Instead of a Window System %S PAPERS: World Wide Web %A James Rice %A Adam Farquhar %A Philippe Piernot %A Thomas Gruber %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 103-110 %K Internet application, Remote user interface, Active document, CSCW, World Wide Web, Hypertext, HTML, HTTP, Java %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Rice/jpr_txt.htm %X We show how to deliver a sophisticated, yet intuitive, interactive application over the web using off-the-shelf web browsers as the interaction medium. This attracts a large user community, improves the rate of user acceptance, and avoids many of the pitfalls of software distribution. Web delivery imposes a novel set of constraints on user interface design. We outline the tradeoffs in this design space, motivate the choices necessary to deliver an application, and detail the lessons learned in the process. These issues are crucial because the growing popularity of the web guarantees that software delivery over the web will become ever more wide-spread. This application is publicly available at: http://www-ksl-svc.stanford.edu:5915/ %M C.CHI.96.1.111 %T The WebBook and the Web Forager: An Information Workspace for the World-Wide Web %S PAPERS: World Wide Web %A Stuart K. Card %A George G. Robertson %A William York %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 111-117 %K 3D graphics, User interfaces, Information access, World-Wide Web, Information workspace, Workspace %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Card/skc1txt.html %X The World-Wide Web has achieved global connectivity stimulating the transition of computers from knowledge processors to knowledge sources. But the Web and its client software are seriously deficient for supporting users' interactive use of this information. This paper presents two related designs with which to evolve the Web and its clients. The first is the WebBook, a 3D interactive book of HTML pages. The WebBook allows rapid interaction with objects at a higher level of aggregation than pages. The second is the Web Forager, an application that embeds the WebBook and other objects in a hierarchical 3D workspace. Both designs are intended as exercises to play off against analytical studies of information workspaces. %M C.CHI.96.1.118 %T Silk from a Sow's Ear: Extracting Usable Structure from the Web %S PAPERS: World Wide Web %A Peter Pirolli %A James Pitkow %A Ramana Rao %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 118-125 %K Information visualization, World Wide Web, Hypertext %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Pirolli_2/pp2.html %X In its current implementation, the World-Wide Web lacks much of the explicit structure and strong typing found in many closed hypertext systems. While this property probably relates to the explosive acceptance of the Web, it further complicates the already difficult problem of identifying usable structures and aggregates in large hypertext collections. These reduced structures, or localities, form the basis for simplifying visualizations of and navigation through complex hypertext systems. Much of the previous research into identifying aggregates utilize graph theoretic algorithms based upon structural topology, i.e., the linkages between items. Other research has focused on content analysis to form document collections. This paper presents our exploration into techniques that utilize both the topology and textual similarity between items as well as usage data collected by servers and page meta-information lke title and size. Linear equations and spreading activation models are employed to arrange Web pages based upon functional categories, node types, and relevancy. %M C.CHI.96.1.126 %T A Palmtop Display for Dextrous Manipulation with Haptic Sensation %S PAPERS: Virtual and Computer-Augmented Environments %A Haruo Noma %A Tsutomu Miyasato %A Fumio Kishino %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 126-133 %K Palmtop display, Haptic sensation, Force display, Virtual reality, Teleconference, User interface %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Noma/nh_txt.html %X Palmtop displays have been extensively studied, but most of them simply refocus information in the real or virtual world. The palmtop display for dextrous manipulation (PDDM) proposed in this paper allows the users to manipulate a remote object as if they were holding it in their hands. The PDDM system has a small LCD, a 3D mouse and a mechanical linkage (force display). When the user locks onto an object in the center of the palmtop display, s/he can manipulate the object through motion input on the palmtop display with haptic sensation. In this paper, the features of a PDDM with haptic sensation are described, then four operating methods and the haptic representation methods for a trial model are proposed and evaluated. %M C.CHI.96.1.134 %T BrightBoard: A Video-Augmented Environment %S PAPERS: Virtual and Computer-Augmented Environments %A Quentin Stafford-Fraser %A Peter Robinson %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 134-141 %K Augmented reality, Image processing, Machine vision, Pattern recognition, Ubiquitous computing %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Stafford-Fraser/qsf_txt.htm %X The goal of 'Computer Augmented Environments' is to bring computational power to everyday objects with which users are already familiar, so that the user interface to this computational power becomes almost invisible. Video is a very important tool in creating Augmented Environments and recent camera-manufacturing techniques make it an economically viable proposition in the general marketplace. BrightBoard is an example system which uses a video camera and audio feedback to enhance the facilities of an ordinary whiteboard, allowing a user to control a computer through simple marks made on the board. We describe its operation in some detail, and discuss how it tackles some of the problems common to these 'Video-Augmented Environments'. %M C.CHI.96.1.142 %T Wayfinding Strategies and Behaviors in Large Virtual Worlds %S PAPERS: Virtual and Computer-Augmented Environments %A Rudolph P. Darken %A John L. Sibert %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 142-149 %K Virtual worlds, Wayfinding, Navigation, Environmental design, Spatial orientation, Cognitive maps %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Darken/Rpd_txt.htm %X People have severe problems wayfinding in large virtual worlds. However, current implementations of virtual worlds provide little support for effective wayfinding. We assert that knowledge about human wayfinding in the physical world can be applied to construct aids for wayfinding in virtual worlds. An experiment was conducted to determine whether people use physical world wayfinding strategies in large virtual worlds. The study measures subject performance on a complex searching task in a number of virtual worlds with differing environmental cues. The results show that subjects in the treatment without any additional cues were often disoriented and had extreme difficulty completing the task. In general, subjects' wayfinding strategies and behaviors were strongly influenced by the environmental cues in ways suggested by the underlying design principles. %M C.CHI.96.1.150 %T An Empirical Evaluation of Design Rationale Documents %S PAPERS: Design Methodology %A Laurent Karsenty %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 150-156 %K Design rationale, Design methodology, Reuse %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Karsenty/lk_txt.htm %X While several studies propose methods and notations for "capturing" design rationale (DR), there is to date little data available on how useful this information is when a designer needs to reuse a previous design. This paper presents the results of an empirical evaluation of DR documents, carried out with six experienced professional designers who were asked to understand and to assess a past design. These designers were provided with documents that described the solution and documents describing the DR. These DR documents were constructed using the QOC method. To determine the usefulness of DR documents, we attempt to answer the three following questions: (1) Do designers confronted with an unknown design need to know the design rationales? (2) How designers use design rationale documents? (3) Do we succeed in capturing the rationales looked for by designers? The results provided by this study lead us to conclude that DR should be useful, at least for some designers who use it as a support to their reasoning, but not sufficient. Indeed, this study exhibits some limitations of the traditional approaches for recording DR. We discuss these limitations and some solutions needed to go beyond them. %M C.CHI.96.1.157 %T Systematic Design of Spoken Prompts %S PAPERS: Design Methodology %A Brian Hansen %A David G. Novick %A Stephen Sutton %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 157-164 %K Interaction design, Auditory I/O, Dialog analysis, Design techniques, Evaluation, Toolkits %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Hansen/hb_txt.html %X Designers of system prompts for interactive spoken-language systems typically seek 1) to constrain users so that they say things that the system can understand accurately and 2) to produce "natural" interaction that maximizes users' satisfaction. Unfortunately, these goals are often at odds. We present a set of heuristics for choosing appropriate prompt styles and show that a set of dimensions can be formulated from these heuristics. A point (or region) in the space formed by these dimensions is a "style" for prompts. We develop and apply metrics for empirically testing different prompt styles. Finally, we describe a toolkit that automatically generates prompts in a variety of styles for spoken-language dialogues. %M C.CHI.96.1.165 %T MailCall: Message Presentation and Navigation in a Nonvisual Environment %S PAPERS: News and Mail %A Matthew Marx %A Chris Schmandt %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 165-172 %K Auditory I/O, Interaction design, Mobile computing, Speech recognition, Speech interface design %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Marx/mtm_txt.htm %X MailCall is a telephone-based messaging system using speech recognition and synthesis. Its nonvisual interaction approaches the usability of visual systems through a combination of intelligent message categorization, efficient presentation, and random-access navigation. MailCall offers improved feedback, error-correction, and online help by considering the conversational context of the current session. Studies suggest that its nonvisual approach to handling messages is especially effective when the user has a large number of messages. %M C.CHI.96.1.173 %T NewsComm: A Hand-Held Interface for Interactive Access to Structured Audio %S PAPERS: News and Mail %A Deb K. Roy %A Chris Schmandt %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 173-180 %K Audio interfaces, Hand-held computers, Structured audio %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Roy/paper.html %X The NewsComm system delivers personalized news and other program material as audio to mobile users through a hand-held playback device. This paper focuses on the iterative design and user testing of the hand-held interface. The interface was first designed and tested in a software-only environment and then ported to a custom hardware platform. The hand-held device enables navigation through audio recordings based on structural information which is extracted from the audio using digital signal processing techniques. The interface design addresses the problems of designing a hand-held and primarily non-visual interface for accessing large amounts of structured audio recordings. %M C.CHI.96.1.181 %T The Thin Glass Line: Designing Interfaces to Algorithms %S PAPERS: Educational Applications %A Michael Eisenberg %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 181-188 %K Algorithms, Human-computer interaction, Polyhedra, Folding nets %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Eisenberg/me_txt.htm %X Modern application software often includes operations that are performed by complex mathematical algorithms. These algorithms -- far from being the "black boxes" typically portrayed in computer science courses -- may instead be viewed as interactive processes, each presenting its own particular "interface" to the user. This paper, then, offers a number of interface guidelines for mathematical algorithms -- principles whose purpose is to suggest ways in which users may employ algorithms with greater control and expressiveness. As a source of examples, we illustrate the guidelines through a particular complex mathematical problem -- that of generating a "folding net" for a three-dimensional solid. %M C.CHI.96.1.189 %T Learning Theory in Practice: Case Studies of Learner-Centered Design %S PAPERS: Educational Applications %A Elliot Soloway %A Shari L. Jackson %A Jonathan Klein %A Chris Quintana %A James Reed %A Jeff Spitulnik %A Steven J. Stratford %A Scott Studer %A Jim Eng %A Nancy Scala %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 189-196 %K Learner-centered design, Educational applications, Science applications, Socioculturalism, Constructivism, Case study, Scaffolding %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Soloway/es_txt.htm %X The design of software for learners must be guided by educational theory. We present a framework for learner-centered design (LCD) that is theoretically motivated by sociocultural and constructivist theories of learning. LCD guides the design of software in order to support the unique needs of learners: growth, diversity, and motivation. To address these needs, we incorporate scaffolding into the context, tasks, tools, and interface of software learning environments. We demonstrate the application of our methodology by presenting two case studies of LCD in practice. %M C.CHI.96.1.197 %T Assessing Dynamics in Computer-Based Instruction %S PAPERS: Educational Applications %A John F. Pane %A Albert T. Corbett %A Bonnie E. John %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 197-204 %K Animation, Simulation, Multimedia, Computer-based learning %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Pane/jfp_txt.htm %X We present an evaluation of a multimedia educational software system that includes text, graphics, animations, and simulations. When compared with an informationally equivalent control environment that used text and carefully selected still images, we found little evidence that the dynamic presentations enhanced student understanding of the declarative information in this lesson. Furthermore, students cannot be relied on to take full advantage of exploratory opportunities in computer-based instruction. These results prescribe further investigation of whether and how computer-based multimedia can be used effectively in education and training. %M C.CHI.96.1.205 %T A Case for Interaction: A Study of Interactive Information Retrieval Behavior and Effectiveness %S PAPERS: Interactive Information Retrieval %A Jurgen Koenemann %A Nicholas J. Belkin %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 205-212 %K Information retrieval, User interfaces, Evaluation, Empirical studies, Relevance feedback %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Koenemann/jk1_txt.htm %X This study investigates the use and effectiveness of an advanced information retrieval (IR) system (INQUERY). 64 novice IR system users were studied in their use of a baseline version of INQUERY compared with one of three experimental versions, each offering a different level of interaction with a relevance feedback facility for automatic query reformulation. Results, in an information filtering task, indicate that: these subjects, after minimal training, were able to use the baseline system reasonably effectively; availability and use of relevance feedback increased retrieval effectiveness; and increased opportunity for user interaction with and control of relevance feedback made the interactions more efficient and usable while maintaining or increasing effectiveness. %M C.CHI.96.1.213 %T Scatter/Gather Browsing Communicates the Topic Structure of a Very Large Text Collection %S PAPERS: Interactive Information Retrieval %A Peter Pirolli %A Patricia Schank %A Marti Hearst %A Christine Diehl %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 213-220 %K Information retrieval, Scatter/gather, Clustering, Browsing %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Pirolli/pp_txt.htm %X Scatter/Gather is a cluster-based browsing technique for large text collections. Users are presented with automatically computed summaries of the contents of clusters of similar documents and provided with a method for navigating through these summaries at different levels of granularity. The aim of the technique is to communicate information about the topic structure of very large collections. We tested the effectiveness of Scatter/Gather as a simple pure document retrieval tool, and studied its effects on the incidental learning of topic structure. When compared to interactions involving simple keyword-based search, the results suggest that Scatter/Gather induces a more coherent conceptual image of a text collection, a richer vocabulary for constructing search queries, and communicates the distribution of relevant documents over clusters of documents in the collection. %M C.CHI.96.1.221 %T LifeLines: Visualizing Personal Histories %S PAPERS: Interactive Information Retrieval %A Catherine Plaisant %A Brett Milash %A Anne Rose %A Seth Widoff %A Ben Shneiderman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 221-227 %K Visualization, History, Timeline, Personal record, Justice, Medical record, Screen design, Overview, Screen management %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Plaisant/cps1txt.htm %X LifeLines provide a general visualization environment for personal histories that can be applied to medical and court records, professional histories and other types of biographical data. A one screen overview shows multiple facets of the records. Aspects, for example medical conditions or legal cases, are displayed as individual time lines, while icons indicate discrete events, such as physician consultations or legal reviews. Line color and thickness illustrate relationships or significance, rescaling tools and filters allow users to focus on part of the information. LifeLines reduce the chances of missing information, facilitate spotting anomalies and trends, streamline access to details, while remaining tailorable and easily transferable between applications. The paper describes the use of LifeLines for youth records of the Maryland Department of Juvenile Justice and also for medical records. User's feedback was collected using a Visual Basic prototype for the youth record. %M C.CHI.96.1.228 %T Remote Evaluation: The Network as an Extension of the Usability Laboratory %S PAPERS: Evaluation %A H. Rex Hartson %A Jose C. Castillo %A John Kelso %A Wayne C. Neale %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 228-235 %K Remote evaluation, Formative evaluation, Usability testing, Usability method, Usability engineering, Semi-instrumented, Empirical, Critical incident, Video conferencing %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Hartson/hrh_txt.htm %X Traditional user interface evaluation usually is conducted in a laboratory where users are observed directly by evaluators. However, the remote and distributed location of users on the network precludes the opportunity for direct observation in usability testing. Further, the network itself and the remote work setting have become intrinsic parts of usage patterns, difficult to reproduce in a laboratory setting, and developers often have limited access to representative users for usability testing in the laboratory. In all of these cases, the cost of transporting users or developers to remote locations can be prohibitive. These barriers have led us to consider methods for remote usability evaluation wherein the evaluator, performing observation and analysis, is separated in space and/or time from the user. The network itself serves as a bridge to take interface evaluation to a broad range of networked users, in their natural work settings. Several types of remote evaluation are defined and described in terms of their advantages and disadvantages to usability testing. The initial results of two case studies show potential for remote evaluation. Remote evaluation using video teleconferencing uses the network as a mechanism to transport video data in real time, so that the observer can evaluate user interfaces in remote locations as they are being used. Semi-instrumented remote evaluation is based on critical incident gathering by the user within the normal work context. Additionally, both methods can take advantage of automating data collection through questionnaires and instrumented applications. %M C.CHI.96.1.236 %T Usability Problem Identification Using Both Low- and High-Fidelity Prototype %S PAPERS: Evaluation %A Robert A. Virzi %A Jeffrey L. Sokolov %A Demetrios Karis %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 236-243 %K Method, Usability testing, Low-fidelity prototyping %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Virzi/RAVtext.htm %X In two experiments, each using a different product (either a CD-ROM based electronic book or an interactive voice response system), we compared the usability problems uncovered using low- and high-fidelity prototypes. One group of subjects performed a series of tasks using a paper-based low-fidelity prototype, while another performed the same tasks using either a high-fidelity prototype or the actual product. In both experiments, substantially the same sets of usability problems were found in the low- and high-fidelity conditions. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the proportion of subjects detecting particular problems in the low- and high-fidelity groups. In other words, individual problems were detected by a similar proportion of subjects in both the low- and high-fidelity conditions. We conclude that the use of low-fidelity prototypes can be effective throughout the product development cycle, not just during the initial stages of design. %M C.CHI.96.1.244 %T Toward Automatic Generation of Novice User Test Scripts %S PAPERS: Evaluation %A David J. Kasik %A Harry G. George %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 244-251 %K Automated test generation, Dialog model specification, Genetic algorithms, Software engineering test process %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Kasik/djk_txt.htm %X Graphical user interfaces (GUI's) make applications easier to learn and use. At the same time, they make application design, construction, and especially test more difficult because user-directed dialogs increase the number of potential execution paths. This paper considers a subset of GUI-based application testing: how to exercise an application like a novice user. We discuss different solutions and a specific implementation that uses genetic algorithms to automatically generate user events in an unpredictable yet controlled manner to produce novice-like test scripts. %M C.CHI.96.1.252 %T Pavlov: Programming by Stimulus-Response Demonstration %S PAPERS: Development Tools %A David Wolber %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 252-259 %K End user programming, UIMS, Programming by demonstration, Programming by example, Prototyping %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Wolber/dww_txt.htm %X Pavlov is a Programming By Demonstration (PBD) system that allows animated interfaces to be created without programming. Using a drawing editor and a clock, designers specify the behavior of a target interface by demonstrating stimuli (end-user actions or time) and the (time-stamped) graphical transformations that should be executed in response. This stimulus-response model allows interaction and animation to be defined in a uniform manner, and it allows for the demonstration of interactive animation, i.e., game-like behaviors in which the end-user (player) controls the speed and direction of object movement. %M C.CHI.96.1.260 %T Reusable Hierarchical Command Objects %S PAPERS: Development Tools %A Brad A. Myers %A David S. Kosbie %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 260-267 %K Amulet, User interface development environment, Toolkits, Command objects, Undo, Redo %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Myers/bam_com.htm %X The Amulet user interface development environment uses hierarchical command objects to support the creation of highly-interactive graphical user interfaces. When input arrives or a widget is operated by the user, instead of invoking a call-back procedure as in most other toolkits, Amulet allocates a command object and calls its DO method. Unlike previous uses of command objects, Amulet organizes the commands into a hierarchy, so that low-level operations like dragging or selection invoke low-level commands, which in turn might invoke widget-level commands, which invoke high-level, application-specific commands, and so on. The top-level commands correspond to semantic actions of the program. The result is better modularization because different levels of the user interface are independent, and better code reuse because the lower-level commands, and even many high-level commands such as cut, copy, paste, text edit, and change-color, can be reused from the library. Furthermore, the commands in Amulet support a new form of Undo, where the user can select any previous operation and selectively undo it, repeat it on the same objects, or repeat it on new objects. In addition, operations like scrolling and selections can be undone or repeated, which can be very useful. Thus, the command objects in Amulet make it easier for developers by providing more reusable components, while at the same time providing new capabilities for users. %M C.CHI.96.1.268 %T The Zephyr Help Instance: Promoting Ongoing Activity in a CSCW System %S PAPERS: Collaborative Systems %A Mark S. Ackerman %A Leysia Palen %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 268-275 %K Computer-supported cooperative work, CSCW, Help, Computer-mediated communications, CMC, Norms, Organizational interfaces, Social maintenance, Electronic social spaces %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Ackerman/ack_txt.htm %X If Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) systems are to be successful over time, it will be necessary to promote ongoing and continuing activity, not just initial adoption. In this paper, we consider what technical and social affordances are required to encourage the continued use of a CSCW system. To explore these issues, we examine a chat-like system, the Zephyr Help Instance, which is used extensively at MIT. The Help Instance facilitates users asking questions of one another, and is an example of a distributed help and problem-solving system. We provide an overview of the system's use as well as those mechanisms, both technical and social, that facilitate continuing its use over time. %M C.CHI.96.1.276 %T Email Overload: Exploring Personal Information Management of Email %S PAPERS: Collaborative Systems %A Steve Whittaker %A Candace Sidner %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 276-283 %K Email, Information overload, Personal information management, Asynchronous communication, Filing, Task management, Interpersonal communication, Ethnography, Empirical studies %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Whittaker/sw_txt.htm %X Email is one of the most successful computer applications yet devised. Our empirical data show however, that although email was originally designed as a communications application, it is now being used for additional functions, that it was not designed for, such as task management and personal archiving. We call this email overload. We demonstrate that email overload creates problems for personal information management: users often have cluttered inboxes containing hundreds of messages, including outstanding tasks, partially read documents and conversational threads. Furthermore, user attempts to rationalise their inboxes by filing are often unsuccessful, with the consequence that important messages get overlooked, or "lost" in archives. We explain how email overloading arises and propose technical solutions to the problem. %M C.CHI.96.1.284 %T HomeNet: A Field Trial of Residential Internet Services %S PAPERS: Collaborative Systems %A Robert Kraut %A William Scherlis %A Tridas Mukhopadhyay %A Jane Manning %A Sara Kiesler %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 284-291 %K Human factors, Communication applications, Empirical studies, Internet, Electronic mail, World Wide Web, Social impact %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Kraut/rek_txt.htm %X HomeNet is a field trial of residential Internet use with lowered barriers to use. We use multiple longitudinal data collection techniques, including server-side instrumentation. This paper is an initial description of how diverse families used the Internet in the first five months of the trial, and of variables that predicted this usage. The results have implications for design (e.g., provide more help for adults to get started), for marketing (e.g., lower income people have as much desire for on-line services as do upper income people), and for research (e.g., understand why teenagers' lead family computing). %M C.CHI.96.1.292 %T Physical Versus Virtual Pointing %S PAPERS: Fingers %A Evan D. Graham %A Christine L. MacKenzie %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 292-299 %K Analysis methods, Fitts' law, Human performance modelling, Input devices, Pointing, Virtual environments %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Graham/edg_txt.htm %X An experiment was conducted to investigate differences in performance between virtual pointing, where a 2-D computer image representing the hand and targets was superimposed on the workspace, and physical pointing with vision of the hand and targets painted on the work surface. A detailed examination of movement kinematics revealed no differences in the initial phase of the movement, but that the final phase of homing in on smaller targets was more difficult in the virtual condition. These differences are summarised by a two-part model of movement time which also captures the effects of scaling distances to, and sizes of targets. The implications of this model for design, analysis, and classification of pointing devices and positioning tasks are discussed. %M C.CHI.96.1.300 %T Differences in Movement Microstructure of the Mouse and the Finger-Controlled Isometric Joystick %S PAPERS: Fingers %A Anant Kartik Mithal %A Sarah A. Douglas %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 300-307 %K Fitts' law, Pointing devices, Mouse, Isometric joystick, Psychomotor models, Movement microstructure, Characteristics of movement, Performance differences %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Mithal/Akm_txt.htm %X This paper describes a study comparing the movement characteristics of the mouse and the velocity-control isometric joystick. These characteristics are called the microstructure of movement. The comparison found random variations in the velocity of the isometric joystick that make it hard to control. The study shows that the microstructure of movement can explain differences in performance among devices. %M C.CHI.96.1.308 %T The Influence of Muscle Groups on Performance of Multiple Degree-of-Freedom Input %S PAPERS: Fingers %A Shumin Zhai %A Paul Milgram %A William Buxton %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 308-315 %K Input devices, 3-D interface, 6 DOF input, Motor control, Muscle group differences, Hand, Fingers, Arm, Homunculus model %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Zhai/sz_txt.htm %X The literature has long suggested that the design of computer input devices should make use of the fine, smaller muscle groups and joints in the fingers, since they are richly represented in the human motor and sensory cortex and they have higher information processing bandwidth than other body parts. This hypothesis, however, has not been conclusively verified with empirical research. The present work studied such a hypothesis in the context of designing 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) input devices. The work attempts to address both a practical need -- designing efficient 6 DOF input devices -- and the theoretical issue of muscle group differences in input control. Two alternative 6 DOF input devices, one including and the other excluding the fingers from the 6 DOF manipulation, were designed and tested in a 3D object docking experiment. Users' task completion times were significantly shorter with the device that utilised the fingers. The results of this study strongly suggest that the shape and size of future input device designs should constitute affordances that invite finger participation in input control. %M C.CHI.96.1.316 %T A Collaborative Model of Feedback in Human-Computer Interaction %S PAPERS: Models %A Manuel A. Perez Quinones %A John L. Sibert %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 316-323 %K Human-computer dialogues, Feedback, Conversational dialogues, States of understanding, Collaborative view of conversations %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Perez/map1txt.htm %X Feedback plays an important role in human-computer interaction. It provides the user with evidence of closure, thus satisfying the communication expectations that users have when engaging in a dialogue. In this paper we present a model identifying five feedback states that must be communicated to the user to fulfill the communication expectations of a dialogue. The model is based on a linguistics theory of conversation, but is applied to a graphical user interface. An experiment is described in which we test users' expectations and their behavior when those expectations are not met. The model subsumes some of the temporal requirements for feedback previously reported in the human-computer interaction literature. %M C.CHI.96.1.324 %T A Comprehension-Based Model of Exploration %S PAPERS: Models %A Muneo Kitajima %A Peter G. Polson %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 324-331 %K Cognitive theory, Display-based systems, Exploration %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Kitajima/mk_txt.htm %X This paper describes a comprehension-based model of how experienced Macintosh users learn a new application by doing a task presented as a series of exercises. A comprehension mechanism transforms written instructions into goals that control an action planning process proposed by Kitajima and Polson [11]. The transformation process is based on a theory of solving word problems developed by Kintsch [8,9]. The comprehension and action planning processes define constraints on the wording of effective instructions. The combined model is evaluated using data from Franzke [3]. We discuss implications of these results for Minimalist Instructions [1] and Cognitive Walkthroughs [17]. %M C.CHI.96.1.332 %T Exploring the Unrealized Potential of Computer-Aided Drafting %S PAPERS: Real World Usage Patterns %A Suresh K. Bhavnani %A Bonnie E. John %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 332-339 %K CAD, Task decomposition, Learning %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Bhavnani/bs_txt.htm %X Despite huge investments by vendors and users, CAD productivity remains disappointing. Our analysis of real-world CAD usage shows that even after many years of experience, users tend to use suboptimal strategies to perform complex CAD tasks. Additionally, some of these strategies have a marked resemblance to manual drafting techniques. Although this phenomenon has been previously reported, this paper explores explanations for its causes and persistence. We argue that the strategic knowledge to use CAD effectively is neither defined nor explicitly taught. In the absence of a well-formed strategy, users often develop a synthetic mental model of CAD containing a mixture of manual and CAD methods. As these suboptimal strategies do not necessarily prevent users from producing clean, accurate drawings, the inefficiencies tend to remain unrecognized and users have little motivation to develop better strategies. To reverse this situation we recommend that the strategic knowledge to use CAD effectively should be made explicit and provided early in training. We use our analysis to begin the process of making this strategic knowledge explicit. We conclude by discussing the ramifications of this research in training as well as in the development of future computer aids for drawing and design. %M C.CHI.96.1.340 %T User Customization of a Word Processor %S PAPERS: Real World Usage Patterns %A Stanley R. Page %A Todd J. Johnsgard %A Uhl Albert %A C. Dennis Allen %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 340-346 %K Adaptability, Adaptable, Customization, Customize, Tailor %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Page/srp_txt.htm %X The purpose of the study was to identify the customization changes users typically make to their word processor. Ninety-two percent of the participants customized their software in some way. Participants who used the software most heavily also did the most customization (p < .05). Most of the customization was done to facilitate the participants' work practices. The most common changes involved providing easier access to custom or often-used functionality. Button Bars seemed to provide an easy and effective means for participants to customize access to the functionality they wanted. Few participants customized the visual appearance of the interface. %M C.CHI.96.1.347 %T Multiagent Model of Dynamic Design: Visualization as an Emergent Behavior of Active Design Agents %S PAPERS: Agents %A Suguru Ishizaki %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 347-354 %K Visual design, Visualization, Dynamic information, Automatic design, Multiagent systems %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Ishizaki/si_bdy.htm %X This research has been motivated by the lack of models and languages in the visual design field that are able to address design solutions, which continuously adapt in response to the dynamic changes both in the information itself and in the goals or intentions of the information recipient. This paper postulates a multiagent model of dynamic design -- a theoretical framework of design that provides a model with which the visual designer can think during the course of designing. The model employs a decentralized model of design as a premise, and borrows its conceptual model from the improvisational performance, such as dance and music, and bases its theoretical and technical framework on the field of multiagent systems. A design solution is considered an emergent behavior of a collection of active design agents, or performers, each of which is responsible for presenting a particular segment of information. The graphical behaviors of design agents are described by their dynamic activities -- rather than by the traditional method of fixed attributes. The model is illustrated with two design projects, Dynamic News Display System and E-Mail Reader, both of which were implemented using a multiagent design simulation system, perForm, along with an agent description language, persona. %M C.CHI.96.1.355 %T Helping Users Program Their Personal Agents %S PAPERS: Agents %A Loren G. Terveen %A La Tondra Murray %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 355-361 %K Agents, End-user programming, Intelligent systems %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Terveen/lgt_txt.htm %X Software agents are computer programs that act on behalf of users to perform routine, tedious, and time-consuming tasks. To be useful to an individual user, an agent must be personalized to his or her goals, habits, and preferences. We have created an end-user programming system that makes it easy for users to state rules for their agents to follow. The main advance over previous approaches is that the system automatically determines conflicts between rules and guides users in resolving the conflicts. Thus, user and system collaborate in developing and managing a set of rules that embody the user's preferences for handling a wide variety of situations. %M C.CHI.96.1.362 %T A Collaborative Approach to Developing Style Guides %S PAPERS: Usability in Organizations %A Stephen Gale %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 362-367 %K Style guides, Graphical user interfaces, User interface design, Standards %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Gale/srg_txt.htm %X A vital element in exploiting the benefits of Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) is the use of an appropriate Style Guide. This paper outlines a collaborative approach to the development of Style Guides and highlights the associated benefits and pitfalls. %M C.CHI.96.1.368 %T Integrating Human Factors in Customer Support Systems Development Using a Multi-Level Organisational Approach %S PAPERS: Usability in Organizations %A Anne Miller %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 368-375 %K Human factors, Usability, Corporate mandate, Graphical user interface, Systems development life cycle, Standards and guidelines, Resourcing %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Miller/am_txt.htm %X Integrating usability into software development projects involves working across multiple organisational levels. Aligning the Customer Support Platform Usability (CSPU) Teams objectives with those of the organisation allowed more effective integration of usability activities within project teams. Primarily, corporate alignment provided a legitimate mandate for the CSPU Team to develop standards and guidelines, and to require that usability activities be undertaken by project teams. However, at the project team level, integration was achieved by definition of roles, activities and processes according to the objectives, constraints and processes of project teams. Achieving common ground in project teams involved a willingness to work with, and to actively adapt to both organisational and project based needs. %M C.CHI.96.1.376 %T Making a Difference -- The Impact of Inspections %S PAPERS: Usability in Organizations %A Paul Sawyer %A Alicia Flanders %A Dennis Wixon %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 376-382 %K Formal inspections, Heuristic evaluations, Usability metrics, User testing, Walkthroughs, Impact ratio usability problems %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Sawyer/ps_txt.htm %X In this methodology paper we define a metric we call impact ratio. We use this ratio to measure the effectiveness of inspections and other evaluative techniques in getting usability improvements into products. We inspected ten commercial software products and achieved an average impact ratio of 78%. We discuss factors affecting this ratio and its value in helping us to appraise usability engineering's impact on products. %M C.CHI.96.1.383 %T Using Small Screen Space More Efficiently %S PAPERS: Color and Transparency %A Tomonari Kamba %A Shawn Elson %A Terry Harpold %A Tim Stamper %A Piyawadee "Noi" Sukaviriya %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 383-390 %K PDAs, Icons, Transparency, Usability study %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Kamba/tk_txt.htm %X This paper describes techniques for maximizing the efficient use of small screen space by combining delayed response with semi-transparency of control objects ("widgets") and on-screen text. Most research on the limitations of small display screens has focused on methods for optimizing concurrent display of text and widgets at the same level of transparency (that is, both are equally opaque). Prior research which proposes that widgets may be made semi-transparent is promising, but it does not, we feel, adequately address problems associated with user interaction with text that is partially obscured by the widgets. In this paper, we will propose that a variable delay in the response of overlapping widgets and text improves the effectiveness of the semi-transparent widget/text model. Our conclusions are based on usability studies of a prototype of an online newspaper that combined transparency and delayed-response techniques. %M C.CHI.96.1.391 %T An Experimental Evaluation of Transparent Menu Usage %S PAPERS: Color and Transparency %A Beverly L. Harrison %A Kim J. Vicente %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 391-398 %K Display design, Evaluation, Transparency, User interface design, Interaction technology, Toolglass %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Harrison/blh_txt.htm %X This paper reports a systematic evaluation of transparent user interfaces. It reflects our progression from theoretically-based experiments in focused attention to more representative application-based experiments on selection response times and error rates. We outline how our previous research relates to both the design and the results reported here. For this study, we used a variably-transparent, text menu superimposed over different backgrounds: text pages, wire-frame images, and solid images. We compared "standard" text (Motif style, Helvetica, 14 point) and a proposed font enhancement technique ("Anti-Interference" outlining). More generally, this experimental evaluation provides information about the interaction between transparency and text legibility. %M C.CHI.96.1.399 %T Do Color Models Really Make a Difference? %S PAPERS: Color and Transparency %A Sarah Douglas %A Ted Kirkpatrick %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 399-405 %K Color models, Color selection, RGB, HSV, User interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Douglas/sad_txt.htm %X User interfaces for color selection are based upon an underlying color model. There is widespread belief, and some evidence, that color models produce significant differences in human performance. We performed a color-matching experiment using an interface with high levels of feedback. With this interface, we observed no differences in speed or accuracy between the RGB and HSV color models, but found that increasing feedback improved accuracy of matching. We suggest that feedback may be an important factor in usability of a color selection interface. %M C.CHI.96.1.406 %T Externalising Abstract Mathematical Models %S PAPERS: Information Structure %A Lisa Tweedie %A Robert Spence %A Huw Dawkes %A Hua Su %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 406-412 %K Interactive graphics, Visualization %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Tweedie/lt1txt.htm %X Abstract mathematical models play an important part in engineering design, economic decision making and other activities. Such models can be externalised in the form of Interactive Visualisation Artifacts (IVAs). These IVAs display the data generated by mathematical models in simple graphs which are interactively linked. Visual examination of these graphs enables users to acquire insight into the complex relations embodied in the model. In the engineering context this insight can be exploited to aid design. The paper describes two IVAs for engineering design: The Influence Explorer and The Prosection Matrix. Formative evaluation studies are briefly discussed. %M C.CHI.96.1.413 %T Structuring Information with Mental Models: A Tour of Boston %S PAPERS: Information Structure %A Ishantha Lokuge %A Stephen A. Gilbert %A Whitman Richards %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 413-419 %K Cognitive models, Multidimensional scaling, Visualization, Interaction design, Evaluation %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Lokuge/sag_txt.htm %X We present a new systematic method of structuring information using mental models. This method can be used both to evaluate the efficiency of an information structure and to build user-centered information structures. In this paper we present the method using Boston tourist attractions as an example domain. We describe several interfaces that take advantage of our mental models with an activation spreading network. Multidimensional Scaling and Trajectory Mapping are used to build our mental models. Because of the robustness of the technique, it is easy to compare individual difference in mental models and to customize interfaces for individual models. %M C.CHI.96.1.420 %T Embed User Values in System Architecture: The Declaration of System Usability %S PAPERS: Usability Issues %A Elizabeth M. Comstock %A William M. Duane %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 420-427 %K System usability, Complexity, System architecture, Software architecture, Design techniques, Networks %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/papers/Comstock/Emc_txt.htm %X The underlying architecture of complex software products profoundly influences their direction and usability. This paper shares an effort to embed usability within the architecture of complex network products. We began by attempting to build a conceptual model, but we ended by representing customers' and users' values in a Declaration of System Usability to guide product direction and system architecture decisions. %M C.CHI.96.1.428 %T Sensuality in Product Design: A Structured Approach %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Small Objects of Desire %A G. H. Hofmeester %A J. A. M. Kemp %A A. C. M. Blankendaal %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 428-435 %K Sensuality, Eroticism, Product design, Pager, Communication, Pleasure, Emotion, Market research, Early user involvement %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/desbrief/Hofmeester/ghh_txt.htm %X This paper describes a user-centred process for designing a product which induces a sensual feeling. It is assumed that in the design of consumer products feelings are an essential part of human-product interaction. The objective of the graduation project discussed here was to pro-actively design a pager which the target user group (women aged 18-30 years) perceived as sensual. Users were involved at an early stage of the design process. Based on information gathered in a series of interviews two pagers were designed. In an evaluation both models were perceived as significantly more sensual than a reference model. %M C.CHI.96.1.436 %T Designing the muse: A Digital Music Stand for the Symphony Musician %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Small Objects of Desire %A Christopher Graefe %A Derek Wahila %A Justin Maguire %A Orya Dasna %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 436-441 %K Iterative design process, Music stand, Industrial design, Interaction design, Coordination support, Annotation, Tuning %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/desbrief/Wahila/djw_txt.htm %X As part of the 1995 Apple Design Project, we designed and prototyped the muse, a digital music stand for the symphony musician. Our group consisted of four students from Carnegie Mellon University. We worked closely with members of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra during the development of our product. By observing their practice, rehearsal, and performance habits, we studied the symphony culture and generated the concept of a product that would replace a number of conventional tools and processes with a single digital device. The integration of the interface and industrial design resulted in a cohesive look and feel to the muse. The muse contains a metronome with audio and visual feedback, a pitch-generating tuner, stylus-based on-screen annotation, inter-symphony communication capabilities, a music library, and manual or automatic page turning with indexing. The muse is fashioned from mahogany, aluminum, and steel to reflect the timeless beauty of the instruments with which it shares the stage. %M C.CHI.96.1.442 %T Rapid Scout: Bridging the Gulf Between Physical and Virtual Environments %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Small Objects of Desire %A David S. Ranson %A Emily S. Patterson %A Daniel L. Kidwell %A Gavin A. Renner %A Mike L. Matthews %A Jim M. Corban %A Emil Seculov %A Constantine S. Souhleris %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 442-449 %K Visualization, Representation aiding, Groupware, Decision support, Portable computing, Ethnography %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/desbrief/Ranson/dsr_txt.htm %X We explored how to bridge the gulf between physical and virtual environments for the sport of whitewater paddling. Field observations, critical incident analysis, exploratory prototyping, and field and lab evaluations were used to make discoveries. Lessons learned in this ethnographic process led to the design of a guiding, communication, and navigation aid for kayakers and canoeists. In designing "Rapid Scout", we gained insights on making virtual representations context-sensitive, coupling multiple perspectives, dealing with uncertainty, and extending human views. Ways to facilitate collaboration through shared graphic frames of reference were also explored. %M C.CHI.96.1.450 %T Interaction Design and Human Factors Support in the Development of a Personal Communicator for Children %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Design for Communication and Communication for Design %A Ron Oosterholt %A Mieko Kusano %A Govert de Vries %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 450-457 %K Children, Communicator, User interface, Interaction, Design, Development process, Qualitative research, Methods and techniques %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/desbrief/Oosterholt/rho_txt.htm %X Today's computer games for children are primarily focused on boys. Two years ago Philips started the development of a new 'personal communication' product that addresses the needs of young children and especially the needs of young girls. This article is focused on the interaction design and human factors support provided throughout the development of this product. It illustrates the involvement of the interaction design discipline, ranging from the initial generation and visualization of interface ideas to the final transfer to the software engineering team of detailed user interface specifications. The article also describes how human factors support ensured that potential users were involved on continuously in the design process, as well as how this involvement influenced the development of the final product. The article concludes with a discussion of the lessons learned in designing products for children. %M C.CHI.96.1.458 %T Demo or Die: User Interface as Marketing Theatre %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Design for Communication and Communication for Design %A Annette Wagner %A Maria Capucciati %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 458-465 %K Human interface design, Objects, NEO, NeXT, Demonstration, Presentation, Visual language, Storyboards, Graphic design, Theatre %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/desbrief/Wagner/aw_txt.htm %X This design briefing describes the design and development of a demonstration which simultaneously utilizes and illustrates the use of SunSoft's distributed object technology, NEO. The design is notable in that the demo is primarily a marketing tool, not a product. We discuss the factors that made the NEO demo different from a typical project, and how we created a successful user experience through the visual design and story of the NEO demo. %M C.CHI.96.1.466 %T A User Interface for Accessing 3D Content on the World Wide Web %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Design for Communication and Communication for Design %A Mike Mohageg %A Rob Myers %A Chris Marrin %A Jim Kent %A David Mott %A Paul Isaacs %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 466-472 %K User interface design, Three dimensional (3D) navigation, World Wide Web (WWW), Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/desbrief/Mohageg/mfm_txt.htm %X A strategy for accessing and viewing three dimensional data on the World Wide Web is introduced. Factors driving the user interface design of a 3D web browser are presented. The interface for the initial implementation of Silicon Graphics' WebSpaceNavigator, the first commercially available 3D Web browser, is given. Close attention is paid to design issues. Usability lessons learned from this interface are described and it is shown how they affected the second generation browser interface design. %M C.CHI.96.1.473 %T The Windows 95 User Interface: A Case Study in Usability Engineering %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: User Interfaces for Large Markets %A Kent Sullivan %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 473-480 %K Iterative design, Microsoft Windows, Problem tracking, Rapid prototyping, Usability engineering, Usability testing %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/desbrief/Sullivan/kds_txt.htm %X The development of the user interface for a large commercial software product like Microsoft Windows 95 involves many people, broad design goals, and an aggressive work schedule. This design briefing describes how the usability engineering principles of iterative design and problem tracking were successfully applied to make the development of the UI more manageable. Specific design problems and their solutions are also discussed. %M C.CHI.96.1.481 %T Usability Improvements in Lotus cc:Mail for Windows %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: User Interfaces for Large Markets %A Stacey Ashlund %A Karen J. Horwitz %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 481-488 %K User interface design, User-centered design, Design process, Usability engineering, Usability testing, E-mail %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/desbrief/Ashlund/sla1txt.htm %X This is a case study about a commercial software design and development process. The highly successful product contained some usability problems that were apparent from a usability perspective, but were to be delayed in the upcoming release. A Lotus Notes database was used to record usability issues, UI design recommendations, and decision rationale. This database was the key strategy that helped convince the team to make changes. The processes and UI design solutions described are not new; rather this design briefing focuses on how they were deployed to effect change that wouldn't have happened otherwise. "Before" and "After" screen shots illustrate this success story. %M C.CHI.96.1.489 %T Real World Design in the Corporate Environment: Designing an Interface for the Technically Challenged %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: User Interfaces for Large Markets %A Susan Hopper %A Harold Hambrose %A Paul Kanevsky %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 489-495 %K User interface, Corporate environment, Hierarchy, Tab metaphor, Iterative design, Book, Shell %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/desbrief/Hopper/Hwh_txt.html %X The development of a graphical user interface for Merrill Lynch's Trusted Global Advisor (TGA) system is a major endeavor to bring enhanced information access and updated technology to the desktops of more than 15,000 financial consultants and industry professionals firmwide. The TGA development team's goals and challenges are two-fold. The business goal is to create a comprehensive, integrated computing environment that is unique and would identify Merrill Lynch as the technology pioneer in the financial services industry. The technological challenge included the design of a graphical user interface that could be easily learned and understood by all users in the Firm-the majority of which are PC illiterate. In order to have acceptance from the users, this new system has to appeal to both the first-time GUI user and mouse aficionados alike. %M C.CHI.96.1.496 %T New Technological Windows into Mind: There is More in Eyes and Brains for Human-Computer Interaction %S INVITED CONTRIBUTION %A Boris M. Velichkovsky %A John Paulin Hansen %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 496-503 %K Attention, Eye movements, Human-computer interaction (HCI), Neuroinformatics, Levels-of-processing, Noncommand interfaces, Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %X This is an overview of the recent progress leading towards a full subject-centered paradigm in human-computer interaction. At this new phase in the evolution of computer technologies it will be possible to take into account no just characteristics of average human beings, but create systems sensitive to the actual states of attention and intentions of interacting persons. We discuss some of these methods concentrating on the use of eye-tracking and brain imaging. The development is based on the use of eye movement data for a control of output devices, for gaze-contingent image processing and for disambiguating verbal as well as nonverbal information. %M C.CHI.96.1.504 %T The Virtual Library: A New Common Ground %S INVITED CONTRIBUTION %A Andrew Magpantay %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 504-505 %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %X The American Library Association (ALA), a nonprofit educational and service organization based in Chicago, Illinois is the world's oldest and largest professional library association. Founded in 1876, it currently has over 56,000 members -- primarily librarians, but also trustees, publishers, and library supporters. Its mission is to provide leadership and information services and the profession of librarianship in order to enhance learning and ensure access to information for all. In 1995, APA embarked on a five year strategic initiative -- ALA Goal 2000 -- to advocate for the public's right to a free and open information society. As part of this initiative ALA has expanded its Washington Office, now celebrating its 50th anniversary, to increase its ability to influence national issues, policy and legislation. Additionally, ALA established an Office of Information Technology Policy, also in Washington, D.C., to address complex technology policy issues and promote the development and utilization of electronic access to information as a means to ensure the public's right to a free and open information society. %M C.CHI.96.1.506 %T CHIKids: A Common Ground for Kids and Adults %S INVITED CONTRIBUTION %A Allison Druin %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 1 %P 506-507 %K CHIkids, Children, Educational applications, Desktop publishing, Multimedia, World Wide Web, CD-ROMs, Social impact, Childcare %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %X CHIkids challenges the traditional notion of childcare and rolls summer camp, technology, and CHI into a new hands-on experience for children. This is an opportunity for the next generation to explore computers, technology, and user interface design at the CHI 96 conference. Children (3-12 years of age) will have the opportunity to create multimedia stories, try the latest educational multimedia titles, test emerging software technologies with CHI researchers, and to be conference reporters using desktop publishing tools and the World Wide Web. These activities will be reported on and presented by CHIkids leaders at the close of the CHI 96 conference. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): IJHCS53.BA %M J.IJHCS.53.1.1 %T Editorial: Understanding Work and Designing Artefacts %E Robert Fields %E Peter Wright %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 1 %P 1-4 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %M J.IJHCS.53.1.5 %T Activity Theory, Cognitive Ergonomics and Distributed Cognition: Three Views of a Transport Company %A Francoise Decortis %A Samuel Noirfalise %A Berthe Saudelli %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 1 %P 5-33 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Activity theory, cognitive ergonomics and distributed cognition are three theoretical frameworks used to understand cooperative work settings. In the past, each has used case studies to describe and defend its point of view. However, comparisons are made difficult by the fact that these studies are usually based on different work settings. This paper describes the application of each framework to exactly the same setting. We believe our approach shows the features that are emphasized and those that are ignored in each framework, enabling us to differentiate their relevant questions. We discuss the effects of a theoretical filter on understanding the work setting, the differences in the concept of activity, the tools and interactions between humans and tools, the concept of representation, and we look at how a plurality of viewpoints may broaden any interpretation. %M J.IJHCS.53.1.35 %T Ethnography, Theory and Systems Design: From Intuition to Insight %A Catriona Macaulay %A David Benyon %A Alison Crerar %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 1 %P 35-60 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The idea for this paper came from a debate at the 1998 ISCRAT conference in Denmark on cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT). A leading activist in the movement to bring CHAT into systems design, Bonnie Nardi, asked the question; would design not benefit more from training better ethnographers than from burdening them with such a complex set of theoretical concepts and debates as CHAT? This paper seeks to answer that question on the basis of our experiences applying CHAT concepts in a long-term design ethnography at a UK newspaper. It examines the history of the often controversial triadic relationship between ethnography, theory and systems design and argues that the CHAT framework provided us with the opportunity to move from ethnographic intuition to design insight, and that therefore the answer to Nardi's question is no-simply training good ethnographers is unlikely to be enough for a number of reasons (not least of which is the problem of how inexperienced fieldworkers become design ethnographers). The explicit use of theoretical frameworks, at least those such as CHAT which are particularly suited to design issues, discourages the tendency for ethnographers to see themselves as "proxy users" by encouraging greater reflexivity about the researcher's role in constructing the object of study. At a more pragmatic level, it helps the fieldworker navigate the apparently never-ending mass of "potentially interesting material" any field experience throws up. %M J.IJHCS.53.1.61 %T Measurement in Action: AN Activity-Theoretical Perspective on Producer-User Interaction %A Mervi Hasu %A Yrjo Engestrom %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 1 %P 61-89 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Why are developers, in many cases, unable to identify user problems, even when the information is ready and available? How do such miscommunication situations actually emerge and how could research and information technology help developers and users to overcome this problem? To tackle these questions, we examine a critical phase in the lifespan of a technological innovation: the transfer of a new medical technology from developers to users. Such a phase emerges especially in the early stages of implementation and diffusion, prior to the stabilization and expansion of user networks, and presupposes collaborative performance between otherwise loosely connected actors and activity systems. The innovation under scrutiny is a neuromagnetic measuring system (MEG), developed and manufactured by a Finnish start-up company. We use an activity-theoretical perspective in which the unit of analysis is a collective object-oriented activity system, a community of practitioners sharing a common object. Based on an analysis of a breakdown situation and the ensuing interactions between the users and the developers of the device, we present an enriched model of developmental contradictions in the implementation phase of the neuromagnetometer device. We argue that the anticipated outcome of the critical phase of the innovation process, the shift toward a mature customer-intelligent product driven by co-configuration work, will require a major effort to resolve developmental contradictions within and between the parties of the implementation process. As part of this re-mediation effort, shared meta-tools for dialogical diagnosis, problem solving and system redesign are needed. We suggest that these functions could conceivably be delegated to intelligent software agents, built into the MEG computer system, which would operate as boundary-crossing agents that facilitate interaction and mutual intelligibility between the perspectives of users and developers. %M J.IJHCS.53.1.91 %T Design Guidelines for Dealing with Breakdowns and Repairs in Collaborative Work Settings %A Mark Hartswood %A Rob Procter %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 1 %P 91-120 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X We present the results of an investigation into collaborative work within UK breast screening centres. In particular, we focus on the ways in which the organization of breast screening work and the design of artefacts such as report forms afford the detection of breakdowns-i.e. situations calling for departures from the "standard" procedures-and their safe and efficient repair. We use this to devise a framework for classifying different breakdown-repair scenarios. These scenarios are distinctive in their repair costs and impacts and can be used to highlight the implications of design decisions in collaborative work settings. Finally, we show how, via a set of derived guidelines, the results of this analysis were applied to the design of artefacts, including a user interface and computer-generated documents, for a computer-aided image analysis system intended for application in the UK breast screening programme. %M J.IJHCS.53.1.121 %T Building Bridges: Negotiating the Gap between Work Practice and Technology Design %A Toni Robertson %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 1 %P 121-146 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The underlying premise of this paper is that the defining constraint in the design of technology to enable people in different physical spaces to work together is the essential corporeality of human cognition. Its empirical basis is a long-term field study of cooperative design in a small distributed company. The paper is not a descriptive account of the work practices of the designers but instead structures the results of a field study in such a way that they might bridge, or reduce, the gap between the description of the work and the design of technology to support that work. The central conclusion from the field study was that the cooperative design of a software product was enabled and achieved by the work the designers did communicating with each other. The basic argument of this paper is that what needs to be supported, mediated and enabled by CSCW technology used to support cooperative design over distance is the mutual perception, for the actor and others, of the embodied actions of the participants in the process. These actions are considered as classes of cognitive practices that are simultaneously available to perceptions of the actor and others in a shared physical workspace. The public availability of these actions to the perceptions of the participants in a cooperative process enables their communicative functions. A taxonomy of embodied actions is defined that identifies and describes the embodied actions of the designers that enabled a cooperative design process. It is presented as a bridging structure between the field study of cooperative work and the design of technology that might support that work over distance. %M J.IJHCS.53.1.147 %T Putting Ethnography to Work: The Case for a Cognitive Ethnography of Design %A Linden J. Ball %A Thomas C. Ormerod %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 1 %P 147-168 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The methods of ethnography and cognitive psychology are frequently set in opposition to each other. Whilst such a view may be appropriate in defining pure, or prototypical, classes of each activity, the value and necessity of such a distinction is broken down when researchers are goal-directed to study complex work domains in order to foster technological change. In this paper, we outline a rapprochement of these methods, which we term cognitive ethnography. The value of qualifying ethnography in this way is to emphasize systematically the differences between ethnography as a radial category and the kinds of legitimate method used to study work practices which are often referred to as ethnographic, but which in practice differ in important ways from prototypical ethnographic studies. Features of cognitive ethnography such as observational specificity, verifiability and purposivenes challenge many of the tenets of a pure ethnographic method, yet they are essential for studies that are undertaken to inform technological change. We illustrate our arguments with reference to a project to develop a tool for supporting design re-use in innovative design environments. %M J.IJHCS.53.1.169 %T Ethnographically Informed Analysis for Software Engineers %A Stephen Viller %A Ian Sommerville %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 1 %P 169-196 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X It is increasingly recognized that human, social, and political factors have a significant impact on software systems design. To address this, ethnographic studies of work have been used to inform the systems design process, especially in cooperative work settings where systems support several users working together. Based on our experience of these studies, we have investigated the integration of social analysis into the systems design process by developing an integrated approach to social and object-oriented analysis. New methods are unlikely to be adopted in industry unless they can be integrated with existing practice. Our approach, called Coherence, addresses this issue by helping identify use cases, generating initial use case models, and by using the Unified Modelling Language (UML) to represent social aspects of work that may have an impact on the design of computer-based systems. Coherence is the fusion of two well-established strands of research on ethnographically informed design and viewpoint-oriented requirements engineering. This paper introduces Coherence, and focuses on the support provided for social analysis. We have identified three social viewpoints, namely a distributed coordination viewpoint, a plans and procedures viewpoint and an awareness of work viewpoint. Coherence is illustrated using a case study based on an air traffic control system. %M J.IJHCS.53.1.197 %T The Paradox of Understanding Work for Design %A John McCarthy %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 1 %P 197-219 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Studying the organization of work has become an important element in the design of systems and artefacts for work settings. However, although studies of work have had an influence on design, there is still some concern about the nature of the relationship between the study of work and design. Concern has been variously expressed in terms of gaps between social science and systems engineering, formality and informality, prescription and negotiation and there have been a number of attempts to bridge those gaps. In contrast, the aim of this paper is to re-view the gap and to characterize it in such a way that bridging may not be an issue. This requires a reconceptualization of the relationship between designing artefacts and understanding work. Using Bateson's levels of analysis, an account of the paradox of framing the study of work by the norms and expectations of a rationalist approach to design, exemplified by software engineering, is developed. The study of work is characterized as inevitably involving self-referential observation and inscription, characteristics which create paradox when framed by the demands of rationalist design. However, Bateson's treatment of paradox allows us to see this relationship, not as a gap to be bridged, but as an opportunity to create new forms of punctuation for design, studying work, and relations between them. Many current attempts to reconceptualize design and its relationship with understanding work emphasize the dialogical aspects of practice and theory. Bakhtin's philosophy is used here to advance consideration of the dialogical aspects of "understanding work for design" with particular reference to the use of representations such as scenarios. A critique of exemplar representations is used to exemplify dimensions, such as addressivity and unfinalisability, that would characterize a dialogical punctuation of understanding work and design. %M J.IJHCS.53.2.223 %T Cognitive and Gender Factors Influencing Navigation in a Virtual Environment %A Tim R. H. Cutmore %A Trevor J. Hine %A Kerry J. Maberly %A Nicole M. Langford %A Grant Hawgood %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 2 %P 223-249 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Virtual environments (VEs) are becoming popular as media for training, modelling and entertainment. Little is known, however, about the factors that affect efficient and rapid acquisition of knowledge using this technology. Five experiments examined the influence of gender, passive/active navigation, cognitive style, hemispheric activation measured by electroencephalography and display information on the acquisition of two types of navigational knowledge using a VE: route and survey knowledge. Males acquired route knowledge from landmarks faster than females. In situations where survey knowledge must be used, proficiency in visual-spatial cognition is associated with better performance. The right cerebral hemisphere appears to be more activated than the left during navigational learning in a VE. In identifying cognitive factors that influence VE navigation, these results have a number of implications in the use of VEs for training purposes and may assist in linking processes involved in navigation to a more general framework of visual-spatial processing and mental imagery. %M J.IJHCS.53.2.251 %T Consistency of Personality in Interactive Characters: Verbal Cues, Non-Verbal Cues, and User Characteristics %A Katherine Isbister %A Clifford Nass %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 2 %P 251-267 %K interactive characters; non-verbal cues; personality; consistency. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X This study examined whether people would interpret and respond to verbal (text) and non-verbal cues (posture) of personality in interactive characters just as they interpret cues from a person. In a balanced, between-subjects experiment (N=40), introverted and extroverted participants were randomly paired with one of two types of consistent computer characters: (1) matched participants' personality with both verbal and non-verbal cues or (2) completely mismatched the participant, or one of two types of inconsistent characters: (3) matched with verbal cues but not with non-verbal cues or (4) matched with non-verbal but not with verbal cues. Participants accurately identified the character's personality type in their assessment of its verbal and non-verbal cues. Preference was for consistent characters, regardless of participant personality. Consistent characters also had greater influence over peoples' behavior-interaction with consistent characters led to greater changes in people's answers than interaction with inconsistent characters. Finally, contrary to previous research, participants tended to prefer a character whose personality was complementary, rather than similar, with their own. This study demonstrates the importance of orchestrating the overall set of cues that an interactive computer character presents to the computer user, and emphasizes the need for consistency among these cues. %M J.IJHCS.53.2.269 %T Structure, Causality, Visibility and Interaction: Propositions for Evaluating Engagement in Narrative Multimedia %A Bride Mallon %A Brian Webb %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 2 %P 269-287 %K narrative; evaluation; multimedia; games; engagement. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Within the field of multimedia there are few methods, criteria or standards for evaluating the experiential impact of a design. This paper offers six propositions for structure, causality, visibility and interaction, which appear to produce cognitive, emotive and sensory engagement in users' reactions to a narrative multimedia design. The developmental approach was phenomenological. The propositions derive from a focus group study in which 12 users played with four commercial computer games, then we (and they) analysed their reactions. Two observations from the study inform the morphology of narrative. Firstly, there is a fundamental conflict between narrative in its traditional form and interactivity, and secondly, the primal features of narrative-causality, temporality and linearity-are disrupted within a hyper structure. The first set of propositions suggests solutions for such conflicts. These are spatial containment, causality, and demands on user's skills. Further propositions for engaging interaction are causality of dialogue, apparent intelligence of the program and hiding the delivery medium. %M J.IJHCS.53.2.289 %T The Coding Principle and Method for Automatic Recognition of Jia Gu Wen Characters %A Feng Li %A Peng-Yung Woo %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 2 %P 289-299 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Jia Gu Wen characters carved on turtle backs or animal bones with the features of drawings are the most ancient Chinese characters used about 3000 years ago. This paper proposes a theory and technique for Jia Gu Wen character recognition based on coding. The key idea is to treat a Jia Hu Wen character as a non-directed graph. Its topological features are extracted to be the basis of recognition. The approach proposed in this paper is also applicable to character recognition of other languages such as Japanese, Korean, Mongolian or Tibetan. %M J.IJHCS.53.2.301 %T World Wide Web Navigation Aid %A Milena Head %A Norm Archer %A Yufei Yuan %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 2 %P 301-330 %K World Wide Web; navigation; interaction history; interface; information retrieval; browser. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The challenge for the World Wide Web user is to discover and rediscover useful information from very rich but also very diversified sources in the Web environment. The Web browser is a key interface to facilitate Web information access. In this paper, a framework is proposed to identify and investigate key factors that determine the Web browser's ability to assist users in performing various information-retrieval tasks. Design guidelines to help overcome the limitations associated with human information processing and the Web environment are introduced. Based on these guidelines, an on-line history tool (MEMOS) is developed to support user browsing, organization, and rediscovery tasks in both intra- and inter-sessional information retrieval. Empirical tests of user performance with the MEMOS tool are analysed in the context of our framework. We show that the MEMOS tool was perceived to be more useful than the history mechanisms used in popular Web browsers, but its benefit was most significant for inter-sessional support. Using sessions previously saved through the MEMOS tool to tackle specific retrieval questions was significantly faster and more accurate than trying to use standard rediscovery methods. %M J.IJHCS.53.3.333 %T Introduction/Editorial: Machine Discovery %A Derek Sleeman %A Vincent Corruble %A Raul Valdes-Perez %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 3 %P 333-334 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %M J.IJHCS.53.3.335 %T Experimental Design Heuristics for Scientific Discovery: The Use of "Baseline" and "Known Standard" Controls %A Lisa M. Baker %A Kevin Dunbar %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 3 %P 335-349 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X What type of heuristics do scientists use when they design experiments? In this paper, we analysed the ways biological scientists designed complex experiments at their weekly laboratory meetings. In two studies, we found that one of the key components of experimental design is that specific types of control conditions are used in the service of different goals that are important in scientific discovery. "Baseline" control conditions are identical to the experimental manipulation, except that a key feature, such as a reagent, is absent from the control condition and present in the experimental condition. "Known standard" control conditions involve performing the experimental technique on materials where the expected result is already well known; if the expected result is obtained, the scientist can have confidence that the procedure is working. In Study 1, which analysed transcripts of real-world biology laboratory meetings, we found that scientists used baseline controls when testing hypotheses and known standard controls when focusing on possible error. In Study 2, undergraduate science students were asked to address the goals of hypothesis testing and dealing with potential error as they designed experiments. Like the real-world scientists, science majors proposed baseline controls to test hypotheses and known standard controls to deal with potential error. We argue that baseline control conditions play an important role in hypothesis testing: unexpected results obtained on baseline control conditions can alert scientists that their hypotheses are incorrect, and hence should encourage the scientists to reformulate their hypotheses. We further argue that use of known standard controls is a heuristic that enables scientists to solve an important problem in real-world science: when to trust their data. Both of these heuristics can be incorporated into experimental design programs, thus making it more likely that scientific discoveries will be made. %M J.IJHCS.53.3.351 %T On the Notion of Interestingness in Automated Mathematical Discovery %A Simon Colton %A Alan Bundy %A Toby Walsh %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 3 %P 351-375 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X We survey five mathematical discovery programs by looking in detail at the discovery processes they illustrate and the success they had. We focus on how they estimate the interestingness of concepts and conjectures and extract some common notions about interestingness in automated mathematical discovery. We detail how empirical evidence is used to give plausibility to conjectures, and the different ways in which a result can be thought of as novel. We also look at the ways in which the programs assess how surprising and complex a conjecture statement is, and the different ways in which the applicability of a concept or conjecture is used. Finally, we note how a user can set tasks for the program to achieve and how this affects the calculation of interestingness. We conclude with some hints on the use of interestingness measures for future developers of discovery programs in mathematics. %M J.IJHCS.53.3.377 %T Computer Generation of Process Explanations in Nuclear Astrophysics %A Sakir Kocabas %A Pat Langley %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 3 %P 377-392 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X In this paper we describe ASTRA, a computational aid for generating process explanations in nuclear astrophysics. The system operates in two stages, the first using knowledge of quantum theory to produce a set of legal reactions among elements and the second searching for pathways of such reactions that explain the construction of some element from lighter ones. ASTRA has found apparently novel reactions that involve proton and neutron capture, as well as novel fusion reactions that produce neutrons and deuterium. The system has also generated reaction pathways for helium, carbon and oxygen that do not appear in the scientific literature. However, ASTRA also finds many other reaction pathways that are less interesting and that suggest priorities for future research. %M J.IJHCS.53.3.393 %T The Computational Support of Scientific Discovery %A Pat Langley %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 3 %P 393-410 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X In this paper, we review AI research on computational discovery and its recent application to the discovery of new scientific knowledge. We characterize five historical stages of the scientific discovery process, which we use as an organizational framework in describing applications. We also identify five distinct steps during which developers or users can influence the behavior of a computational discovery system. Rather than criticizing such intervention, as done in the past, we recommend it as the preferred approach to using discovery software. As evidence for the advantages of such human-computer cooperation, we report seven examples of novel, computer-aided discoveries that have appeared in the scientific literature. We consider briefly the role that humans played in each case, then examine one such interaction in more detail. We close by recommending that future systems provide more explicit support for human intervention in the discovery process. %M J.IJHCS.53.3.411 %T Concise, Intelligible, and Approximate Profiling of Multiple Classes %A Raul E. Valdes-Perez %A Francisco Pereira %A Vladimir Pericliev %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 3 %P 411-436 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X When a dataset involves multiple classes, there is often a need to express the key contrasting features among these classes in humanly understandable terms, that is, to profile the classes. Commonly, one class is contrasted from the rest by aggregating the latter into a pseudo-class; alternatively, classes are treated separately without coordinating their profiles with those of the other classes. We introduce the concise all pairs profiling (CAPP) method for concise, intelligible, and approximate profiling of large classifications. The method compares all classes pairwise and then minimizes the overall number of features needed to guarantee that each pair of classes is contrasted by at least one feature. Then each class profile gets its own minimized list of features, annotated with how these features contrast the class from the others. Significant applications to social and natural science are demonstrated. %M J.IJHCS.53.4.439 %T Natural Language Querying of Databases: An Information Extraction Approach in the Conceptual Query Language %A Vesper Owei %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 4 %P 439-492 %K Concept-based query languages; Conceptual query language; Database interface; Intelligent query tool; Natural language query; Information extraction; Natural language processing; Natural language generation; Semantic grammar; Message understanding. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Natural language (NL) interfaces for database (DB) query formulation have always been recognized as a much-needed enhancement for DB end-users. NL systems, however, have shortcomings that have led some DB researchers to question their practicality. The drawbacks stem primarily from their weak interpretative power. This weakness is, to a large extent, due to their inability to deal with the nuances in human use of natural language. Some studies, however, show that NL database systems are practical and useful in narrow domains like DB querying. One way of addressing the difficulty with NL database query languages (DBQLs) is to combine concept-based DBQL paradigms with NL approaches to enhance the overall ease-of-use of the query interface. In this study, the conceptual query language-with-natural language (CQL/NL) is proposed. CQL/NL uses information extraction methods to filter NL query statements for search predicates that are derived from constructs on conceptual schemas. In this way, it avoids the computational difficulty with full-fledged NL parsing. In the main, we draw on certain concepts in natural language processing and computational linguistics to develop CQL/NL. %M J.IJHCS.53.4.493 %T Qualitative Modelling of Unknown Interface Behaviour %A M. H. Lee %A S. M. Garrett %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 4 %P 493-515 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X When faced with an interface to an unknown system or device humans adopt exploratory interactive behaviour in order to gain information and insight. This paper describes a computer program which probes, observes and models the input-output space of unknown systems. We use a schema concept as the memory structure for recording events and adopt a constructive approach that avoids preprocessing the raw data. We believe qualitative assessments are important in early analysis and employ techniques from qualitative reasoning research in order to capture correlation behaviour. The aim is to gain insight into the nature of an unknown system for guidance in future model selection. A series of experiments and their results are discussed, together with the assumptions and limitations of the method. We suggest further developments for future experiments that appear promising. %M J.IJHCS.53.4.517 %T Skill-Based Interpretation of Noisy Probe Signals Enhanced with a Genetic Algorithm %A Bogdan Filipi %A Iztok Un %A Matja Perpar %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 4 %P 517-535 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The paper presents the design and evaluation of an adaptive signal processing procedure based on human skill. The focus is on interpreting probe signals detected in gas-liquid flow in the presence of noise where existing signal interpretation techniques may encounter difficulties. Interpretation of a probe signal requires construction of a corresponding two-state signal that denotes the presence of the phases, i.e. gas and liquid, at the probe tip. To develop a computer procedure that would imitate a skilled operator in probe signal interpretation, manual knowledge acquisition and evolutionary optimization were employed. First, a prototype signal interpretation procedure based on operator skill was designed, and the procedure parameters were then optimized with a genetic algorithm. In the optimization process, a two-state signal reconstructed from the probe signal by an operator was used as a reference. The robustness of the approach was tested in a series of numerical experiments. They included local evaluation on training and test signals, calculation of global void fraction values, and an assessment of variability among different experts. The results showed that the developed technique is highly consistent with the operator way of signal interpretation and represents a reliable prerequisite for gas-liquid flow measurements. %M J.IJHCS.53.4.537 %T Potential Determinants of Heavier Internet Usage %A Lynette Armstrong %A James G. Phillips %A Lauren L. Saling %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 4 %P 537-550 %K internet; addiction; self-esteem; gambling. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Despite its uses, the Internet is liable to be abused. "Internet Addiction" is a newly proposed construct, derived form DSM-IV criteria for substance abuse. As a very recent phenomenon, excess internet use probably arises through pre-existing mechanisms. The addictive element may be the search for stimulation through interactive services, or the Internet may serve the purpose of an escape from real-life difficulties. We therefore considered the extent to which sensation seeking or poor self-esteem predicts heavier Internet use. Fifty participants, recruited through the Internet or the Internet Addiction Support Group, completed an Internet Related Problem Scale, the MMPI-2 Addiction Potential Scale, the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and the Sensation Seeking Scale. The Internet Related Problem Scale showed a moderate level of internal consistency and demonstrated construct validity, predicting hours of Internet use and having a relationship with the Addiction Potential Scale. While poorer self-esteem predicted greater scores on the Internet Related Problem Scale, impulsivity did not. Researchers need to re-assess previous conceptualizations of the typical "computer addict" as a highly educated, male introvert with a constant need for intellectual stimulation (Shotton, 1991). %M J.IJHCS.53.4.551 %T The Effects of Hyperlinks on Navigation in Virtual Environments %A Roy A. Ruddle %A Andrew Howes %A Stephen J. Payne %A Dylan M. Jones %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 4 %P 551-581 %K navigation; virtual environments; hyperlinks; spatial cognition. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Hyperlinks introduce discontinuities of movement to 3-D virtual environments (VEs). Nine independent attributes of hyperlinks are defined and their likely effects on navigation in VEs are discussed. Four experiments are described in which participants repeatedly navigated VEs that were either conventional (i.e. obeyed the laws of Euclidean space), or contained hyperlinks. Participants learned spatial knowledge slowly in both types of environment, echoing the findings of previous studies that used conventional VEs. The detrimental effects on participants' spatial knowledge of using hyperlinks for movement were reduced when a time-delay was introduced, but participants still developed less accurate knowledge than they did in the conventional VEs. Visual continuity had a greater influence on participants' rate of learning than continuity of movement, and participants were able to exploit hyperlinks that connected together disparate regions of a VE to reduce travel time. %M J.IJHCS.53.4.583 %T An Experiment in Agent Teaching by Subject Matter Experts %A Gheorghe Tecuci %A Mihai Boicu %A Michael Bowman %A Dorin Marcu %A Ping Shyr %A Cristina Cascaval %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 4 %P 583-610 %K instructable agents; knowledge acquisition; machine learning; course of action critiquing; experimentation. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X This paper presents a successful knowledge-acquisition experiment in which subject matter experts who did not have any prior knowledge-engineering experience succeeded in teaching the Disciple- COA agent how to critique courses of action, a challenge problem addressed by the DARPA's High-Performance Knowledge Bases program. We first present the COA challenge problem and the architecture of Disciple- COA, a learning agent shell from the Disciple family. Then we present the knowledge acquisition experiment, detailing both the expert-Disciple interactions, and the automatic knowledge-base development processes that take place as a result of these interactions. The results of this experiment provide strong evidence that the Disciple approach is a viable solution to the knowledge acquisition bottleneck. %M J.IJHCS.53.4.611 %T From the User Interface to the Consumer Interface: Results from a Global Experiment %A Robert M. O'Keefe %A Melissa Cole %A Patrick Y. K. Chau %A Ann Massey %A Mitzi Montoya-Weiss %A Mark Perry %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 4 %P 611-628 %K interface; human-computer interaction; electronic commerce; cultural differences. %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X The consumer interface, whereby consumers interact through the World Wide Web to transact consumer commerce, is a vital component of electronic commerce. We are attempting to understand this interface from a perspective that combines concepts from marketing, human-computer interaction and culture. We have conducted an extensive experiment comparing the reactions of subjects in the United Kingdom, United States and Hong Kong to web sites. We used the web sites for the automobile manufacturers VW, Ford and Toyota so we could vary the origin of the site. We used well-known constructs from advertising and marketing research to measure various aspects of the subjects and their reactions to the web site. Our basic finding is that there are fewer differences between subjects than have typically been observed by paper-based marketing experiments. There is no evidence that the origin of the site interacts with the individual. However, after performing a factor analysis on how subjects reported their purpose for using the Internet, we found considerable differences in purpose of use between US and Hong Kong subjects. American subjects are inclined to use the Internet for information search purposes, and the Hong Kong subjects are more inclined to use the Internet for social communication purposes. Further, in both countries there is a relationship between these purposes and subjects having their views on the product transformed. %M J.IJHCS.53.5.631 %T Empirical Evaluation of Information Visualizations: An Introduction %A Chaomei Chen %A Mary P. Czerwinski %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 5 %P 631-635 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %M J.IJHCS.53.5.637 %T Evaluating Visualizations: Using a Taxonomic Guide %A E. Morse %A M. Lewis %A K. A. Olsen %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 5 %P 637-662 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Although visualizations are components of many information interfaces, testing of these visual elements is rarely undertaken except as a part of overall usability testing. For this reason, it is unclear what role, if any, visualizations actually perform. Our method involves the creation of simple visual prototypes and task sets based on a visual taxonomy which allows testing of the visualization in isolation from the rest of the system. By defining tests using a visual taxonomy rather than customary tasks from the application domain, our method circumvents the problems of restricting evaluation of newer more capable systems to only those tasks which might be accomplished with older, less capable ones. This paper will discuss methods for exhaustively testing the capabilities of a visualization by mapping from a domain-independent taxonomy of visual tasks to a specific domain, i.e. information retrieval. Experimental results are presented illustrating this approach to determining the role visualizations may play in supporting users in information-seeking environments. Our methods could easily be extended to other domains including data visualization. %M J.IJHCS.53.5.663 %T An Evaluation of Space-Filling Information Visualizations for Depicting Hierarchical Structures %A John Stasko %A Richard Catrambone %A Mark Guzdial %A Kevin Mcdonald %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 5 %P 663-694 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X A variety of information visualization tools have been developed recently, but relatively little effort has been made to evaluate the effectiveness and utility of the tools. This article describes results from two empirical studies of two visualization tools for depicting hierarchies, in particular, computer file and directory structures. The two tools examined implement space-filling methodologies, one rectangular, the Treemap method, and one circular, the Sunburst method. Participants performed typical file/directory search and analysis tasks using the two tools. In general, performance trends favored the Sunburst tool with respect to correct task performance, particularly on initial use. Performance with Treemap tended to improve over time and use, suggesting a greater learning cost that was partially recouped over time. Each tool afforded somewhat different search strategies, which also appeared to influence performance. Finally, participants strongly preferred the Sunburst tool, citing better ability to convey structure and hierarchy. %M J.IJHCS.53.5.695 %T An Initial Examination of Ease of Use for 2D and 3D Information Visualizations of Web Content %A Kirsten Risden %A Mary P. Czerwinski %A Tamara Munzner %A Daniel B. Cook %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 5 %P 695-714 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X We present a discussion and initial empirical investigation of user-interface designs for a set of three Web browsers. The target end-user population we identified were experienced software engineers who maintained large Web sites or portals. The user study demonstrated the strengths and weaknesses of two conventional 2D browsers for this target user, as well as that of XML3D, a novel browser that integrates an interactive 3D hyperbolic graph view with a more traditional 2D list view of the data. A standard collapse/expand tree browser and a Web-based hierarchical categorization similar to Yahoo!, were competitively evaluated against XML3D. No reliable difference between the two 2D browsers was observed. However, the results showed clear differences between XML3D and the 2D user interfaces combined. With XML3D, participants performed search tasks within existing categories reliably faster with no decline in the quality of their responses. It was informally observed that integrating the ability to view the overall structure of the information space with the ability to easily assess local and global relationships was key to successful search performance. XML3D was the only tool of the three that efficiently showed the overall structure within one visualization. The XML3D browser accomplished this by combining a 3D graph layout view as well as an accompanying 2D list view. Users did opt to use the 2D user-interface components of XML3D during new category search tasks, and the XML3D performance advantage was no longer obtained in those conditions. In addition, there were no reliable differences in overall user satisfaction across the three user-interface designs. Since we observed subjects using the XML3D features differently depending on the kind of search task, future studies should explore optimal ways of integrating the use of novel focus+context visualizations and 2D lists for effective information retrieval. The contribution of this paper is that it includes empirical data to demonstrate where novel focus+context views might benefit experienced users over and above more conventional user-interface techniques, in addition to where design improvements are warranted. %M J.IJHCS.53.5.715 %T Snap-Together Visualization: Can Users Construct and Operate Coordinated Visualizations? %A Chris North %A Ben Shneiderman %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 5 %P 715-739 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Multiple coordinated visualizations enable users to rapidly explore complex information. However, users often need unforeseen combinations of coordinated visualizations. Snap-together visualization (Snap) enables users to rapidly and dynamically construct coordinated-visualization interfaces, customized for their data, without programming. Users U001load data into desired visualizations, then construct coordinations between them for brushing and linking, overview and detail view, drill down, etc. Snap formalizes a conceptual model of visualization coordination based on the relational data model. Visualization developers can easily Snap-enable their independent visualizations using a simple API. Empirical evaluation reveals benefits, cognitive issues and usability concerns with coordination concepts and Snap. Two user studies explore coordination construction and operation. Data-savvy users successfully, enthusiastically and rapidly constructed powerful coordinated-visualization interfaces of their own. Operating an overview-and-detail coordination reliably improved user performance by 30-80% over detail-only and uncoordinated interfaces for most tasks. %M J.IJHCS.53.5.741 %T Evaluating the Effectiveness of Visual User Interfaces for Information Retrieval %A A. G. Sutcliffe %A M. Ennis %A J. Hu %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 5 %P 741-763 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X An integrated visual thesaurus and results browser to support information retrieval was designed using a task model of information searching. The system provided a hierarchical thesaurus with a results cluster display representing similarity between retrieved documents and relevance ranking using a bullseye metaphor. Latent semantic indexing (LSI) was used as the retrieval engine and to calculate the similarity between documents. The design was tested with two information retrieval tasks. User behaviour, performance and attitude were recorded as well as usability problems. The system had few usability problems and users liked the visualizations, but recall performance was poor. The reasons for poor/good performance were investigated by examining user behaviour and search strategies. Better searchers used the visualizations more effectively and spent longer on the task, whereas poorer performances were attributable to poor motivation, difficulty in assessing article relevance and poor use of system visualizations. The bullseye browser display appeared to encourage limited evaluation of article relevance on titles, leading to poor performance. The bullseye display metaphor for article relevance was understood by users; however, they were confused by the concept of similarity searching expressed as visual clusters. The conclusions from the study are that while visual user interfaces for information searching might seem to be usable, they may not actually improve performance. Training and advisor facilities for effective search strategies need to be incorporated to enhance the effectiveness of visual user interfaces for information retrieval. %M J.IJHCS.53.5.765 %T Mapping Semantic Information in Virtual Space: Dimensions, Variance and Individual Differences %A S. J. Westerman %A T. Cribbin %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 5 %P 765-787 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X This paper reports two studies investigating the computer-based representation of the semantic information content of databases using object location in two- and three-dimensional virtual space. In the first study, the cognitive demands associated with performing an information search task were examined under conditions where the "goodness of fit" of the spatial-semantic "mapping" was manipulated. The effects of individual differences in spatial ability and associative memory ability also were considered. Results indicated that performance equivalence, between two- and three-dimensional interfaces, could be achieved when the two-dimensional interface accounted for between 50 and 70% of the semantic variance accounted for by the three-dimensional solution. A second study, in which automatic text analysis was used to generate two- and three-dimensional solutions for document sets of varying sizes and types, supported the conclusion that, for the purpose of information search, the amount of additional semantic information that can be conveyed by a three-dimensional solution does not outweigh the associated additional cognitive demands. %M J.IJHCS.53.5.789 %T Towards a Methodology for Developing Visualizations %A Martin Graham %A Jessie Kennedy %A David Benyon %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 5 %P 789-807 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X This paper presents a case study of the development of a visualization to represent and explore the relationships between multiple hierarchical structures, specifically botanical taxonomies. The case study outlines the visualization's development from initial meetings with taxonomists, through the early visual sketches of their activities, and through to the prototype as it exists now after two rounds of usability testing. Qualitative user feedback was elicited from taxonomists who used the system, using standard techniques, taken from traditional usability methodologies such as direct observation, concurrent verbal protocols, video recording and software logs. Some difficulties and differences in the testing and stages of development arising from the information visualization (IV) approach to the graphical display, as contrasted to a more standard graphical user interface (GUI), are noted and solutions proposed. %M J.IJHCS.53.5.809 %T Hypertext Authoring and Visualization %A Margit Pohl %A Peter Purgathofer %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 5 %P 809-825 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Visualizing information structure plays an increasing role in hypertext systems. Empirical evidence shows that such visualizations support the users or readers of hypertext systems. The following study investigates whether such information visualizations in the form of two-dimensional graphical overview maps also support the writers of hypertext documents. It also seems plausible to assume that the process of writing text changes when graphical overview maps integrated into hypertext systems are used. We also analysed the relationship between the authoring process and the character of the finished documents. In general, it can be said that visualizing the information structure inherent in a document plays an important role in hypertext authoring. It was the only innovative feature of the hypertext authoring system we developed which was used intensively by almost all the authors. In contrast to that, the finished documents were rather traditional. Authors did not exploit the novel features of hypertext/hypermedia systems like, e.g. introducing pictures, movies or sounds. On the basis of the analysis of the hypertext authoring process guidelines can be formulated to support writers of hypertext documents. %M J.IJHCS.53.5.827 %T Turning Pictures Into Numbers: Extracting and Generating Information from Complex Visualizations %A J. Gregory Trafton %A Susan S. Kirschenbaum %A Ted L. Tsui %A Robert T. Miyamoto %A James A. Ballas %A Paula D. Raymond %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 5 %P 827-850 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X We present a study of complex visualization usage by expert meteorological forecasters. We performed a protocol analysis and examined the types of visualizations they examined. We present evidence for how experts are able to make use of complex visualizations. Our findings suggest that users of complex visualizations create qualitative mental models from which they can then generate quantitative information. In order to build their qualitative mental models, forecasters integrated information across multiple visualizations and extracted primarily qualitative information from visualizations in a goal-directed manner. We discuss both theoretical and practical implications of this study. %M J.IJHCS.53.5.851 %T Empirical Studies of Information Visualization: A Meta-Analysis %A Chaomei Chen %A Yue Yu %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 5 %P 851-866 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X A meta-analysis is conducted on a set of empirical studies of information visualization. To be included in the meta-analysis, a study must meet a set of selection criteria. The meta-analysis synthesizes significant levels and effect sizes, tests the heterogeneity of findings from individual studies included and tests the linear trends over a range of information visualization features with ascending visual-spatial complexity. Recommendations for future experimental studies of information visualizations are included. %M J.IJHCS.53.6.867 %T Introduction to Special Issue on Collaboration, Cooperation and Conflict in Dialogue Systems %A Kristiina Jokinen %A David Sadek %A David Traum %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 6 %P 867-870 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %M J.IJHCS.53.6.871 %T Cooperation, Dialogue and Ethics %A Jens Allwood %A David Traum %A Kristiina Jokinen %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 6 %P 871-914 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X This paper describes some of the basic cooperative mechanisms of dialogue. Ideal cooperation is seen as consisting of four features (cognitive consideration, joint purpose, ethical consideration and trust), which can also to some extent be seen as requirements building on each other. Weaker concepts such as "coordination" and "collaboration" have only some of these features or have them to lesser degrees. We point out the central role of ethics and trust in cooperation, and contrast the result with popular AI accounts of collaboration. Dialogue is also seen as associated with social activities, in which certain obligations and rights are connected with particular roles. Dialogue is seen to progress through the written, vocal or gestural contributions made by participants. Each of the contributions has associated with it both expressive and evocative functions, as well as specific obligations for participants. These functions are dependent on the surface form of a contribution, the activity and the local context, for their interpretation. We illustrate the perspective by analysing dialogue extracts from three different activity types (a travel dialogue, a quarrel and a dialogue with a computer system). Finally, we consider what kind of information is shared in dialogue, and the ways in which dialogue participants manifest this sharing to each other through linguistic and other communicative behaviour. The paper concludes with a comparison to other accounts of dialogue and prospects for integration of these ideas within dialogue systems. %M J.IJHCS.53.6.915 %T Cooperative Requests and Replies in a Collaborative Dialogue Model %A Cecile Balkanski %A Martine Hurault-Plantet %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 6 %P 915-968 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X In this paper, we present a computational model of dialogue, and an underlying theory of action, which supports the representation of, reasoning about and execution of communicative and non-communicative actions. This model rests on a theory of collaborative discourse, and allows for cooperative human-machine communication in written dialogues. We show how cooperative behaviour, illustrated by the analysis of a dialogue corpus and formalized by an underlying theory of cooperation, is interpreted and produced in our model. We describe and illustrate in detail the main algorithms used to model the reasoning processes necessary for interpretation, planning, generation, as well as for determining which actions to perform and when. Finally, we present our implemented system. Our data are drawn from a corpus of human-human dialogues, selected and transcribed from a day-long recording of phone calls at a phone desk in an industrial setting (Castaing, 1993). We present an analysis of this corpus, focusing on dialogues which require, in order to succeed, helpful behaviour on the part of both the caller and the operator. The theoretical framework of our model rests on the theory of collaborative discourse developed by Grosz and Sidner (1986, 1990), Grosz and Kraus (1993, 1996), and further extended by Lochbaum (1994, 1995). An important objective guiding the design of our dialogue model was to allow the agent being modelled to interpret and manifest a type of cooperative behaviour which follows Grosz and Kraus's formalization of the commitment of each collaborative agent towards the actions of the other collaborative agents. The model we propose extends Lochbaum's approach to discourse processing in extending her interpretation algorithm to allow for the treatment of a wider range of dialogues, and in providing an algorithm of task advancement which guides the generation process and allows for the interleaving of execution and planning, thereby facilitating cooperation among agents. The cooperative behaviour of the agent being modelled rests on the use of communicative actions allowing agents to share additional knowledge and assist each other in performing their actions. %M J.IJHCS.53.6.969 %T Conflict Resolution in Collaborative Planning Dialogs %A Jennifer Chu-Carroll %A Sandra Carberry %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 6 %P 969-1015 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X In a collaborative planning environment in which the agents are autonomous and heterogeneous, it is inevitable that discrepancies in the agents' beliefs result in conflicts during the planning process. In such cases, it is important that the agents engage in collaborative negotiation to resolve the detected conflicts in order to determine what should constitute their shared plan of actions and shared beliefs. This paper presents a plan-based model for conflict detection and resolution in collaborative planning dialogs. Our model specifies how a collaborative system should detect conflicts that arise between the system and its user during the planning process. If the detected conflicts warrant resolution, our model initiates collaborative negotiation in an attempt to resolve the conflicts in the agent's beliefs. In addition, when multiple conflicts arise, our model identifies and addresses the most effective aspect in its pursuit of conflict resolution. Furthermore, by capturing the collaborative planning process in a recursive Propose-Evaluate-Modify cycle of actions, our model is capable of handling embedded negotiation during conflict resolution. %M J.IJHCS.53.6.1017 %T The Agreement Process: An Empirical Investigation of Human-Human Computer-Mediated Collaborative Dialogs %A Barbara Di Eugenio %A Pamela W. Jordan %A Richmond H. Thomason %A Johanna D. Moore %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 6 %P 1017-1076 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X In this paper, we investigate the empirical correlates of the agreement process. Informally, the agreement process is the dialog process by which collaborators achieve joint commitment on a joint action. We propose a specific instantiation of the agreement process, derived from our theoretical model, that integrates the IRMA framework for rational problem solving (Bratman, Israel & Pollack, 1988) with Clark's (1992, 1996) work on language as a collaborative activity; and from the characteristics of our task, a simple design problem (furnishing a two-room apartment) in which knowledge is equally distributed among agents, and needs to be shared. The main contribution of our paper is an empirical study of some of the components of the agreement process. We first discuss why we believe the findings from our corpus of computer-mediated dialogs are applicable to human-human collaborative dialogs in general. We then present our theoretical model, and apply it to make predictions about the components of the agreement process. We focus on how information is exchanged in order to arrive at a proposal, and on what constitutes a proposal and its acceptance/rejection. Our corpus study makes use of features of both the dialog and the domain reasoning situation, and led us to discover that the notion of commitment is more useful to model the agreement process than that of acceptance/rejection, as it more closely relates to the unfolding of negotiation. %M J.IJHCS.53.6.1077 %T Dialectical Argumentation to Solve Conflicts in Advice Giving: A Case Study in the Promotion of Healthy Nutrition %A Floriana Grasso %A Alison Cawsey %A Ray Jones %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 6 %P 1077-1115 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Conflict situations do not only arise from misunderstandings, erroneous perceptions, partial knowledge, false beliefs, etc., but also from differences in "opinions" and in the different agents' value systems. It is not always possible, and maybe not even desirable, to "solve" this kind of conflict, as the sources are subjective. The communicating agents can, however, use knowledge of the opponent's preferences, to try and convince the partner of a point of view which they wish to promote. To deal with these situations requires an argumentative capacity, able to handle not only "demonstrative" arguments but also "dialectic" ones, which may not necessarily be based on rationality and valid premises. This paper presents a formalization of a theory of informal argumentation, focused on techniques to change attitudes of the interlocutor, in the domain of health promotion. %M J.IJHCS.53.6.1117 %T Tailoring Inference-Rich Descriptions through Making Compromises between Conflicting Cooperation Principles %A Helmut Horacek %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 6 %P 1117-1146 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X Acting cooperatively in a communicative situation requires the computer agents to behave collaboratively. This activity is complicated by many sorts of conflicts that may arise in complex interaction environments. In order to capture essential forces driving dialogues in these environments, a number of formal models have been proposed, which focus on choosing among action and reaction types in comparably simple sequences. In this paper, we propose a method to enhance these models by the capability to produce longer dialogue contributions, which is done through tailoring variations in richly structured system actions and choosing among them, guided by quantitative and partially conflicting cooperativity principles based on the Gricean conversation maxims. We have elaborated this model in the context of an interactive, formal proof presentation system. Acting cooperatively for that system means collaborating with the human user by considerably manipulating a proof as produced by a theorem prover to obtain a human-adequate form, and to resolve conflicts between completeness of detail, length of the descriptions given and degree of explicitness required. Our approach complements models of cooperativity and collaboration that are grounded in basic principles of rationality by mediating between partially conflicting conversation goals in producing more complex dialogue contributions. %M J.IJHCS.53.6.1147 %T Erratum: Collaboration, Cooperation and Conflict in Dialogue Systems %A Sakir Kocabas %A Pat Langley %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 6 %P 1147 %M J.IJHCS.53.6.1149 %T Computer Generation of Process Explanations in Nuclear Astrophysics %A Sakir Kocabas %A Pat Langley %J IJHCS %D 2000 %V 53 %N 6 %P 1149-1164 %* (c) Copyright 2000 Academic Press %X In this paper we describe ASTRA, a computational aid for generating process explanations in nuclear astrophysics. The system operates in two stages, the first using knowledge of quantum theory to produce a set of legal reactions among elements, and the second searching for pathways of such reactions that explain the construction of some element from lighter ones. ASTRA has found apparently novel reactions that involve proton and neutron capture, as well as novel fusion reactions that produce neutrons and deuterium. The system has also generated reaction pathways for helium, carbon and oxygen that do not appear in the scientific literature. However, ASTRA also finds many other reaction pathways that are less interesting and that suggest priorities for future research. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): SIGDOC21.BA %A Chris Hallgren %T Using Problem Analysis to Support Decisions and Planning in Complex Processes %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 1 %P 3-14 %X Hallgren argues that besides addressing the routine tasks users perform, adequate documentation must also anticipate the problems they will face when deciding which tasks to perform or when planning complex tasks. He illustrates the extra explanatory features of problem-centered documentation with three before-and-after comparative miniature case studies based on actual documentation passages. Accompanying Hallgren's article are 10 pages of detailed analytical commentary on his claims, in three evaluative essays by Stephen W. Draper, Arthur G. Elser, and Bob Waite. %M J.SIGDOC.21.1.3 %D 1997 %A Stephen W. Draper %T New Guises for Recurring Problems in Documentation %S Commentary %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 1 %P 15-18 %M J.SIGDOC.21.1.15 %D 1997 %A Authur G. Elser %T Complex Problems: What's the Next Step? %S Commentary %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 1 %P 19-22 %M J.SIGDOC.21.1.19 %D 1997 %A Bob Waite %T Documenting Complex Processes: Educating the User and Simplifying the Task %S Commentary %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 1 %P 23-25 %M J.SIGDOC.21.1.23 %D 1997 %A Emmanuel Uren %T Annotated Bibliography on Internationalization and Localization %S Awareness essay %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 1 %P 26-33 %X Summarizing years of practical experience in his notes and commentary, Uren systematically reviews the recent literature about internationalization and localization, briefly evaluating over 4 dozen articles and books along with many relevant standards (all grouped by operating system or platform where appropriate). "Localizing software," he explains with astute examples, "requires more than translating documentation and the [user] interface" into another language. %M J.SIGDOC.21.1.26 %D 1997 %A Karl Smart %T SIGDOC97 Conference Call for Papers %S News %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 1 %P 34-35 %M J.SIGDOC.21.1.34 %D 1997 %A T. R. Girill %T News of the Profession: Thanks and WWW Usability Too %S News %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 1 %P 36-37 %M J.SIGDOC.21.1.36 %D 1997 %A Scott DeLoach %T Computerized Workplace Writing %S Book commentary %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 2 %P 2-9 %X DeLoach critically analyzes every essay in the 1996 anthology by Patricia Sullivan and Jeannie Dautermann called Electronic Literacies in the Workplace, looking for insights on how academic training intersects with writing in industry. He finds that schools need to teach about time and budget constraints as well as drafting techniques if students are to be adequately prepared for work life. And he concludes that the open, egalitarian environment that writers seek when they move from school to work must be justified in economic terms if business practice is to change. %M J.SIGDOC.21.2.2 %D 1997 %A Nancy C. Mulvany %T What's Going on in Indexing? %S Awareness essay %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 2 %P 10-15 %X While summarizing and evaluating the recent literature on indexing and its relevance to computer documentation, Mulvany defends three claims: (1) An index is one of the most important features of a manual. (2) Adequate indexes are produced by skilled professionals; they are not just computer-generated word lists. (3) Even in online documentation, professionally constructed indexes add value that cannot be duplicated by summarization software or text-search programs. %M J.SIGDOC.21.2.10 %D 1997 %A David W. Norton %T The Linguistics of Links: Hyperphoric Grammar Markups for HTML Documents %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 2 %P 16-21 %X Just as linguistic clarity about traditional referencing features in text improves that text's usefulness, argues Norton, so can linguistic analysis of between-document ("hyperphoric") interactive links improve the usefulness of HTML documents. Norton undertakes that analysis and finds four distinct kinds of link. He then suggests how HTML browsers could exploit those link types to alter their labels and prompts to present more useful displays of online text. %M J.SIGDOC.21.2.16 %D 1997 %A T. R. Girill %T Table of Contents Service for Instructional Science %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 2 %P 22-32 %M J.SIGDOC.21.2.22 %D 1997 %A Karl Smart %T SIGDOC97 Conference: The Theme, The Venue, and How to Learn More %S News %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 2 %P 33-34 %M J.SIGDOC.21.2.33 %D 1997 %A Steven J. DeRose %A David G. Durand %A Elli Mylonas %A Allen H. Renear %T What is Text Really? %S Classic reprint %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 3 %P 1-25 %X Document processing software always assumes one or another "model of text." The authors of this reprinted classic paper, originally published in the Journal of Computing in Higher Education in 1990, compare six different text models to argue that the intellectually strongest as well as the most practical is an "ordered hierarchy of content objects" (OHCO). This model also supports SGML. Accompanying this reprint are three commentaries that explore its assumptions and weaknesses. S. Selber contends that the OHCO model is "arhetorical" (pp. 26-31). C. Hill notes that HTML confuses the style and content issues raised here (pp. 32-35). And R. S. Dicks thinks the OHCO approach ignores the graphical aspects of text (pp. 36-39). In a closing response, the original authors retrospectively review their earlier claims and reply to each commentator's suggestions (pp. 40-44). %M J.SIGDOC.21.3.1 %D 1997 %A Stuart A. Selber %T The OHCO Model of Text: Merits and Concerns %S Commentary %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 3 %P 26-31 %M J.SIGDOC.21.3.26 %D 1997 %A Charles Hill %T Markup Meets the Mainstream: The Future of Content-Based Processing %S Commentary %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 3 %P 32-35 %M J.SIGDOC.21.3.32 %D 1997 %A R. Stanley Dicks %T Third Commentary on "What is Text Really?" %S Commentary %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 3 %P 36-39 %M J.SIGDOC.21.3.36 %D 1997 %A Steven J. DeRose %A David G. Durand %A Elli Mylonas %A Allen H. Renear %T Further Context for "What is Text Really?" %S Commentary %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 3 %P 40-44 %M J.SIGDOC.21.3.40 %D 1997 %A Gloria A. Reece %T Performance Systems Technology and Computer-Based Instruction (Part I) %S Awareness essay %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 3 %P 45-55 %X Although performance support and computer-aided training are not the same, they share many goals, techniques, design criteria, and research publications. In this comprehensive literature-awareness essay, Reece uses a careful conceptual survey (and comparison) of these fields as the means to review the professional societies, annual conferences, web sites, published case studies, and prime reference material relevant to both areas. %M J.SIGDOC.21.3.45 %D 1997 %A Karl Smart %T SIGDOC97: Lodging and Registration Details %S News %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 3 %P 56-63 %M J.SIGDOC.21.3.56 %D 1997 %A Bob Johnson %T The Wired Neighborhood: An Extended Multimedia Conversation %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 4 %P 1 %M J.SIGDOC.21.4.1 %D 1997 %A Becky Graham %T A Descriptive Summary of The Wired Neighborhood %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 4 %P 2-3 %M J.SIGDOC.21.4.2 %D 1997 %A Becky Graham %T Hitting Home: Communication Technologies and the Everyday %S Book commentary %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 4 %P 4-7 %X This is the first of three related, comparative review essays in which students or teachers of rhetoric analyze Stephen Doheny-Farina's book The Wired Neighborhood (Yale, 1996). Graham focuses on the social implications of networked computing, giving special attention to Doheny-Farina's claims about the possible negative effects of networking on local schools (because of distance education) and on work-place organization (because of telecommuting). %M J.SIGDOC.21.4.4 %D 1997 %A Mike Rubingh %T What Computer Networks Can't Do %S Book commentary %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 4 %P 8-10 %X In this second of three related, comparative review essays, Rubingh draws many striking parallels between Doheny-Farina's skeptical claims about computer networks and the similarly skeptical claims about artificial intelligence presented by philosopher Hubert Dreyfus in his 1972 book on What Computers Can't Do. Both authors argue that overlooking the importance of geography and physical place leads to serious conceptual problems with computers and with their simulations of real-life activities. %M J.SIGDOC.21.4.8 %D 1997 %A Nancy Allen %A Ann Blakeslee %T The Wired Neighborhood: An Online Conversation %S Book commentary %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 4 %P 11-15 %X Allen and Blakeslee construct this third in a series of three comparative review essays in dialog format, so they can conversationally undermine some of Doheny-Farina's pessimism about computer networks. They contend that not only do networks promote geographically scattered professional communities whose members could not otherwise collaborate easily, but networks also sometimes reinforce natural, local communities (towns or school districts) as well. %M J.SIGDOC.21.4.11 %D 1997 %A Stephen Doheny-Farina %T Interview with Stephen Doheny-Farina %S Book commentary %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 4 %P 16-19 %X Author Doheny-Farina comments on all his Wired Neighborhood commentators in an interview that immediately follows the three review essays. %M J.SIGDOC.21.4.16 %D 1997 %A Gloria A. Reece %T Performance Systems Technology and Computer-Based Instruction (Part II) %S Awareness essay %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 4 %P 20-25 %X In this second part of her comprehensive literature-awareness essay (Part I appeared in the August issue), Reece completes her comparison of the two title topics by summarizing several decades in their parallel literature. One detailed table surveys the history of hypertext systems. A second catalogs dozens of journals related to instructional technology. And two other tables graphically summarize key PST and CBI functions and roles. %M J.SIGDOC.21.4.20 %D 1997 %A Danny Dowhal %T A Seven-Dimensional Approach to Graphics %S Awareness essay %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 4 %P 26-37 %X In the course of this introductory conceptual tour for documentation professionals, Dowhal perceptively and systematically explains, contrasts, and illustrates the design value of points (pixels), lines (vectors), shapes, 2-D graphics that simulate 3-D graphics, true 3-D models, simulated motion, actual animated graphics, and visual material enhanced with emotion, sound, or human interaction. %M J.SIGDOC.21.4.26 %D 1997 %A T. R. Girill %T Table of Contents Service for Journal of Business and Technical Communication %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 4 %P 38-44 %M J.SIGDOC.21.4.38 %D 1997 %A Phyllis Galt %T SIGDOC98 Call for Participation %J SIGDOC %V 21 %N 4 %P 45-49 %M J.SIGDOC.21.4.45 %D 1997 fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI94-2d.BA %M C.CHI.94.2.237 %T The Coming of Age of Software Design %S PLENARIES %A Mitchell Kapor %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 237 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p237-kapor/p237-kapor.pdf %X The recognition of software design as a profession is long overdue. For too long the act of conceiving a new program, that is, seething its distinctive behavior and appearance apart from the mechanism of its implementation, has been unrecognized as a distinct professional activity of paramount importance. Software design is in the early stages of coming into its own. It is not an area of research, nor is it a branch of science or a field of engineering. Rather, it is a design discipline within the domain of computing. This talk will make the case for these propositions through reflection on personal experience as well as the history of other design professions. %M C.CHI.94.2.239 %T Constructing New Interface Frameworks %S PLENARIES %A S. Joy Mountford %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 239-240 %K Design, Design methodology, Future interfaces %K Design, Design methodology, Future interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p239-mountford/p239-mountford.pdf %X The design frameworks used successfully in the past by the interface community are largely becoming outmoded. Given current trends toward more personal, portable, media-based products the CHI community needs to revise their design frameworks to help shape a new cycle of interaction design. This talk will use media-based examples to show how the past has been influenced and present some new interface frameworks to help guide future interface design directions. %M C.CHI.94.2.243 %T Keeping Viewers in the Picture: Real-World Usability Procedures in the Development of a Television Control Interface %S SHORT PAPERS: Design in the Workplace %A Alison Black %A Oliver Bayley %A Colin Burns %A Ilkka Kuuluvainen %A John Stoddard %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 243-244 %K Consumer products, Television, Design methods, Usability, Observation, Scenarios, User testing %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p243-black/p243-black.pdf %X This paper describes practical techniques used to ensure user oriented design of a TV control interface. Key issues were the early involvement of usability specialists, the use of different techniques throughout the design process to ensure the whole project team had direct contact with users, and ensuring usability principles were communicated effectively. The paper emphasizes the importance of usability procedures in the design of consumer products, and of taking usability 'out of the lab' to the environments in which products will be used. %M C.CHI.94.2.245 acmdl missing pdf link -- author name spelled wrong %T A Comparison of Methods for Teaching Information Systems Design %S SHORT PAPERS: Design in the Workplace %A Penny Collings %A David Walker %A Frank Hicks %A Anne McMahon %A Errol Martin %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 245-246 %K Design process, HCI education, Behavioural simulation, Role-playing %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p245-collings/p245-collings.pdf %X For some years now, we have been experimenting at the University of Canberra with a range of different approaches to the teaching of information systems design, and in particular the problem of providing a realistic context for the development of user requirements. Three alternative strategies of teaching information systems design, involving traditional written problem specifications, staff role-playing users, and behavioural simulations in which students play both user and IT professional roles are compared, and their areas of applicability identified. %M C.CHI.94.2.247 %T Graphical Interfaces for Young Children in a Software-Based Mathematics Curriculum %S SHORT PAPERS: Multimedia in Use %A Joe Berkovitz %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 247-248 %K User interfaces, Ergonomics, Interaction styles, Computer uses in education, Children, Direct manipulation, Graphics editors, Marquee selection %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p247-berkovitz/p247-berkovitz.pdf %X In designing a software-based elementary mathematics curriculum, we have created a family of graphical interfaces for manipulating mathematical objects. This case study describes part of our design, highlighting some issues of interest to the HCI community. We designed a small but flexible set of general interface mechanisms, adapting them to various instructional contexts. A design goal was to meet the needs of both young and adult users without reinventing familiar styles of interaction. User testing then helped us identify a parsimonious set of adaptations needed for children. Among other results this led to a significantly improved form of marquee selection. %M C.CHI.94.2.249 %T ScienceWorks Modeler: Scaffolding the Doing of Science %S SHORT PAPERS: Multimedia in Use %A Shari L. Jackson %A Jiannchuan Tony Hu %A Elliot Soloway %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 249-250 %K Model, Simulation, Science, Visualization %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p249-jackson/p249-jackson.pdf %X At the heart of a working science literacy is the ability to create models that explain real-world phenomena. However, constructing, simulating, verifying and validating models poses a serious challenge for students. Just as professional computational scientists rely on technology in their model creation activities, we are developing the ScienceWorks Modeler to provide comparable technological support for students and teachers. With the Modeler, students can easily construct dynamic, photo-realistic, visualizable models, and compare predictions made by their computational models with actual data collected in the field. Students build their models using an easy-to-use object-oriented visual language -- not traditional programming. %M C.CHI.94.2.251 %T Device Comparisons for Goal-Directed Drawing Tasks %S SHORT PAPERS: Modeling I/O %A Shawna Meyer %A Oryx Cohen %A Erik Nilsen %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 251-252 %K Input devices, Input tasks %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p251-meyer/p251-meyer.pdf %X This study compares five input devices (mouse, mousepen, trackball, stylus, and touchscreen) on a series of goal directed tasks using a drawing program. Striking performance differences are found for the touchscreen when compared with a previous study using a standard, isolated, laboratory task. The study also looks at the impact of device to screen mapping (absolute vs. relative) and device orientation (horizontal vs. vertical). Performance and preference data point towards an advantage for horizontal relative input devices. %M C.CHI.94.2.253 %T Issues and Experience in Designing Two-Handed Interaction %S SHORT PAPERS: Modeling I/O %A Stephane Chatty %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 253-254 %K Two-handed interaction, Interaction style, Multimodal interaction, Air-traffic control %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p253-chatty/p253-chatty.pdf %X Considering that direct manipulation interfaces using a pointing device could be more efficient with the addition of a second pointing device, we are designing and implementing two-handed interfaces for air traffic controllers. This paper describes the interaction styles we imagined for such interfaces, and some issues raised by their implementation. %M C.CHI.94.2.255 %T Passive Force Feedback for Velocity Control %S SHORT PAPERS: Modeling I/O %A Mark Paton %A Colin Ware %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 255-256 %K Input device, Force feedback, Haptics, Human performance %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p255-paton/p255-paton.pdf %X This paper introduces the Bungee Bat as a 3D passive force feedback device for velocity control for exploring 3D graphical environments. A qualitative study was carried out to compare a freehand velocity control device with the Bungee Bat for several navigation tasks in a graphical world consisting of a digital terrain map. %M C.CHI.94.2.257 %T Design of a Virtual Rigid Surface: Haptic/Audio Registration %S SHORT PAPERS: Modeling I/O %A Louis B. Rosenberg %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 257-258 %K Haptic display, Force reflection, Virtual reality, Design for perception, Audio registration, Force reflecting joystick %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p257-rosenberg/p257-rosenberg.pdf %X Few design parameters have been developed for the display of virtual percepts. This is particularly true for complex virtual constructs that include haptic information displayed through a force reflecting interface. This study looks at a fundamental virtual percept for haptic display, the representation of a virtual rigid surface, and empirically derives a design parameter for the registration of the haptic and audio perceptual content. Results of subject testing have revealed that a delay as high as 100 ms can exist between the presentation of haptic and audio sensations in display of a virtual rigid surface before users notice any perceptual distortion. %M C.CHI.94.2.259 %T Anthropomorphic Model for Hand Gesture Interface %S SHORT PAPERS: Modeling I/O %A Annelies Braffort %A Christophe Collet %A Daniel Teil %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 259-260 %K Gesture interface, Gesture production, Gesture recognition, Anthropomorphic model, Filtering, Reconstruction %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p259-braffort/p259-braffort.pdf %X This paper presents an anthropomorphic computer model of the human hand, with the aim of improving the results of hand gesture recognition algorithms. Cinematic knowledge allows us to filter the data provided by gesture transducers and to reconstruct the hand, even when all the respective position values of its different components are not known. Moreover, such a model provides a representation of the hand which is independent of the transducers used to capture gestures. %M C.CHI.94.2.261 %T A System for Application-Independent Time-Critical Rendering %S SHORT PAPERS: Modeling I/O %A Rich Gossweiler %A Randy Pausch %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 261-262 %K Virtual reality, Virtual environments, Time-critical rendering, Rendering scheduler, Image degradation, Real-time, Application-independence, Interactive graphics %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p261-gossweiler/p261-gossweiler.pdf %X We are developing a rendering system which supports automatic, application-independent time-critical rendering for 3D graphics. When the scenes being generated overload the rendering engine, a rendering scheduler employs perception-based techniques to reduce the scene complexity at run-time. Perception-based degradation mechanisms are used because they are based on characteristics of the human, not characteristics of the application. Since the human is the one element guaranteed to exist across all interactive applications, this rendering system is application-independent. %M C.CHI.94.2.263 %T User Interfaces for Hypermedia: How to Find Good Metaphors? %S SHORT PAPERS: Multimedia Interfaces %A Kaisa Vaananen %A Jens Schmidt %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 263-264 %K Hypermedia, User interface metaphors %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p263-vaananen/p263-vaananen.pdf %X Users of hypermedia are known to suffer from confusion and loss of overview when navigating within the hyperspace. This is especially serious problem in public information systems where instant acceptance by non-computer-experts must be ensured. Concrete real-world user interface metaphors can help solve these problems by imposing familiar structures and interaction possibilities and visualizing them to the user. This paper gives guidance to the hypermedia user interface designer in the task of selecting an appropriate metaphor. %M C.CHI.94.2.265 %T A Geographically-Based Multimedia Approach to City Planning %S SHORT PAPERS: Multimedia Interfaces %A Michael J. Shiffer %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 265-266 %K Geographic, Direct manipulation, Noise, Multimedia, Maps, Implementation, Group, Decision %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p265-shiffer/p265-shiffer.pdf %X This paper explores an implementation of a multimedia information system to aid geographically-oriented city planning situations. The implementation provides a method of interacting with city planning analysis tools using direct manipulation graphical interfaces. The technology combines maps, interactive video, text, sound, and other forms of data with analytic tools and an associative information structure using a city map as a central metaphor. This allows immediate navigation amongst chunks of related information during city planning meetings. The technology also makes it possible to link descriptive images, such as digital video and sound, to information that would normally be represented quantitatively. %M C.CHI.94.2.267 %T Multimodal Interfaces: New Solutions to the Problem of Computer Accessibility for the Blind %S SHORT PAPERS: Auditory Information Interfaces %A Yacine Bellik %A Dominique Burger %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 267-268 %K User interface, Multimodal interface, Non visual interface %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p267-bellik/p267-bellik.pdf %X This paper examines how multimodal interfaces can improve the accessibility of software application for blind users. The approach, which consists of translating visual interaction forms through non visual modalities, can't be successfully applied to graphical interfaces. Optimising interface for the blind involves rethinking paradigms and building the application interface on another base. Multimodal interfaces open new avenues for research and development into this area. This paper discusses these promising perspectives through a concrete example: a prototype multimodal text editor that has been developed in a research project between INSERM and CNRS. %M C.CHI.94.2.269 %T Designing with Auditory Icons: How Well Do We Identify Auditory Cues? %S SHORT PAPERS: Auditory Information Interfaces %A Elizabeth D. Mynatt %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 269-270 %K Auditory interfaces, Auditory icons, Design methodology, Audio, User interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p269-mynatt/p269-mynatt.pdf %X Despite the increased use of auditory icons in computer interfaces, a methodology for designing with auditory icons has not been demonstrated. This methodology should be based on factors which commonly affect the usability of auditory icons in computer interfaces. One step in this methodology is determining how well people can identify auditory cues. In the first of a series of experiments, subjects were asked to describe a collection of short everyday sounds. The content and accuracy of their identifications offers guidelines for the use of auditory cues. %M C.CHI.94.2.271 %T Communicating HCI Modelling to Practitioners %S SHORT PAPERS: Social Aspects of Design %A Simon Buckingham Shum %A Anker Helms Jorgensen %A Annette Aboulafia %A Nick Hammond %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 271-272 %K HCI modelling, HCI theory, Design practice %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W ftp://ftp.mrc-apu.cam.ac.uk/pub/amodeus/ %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p271-shum/p271-shum.pdf %X The human-computer interaction (HCI) community is generating a large number of analytic, usability-oriented approaches such as cognitive models and user-centred design representations. However, critical factors for their eventual application are their intelligibility, utility and usability for practitioners. In this paper, we present ongoing research into the transfer of analytic HCI approaches to designers. We outline our research strategy, three empirical studies, and some key results. We then highlight measures which respond to designers' requirements by making modelling product and process accessible to practitioners. %M C.CHI.94.2.273 %T Using Electronic Group Decision-Making Technology for Usability Walkthroughs: An Initial Qualitative Cost/Benefit Analysis %S SHORT PAPERS: Social Aspects of Design %A Lauren Weisberg Zack %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 273-274 %K Usability, Cognitive walkthroughs, Electronic brainstorming, GUI, User interface design team %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p273-zack/p273-zack.pdf %X Today's business climate mandates that all application development methods be cost-effective as well as user-centered. An alternative to costly, traditional Usability laboratory testing is discussed. By employing advanced technologies such as electronic group decision-making tools, development teams may experience a reduction in cycle-time while retaining the ability to focus on end-user performance and preference information in order to improve customer satisfaction. %M C.CHI.94.2.275 %T Talking vs Taking: Speech Access to Remote Computers %S SHORT PAPERS: Designing Spoken Language Systems %A Nicole Yankelovich %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 275-276 %K Speech user interface, Speech recognition, Electronic calendar, Natural language processing %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p275-yankelovich/p275-yankelovich.pdf %X The telephone also has its share of problems. It seems everywhere we call these days we are greeted by a voice asking us to press 1 for this, 2 for that, and 3 for who knows what. Why are these systems so frustrating to use? Is it their inflexibility? Perhaps it's because people expect to engage in a conversation when they pick up the phone. %M C.CHI.94.2.277 %T Storywriter: A Speech Oriented Editor %S SHORT PAPERS: Designing Spoken Language Systems %A Catalina Danis %A Liam Comerford %A Eric Janke %A Ken Davies %A Jackie DeVries %A Alex Bertrand %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 277-278 %K Speech recognition, Editing, RSI, Dictation, Pointing %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p277-danis/p277-danis.pdf %X Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI), a disorder that curtails repetitive movements such as typing and poses a potentially career-ending problem for people who write for a living, motivated our development of the StoryWriter editor. This editor accepts speech and keyboard input for text creation and six types of input for application control functions (speech, keyboard, mouse, foot pedal and two novel techniques, pointer touch and point and speak). The variability of RSI symptomatology dictated that several input methods be integrated seamlessly. The system can also be used efficiently by unimpaired individuals. %M C.CHI.94.2.279 %T A Survey on User Expectations for Interface Builders %S SHORT PAPERS: HCI Research? %A M. C. Desmarais %A C. Hayne %A S. Jagannath %A R. Keller %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 279-280 %K GUI tools, Survey, Evaluation %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p279-desmarais/p279-desmarais.pdf %X This study provides many insights into the features that users look for in interface building tools, as well as those that can hinder their use. The results suggest that users are willing to pay a high price for a reliable tool that will combine both fast prototyping and fully operational target interfaces and at the same time provide high functionality. Yet users want a tool that is easy to use and to learn. This is a great challenge for developers of interface builders since there is currently a compromise to make between tools that allow fast and easy prototyping, and toolkits which provide high functionality and good execution speed. %M C.CHI.94.2.281 %T Effects of Message Style on Users' Attributions toward Agents %S SHORT PAPERS: HCI Research? %A Susan E. Brennan %A Justina O. Ohaeri %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 281-282 %K Natural language interfaces, Error messages, Agents, Anthropomorphism, Mental models %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p281-brennan/p281-brennan.pdf %X We used a Wizard-of-Oz paradigm to study effects of message style on dialog and on people's mental models of computer agents. People made airline reservations using a simulated reservation agent from which they received one of three message styles: Telegraphic, Fluent, or Anthropomorphic. The agent accepted any kind of language or command input people typed. When people took the initiative, they tended to model their inputs on the computer's messages. They expended more effort in the Anthropomorphic than in the Fluent or Telegraphic conditions. We found no evidence that natural language messages led to higher expectations of intelligence than telegraphic messages. %M C.CHI.94.2.283 %T When Users Do and Don't Rely on Icon Shape %S SHORT PAPERS: HCI Research? %A Jackie Moyes %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 283-284 %K Icon design, Position, Representation %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p283-moyes/p283-moyes.pdf %X It is expected that users learn to associate commands with an icon's shape, and eventually learn to associate its position. The experiment reported suggests that if the icon's shape is hard see as meaningful then subjects rely on position rather than shape in order to identify the appropriate icon. The experiment had four conditions, manipulating the abstractness of icon shape and constancy of icon position. After a training period, conditions changed without warning and the conclusions depend on whether or not performance was disrupted by the change. The effects were large: ranging from zero to four-fold worsening of performance. %M C.CHI.94.2.285 %T Toward a Deeper Comparison of Methods: A Reaction to Nielsen & Phillips and New Data %S SHORT PAPERS: HCI Research? %A Bonnie E. John %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 285-286 %K Heuristic evaluation, GOMS, KLM, User testing, Usability, Inspection techniques %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p285-john/p285-john.pdf %X This paper critiques the design and interpretation of the Nielsen and Phillips INTERCHI'93 study comparing three evaluation techniques. In addition, this paper presents new data illustrating that it is as important to ask what analysts do when using these techniques as it is to ask how well they predict performance. %M C.CHI.94.2.287 %T Electronic Proceedings (Eprocs) for IWANNT'93 %S SHORT PAPERS: Access to Organized Data Structures %A Robert B. Allen %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 287-288 %K Electronic proceedings, Information retrieval, Information systems, Internet, Hypertext %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p287-allen/p287-allen.pdf %W email:iwannt_instr@bellcore.com %X An electronic proceedings for the 1993 International Workshop on Applications of Neural Networks to Telecommunications (IWANNT) was presented in the SuperBook text browsing system. The proceedings were available on workstations during the workshop and they are now available via the Internet. In the one month following the workshop, 285 logins were recorded from 28 countries. Respondents to an email questionnaire were generally favorable with 87% stating they would like Eprocs to be available for future conferences. %M C.CHI.94.2.289 %T Navigational View Builder: A Tool for Building Navigational Views of Information Spaces %S SHORT PAPERS: Access to Organized Data Structures %A Sougata Mukherjea %A James D. Foley %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 289-290 %K Hypermedia, Information visualization, Binding %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p289-mukherjea/p289-mukherjea.pdf %X Overview node and link diagrams are one of the best tools for context and orientation in hypermedia systems. To be really effective these need to show not only the node and link topology but more information about the underlying information space. The Navigational View Builder allows the designer or the user to control the dynamic binding between the visual properties of the overview diagrams and the underlying information. Dynamic binding can also be used for forming fish-eye views. Finally, by combining this method with force-based graph-drawing algorithms, visual clusters of related nodes based on various similarity metrics can be formed. %M C.CHI.94.2.291 %T Knurls: Effective 3D Intra-Molecular Manipulation with a 2D Device %S SHORT PAPERS: Visual Interaction Techniques %A Scott D. Kahn %A Gary A. Chappell %A Andrew Smellie %A Michael Shantz %A Steven Teig %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 291-292 %K Computer graphics, Methodology and techniques, Interaction techniques, Software engineering, Tools and techniques, User interfaces, Models and principles, User/machine systems, Human factors, Input/output devices, Input devices, Virtual controllers, I/O devices, Knurls, Mouse, Direct manipulation, Three dimensional graphics, Molecular modeling %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p291-kahn/p291-kahn.pdf %X A number of interaction models and techniques have been designed and developed for using a 2D device to explore and/or deliver direct user manipulation of 3D objects presented on a 2D display. While existing approaches work well for rotating and translating self-contained objects, they are not effective enough in supporting dynamic manipulation of intra-object components, such as the atoms and bonds within a 3D molecule. Our explorations of this domain have led to the design and development of manipulation "knurls," which are transient 3D interaction highlights/controls rendered directly on the atoms/bonds of the molecule. In appearance rather like thumbwheels or dials, knurls allow the user to center all of his focus on the object actually being manipulated. Knurls very effectively support the use of 2D control devices for direct 3D intra-molecular manipulations, such as atom translations, bond rotations, and ring flexing. High quality 3D molecule displays give users the 'look' of familiar plastic models; knurls give them the 'feel' of plastic models. The knurls manipulation concept is broader than our domain-specific implementation, and could readily be extended to other domains such as mechanical CAD or CAE. %M C.CHI.94.2.293 %T What You See Is What You Get -- But Do You Get What You See? %S SHORT PAPERS: Visual Interaction Techniques %A Hermina J. M. Tabachneck %A Herbert A. Simon %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 293-294 %K Visualization, Multiple representations, Graphs, Diagrams, Empirical studies, Cognitive models %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p293-tabachneck/p293-tabachneck.pdf %X Visualization can be very powerful. But can we over-visualize? This paper describes three experiments that show that visualization without proper grounding in the underlying knowledge base could be detrimental to understanding. Although we concentrate on graphs, the conclusions should hold for diagrams and icons as well. Visualization needs to be seen as but one aspect of what is needed to understand a concept. The visual aspect of a concept can be extremely helpful and enlightening -- but without thorough connections to its non-visual aspects, such as verbally expressed causal mechanisms, it can be but so many lines on paper. %M C.CHI.94.2.295 %T Alice: A Rapid Prototyping System for Building Virtual Environments %S SHORT PAPERS: Designing Interaction Objects %A Matthew Conway %A Randy Pausch %A Rich Gossweiler %A Tommy Burnette %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 295-296 %K Virtual reality, Rapid prototyping, Interpreted languages %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p295-conway/p295-conway.pdf %X Alice is a rapid prototyping system used to create three dimensional graphics simulations like those seen in virtual reality applications. Alice uses an interpreted language called Python to implement the semantics of user actions. This interactive development environment allows users to explore many more design options than is possible in a compiled language environment. %M C.CHI.94.2.297 %T Sage: Creating Reusable, Modularized Interactive Behaviors by Demonstration %S SHORT PAPERS: Designing Interaction Objects %A Gurminder Singh %A Zhao Cuie %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 297-298 %K UIMSs, Programming by demonstration, Interactive behaviors, Behavior inferencing, Visual programming %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p297-singh/p297-singh.pdf %X Sage allows interactive behaviors (or command sequences) used in graphical user interfaces to be stored as templates and reused. These behaviors are specified by demonstration by using Sage's companion system called Druid. A collection of related behaviors can be stored as a library and shared within and across development teams to facilitate faster and bug-free interface development. By providing libraries of interactive behaviors, Sage facilitates the development of behaviorally consistent interfaces within and across applications. %M C.CHI.94.2.299 %T Acquisition of Display-Based Skill %S SHORT PAPERS: Cognitive Models %A Stephen J. Payne %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 299-300 %K Cognitive skills, Menus, Exploratory learning %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p299-payne/p299-payne.pdf %X Two experiments are reported that track the development of skill and the nature of errors in a menu-traversal task. Three findings challenge models of skill acquisition. First, there is a great deal of transfer from practised to unpractised tasks, suggesting an important role for incidental acquisition of declarative knowledge. Second, working memory load affects error rates and acquisition of declarative knowledge but has no effect on the shape of learning curves. Third, errors in skilled performance are more likely if identical errors have already been made. %M C.CHI.94.2.301 %T A Model-Based Analysis of Errors in Display-Based HCI %S SHORT PAPERS: Cognitive Models %A Muneo Kitajima %A Peter G. Polson %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 301-302 %K Errors, Action cycle model, Graphical user interface, Display-based human-computer interaction %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p301-kitajima/p301-kitajima.pdf %X This paper describes a model-based analysis of errors in expert use of graphical user interfaces. Two mechanisms, speed-accuracy tradeoffs and attention failures, were simulated by a model consisting of processes for display elaboration, selection of objects to be operated on, and selection of a next action. Both selection processes are performed in a context defined by the elaboration process, simulated by a sampling mechanism which uses knowledge in long-term memory for display comprehension. The model provides a well motivated account of errors made by expert users. Finally, the use of the model in interface evaluation is discussed. %M C.CHI.94.2.303 acmdl missing pdf link %T DeskSlate: A Shared Workspace for Telephone Partners %S SHORT PAPERS: Enhancing Interaction %A Brid O'Conaill %A Erik Geelhoed %A Peter Toft %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 303-304 %K CSCW, Shared electronic workspace, Telephone, Field trials, Laboratory experiments %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p303-oconaill/p303-oconaill.pdf %X Research has shown that adding a shared workspace to an audio channel benefits a complex text editing or a graphical task but not a simple summary task. This laboratory based work did not test the additional benefit of having a permanent record of activity (not normally provided by audio alone). DeskSlate is a laboratory prototype which provides the ability to annotate documents or use a shared whiteboard while maintaining voice contact over a single telephone line. When we introduced the system into people's real work environments, shared workspace plus audio provided benefit over a broader range of tasks than was found in the laboratory experiments. %M C.CHI.94.2.305 %T Towards the Interactive Office %S SHORT PAPERS: Enhancing Interaction %A Steve Hodges %A Gifford Louie %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 305-306 %K Context based interaction, Ubiquitous computing, Computer augmented environments, Office automation %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p305-hodges/p305-hodges.pdf %X We describe a prototype system, the Interactive Office, which supports the occupant's daily activities in an office. Discrete sensors embedded in an office detect the occupant's movements whilst a number of actuators allow computer control of the environment. Integrating inputs from many sensors places the user in a context, which, combined with the actuators, can be used to automate simple tasks. Using this system, an occupant need not change their normal actions or directly interact with an interface. We describe the underlying technology for this type of indirect interaction and illustrate the potential of augmenting an office to support a user's daily tasks. %M C.CHI.94.2.307 acmdl missing pdf link %T A Groupware Environment for Complete Meetings %S SHORT PAPERS: Enhancing Interaction %A Ted O'Grady %A Saul Greenberg %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 307-308 %K Groupware, CSCW, Desktop conferencing %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p307-ogrady/p307-ogrady.pdf %X Meetings have different phases: a pre-meeting setup phase, a during meeting phase and a post-meeting teardown phase. Additionally, meetings are individual, each requiring a different set of tools and applications. We are developing a prototype groupware environment that addresses the different phases of meetings as well as providing for customizable meetings. %M C.CHI.94.2.309 %T TeleCSILE: Facilitating Collaboration Between Teachers in Different Schools %S SHORT PAPERS: Enhancing Interaction %A Peter Rowley %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 309-310 %K Computer conferencing, Group and organization interfaces, Evaluation/methodology & organizational design, Computer uses in education, Design (cognitively based design of educational software), Computer-supported cooperative learning %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p309-rowley/p309-rowley.pdf %X CSILE is a Computer-Supported Intentional Learning Environment designed to support a learning model in which students explicitly set group learning goals and teachers focus on facilitating expert pursuit of those goals. We constructed TeleCSILE to support reflective collaboration between teachers in different schools via low-cost e-mail links, facilitating their elaboration of a practical model for implementing this desired, but difficult to achieve, shift in their classrooms. We report on the design considerations behind TeleCSILE and conclude with a user interface case study that illustrates the impact of translating a collaborative facility into a distributed context. %M C.CHI.94.2.311 %T Synthesis of Sign Language Gestures %S SHORT PAPERS: Enhancing Interaction %A Sylvie Gibet %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 311-312 %K Natural movement synthesis, Sign language communication, Gesture animation, Computer animation %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p311-gibet/p311-gibet.pdf %X Communication with the hearing-impaired can be improved by an interface that is capable of translating natural language into animated sign-language. This short-paper presents a model that simulates natural hand-arm movements. A simple command, specified in terms of successive target end-points is translated through the control model into a complete movement trajectory. The main issues of this model are: - the synthesized gestures are very natural, - the command is very efficient since it straightforwardly translates sign language specification into joint angles or positions. %M C.CHI.94.2.313 DC %T Gestural Human-Machine Interaction for People with Severe Speech and Motor Impairment Due to Cerebral Palsy %S SHORT PAPERS: Enhancing Interaction %A David M. Roy %A Marilyn Panayi %A Roman Erenshteyn %A Richard Foulds %A Robert Fawcus %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 313-314 %K Gesture recognition, Disability, Cerebral palsy, Performance art, Electromyogram, EMG, Artificial neural networks %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p313-roy/p313-roy.pdf %X The objective of the research is to develop a new method of human-machine interaction that reflects and harnesses the abilities of people with severe speech and motor impairment due to cerebral palsy (SSMICP). Human-human interaction within the framework of drama and mime was used to elicit 120 gestures from twelve students with SSMICP. 27 dynamic arm gestures were monitored using biomechanical and bioelectric sensors. Neural networks are being used to analyze the data and to realize the gestural human-machine interface. Preliminary results show that two visually similar gestures can be differentiated by neural networks. %M C.CHI.94.2.315 %T Pad++: Advances in Multiscale Interfaces %S SHORT PAPERS: Virtual and Visual Environments %A Benjamin B. Bederson %A Larry Stead %A James D. Hollan %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 315-316 %K Interactive user interfaces, Multiscale interfaces, Multimedia authoring, Information navigation, Hypertext, Information visualization %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p315-bederson/p315-bederson.pdf %X We have implemented an infinite resolution multimedia sketchpad as a base for exploring a stream-of-consciousness model of computation where information creating, sharing and retrieval becomes so intuitive that the interface becomes invisible. Motivation to pursue this came from work on Pad [4], which can be thought of as a kind of traditional sketchpad or windows environment in the sense that it is a general-purpose substrate for visualizing two dimensional graphics and text. But Pad also supports the radical notion of being infinite in extent and resolution. %M C.CHI.94.2.317 %T An Approach for Designing Virtual Environment Training Systems %S SHORT PAPERS: Virtual and Visual Environments %A Mark S. Schlager %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 317-318 %K Virtual environment, Training simulation systems, Design requirements, Cost-effectiveness %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p317-schlager/p317-schlager.pdf %X We have developed a set of analytic tools to identify and develop virtual environment (VE) simulation training applications. Task selection criteria help identify tasks that might benefit from VE training; VE requirements matrices are used to derive VE training system requirements; and cost-effectiveness factors are used to judge the relative merits of VE and other training delivery technologies. The tools have been applied successfully in aircraft and space maintenance domains, and work is in progress to extend them to nuclear power plant maintenance. %M C.CHI.94.2.319 %T VR Management Tools: Beyond Spatial Presence %S SHORT PAPERS: Virtual and Visual Environments %A John A. Waterworth %A Luis Serra %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 319-320 %K Virtual reality, VR, Interface management tools, 3D, Information dimensionality, Menus %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p319-waterworth/p319-waterworth.pdf %X We have created three types of user-controlled management tool for use in virtual reality environments: the 3DMenu, the M-Cube, and the SuperCube. 3DMenus are equivalent to the menu systems found in two dimensional interactive environments, but have the necessary spatial presence for the immersive 3D world of a VR application. M-Cubes are directly equivalent to 3DMenus but, by using all six available surfaces to present selection alternatives, occupy significantly less space. SuperCubes, in contrast to both these approaches, reflect a move beyond spatial presence by the attachment of meaning to their manipulation; the dimensions of space are also dimensions of information. %M C.CHI.94.2.321 %T OPOSSUM: A Flexible Schema Visualization and Editing Tool %S SHORT PAPERS: Virtual and Visual Environments %A Eban M. Haber %A Yannis E. Ioannidis %A Miron Livny %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 321-322 %K Model-based interface tools, Metaphors, Database, Schema visualization %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p321-haber/p321-haber.pdf %X In the spirit of interdependence of the different areas of CHI research, we present a description of OPOSSUM, a visualization tool inspired by concepts from heterogeneous databases. OPOSSUM is a tool for visualizing and editing structured data; we use it to view and modify object-oriented database schemes. OPOSSUM is based on a formalism that allows declarative descriptions of the following: 1) a model describing the schema to be visualized, 2) a model describing visualizations, and 3) a mapping between the two models. The formal approach makes OPOSSUM very flexible, and promises solutions to several problems of schema visualization. %M C.CHI.94.2.323 %T Analyzing Graphic and Textual Layouts with GOMS: Results of a Preliminary Analysis %S SHORT PAPERS: Virtual and Visual Environments %A Mei C. Chuah %A Bonnie E. John %A John Pane %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 323-324 %K GOMS, Cognitive modeling, Graphic layout, Textual layout %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p323-chuah/p323-chuah.pdf %X We combined previous research on GOMS modeling with some simple assumptions about visual search strategies to make zero-parameter predictions of the time necessary to perform a task on four different graphic and textual displays. We compared these predictions to empirical measures of performance time and obtained an absolute average percent difference of 8%. These results indicate that GOMS may be extended to be a useful tool for analyzing different layouts. %M C.CHI.94.2.325 %T Immersive Environments: A Physical Approach to the Computer Interface %S SHORT PAPERS: Virtual and Visual Environments %A Allison Druin %A Ken Perlin %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 325-326 %K Immersive environments, Physical multimedia, Interdisciplinary research %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p325-druin/p325-druin.pdf %X Every year we spend a greater proportion of our daily lives, at home, in business, in education, and in entertainment, in front of a computer screen. As networking becomes commonplace, this increasingly includes our activities with other people. We want to aim at a richer interaction. How can technology become a seamless extension of our real world physical surroundings? This is a focus of research at the NYU Media Research Laboratory. We are developing new approaches to large-scale physically immersive, multimedia environments. Recently we collaborated with film students and faculty from the NYU Tisch School of the Arts to create three room-sized computer-mediated immersive environments. This short paper will summarize our approach to interdisciplinary research in the context of developing new technologies for immersive environments. %M C.CHI.94.2.329 %T Current Issues in Assessing and Improving Documentation Usability %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Stephanie Rosenbaum %A Judith Ramey %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 329 %K Documentation, Documentation usability, Information development, Documentation standards, Usability testing, Product development %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p329-rosenbaum/p329-rosenbaum.pdf %X User documentation, whether in print or "built-in" to the online user interface, is now a vital element of successful computer products. Managers and developers recognize that the common model of documentation as remediation for deficient design must not persist, but they often don't know how to build documentation usability into an ongoing product-development effort. Therefore, this meeting is a forum on human factors in computer documentation. With the growth of online user support and the increasing integration of documentation with the user interface, this SIG provides CHI'94 attendees with a specific opportunity to discuss recent developments in documentation usability. Topics include: * Addressing documentation usability early in the product design process; * Qualitative and quantitative methods for collecting documentation usability data; * Roles and relationships among documentation specialists, user-interface designers, and software developers; * Schedule and budget issues relating to documentation usability. %M C.CHI.94.2.330 %T Usability Lab Tools: One Year Later %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Paul Weiler %A Monty Hammontree %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 330 %K Usability, Tools, Data collection, Laboratory, Testing, Logging, Video, Analysis %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p330-weiler/p330-weiler.pdf %X This Special Interest Group (SIG) is a follow-up to panels from last year's CHI and the Usability Professionals Association conferences. The intent of the SIG is to provide a forum for the exchange of new ideas and technologies in the area of usability laboratory tools. Experts in the area will meet to discuss and demonstrate recent developments in tools and talk about future plans. Topics for discussion include, but are not limited to, event logging, observation logging, video tape analysis, highlight tape production, remote usability testing, and new technologies. Anyone involved or interested in usability testing is invited to attend. %M C.CHI.94.2.331 %T Ergonomic Standards for Software: Update for 1994 %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Patricia A. Billingsley %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 331 %K Software ergonomics, Software user interface standards, ISO, ANSI, IEEE %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p331-billingsley/p331-billingsley.pdf %X As of January 1993, the member nations of the European Community have been required to adopt minimum health and safety standards for office-based computer systems, including the user interfaces to those systems. This European initiative continues to drive the efforts of many standards committees, both in the United States and abroad, as they attempt to develop reasonable and meaningful ergonomic standards for software user interfaces. In this SIG session, a panel of user interface standards experts will describe the latest developments in the national and international arenas, and discuss the impact of emerging ergonomic standards on members of the CHI community and software development in general. The panel will include representatives of the most active standards committees, including CEN TC122/WG5, ISO-IEC JTC1/SC18/WG9, ISO TC159/SC4/WG5, ANSI X3V1.9, HFES-HCI, and IEEE P1201.2. The final half-hour of the session will be set aside for an open discussion with the audience. %M C.CHI.94.2.332 %T Educating the Next Generation of Information Systems Specialists: Report on a US National Science Foundation Task Force %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Michael J. Muller %A Anita LaSalle %A Michael C. Mulder %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 332 %K Information engineering, Systems, Design, Curriculum, Education, Development, Team %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p332-muller/p332-muller.pdf %X We present results from a US National Science Foundation Task Force on Information Engineering. The task force combined academic and industry views on the expertise required to support team work for the design and development of software systems. The information systems specialist who has been "designed" by the task force would be a critical member of such teams. For comment by CHI participants, we present a profile of the knowledge, skills and expertise needed by the new specialist, and draft curricula to educate such specialists. %M C.CHI.94.2.333 %T Issues in Human Factors Organization and Practices %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Barry Beith %A Thyra L. Rauch %A Thomas D. Wilson %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 333 %K Human factors, Organization, Process %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p333-beith/p333-beith.pdf %X We invite human factors professionals (and anyone with a vested interest) from development and testing organizations to come together discuss strategies, tactics, and tools for achieving user-centered product development. We expect participants to be willing to work together in an environment of openness about their working environment, specific problems that they need to solve, and the solutions they have achieved for past problems. Our goals include: * Identifying current difficulties in affecting the course of product development. * Outlining alternative solutions, along with the associated benefits, costs, difficulties in reaching these solutions, and potential new problems that may result. * Availability of resources. * Political solutions, strategies, and tactics. * Success stories, with analyses of what key changes made each solution work. %M C.CHI.94.2.334 %T SIGCHI Vision: Linking Research and Practice %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Vivienne Begg %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 334 %K Research, Practice, Conference, Meeting, Publication, Membership, Quality %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p334-begg/p334-begg.pdf %Y Introduction Themes The Relevance of "Research" to "Practice" The "Clique" or "CHI Mafia" Perception The Changing Face of Publications "Research" Happens in "Practice" and Vice Versa Technology Transfer: How Does It Happen? What is Quality? What is Our Model for Technology Transfer? SIG Structure %X This SIG is proposed as a result of the Vision process in which ACM SIGCHI has been engaged. This process is designed to help the leadership of SIGCHI to rethink our mission as an ACM SIG. In order to open the discussion to the membership, an email discussion list, vision.chi, was opened up last year, and this topic, "Linking Research and Practice" was one which emerged as being of importance to the participants. This proposal consists of two parts, the themes which emerged in discussion, and a structure for further discussion in the context of CHI '94. The goal of the SIG is to get some answers to the questions raised in the "Themes". %M C.CHI.94.2.335 %T Visual Interaction Design Special Interest Area Annual Meeting %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Loretta Staples %A Andy Cargile %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 335 %K Design, Graphic design, Visual design, Interaction design, Product design, Industrial design, Special interest group %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p335-staples/p335-staples.pdf %X In the past, our attendees have included graphic and industrial design professionals, educators, and students, as well as those interested in knowing more about or lending support to the area of visual/product design. This year's meeting will focus on the visual design community's presence within the larger CHI organization, with an emphasis on developing an agenda of activities for the coming year. %M C.CHI.94.2.336 %T Reflective Practitioners: Connecting Research and Practice %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A George Casaday %A Cynthia Rainis %A Dennis Wixon %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 336 %K HCI, Human computer interaction, Research, Practice %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p336-casaday/p336-casaday.pdf %X Our purpose is to establish an ongoing community of practitioners who will support each other in applying knowledge gained from research and practice in HCI. Reflective practitioners value dialog with the research community, ideas from published reports of successful practice, individual discussions with other practitioners, and careful evaluation of the results of their own work. They are interested in articulating design rationale as well as in producing design results. They are interested in sharing the results of their practice with others. At this meeting, we plan to follow up on the IC'93 workshop, Reflective Practitioners, by welcoming a larger group of participants, identifying our common needs and problems, and developing ideas for an action plan for cooperation. The three main outcomes of this years meeting are to articulate a shared understanding of who we are, what we need, and how we can help each other; to create an e-mail distribution list that we can use to stay in communication between SIGCHI conferences; and to plan activities for the coming year, including organizing the SIG meeting at CHI'95. %M C.CHI.94.2.337 %T HCI Challenges in Government Contracting %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Elizabeth Buie %A Ira Winkler %A Christopher Norloff %A Michael Shafto %A Nigel Bevan %A Andrew Cohen %A Bonnie Hawkins %A Deborah Hix %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 337 %K Government, Military, Contracts, User interfaces, Systems development, Interactive systems, Organizational impacts %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p337-buie/p337-buie.pdf %X Governments spend huge resources on custom computer systems, developed by contractors to government specifications under government monitoring. HCI development faces challenges from this environment's constraints and the HCI community's virtual neglect. This SIG will identify common HCI challenges and will explore ways of addressing them. An extended audience discussion will follow brief statements by government clients, contractors, and consultants on HCI issues in U.S. and European government contracts. The SIG will focus on potential solutions to identified challenges. %M C.CHI.94.2.338 %T International Usability Testing: How Can We Do It Early, Often, & Cost-Effectively %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Marta A. Miller %A Catherine O'Donnell %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 338 %K Evaluation, Usability, Internationalization, User testing %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p338-miller/p338-miller.pdf %X The problem (and focus of this SIG) is: How do you do usability testing, especially using discount methods, when the usability staff is 3000+ miles from the user population? SIG participants will be called on to raise and define the issues. A sampling of issues might include: * Do you need usability staff in international locations to execute a successful usability test? Are there existing labs and universities that could be used? * Do language and cultural differences between staff and participants negate the outcome of usability tests? * Are foreign nationals good representatives of users in their home country? * How do we get backing from the business to conduct testing in international locations? * What ways exist to control costs? * What are the logistics involved in taking the staff and equipment to international locations? * Do testing techniques exist that collect good data without requiring travel (e.g., Video-conferencing)? %M C.CHI.94.2.339 %T New Directions in HCI Education and Research %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Gary W. Strong %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 339 %K HCI education, HCI research, Funding %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p339-strong/p339-strong.pdf %X A workshop entitled "New Directions in Human-Computer Interaction Education and Research" was conducted during February 5th and 6th in Washington DC. It was sponsored by the Interactive Systems Program and the Applications of Advanced Technology Program of the National Science Foundation and by the Software and Intelligent Systems Technology Office of the Advanced Research Projects Agency. The purpose was to identify a relationship between HCI research and HCI education and to make recommendations on how to improve the quality of HCI education. A draft of the report from this workshop on "New Directions in HCI Education and Research" will be presented and opened to discussion by interested parties. %M C.CHI.94.2.340 %T The SIGCHI Identity Visioning Project %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Michael E. Atwood %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 340 %K SIGCHI, EEC, Visioning, Identity %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p340-atwood/p340-atwood.pdf %Y Introduction SIGCHI Development Fund Process Local SIG Development Newsletter Sharing Review of "Identity" Plans with Membership SIGCHI Awards Logo Conclusion %X For the past few years, the SIGCHI Extended Executive Committee (EEC) has engaged in a visioning exercise that considered what SIGCHI would become in the near future. This activity identified areas that are important to address now. Currently, these areas consider membership and the process of volunteering, the links between research and practice, electronic publishing, and identity. In this SIG, we focus on identity; other SIGs focus on the other areas. During the next 18 months, the EEC will work on projects that will refine our identity as a society and strengthen the common bonds that led us to associate with SIGCHI. We will explore how the EEC and other SIGCHI members can work together to create new programs that are of benefit to the individuals involved, to our SIGCHI society, and to the HCI community at large. In this SIG, we will present plans for projects suggested by the EEC, solicit your comments on these projects, ask for your ideas for new projects, and invite your participation on these projects. %M C.CHI.94.2.341 %T East-West Human Computer Interaction %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Eddy Boeve %A Steven Pemberton %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 341 %K Russia, Conference, HCI %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p341-boeve/p341-boeve.pdf %X This SIG will provide information about EWHCI '94: the fourth East-West International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, to be held in St. Petersburg from 2-6 August 1994. The Logistics Team and attendees of the previous conferences will be on hand to answer questions for those interested in attending. %M C.CHI.94.2.342 %T Usability Professionals Association Meeting %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Mary Beth Butler %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 342 %K Usability, Usability testing, Usability labs %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p342-butler/p342-butler.pdf %X The Usability Professionals Association (UPA) meets annually at CHI to discuss issues of common concern to people involved with usability. The UPA's emphasis is on practical ideas for implementing usability engineering and testing programs. All levels of usability professionals are invited to come share their experience, ask questions, and meet other people facing similar challenges. At this year's SIG, we'll be reviewing plans for the UPA annual summer conference; discuss activities to formalize the activities of the UPA, and review issues of common interest raised at CHI '94. %M C.CHI.94.2.343 %T War Stories and Experience Designing with Contextual Techniques %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Karen Holtzblatt %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 343 %K Ethnography, Design, Usability %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p343-holtzblatt/p343-holtzblatt.pdf %X Field research and ethnographic techniques have increasingly been used to drive product and system development in software development organizations. This SIG gives practitioners and researchers the opportunity to discuss their own experience using ethnographic techniques in the development process. The session will also be of interest to those who wish to introduce such techniques into their organization and to those who have had difficulty using them in the past. The discussion will start with practitioners from WordPerfect, Microsoft, and elsewhere presenting their experience. This will be followed by discussion of issues and possible solutions to problems raised by participants. We will talk about issues such as: different ways of defining a software development problem and how to define an appropriate data gathering technique for it; how people without special skill can successfully use these techniques; how to ensure the data is reflected in the final design; and how the process can fit to the time scale of a real development process. %M C.CHI.94.2.344 %T Electronic Resources in Human-Computer Interaction %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Gary Perlman %A John "Scooter" Morris %A Jakob Nielsen %A Brian Shackel %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 344 %K Information networks, Online information services, Electronic publishing, Human-computer interaction, SIGCHI Vision %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p344-perlman/p344-perlman.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/~perlman/hci-resources.html %X At CHI'91 there was a SIG meeting on Resources in HCI in which the HCI Bibliography [Perl91] and the HILITES database [Shack92] were featured. Since that time, the resources in HCI have expanded dramatically, almost all of which are available online, many of which are available free of charge. The topics of this SIG meeting are: * identifying current resources in HCI; * identifying as yet unknown resources; * identifying useful resources to develop; * soliciting input on acceptable formats and how resources should be made accessible. %M C.CHI.94.2.345 %T Issues in End User Software Internationalization %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Tracy M. Jennings %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 345 %K Internationalization, Usability testing %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p345-jennings/p345-jennings.pdf %X There has been increasing discussion in the CHI community about internationalizing end user software. One model suggests that feedback from international users should be included before a product is released. One source of feedback would be usability testing. The model also suggests that text translations and date, time, and number format conversions may not be sufficient to internationalize a product; other elements to be considered include images, symbols, color, now and function [1]. The purpose of this meeting is to discuss three issues related to this model. One issue is whether this is a good model for internationalization. Are there other models? Are there different models for different products? We will also address the assumption of this model that early user feedback and increasing the number of interface components to be internationalized will increase user acceptance and add value to a product. Are there cases where this assumption does not apply? Finally, if we assume that early testing is important, what techniques and technologies are available and which are most cost effective? Some testing technologies include remote testing, video conferences, mobile labs, and using existing translation centers. I hope that through our discussion we can learn more about how international concerns impact our work. %M C.CHI.94.2.346 %T SIGCHI Vision: Membership & Volunteers Action Proposal %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Stacey Ashlund %A John Bennett %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 346 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p346-ashlund/p346-ashlund.pdf %Y Introduction Volunteer Process Volunteer Opportunities Volunteer Support Volunteer Recognition %X This report summarizes the possible actions under consideration by the SIGCHI Extended Executive Committee with respect to membership and volunteers as part of an ongoing visioning process. The purpose of this CHI'94 SIG is to gather membership feedback on these actions. The charter of the Membership & Volunteers program is as follows: * To contribute to the goals and objectives of SIGCHI members. * To recruit new members. * To ensure the volunteer process is mutually beneficial to the volunteers and SIGCHI. %M C.CHI.94.2.347 %T Meeting Federal Accessibility/Disability Requirements in Interface Design %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Gary W. Strong %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 347 %K Accessibility, Disabilities, Americans with Disabilities Act, Federal regulations, Social inclusion, Information highway %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p347-strong/p347-strong.pdf %X IFIP Working Group 13.3, "Human Computer Interaction and People with Disabilities" was formed in 1993 and announces itself with this SIG session devoted to US regulations and interface design. The Americans with Disabilities Act and recent Federal Acquisition Regulations have alerted software developers to the need to accommodate people with disabilities in the design of interfaces. Efforts that have been made will be discussed and assistance will be provided to help those needing to make accommodations to get started. %M C.CHI.94.2.- %T Tools for Working with Guidelines %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS (SIGs) %A Iris Dilli %A Peter Gorny %A Harald Reiterer %A Kaori Ueno %A Jean Vanderdonckt %B CHI94 %D 1994 %P -- %K Computer-aided software engineering, Guidelines, Human factors, Hypermedia, Usability engineering %X This SIG will focus on existing and planned tools for helping the designer working with guidelines. Up to now, many discussions have been oriented to the guideline contents and little has been paid to computer-aided activities involving guidelines: learning, understanding, teaching, illustration, documentation, standard compliance, usability assessment, guideline evaluation, computer-aided generation of user-interface explicitly based on guidelines, advice-giving systems, ... Some tools emerge today, but it is not clear enough what type of tool they consist of, what kind of help they provide, for what purpose they are made for. DIADES-II (I. Dilli), EXPOSE (P. Gorny), IDA (H. Reiterer), GuideBook (K. Ueno), and SIERRA (J. Vanderdonckt) have been presented to foster the discussion. This SIG will try to clarify the purposes of such tools. It also will examine the gap existing between the demand and the supply in the area of guideline tools, i.e. what the designer wants to have and what facilities are provided by tools. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): SIGCHI26.BA %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.1 %T From the Editor %A Steven Pemberton %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 1 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1994.1/editorial.html %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.2 %T From the Chairs %S COLUMNS %A Jim Miller %A Mike Atwood %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 2-3 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.4 %T International Perspectives: Multinational or International: Menagerie or Melting Pot? %S COLUMNS %A Gilbert Cockton %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 4-6 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.7 %T Visual Interaction Design: Design as a Way of Life %S COLUMNS %A Maria G. Wadlow %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 7-8 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.9 %T Education: Advances in Teaching the HCI Design Process %S COLUMNS %A Jean B. Gasen %A Jenny Preece %A Peter Gorny %A Tom Hewett %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 9-12 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.13 %T Standards: Standardized Medical Icons may be Beneficial to your Health %S COLUMNS %A Pat Billingsley %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 13-16 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.17 %T Usability Foresight: Strategic Usability Planning %S REPORTS %A Alan J. Happ %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 17-21 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.22 %T Advances Derived from Real-World Experiences %S REPORTS %A Michael E. Atwood %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 22-24 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.25 %T Computer-aided Adaptation of User Interfaces %S REPORTS %A David Benyon %A Thomas Kuhme %A Uwe Malinowsi %A Piyawadee "Noi" Sukaviriya %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 25-27 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.28 %T Rethinking Theoretical Frameworks for HCI %S REPORTS %A Yvonne Rogers %A Liam Bannon %A Graham Button %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 28-30 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.31 %T EWHCI '93 %S REPORTS %A Keith Instone %A Allen Cypher %A Claus Unger %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 31-34 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.35 %T HCI '93: People and Computers VIII %S REPORTS %A Donald Day %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 35 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.36 %T Cultural Diversity in User Interface Design: Are Intuitions Enough? %S PAPERS %A Barbee Teasley %A Laura Leventhal %A Brad Blumenthal %A Keith Instone %A Daryl Stone %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 36-40 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.41 %T Remembering While Mousing: The Cognitive Costs of Mouse Clicks %S PAPERS %A Patricia Wright %A Ann Lickorish %A Robert Milroy %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 41-45 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.46 %T The Grapheur: An Original Concept of Curve Drawing Page Maker, %S PAPERS %A M. Hassenforder %A G. Gissinger %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 46-50 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.51 %T Effective Video Screen Displays: Cognitive Style and Cuing Effectiveness %S PAPERS %A Kenneth A. Cory %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 51-55 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.56 %T An Experiential Approach to Teaching Students About Usability and HCI %S PAPERS %A George Hackman, Jr. %A Thomas W. Ferratt %A Fantine M. Kerckaert %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 56-59 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.60 %T HCI and ACM News %S NEWS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 60-63 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.64 %T Publication News %S PUBLICATIONS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 64-72 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.73 %T "Defying Gravity: The Making of Newton," by Doug Menuez and Markos Kounalakis %S PUBLICATIONS: Book Reviews %A Jakob Nielsen %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 73 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.74 %T "Developing User Interfaces: Ensuring Usability Through Product and Process," by Deborah Hix and H. Rex Hartson %S PUBLICATIONS: Book Reviews %G ISBN 0-471-57813-4 %A Jenny Preece %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 74-77 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.78 %T CHI '94 A Conference Preview %S CALENDAR %A Rosemary Wick %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 78-79 %M J.SIGCHI.26.1.80 %T CHI '94 Workshops %S CALENDAR %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 1 %P 80-83 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.1 %T From the Editor %A Steven Pemberton %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 1 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1994.2/editorial.html %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.2 %T From the Chairs: Turning Vision into Action %S COLUMNS %A Jim Miller %A Mike Atwood %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 2-3 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.4 %T International Perspectives: Joe's Diner, McDonald's, and SIGCHI %S COLUMNS %A John Karat %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 4-5 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.6 %T The Work of IFIP Working Group 2.7 %S COLUMNS %A Christian Gram %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 6-7 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.8 %T Education: Update on the HCI Education Survey %S COLUMNS %A Jean B. Gasen %A Gary Perlman %A Michelle Attaya-Kelo %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 8-10 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.11 %T SIGCHI Email Addresses %S COLUMNS %A Don Patterson %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 11 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1994.2/email.html %Y Open Distribution Lists SIGCHI Committee Distribution Lists Discussion groups Fixed Distribution Lists and Aliases List Management Support SIGCHI Officers and Committees Support Publications Support Special Projects Support Local SIGs Support Related Societies Support Conference Committee Support %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.12 %T Standards: ANSI/HFES Software User Interface Standardization: Critical Issues %S COLUMNS %A Paul Reed %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 12-15 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.16 %T Visual Interaction Design: The Zen of Interface Design %S COLUMNS %A Maria G. Wadlow %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 16-17 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.18 %T How Can Human and Design Sciences Cooperate in CSCW? %S REPORTS %A Yvonne Waern %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 18-20 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.21 %T Defining the Requirements for HCI Design Methods %S REPORTS %A Alistair Sutcliffe %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 21-23 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.24 %T Human Factors in IS %S REPORTS %A Dov Te'eni %A Katrine Kirk %A Ulrike Schultze %A Donald Day %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 24-25 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.26 %T Technological Trends, Applications and Markets %S REPORTS %A Manfred Thuring %A Anja Haake %A Joerg M. Haake %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 26-28 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.29 %T UPA93 %S REPORTS %A Jakob Nielsen %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 29-33 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.34 %T Developing a Natural Language Interface for the Unix Operating System %S PAPERS %A Bill Z. Manaris %A Jason W. Pritchard %A Wayne D. Dominick %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 34-40 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.41 %T The Kitchen Interface -- a Lateral Approach to GUI %S PAPERS %A Duncan Langford %A Ceinwen Jones %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 41-45 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.46 %T Software Engineering for Human Computer Interaction Papers from a Workshop on Formal Methods for the Design of Interactive Systems %S PAPERS %A Christopher Johnson %A Michael Harrison %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 46-47 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.48 %T Modelling Adaptive Interaction of OPADE by Petri Nets %S PAPERS %A Berardina De Carolis %A Fiorella de Rosis %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 48-52 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.53 %T Specifying User Interfaces in DisCo %S PAPERS %A Kari Systa %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 53-58 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.59 %T Formulating Usability %S PAPERS %A Harold Thimbleby %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 59-64 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.65 %T From Informal Requirements to Agent-Based Specification %S PAPERS %A B. Fields %A M. Harrison %A P. Wright %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 65-68 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.69 %T A Formal Approach to the Evaluation of Interactive Systems %S PAPERS %A Fabio Paterno' %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 69-73 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.74 %T ADVcharts: a Visual Formalism for Interactive Systems %S PAPERS %A L. M. F. Carneiro %A D. D. Cowan %A C. J. P. Lucena %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 74-77 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.78 %T Tools and Techniques %S NEWS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 78 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.79 %T ACM and HCI News %S NEWS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 79-81 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.82 %T Publications %S NEWS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 82-85 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.86 %T Dissertations %S NEWS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 86-87 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.88 %T Calls for Papers %S NEWS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 88-91 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.92 %T Events %S NEWS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 92-95 %M J.SIGCHI.26.2.96 %T Views and Feelings %S NEWS %A Steven Pemberton %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 2 %P 96 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1994.2/views.html %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.1 %T From the Editor: Social Interaction: its Rewards and Retributions %A Steven Pemberton %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 1 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1994.3/editorial.html %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.2 %T From the Chairs: ACM/SIGCHI Program Review %S COLUMNS %A Jim Miller %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 2-5 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1994.3/chairs.html %Y Membership Finances Conferences Publications Education New Initiatives Electronic Publishing SIGCHI and the Internet Membership Development and Inter-society Relationships Tutorials To Go SIGCHI Development Fund Open Issues Membership issues Conference Growth and Expansion Publication Issues Thanks %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.6 %T Education: Supporting Life Throughout Life %S COLUMNS %A Jean Gasen %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 6-7 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.8 %T Standards: The Pace Quickens... %S COLUMNS %A Pat Billingsley %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 8-10 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.11 %T Visual Interaction Design: Vision and Vitality %S COLUMNS %A Loretta Staples %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 11-12 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.13 %T Local SIGs: Getting Started %S COLUMNS %A Kate Ehrlich %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 13-14 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1994.3/local-sigs.html %Y Focus: Getting Started Starting Your Own Local SIG Profile: Greater Boston SIGCHI News and Views For Further Information %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.15 %T Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction %S REPORTS %A Noelle Carbonell %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 15-16 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.17 %T Multimodal and Multimedia Interfaces %S REPORTS %A K.-P. Fahnrich %A K.-H. Hanne %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 17-18 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.19 %T Human Interaction for Symbolic Computation %S REPORTS %A Andre Heck %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 19-22 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.23 %T Is Designing a Neural Network Application an Art or a Science? %S PAPERS %A Roman Erenshteyn %A Richard Foulds %A Scott Galuska %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 23-29 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.30 %T The KIM Query System %S PAPERS %A Fabrizio Massimo Ferrara %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 30-39 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.40 %T Anonymous Collaboration: An Alternative Technique for Working Together %S PAPERS %A Andrew Lee %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 40-48 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.49 %T Education: Interaction Design %S SPECIAL FEATURE %A Lon Barfield %A Willie van Burgsteden %A Ruud Lanfermeijer %A Bert Mulder %A Jurrienne Ossewold %A Dick Rijken %A Philippe Wegner %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 49-86 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.87 %T ACM and HCI News %S NEWS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 87-89 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.90 %T Publications %S NEWS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 90-91 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.92 %T Tools for Working with Guidelines %S NEWS %A Jean Vanderdonckt %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 92 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.93 %T Events %S NEWS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 93-95 %M J.SIGCHI.26.3.96 %T Views and Feelings: A Word of Encouragement %S NEWS: Views and Feelings %A Steven Pemberton %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 3 %P 96 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1994.3/views.html %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.1 %T From the Editor: New No More %A Steven Pemberton %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 1 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1994.4/editorial.html %Y New No More The CHI Issue Once more Internationalism %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.2 %T From the Chairs: So, Who Are They? %S COLUMNS %A Jim Miller %A Mike Atwood %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 2-3 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.4 %T World-wide CHI: Let One Hundred Flowers Bloom in the Global Zoo %S COLUMNS %A John M. Carroll %A Gerrit C. van der Veer %A Judy Hammond %A Matthias Schneider-Hufschmidt %A Veith A. Risak %A Gilbert Cockton %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 4-9 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.10 %T Education: Getting to the "Core" of the Matter %S COLUMNS %A Jean Gasen %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 10-11 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.12 %T Standards: A New Approach to Conformance %S COLUMNS %A Pat Billingsley %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 12-15 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.16 %T Visual Interaction Design: VIDSIA Annual Meeting at CHI '94 %S COLUMNS %A Loretta Staples %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 16-17 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.18 %T Local SIGs: Putting Together the Technical Program %S COLUMNS %A Kate Ehrlich %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 18-19 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1994.4/local-sigs.html %Y Focus: Putting Together the Technical Program Profile: BayCHI History Current Organization News and Views: CHI '94 Other News %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.20 %T A Taxonomy for Developing High Impact Formative Usability Evaluation Methods %S REPORTS FROM CHI '94 %A Deborah Hix %A H. Rex Hartson %A Jakob Nielsen %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 20-22 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.23 %T Pattern Recognition in HCI: A Viable Approach? %S REPORTS FROM CHI '94 %A Janet Finlay %A Alan Dix %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 23-27 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.28 %T Designing the Teaching of HCI %S REPORTS FROM CHI '94 %A Jonas Lowgren %A Clark N. Quinn %A Jean Gasen %A Peter Gorny %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 28-31 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.32 %T Software Visualization %S REPORTS FROM CHI '94 %A Marc Brown %A John Domingue %A Blaine Price %A John Stasko %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 32-35 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.36 %T The Challenges of 3D Interaction %S REPORTS FROM CHI '94 %A Kenneth P. Herndon %A Andries van Dam %A Michael Gleicher %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 36-43 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.44 %T The Future of Speech and Audio in the Interface %S REPORTS FROM CHI '94 %A Barry Arons %A Elizabeth Mynatt %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 44-48 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.49 %T HCI Challenges in Government Contracting %S REPORTS FROM CHI '94 %A Elizabeth Buie %A Ira Winkler %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 49-51 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.52 %T Design, Specification, Verification of Interactive Systems %S OTHER REPORTS %A Fabio Paterno' %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 52-53 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.54 %T AVI '94 %S OTHER REPORTS %A Ben Shneiderman %A Al Badre %A Paulo Santos %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 54-55 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.56 %T Laying the Foundation for the Information Super Highway: Human-Computer Interaction Research %S OTHER REPORTS %A Jim Durbin %A Robert Jacob %A Ken Hinckley %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 56-58 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.59 %T Putting Task Analysis into Context %S PAPERS %A William H. Edmondson %A John F. Meech %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 59-63 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.64 %T Some Human Interaction Issues in Computer Algebra %S PAPERS %A Norbert Kajler %A Neil Soiffer %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 64-71 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.72 %T SIGCHI News %S NEWS AND PUBLICATIONS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 72-75 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.76 %T Publications %S NEWS AND PUBLICATIONS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 76-77 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.78 %T "Things That Make Us Smart," by Donald A. Norman %S NEWS AND PUBLICATIONS: Book Review %G ISBN 0-201-58129-9 ISBN 0-201-62695-0 %A John A. Waterworth %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 78-79 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.80 %T "A Small Matter of Programming," by Bonnie A. Nardi %S NEWS AND PUBLICATIONS: Book Review %G ISBN 0-262-14053-5 %A Rebecca E. Grinter %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 80-81 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.82 %T "Human-Computer Interaction," by Jenny Preece et al %S NEWS AND PUBLICATIONS: Book Review %G ISBN 0-201-62769-8 %A Gary Perlman %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 82-85 %W http://www.acm.org/~perlman/preece.html %Y OVERVIEW Evaluation as a Textbook Evaluation for Varied Audiences CONTENT OF THE BOOK Introduction The Human Side of HCI The Technology Side of HCI Design and Analysis Methods Design Tools Evaluation SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE BOOK Part Introductions Interviews Mini-Contents List Aims and Objectives & Overview Key Points Further Readings Boxes Exercises & Comments Questions & Solutions Figures & Tables Glossary Author/Subject Index References CONCLUSION REFERENCES %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.86 %T Dissertations %S NEWS AND PUBLICATIONS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 86 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.87 %T Calls for Papers %S NEWS AND PUBLICATIONS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 87-91 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.92 %T Events %S NEWS AND PUBLICATIONS %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 92-95 %M J.SIGCHI.26.4.96 %T Views and Feelings: Let Vs Coniectvre VVhat the VVorld VVovld Be Liqe Had the Roman Empire Not Fallen %S NEWS AND PUBLICATIONS %A Steven Pemberton %J SIGCHI %D 1994 %V 26 %N 4 %P 96 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1994.4/views.html fpack:!@#$%^&*(): JCSCW06.BA %M J.JCSCW.6.1.1 %T A Collaborative Schema Integration System %A P. Beynon-Davies %A L. Bonde %A D. McPhee %A C. B. Jones %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 1 %P 1-18 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X Conceptual modelling as applied to database development can be described as a two stage process: schema modelling followed by schema integration. Schema modelling is the process of transforming individual user requirements into a conceptual schema: an implementation-independent map of data requirements. Schema integration is the process of combining individual conceptual schemas into a single, unified schema. Single-user tools for schema modelling have enjoyed much success partly because the process of schema modelling has become relatively well formalised. Although a number of formal approaches to conducting schema integration have been proposed, it appears that schema integration tools have not enjoyed the same level of success. This we attribute not so much to the problem of formalisation but to the inherent collaborative nature of schema integration work. This paper first discusses the importance of collaboration to schema integration work. It then describes SISIBIS, a demonstrator system employing the IBIS (Issue Based Information System) scheme to support collaborative database design. %K Database design, Schema integration, CSCW, Hypermedia %M J.JCSCW.6.1.19 %T Collaborative Writing is Hard to Support: A Field Study of Collaborative Writing %A S. G. Tammaro %A J. N. Mosier %A N. C. Goodwin %A G. Spitz %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 1 %P 19-51 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X This paper documents the results of a field test of Instant Update, a collaborative writing tool by a geographically dispersed department at the MITRE Corporation. Thirty-six participants were given Instant Update software and free training and support in exchange for their cooperation with data collection. These participants spent a great deal of time writing and communicating with each other about their written work. They began the pilot test with enthusiasm, using Instant Update for many types of documents and anticipating many benefits. After three months of experience they rated the actual benefits they received from the software lower than they had expected. Their usage became much more refined. They continued to use it for some types of documents, but stopped for others. The collaborative writing software was used successfully to create joint documents that have a consistent format and are produced on a regular basis (such as weekly activity reports) and for documents that provide access to shared information (such as a vacation calendar). It was used less successfully for the production of documents that require a complex work flow and have a changing group of contributors. We concluded that although collaborative writing is difficult to support and the currently available collaborative writing tools need to be improved before they can meet the needs of most co-writers, they are adequate for some types of tasks. Documents that are well defined and are created by experienced users who can cooperate well can benefit from the currently available tools. %K Computer-supported writing, Collaborative editing, Collaborative writing, Cooperative work, Group communication %M J.JCSCW.6.1.53 %T When Are Group Scheduling Tools Useful? %A Jane N. Mosier %A Susan G. Tammaro %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 1 %P 53-70 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X A geographically dispersed department at the MITRE Corporation participated in a field test of groupware tools. This paper documents the results of their use of a group scheduling tool, Meeting Maker Version 1.5. Research in the late 1980s showed that early group scheduling tools were not useful, in part because they only benefited some users and hence critical mass could not be attained. This study was undertaken to determine whether and how far the tools have evolved. Participants said that Meeting Maker made it easy to schedule meetings and maintain their calendars, and 90% wished to continue using it after the study was complete. Problems were noted when not everyone used or had access to the tool, and three generic solutions are discussed: capabilities that allow users to communicate with non-users, capabilities that allow users to stay connected, and lightweight methods of participation. %K Critical mass, Diffusion of innovation, Group calendaring, Group scheduling %M J.JCSCW.6.1.71 %T Groupware Environments as Action Constitutive Resources: A Social Action Framework for Analyzing Groupware Technologies %A Ojelanki K. Ngwenyama %A Kalle J. Lyytinen %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 1 %P 71-93 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) is a relatively new and dynamic field dealing with the development and use of groupware technologies in organizations. Several frameworks and models have been proposed for studying CSCW, each conveying a different perspective and theoretical basis. Although these frameworks have contributed much to our understanding of the field, they can be criticized for a lack of holistic understanding of the complex social activity that is constitutive of groupwork. This often leads to the failure of otherwise well designed CSCW applications. In this paper we take up this challenge and propose a social action framework for analyzing groupware technologies. The framework is based on Habermas's theory of social action and four action categories, and the idea that groupware applications serve as sets of rules and resources which mediate group interactions. We demonstrate the value of the framework by analyzing a wide range of existing groupware technologies for their appropriateness to specific groupwork situations in terms of their espoused or implicit assumptions of groupwork, and the action constitutive resources they provide. Our analysis points out that a host of current groupware applications can be fairly easily classified and examined by the way they are configured to support different types of social action. It also suggests that, when implementing groupware applications, developers should critically evaluate: (a) the need for supporting a rich variety of action types, (b) the possible role of computer support in the specific groupwork situations, and (c) the underlying assumptions of groupwork embedded in the groupware platform. Finally, we will discuss how the framework can inform future research and development in the field. %K Computer supported cooperative work, Groupware, Group support systems, Decision support systems, Communication systems, Collaboration technology, Coordination systems, Social action theory %M J.JCSCW.6.1.95 %T "Transforming Organisations Through Groupware: Lotus Notes in Action," edited by Peter Lloyd and Roger Whitehead %S Book Reviews %A R. H. R. Harper %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 1 %P 95-98 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %M J.JCSCW.6.1.99 %T "Groupware and Authoring," edited by Roy Rada %S Book Reviews %A Mike Sharples %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 1 %P 99-101 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %M J.JCSCW.6.1.102 %T "Cooperating Heterogeneous Systems," by David G. Schwartz %S Book Reviews %A Carla Simone %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 1 %P 102-104 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %M J.JCSCW.6.2/3.v %T Preface %S Groupware and the World Wide Web %A Richard Bentley %A Uwe Busbach %A David Kerr %A Klaas Sikkel %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 2/3 %P v-vi %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %M J.JCSCW.6.2/3.111 %T The World Wide Web as Enabling Technology for CSCW: The Case of BSCW %S Groupware and the World Wide Web %A Richard Bentley %A Thilo Horstmann %A Jonathan Trevor %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 2/3 %P 111-134 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X Despite the growth of interest in the field of CSCW, and the increasingly large number of systems which have been developed, it is still the case that few systems have been adopted for widespread use. This is particularly true for widely-dispersed, cross-organisational working groups where problems of heterogeneity in computing hardware and software environments inhibit the deployment of CSCW technologies. With a lightweight and extensible client-server architecture, client implementations for all popular computing platforms, and an existing user base numbered in millions, the World Wide Web offers great potential in solving some of these problems to provide an 'enabling technology' for CSCW applications. We illustrate this potential using our work with the BSCW shared workspace system -- an extension to the Web architecture which provides basic facilities for collaborative information sharing from unmodified Web browsers. We conclude that despite limitations in the range of applications which can be directly supported, building on the strengths of the Web can give significant benefits in easing the development and deployment of CSCW applications. %K World Wide Web, BSCW, Enabling technologies, Information sharing %M J.JCSCW.6.2/3.135 %T Challenges for Cooperative Work on the Web: An Analytical Approach %S Groupware and the World Wide Web %A Alan Dix %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 2/3 %P 135-156 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X This paper investigates some of the issues which will determine the viability of the World Wide Web as an infrastructure for cooperative work. In fact, taking a weak definition of collaboration, the Web is already a very successful collaborative environment. In addition, it is already being used as the basis for experimental and commercial groupware. The paper takes this as a starting point and uses analytic methods developed in the field of Computer Supported Cooperative Work to investigate the reasons for the Web's present success, its strengths and weaknesses as a platform for CSCW, and prospects for future development. %K World Wide Web, Client-server, Cost-benefit, CSCW framework, User-interface architectures %M J.JCSCW.6.2/3.157 %T Structured Cooperative Authoring for the World Wide Web %S Groupware and the World Wide Web %A Manuel Romero Salcedo %A Dominique Decouchant %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 2/3 %P 157-174 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X Alliance is a structured cooperative authoring application that allows people spread out across different locations to work together on document production and maintenance. It uses the World Wide Web as an infrastructure to accomplish distributed document management, asynchronous group awareness, and communication and cooperation among distributed authors. A particular feature of Alliance is that it can handle temporary disconnections from the network without disrupting the cooperative editing. In this article we report our experience in designing and implementing Alliance, focusing on the mechanisms that needed to be developed in order to support cooperative authoring using the Web. %K Asynchronous cooperative authoring, Group awareness, CSCW, World Wide Web, Disconnected editing %M J.JCSCW.6.2/3.175 %T Distributed Coordination and Workflow on the World Wide Web %S Groupware and the World Wide Web %A Antonietta Grasso %A Jean-Luc Meunier %A Daniele Pagani %A Remo Pareschi %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 2/3 %P 175-200 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X This paper describes WebFlow, an environment that supports distributed coordination services on the World Wide Web. WebFlow leverages the HTTP Web transport protocol and consists of a number of tools for the development of applications that require the coordination of multiple, distributed servers. Typical applications of WebFlow include distributed document workspaces, inter/intra-enterprise workflow, and electronic commerce. In this paper we describe the general WebFlow architecture for distributed coordination, and then focus on the environment for distributed workflow. %K Distributed workflow, Coordination technology, Collaborative systems, World Wide Web %M J.JCSCW.6.2/3.201 %T Enterprise-Level Groupware Choices: Evaluating Lotus Notes and Intranet-Based Solutions %S Groupware and the World Wide Web %A Mark Ginsburg %A Katherine Duliba %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 2/3 %P 201-225 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X This paper considers collaborative software at the enterprise level, specifically Lotus Notes and alternatives which use Intranet-based (World Wide Web) technologies. We examine the strategic reasons, both short-term and long-term, motivating firms' choices in the decision phase and organizational issues in the implementation phase in three exploratory case studies. We review prior coordination technology literature to show that our focus on the decision faced by senior management of which groupware system to implement is a useful and novel perspective to pursue. We argue that this choice, and its consequences, is of crucial importance to the firm. To understand more fully the nature of the decision, we consider a thematic pair of related issues: Internet standards and interoperability. Why are so-called 'Open Systems' a major factor to some firms and not important to others? Why is the proprietary nature of Lotus Notes a stumbling block to some firms and a strategic advantage to others? We explore enterprise-level groupware expectations and requirements in our case studies to address these interesting questions. The final section focuses on predicting change to understand when an organization might reverse its initial enterprise-wide collaborative strategy. %K Enterprise-level groupware, Lotus Notes, Intranet, World Wide Web, Standards, Interoperability %M J.JCSCW.6.2/3.227 %T Virtual Society: Collaboration in 3D Spaces on the Internet %S Groupware and the World Wide Web %A Rodger Lea %A Yasuaki Honda %A Kouichi Matsuda %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 2/3 %P 227-250 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X The Virtual Society (VS) project is a long term research initiative that is investigating the evolution of the future electronic society. Our vision for this electronic society is a shared 3D virtual world where users, from homes and offices, can explore, interact and work. Our first implementation of an infrastructure to support our investigation is known as CommunityPlace and has been developed to support large-scale shared 3D spaces on the Internet using the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML). Obviously, such an ambitious project cuts across many different domains. In this paper we outline the goals of the Virtual Society project, discuss the architecture and implementation of CommunityPlace with particular emphasis on Internet related technologies such as VRML and present our views on the role of VRML and the Internet to support large-scale shared 3D spaces. %K Distributed virtual environment, Internet, Collaboration, Consistency, VRML %M J.JCSCW.6.4.251 %T Negotiating Boundaries: Configuration Management in Software Development Teams %A Hilda Tellioglu %A Ina Wagner %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 4 %P 251-274 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X Using case-study material from three small software development teams, this paper analyses the regionalisation of 'design spaces'. Its main purpose is to understand problems and practices of cooperative work in such spaces. 'Configuration management' is used to denote both a practice and supporting software tools and their relationship. A major concern is how to develop practices and tools that support cooperation across multiple organisational and social boundaries while simultaneously being 'respectful of regionalisations'. %K Configuration Management (CM), CSCW, Articulation work, Empirical studies %M J.JCSCW.6.4.275 %T Informing General CSCW Product Development through Cooperative Design in Specific Work Domains %A Kaj Gronbaek %A Preben Mogensen %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 4 %P 275-304 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X Cooperative analysis and design is often considered only to be applicable in settings where a system is being developed solely for the 'user' participants in the process. This paper, however, argues that there are quite good prospects in applying cooperative analysis and design techniques in specific use settings to inform development of general CSCW products. We describe and discuss the application of cooperative -- i.e., participatory -- analysis and design techniques in a project developing a general cooperative hypermedia framework as well as specific hypermedia applications to support sharing of materials in the engineering domain. In our project, a single engineering company (Great Belt Link Ltd.) was chosen as the user organization. The paper summarizes the process from observational studies, over a future workshop and cooperative prototyping activities, to a pilot installation. We describe how these activities informed the general hypermedia framework and application design. Use scenarios and prototypes with example data from the users' daily work were used as sources both to trigger design ideas and new insights regarding work practice. Common participants in specific activities and general development activities supported transfer of work domain knowledge into general features of the product being developed. Mutual challenging characterized the interaction between specific cooperative analysis and design activities and general development activities. Prototypes, scenarios, materials from the work practice, and concise bullet list summaries were used as mediating artifacts in this interaction rather than comprehensive requirement and design specifications. %K Cooperative analysis, Cooperative design, Cooperative prototyping, CSCW, Shared materials, Cooperative hypermedia, Product development %M J.JCSCW.6.4.305 %T Supporting Cooperation through Customisation: The Tviews Approach %A Markus Wasserschaff %A Richard Bentley %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 4 %P 305-325 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X User interfaces for groupware systems rarely reflect the different requirements for support of their end-users. Here we present an approach to designing multi-user interfaces for cooperative systems which builds on previous work from the HCI community in the area of end-user customisation. Using this approach we have developed an approach and a system prototype based on tailorable views, or Tviews, which allows end-users engaged in group working to configure their cooperative system interfaces to support their different tasks, preferences and levels of expertise. Tviews are user interface components which can be dragged and dropped over representations of application objects to customise presentation, interaction and event updating properties, and can themselves be tailored using high-level, incremental customisation techniques. We discuss the implications of this work for CSCW system development by reference to studies of work carried out by the CSCW community which point to a need for more flexible and tailorable system interfaces. %K BSCW, Customisation, Groupware user interfaces, Shared workspace systems, Tailorability %M J.JCSCW.6.4.327 %T Hypermedia Use in Group Work: Changing the Product, Process, and Strategy %A Gloria Mark %A Jorg M. Haake %A Norbert A. Streitz %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 4 %P 327-368 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X Hypermedia structures have been integrated with CSCW functionality to develop the DOLPHIN system, an electronic meeting room environment. In this paper, a study is reported investigating how the DOLPHIN environment affects group work. Different aspects of group problem solving were examined to understand the effects of working with hypermedia: the group's product, cognitive factors, and the group process. The results showed that groups can easily work with hypermedia structures, and that these structures influence groups to produce a different product, to use a different strategy, and to use a different collaborative style, namely of dividing up their labor. The experimental results are explained in a model which suggests the involvement of both procedural and semantic components in hypermedia use. We discuss wider implications of hypermedia for CSCW and group work. %K Collaborative style, Cooperation support, Division of labor, Electronic meeting room, Electronic whiteboards, Empirical study, Evaluation, Group process, Hypermedia %M J.JCSCW.6.4.369 %T On the Relevance of Habermas' Theory of Communicative Action for CSCW %S Debate %A Wes Sharrock %A Graham Button %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 4 %P 369-389 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %X We examine the argument put forward by Ojelanki Nygwenyama and Kalle Lyytinen that Juergen Habermas' theory of communicative action is relevant for the analysis and design of groupware systems. We suggest that CSCW champions of Habermas often overlook the fact that his theory can be criticised in its own right, and go on to outline its contestable character in an appraisal of his understanding of the 'ideal speech situation'. We then move to Nygwenyama and Lyytinen's implementation of Habermas' schema and argue that their categories of analysis are both arbitrarily constructed and applied. In conclusion, we question the extent to which grand, holistic, synthesising sociological theories offer a way forward for designers and point to the difficulties of practically applying Nygwenyama and Lyytinen's categories of analysis. %K Habermas, Groupware, Social action, Communicative action %M J.JCSCW.6.4.391 %T "Cognition in the Wild," by Edwin Hutchins %S Book Reviews %A Graham Button %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 4 %P 391-395 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %M J.JCSCW.6.4.396 %T "Aramis or The Love of Technology," by Bruno Latour %S Book Reviews %A David Middleton %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 4 %P 396-399 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers %M J.JCSCW.6.4.400 %T "Cognition and Communication at Work," edited by Y. Engestrom, and D. Middleton %S Book Reviews %A Yvonne Rogers %J JCSCW %D 1997 %V 6 %N 4 %P 400-402 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers fpack:!@#$%^&*(): DL02.BA %M C.DL.02.1 %T Primarily history: historians and the search for primary source materials %S Building and using cultural digital libraries %A Helen R. Tibbo %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 1-10 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544222 %X This paper describes the first phase of an international project that is exploring how historians locate primary resource materials in the digital age, what they are teaching their Ph.D. students about finding research materials, and what archivists are doing to facilitate access to these materials. Preliminary findings are presented from a survey of 300 historians studying American History from leading institutions of higher education in the U.S. Tentative conclusions indicate the need to provide multiple pathways of access to historical research materials including paper-based approaches and newer digital ones. The need for user education, especially in regard to electronic search methodologies is indicated. %M C.DL.02.11 %T Using the Gamera framework for the recognition of cultural heritage materials %S Building and using cultural digital libraries %A Michael Droettboom %A Ichiro Fujinaga %A Karl MacMillan %A G. Sayeed Chouhury %A Tim DiLauro %A Mark Patton %A Teal Anderson %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 11-17 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544223 %X This paper presents a new toolkit for the creation of customized structured document recognition applications by domain experts. This open-source system, called Gamera, allows a user, with particular knowledge of the documents to be recognized, to combine image processing and recognition tools in an easy-to-use, interactive, graphical scripting environment. Gamera is one of the key technology components in a proposed international project for the digitization of diverse types of humanities documents. %M C.DL.02.18 %T Supporting access to large digital oral history archives %S Building and using cultural digital libraries %A Samuel Gustman %A Dagobert Soergel %A Douglas Oard %A William Byrne %A Michael Picheny %A Bhuvana Ramabhadran %A Douglas Greenberg %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 18-27 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544224 %X This paper describes our experience with the creation, indexing, and provision of access to a very large archive of videotaped oral histories -- 116,000 hours of digitized interviews in 32 languages from 52,000 survivors, liberators, rescuers, and witnesses of the Nazi Holocaust. It goes on to identify a set of critical research issues that must be addressed if we are to provide full and detailed access to collections of this size: issues in user requirement studies, automatic speech recognition, automatic classification, segmentation, summarization, retrieval, and user interfaces. The paper ends by inviting others to discuss use of these materials in their own research. %M C.DL.02.28 %T Using sentence-selection heuristics to rank text segments in TXTRACTOR %S Summarization and question answering %A Daniel McDonald %A Hsinchun Chen %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 28-35 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544226 %X TXTRACTOR is a tool that uses established sentence-selection heuristics to rank text segments, producing summaries that contain a user-defined number of sentences. The purpose of identifying text segments is to maximize topic diversity, which is an adaptation of the Maximal Marginal Relevance criterion used by Carbonell and Goldstein [5]. Sentence selection heuristics are then used to rank the segments. We hypothesize that ranking text segments via traditional sentence-selection heuristics produces a balanced summary with more useful information than one produced by using segmentation alone. The proposed summary is created in a three-step process, which includes 1) sentence evaluation 2) segment identification and 3) segment ranking. As the required length of the summary changes, low-ranking segments can then be dropped from (or higher ranking segments added to) the summary. We compare the output of TXTRACTOR to the output of a segmentation tool based on the TextTiling algorithm to validate the approach. %M C.DL.02.36 %T Using librarian techniques in automatic text summarization for information retrieval %S Summarization and question answering %A Min-Yen Kan %A Judith L. Klavans %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 36-45 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544227 %X A current application of automatic text summarization is to provide an overview of relevant documents coming from an information retrieval (IR) system. This paper examines how Centrifuser, one such summarization system, was designed with respect to methods used in the library community. We have reviewed these librarian expert techniques to assist information seekers and codified them into eight distinct strategies. We detail how we have operationalized six of these strategies in Centrifuser by computing an informative extract, indicative differences between documents, as well as navigational links to narrow or broaden a user's query. We conclude the paper with results from a preliminary evaluation. %M C.DL.02.46 %T QuASM: a system for question answering using semi-structured data %S Summarization and question answering %A David Pinto %A Michael Branstein %A Ryan Coleman %A W. Bruce Croft %A Matthew King %A Wei Li %A Xing Wei %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 46-55 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544228 %X This paper describes a system for question answering using semi-structured metadata, QuASM (pronounced "chasm"). Question answering systems aim to improve search performance by providing users with specific answers, rather than having users scan retrieved documents for these answers. Our goal is to answer factual questions by exploiting the structure inherent in documents found on the World Wide Web (WWW). Based on this structure, documents are indexed into smaller units and associated with metadata. Transforming table cells into smaller units associated with metadata is an important part of this task. In addition, we report on work to improve question classification using language models. The domain used to develop this system is documents retrieved from a crawl of www.fedstats.gov. %M C.DL.02.56 %T Reading-in-the-small: a study of reading on small form factor devices %S Studying users %A Catherine C. Marshall %A Christine Ruotolo %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 56-64 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544230 %X The growing ubiquity of small form factor devices such as Palm Pilots and Pocket PCs, coupled with widespread availability of digital library materials and users' increasing willingness to read on the screen, raises the question of whether people can and will read digital library materials on handhelds. We investigated this question by performing a field study based on a university library's technology deployment: two classes were conducted using materials that were available in e-book format on Pocket PCs in addition to other electronic and paper formats. The handheld devices, the course materials, and technical support were all provided to students in the courses to use as they saw fit. We found that the handhelds were a good platform for reading secondary materials, excerpts, and shorter readings; they were used in a variety of circumstances where portability is important, including collaborative situations such as the classroom. We also discuss the effectiveness of annotation, search, and navigation functionality on the small form factor devices. We conclude by defining a set of focal areas and issues for digital library efforts designed for access by handheld computers. %M C.DL.02.65 %T A graph-based recommender system for digital library %S Studying users %A Zan Huang %A Wingyan Chung %A Thian-Huat Ong %A Hsinchun Chen %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 65-73 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544231 %X Research shows that recommendations comprise a valuable service for users of a digital library [11]. While most existing recommender systems rely either on a content-based approach or a collaborative approach to make recommendations, there is potential to improve recommendation quality by using a combination of both approaches (a hybrid approach). In this paper, we report how we tested the idea of using a graph-based recommender system that naturally combines the content-based and collaborative approaches. Due to the similarity between our problem and a concept retrieval task, a Hopfield net algorithm was used to exploit high-degree book-book, user-user and book-user associations. Sample hold-out testing and preliminary subject testing were conducted to evaluate the system, by which it was found that the system gained improvement with respect to both precision and recall by combining content-based and collaborative approaches. However, no significant improvement was observed by exploiting high-degree associations. %M C.DL.02.74 %T The effects of topic familiarity on information search behavior %S Studying users %A Diane Kelly %A Colleen Cool %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 74-75 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544232 %X We describe results from a preliminary investigation of the relationship between topic familiarity and information search behavior. Two types of information search behaviors are considered: reading time and efficacy. Our results indicate that as one's familiarity with a topic increases, one's searching efficacy increases and one's reading time decreases. These results suggest that it may be possible to infer topic familiarity from information search behavior. %M C.DL.02.76 %T A language modelling approach to relevance profiling for document browsing %S Classification and browsing %A David J. Harper %A Sara Coulthard %A Sun Yixing %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 76-83 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544234 %X This paper describes a novel tool, SmartSkim, for content-based browsing or skimming of documents. The tool integrates concepts from passage retrieval and from interfaces, such as TileBars, which provide a compact overview of query term hits within a document. We base our tool on the concept of relevance profiling, in which a plot of retrieval status values at each word position of a document is generated. A major contribution of this paper is applying language modelling to the task of relevance profiling. We describe in detail the design of the SmartSkim tool, and provide a critique of the design. Possible applications of the tool are described, and we consider how an operational version of SmartSkim might be designed. %M C.DL.02.84 %T Compound descriptors in context: a matching function for classifications and thesauri %S Classification and browsing %A Douglas Tudhope %A Ceri Binding %A Dorothee Blocks %A Daniel Cunliffe %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 84-93 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544235 %X There are many advantages for Digital Libraries in indexing with classifications or thesauri, but some current disincentive in the lack of flexible retrieval tools that deal with compound descriptors. This paper discusses a matching function for compound descriptors, or multi-concept subject headings, that does not rely on exact matching but incorporates term expansion via thesaurus semantic relationships to produce ranked results that take account of missing and partially matching terms. The matching function is based on a measure of semantic closeness between terms, which has the potential to help with recall problems. The work reported is part of the ongoing FACET project in collaboration with the National Museum of Science and Industry and its collections database. The architecture of the prototype system and its interface are outlined. The matching problem for compound descriptors is reviewed and the FACET implementation described. Results are discussed from scenarios using the faceted Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus. We argue that automatic traversal of thesaurus relationships can augment the user's browsing possibilities. The techniques can be applied both to unstructured multi-concept subject headings and potentially to more syntactically structured strings. The notion of a focus term is used by the matching function to model AAT modified descriptors (noun phrases). The relevance of the approach to precoordinated indexing and matching faceted strings is discussed. %M C.DL.02.94 %T Structuring keyword-based queries for web databases %S Classification and browsing %A Rodrigo C. Vieira %A Pavel Calado %A Altigran S. da Silva %A Alberto H. F. Laender %A Berthier A. Ribeiro-Neto %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 94-95 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544236 %X This paper describes a framework, based on Bayesian belief networks, for querying Web databases using keywords only. According to this framework, the user inputs a query through a simple search-box. From the input query, one or more plausible structured queries are derived and submitted to Web databases. The results are then retrieved and presented to the user as ranked answers. To evaluate our framework, an experiment using 38 example queries was carried out. We found out that 97% of the time, one of the top three resulting structured queries is the proper one. Further, when the user selects one of these three top queries for processing, the ranked answers present average precision figures of 92%. %M C.DL.02.96 %T An approach to automatic classification of text for information retrieval %S Classification and browsing %A Hong Cui %A P. Bryan Heidorn %A Hong Zhang %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 96-97 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544237 %X In this paper, we explore an approach to make better use of semi-structured documents in information retrieval in the domain of biology. Using machine learning techniques, we make those inherent structures explicit by XML markups. This marking up has great potentials in improving task performance in specimen identification and the usability of online flora and fauna. %M C.DL.02.98 %T Middle school children's use of the ARTEMIS digital library %S A digital libraries for education %A June Abbas %A Cathleen Norris %A Elliot Soloway %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 98-105 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544239 %X A case study of middle school student's interaction within a digital library, the differential use of interface features by students, and the issues of representation and retrieval obstacles are examined. A mechanism for evaluating user's search terms and questions is explained. Findings of a current case study indicate that student's interaction with the system varied between individual classes and between different achievement levels. Terms used by the system to represent the resources do not adequately represent the user groups' information needs. %M C.DL.02.106 %T Partnership reviewing: a cooperative approach for peer review of complex educational resources %S A digital libraries for education %A John Weatherley %A Tamara Sumner %A Michael Khoo %A Michael Wright %A Marcel Hoffmann %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 106-114 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544240 %X Review of digital educational resources, such as course modules, simulations, and data analysis tools, can differ from review of scholarly articles, in the heterogeneity and complexity of the resources themselves. The Partnership Review Model, as demonstrated in two cases, appears to promote cooperative interactions between distributed resource reviewers, enabling reviewers to effectively divide up the task of reviewing complex resources with little explicit coordination. The shared structural outline of the resource made visible in the review environment enables participants to monitor other reviewers' actions and to thus target their efforts accordingly. This reviewing approach may be effective in educational digital libraries that depend on community volunteers for most of their reviewing. %M C.DL.02.115 %T A digital library for geography examination resources %S A digital libraries for education %A Lian-Heong Chua %A Dion Hoe-Lian Goh %A Ee-Peng Lim %A Zehua Liu %A Rebecca Pei-Hui Ang %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 115-116 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544241 %X We describe a Web-based application developed above a digital library of geographical resources for Singapore students preparing to take a national examination in geography. The application provides an interactive, non-sequential approach to learning that supplements textbooks. %M C.DL.02.117 %T Digital library services for authors of learning materials %S A digital libraries for education %A Flora McMartin %A Youki Terada %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 117-118 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544242 %X Digital libraries, particularly those designed to meet the needs of educators and students, focus their primary services on the needs of their end users [1]. In this paper, we introduce and discuss the types of services authors of the materials cataloged within this type of digital library expect, or may find useful. Results from a study of authors cataloged in NEEDS -- a national engineering education digital library guide this discussion. %M C.DL.02.119 %T Integration of simultaneous searching and reference linking across bibliographic resources on the web %S Novel search environments %A William H. Mischo %A Thomas G. Habing %A Timothy W. Cole %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 119-125 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544244 %X Libraries and information providers are actively developing customized portals and gateway software designed to integrate secondary information resources such as A & I services, online catalogs, and publishers full-text repositories. This paper reports on a project carried out at the Grainger Engineering Library at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to provide web-based asynchronous simultaneous searching of multiple secondary information resources and integrated reference linking between bibliographic resources. The project has tested two different approaches to simultaneous broadcast searching. One approach utilizes custom distributed searchbots and shared blackboard databases. The other approach uses event-driven asynchronous HTTP queries within a single web script. The reference linking implementation is built around the application of OpenURL and Digital Object Identifier (DOI) technologies and the CrossRef metadata database within a proxy server environment. %M C.DL.02.126 %T Exploring discussion lists: steps and directions %S Novel search environments %A Paula S. Newman %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 126-134 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544245 %X This paper describes some new facilities for exploring archived email-based discussion lists. The facilities exploit some specific properties of email messages to obtain improved archive overviews, and then use new tree visualizations, developed for the purpose, to obtain thread overviews and mechanisms to aid in the coherent reading of threads. We consider these approaches to be limited, but useful, approximations to more ideal facilities; a final section suggests directions for further work in this area. %M C.DL.02.135 %T Comparison of two approaches to building a vertical search tool: a case study in the nanotechnology domain %S Novel search environments %A Michael Chau %A Hsinchun Chen %A Jialun Qin %A Yilu Zhou %A Yi Qin %A Wai-Ki Sung %A Daniel McDonald %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 135-144 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544246 %X As the Web has been growing exponentially, it has become increasingly difficult to search for desired information. In recent years, many domain-specific (vertical) search tools have been developed to serve the information needs of specific fields. This paper describes two approaches to building a domain-specific search tool. We report our experience in building two different tools in the nanotechnology domain -- (1) a server-side search engine, and (2) a client-side search agent. The designs of the two search systems are presented and discussed, and their strengths and weaknesses are compared. Some future research directions are also discussed. %M C.DL.02.145 %T A multilingual, multimodal digital video library system %S Video and multimedia digital libraries %A Michael R. Lyu %A Edward Yau %A Sam Sze %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 145-153 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544248 %X This paper presents the iVIEW system, a multi-lingual, multi-modal digital video content management system for intelligent searching and access of English and Chinese video contents. iVIEW allows full content indexing, searching and retrieval of multi-lingual text, audio and video material. It consists image processing techniques for scenes and scene changes analyses, speech processing techniques for audio signal transcriptions, and multi-lingual natural language processing techniques for word relevance determination. iVIEW can host multi-lingual contents and allow multi-modal search. It facilitate content developers to perform multi-modal information processing of rich video media and to construct XML-based multimedia representation in enhancing multi-modal indexing and searching capabilities, so that the end users can enjoy viewing flexible and seamless delivery of multimedia contents in various browsing tools and devices. %M C.DL.02.154 %T A digital library data model for music %S Video and multimedia digital libraries %A Natalia Minibayeva %A Jon W. Dunn %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 154-155 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544249 %X In this paper, we introduce a data and metadata model being developed for use in a music digital library system to support search and navigation of music content in multiple formats. %M C.DL.02.156 %T Video-cuebik: adapting image search to video shots %S Video and multimedia digital libraries %A Alexander G. Hauptmann %A Norman D. Papernick %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 156-157 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544250 %X We propose a new analysis for searching images in video libraries that goes beyond simple image search, which compares one still image frame to another. The key idea is to expand the definition of an image to account for the variability in the sequence of video frames that comprise a shot. A first implementation of this method for a QBIC-like image search engine shows a clear improvement over still image search. A combination of the traditional still image search and the new video image search provided the overall best results on the TREC video retrieval evaluation data. %M C.DL.02.158 %T Virtual multimedia libraries built from the web %S Video and multimedia digital libraries %A Neil C. Rowe %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 158-159 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544251 %X We have developed a tool MARIE-4 for building virtual libraries of multimedia (images, video, and audio) by automatically exploring (crawling) a specified subdomain of the World Wide Web to create an index based on caption keywords. Our approach uses carefully-researched criteria to identify and rate caption text, and employs both an expert system and a neural network. We have used it to create a keyword-based interface to nearly all nontrivial captioned publicly-accessible U.S. Navy images (667,573), video (8,290), and audio (2,499), called the Navy Virtual Multimedia Library (NAVMULIB). %M C.DL.02.160 %T Multi-modal information retrieval from broadcast video using OCR and speech recognition %S Video and multimedia digital libraries %A Alexander G. Hauptmann %A Rong Jin %A Tobun Dorbin Ng %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 160-161 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544252 %X We examine multi-modal information retrieval from broadcast video where text can be read on the screen through OCR and speech recognition can be performed on the audio track. OCR and speech recognition are compared on the 2001 TREC Video Retrieval evaluation corpus. Results show that OCR is more important that speech recognition for video retrieval. OCR retrieval can further improve through dictionary-based post-processing. We demonstrate how to utilize imperfect multi-modal metadata results to benefit multi-modal information retrieval. %M C.DL.02.162 %T Extending SDARTS: extracting metadata from web databases and interfacing with the open archives initiative %S OAI application %A Panagiotis G. Ipeirotis %A Tom Barry %A Luis Gravano %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 162-170 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544254 %X SDARTS is a protocol and toolkit designed to facilitate metasearching. SDARTS combines two complementary existing protocols, SDLIP and STARTS, to define a uniform interface that collections should support for searching and exporting metasearch-related metadata. SDARTS also includes a toolkit with wrappers that are easily customized to make both local and remote document collections SDARTS-compliant. This paper describes two significant ways in which we have extended the SDARTS toolkit. First, we have added a tool that automatically builds rich content summaries for remote web collections bym probing the collections with appropriate queries. These content summaries can then be used by a metasearcher to select over which collections to evaluate a given query. Second, we have enhanced the SDARTS toolkit so that all SDARTS-compliant collections export their metadata under the emerging Open Archives Initiative (OAI) protocol. Conversely, the SDARTS toolkit now also allows all OAI-compliant collections to be made SDARTS-compliant with minimal effort. As a result, we implemented a bridge between SDARTS and OAI, which will facilitate easy interoperability among a potentially large number of collections. The SDARTS toolkit, with all related documentation and source code, is publicly available at http://sdarts.cs.columbia.edu. %M C.DL.02.171 %T Using the open archives initiative protocols with EAD %S OAI application %A Christopher J. Prom %A Thomas G. Habing %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 171-180 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544255 %X The Open Archives Initiative Protocols present a promising opportunity to make metadata about archives, manuscript collections, and cultural heritage resources easier to locate and search. However, several technical barriers must be overcome before useful OAI records can be produced from the disparate metadata formats used to describe these resources. This paper examines Encoded Archival Description (EAD) as a test case of the issues to be addressed in transforming cultural heritage metadata to OAI. While EAD and OAI may appear to be incompatible, a mapping would be both useful and technically feasible. The authors suggest that it will be necessary to create numerous OAI records from one EAD file. In addition, the findings indicate that further standardization of EAD markup practices would enhance interoperability. %M C.DL.02.181 %T Preservation and transition of NCSTRL using an OAI-based architecture %S OAI application %A H. Anan %A X. Liu %A K. Maly %A M. Nelson %A M. Zubair %A J. C. French %A E. Fox %A P. Shivakumar %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 181-182 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544256 %X NCSTRL (Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library) is a federation of digital libraries providing computer science materials. The architecture of the original NCSTRL was based largely on the Dienst software. It was implemented and maintained by the digital library group at Cornell University until September 2001. At that time, we had an immediate goal of preserving the existing NCSTRL collection and a long-term goal of providing a framework where participating organizations could continue to disseminate technical publications. Moreover, we wanted the new NCSTRL to be based on OAI (Open Archives Initiative) principles that provide a framework to facilitate the discovery of content in distributed archives. In this paper, we describe our experience in moving towards an OAI-based NCSTRL. %M C.DL.02.183 %T Integrating harvesting into digital library content %S OAI application %A David A. Smith %A Anne Mahoney %A Gregory Crane %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 183-184 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544257 %X The Open Archives Initiative has gained success by aiming between complex federation schemes and low functionality web crawling. Much information still remains hidden inside documents catalogued by OAI metadata. We discuss how subdocument information can be exposed by data providers and exploited by service providers. We discuss services for citation reversal and name and term linking with harvested data in the Perseus Project's document management system and a proxy service for automatically adding these links to OAI documents outside Perseus. %M C.DL.02.185 %T Harvesting translingual vocabulary mappings for multilingual digital libraries %S Searching across language, time, and space %A Ray R. Larson %A Fredric Gey %A Aitao Chen %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 185-190 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544259 %X This paper presents a method of information harvesting and consolidation to support the multilingual information requirements for cross-language information retrieval within digital library systems. We describe a way to create both customized bilingual dictionaries and multilingual query mappings from a source language to many target languages. We will describe a multilingual conceptual mapping resource with broad coverage (over 100 written languages can be supported) that is truly multilingual as opposed to bilingual parings usually derived from machine translation. This resource is derived from the 10+ million title online library catalog of the University of California. It is created statistically via maximum likelihood associations from word and phrases in book titles of many languages to human assigned subject headings in English. The 150,000 subject headings can form interlingua mappings between pairs of languages or from one language to several languages. While our current demonstration prototype maps between ten languages (English, Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish), extensions to additional languages are straightforward. We also describe how this resource is being expanded for languages where linguistic coverage is limited in our initial database, by automatically harvesting new information from international online library catalogs using the Z39.50 networked library search protocol. %M C.DL.02.191 %T Detecting events with date and place information in unstructured text %S Searching across language, time, and space %A David A. Smith %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 191-196 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544260 %X Digital libraries of historical documents provide a wealth of information about past events, often in unstructured form. Once dates and place names are identified and disambiguated, using methods that can differ by genre, we examine collocations to detect events. Collocations can be ranked by several measures, which vary in effectiveness according to type of events, but the log-likelihood measure (-2 log &lgr;) offers a reasonable balance between frequently and infrequently mentioned events and between larger and smaller spatial and temporal ranges. Significant date-place collocations can be displayed on timelines and maps as an interface to digital libraries. More detailed displays can highlight key names and phrases associated with a given event. %M C.DL.02.197 %T Using sharable ontology to retrieve historical images %S Searching across language, time, and space %A Von-Wun Soo %A Chen-Yu Lee %A Jaw Jium Yeh %A Ching-chih Chen %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 197-198 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544261 %X We present a framework of utilizing sharable domain ontology and thesaurus to help the retrieval of historical images of the First Emperor of China's terracotta warriors and horses. Incorporating the sharable domain ontology in RDF and RDF schemas of semantic web and a thesaurus, we implement methods to allow easily annotating images into RDF instances and parsing natural language like queries into the query schema in XML format. We also implement a partial structural matching algorithm to match the query schema with images at the level of semantic schemas. Therefore the historical images can be retrieved by naive users of domain specific history in terms of natural language like queries. %M C.DL.02.199 %T Towards an electronic variorum edition of Cervantes' Don Quixote:: visualizations that support preparation %S Searching across language, time, and space %A Rajiv Kochumman %A Carlos Monroy %A Richard Furuta %A Arpita Goenka %A Eduardo Urbina %A Erendira Melgoza %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 199-200 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544262 %X The Cervantes Project is creating an Electronic Variorum Edition (EVE) of Cervantes' well-known Don Quixote de la Mancha, published beginning in 1605. In this paper, we report on visualizations of features of a text collection that help us validate our text transcriptions and understand the relationships among the different printings of an edition. %M C.DL.02.201 %T Core services in the architecture of the national science digital library (NSDL) %S NSDL %A Carl Lagoze %A William Arms %A Stoney Gan %A Diane Hillmann %A Christopher Ingram %A Dean Krafft %A Richard Marisa %A Jon Phipps %A John Saylor %A Carol Terrizzi %A Walter Hoehn %A David Millman %A James Allan %A Sergio Guzman-Lara %A Tom Kalt %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 201-209 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544264 %X We describe the core components of the architecture for the National Science Digital Library (NSDL). Over time the NSDL will include heterogeneous users, content, and services. To accommodate this, a design for a technical and organization infrastructure has been formulated based on the notion of a spectrum of interoperability. This paper describes the first phase of the interoperability infrastructure including the metadata repository, search and discovery services, rights management services, and user interface portal facilities. %M C.DL.02.210 %T Creating virtual collections in digital libraries: benefits and implementation issues %S NSDL %A Gary Geisler %A Sarah Giersch %A David McArthur %A Marty McClelland %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 210-218 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544265 %X Digital libraries have the potential to not only duplicate many of the services provided by traditional libraries but to extend them. Basic finding aids such as search and browse are common in most of today's digital libraries. But just as a traditional library provides more than a card catalog and browseable shelves of books, an effective digital library should offer a wider range of services. Using the traditional library concept of special collections as a model, in this paper we propose that explicitly defining sub-collections in the digital library -- virtual collections -- can benefit both the library's users and contributors and increase its viability. We first introduce the concept of a virtual collection, outline the costs and benefits for defining such collections, and describe an implementation of collection-level metadata to create virtual collections for two different digital libraries. We conclude by discussing the implications of virtual collections for enhancing interoperability and sharing across digital libraries, such as those that are part of the National SMETE Digital Library. %M C.DL.02.219 %T Ontology services for curriculum development in NSDL %S NSDL %A Amarnath Gupta %A Bertram Ludascher %A Reagan W. Moore %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 219-220 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544266 %X We describe our effort to develop an ontology service on top of an educational digital library. The ontology is developed by relating library holdings to the educational concepts they refer to. The ontology system supports basic services like ontology-based search and complex services such as comparison of multiple curricula. %M C.DL.02.221 %T Interactive digital library resource information system: a web portal for digital library education %S NSDL %A Ahmad Rafee Che Kassim %A Thomas R. Kochtanek %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 221-222 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544267 %X This paper describes a collaborative database project that focuses on access to materials on topics relating to digital libraries that are organized within an educational framework. %M C.DL.02.223 %T Cross-cultural usability of the library metaphor %S Digital library communities and change %A Elke Duncker %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 223-230 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544269 %X Computing metaphors have become an integral part of information systems design, yet they are deeply rooted in cultural practices. This paper presents an investigation of the cross-cultural use and usability of such metaphors by studying the library metaphor of digital libraries in the cultural context of the Maori, the indigenous population of New Zealand. The ethnographic study examines relevant features of the Maori culture, their form of knowledge transfer and their use of physical and digital libraries. On this basis, the paper points out why and when the library metaphor fails Maori and other indigenous users, and indicates how this knowledge can contribute to the improvement of future designs. %M C.DL.02.231 %T Trust and epistemic communities in biodiversity data sharing %S Digital library communities and change %A Nancy A. Van House %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 231-239 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544270 %X Trust is a key element of knowledge work: what we know depends largely on others. This paper discusses the concepts of communities of practice and epistemic cultures, and their implication for design of digital libraries that support data sharing, with particular reference to practices of trust and credibility. It uses an empirical study of a biodiversity digital library of data from a variety of sources to illustrate implications digital library design and operation. It concludes that diversity and uncomfortable boundary areas typify, not only digital library user groups, but the design and operation of digital libraries. %M C.DL.02.240 %T Evaluation of digital community information systems %S Digital library communities and change %A K. T. Unruh %A K. E. Pettigrew %A J. C. Durrance %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 240-241 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544271 %X Community information systems provide a critical link between local resources and residents. While online versions of these systems have potential benefits, a systematic evaluation framework is needed to analyze and document realized impacts. Based on data from a nation-wide study of digital community information systems, an evaluation framework is proposed. %M C.DL.02.242 %T Adapting digital libraries to continual evolution %S Digital library communities and change %A Bruce R. Barkstrom %A Melinda Finch %A Michelle Ferebee %A Calvin Mackey %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 242-243 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544272 %X In this paper, we describe five investment streams (data storage infrastructure, knowledge management, data production control, data transport and security, and personnel skill mix) that need to be balanced against short-term operating demands in order to maximize the probability of long-term viability of a digital library. Because of the rapid pace of information technology change, a digital library cannot be a static institution. Rather, it has to become a flexible organization adapted to continuous evolution of its infrastructure. %M C.DL.02.244 %T Localizing experience of digital content via structural metadata %S Models and tools for generating digital libraries %A Naomi Dushay %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 244-252 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544274 %X With the increasing technical sophistication of both information consumers and providers, there is increasing demand for more meaningful experiences of digital information. We present a framework that separates digital object experience, or rendering, from digital object storage and manipulation, so the rendering can be tailored to particular communities of users. Our framework also accommodates extensible digital object behaviors and interoperability. The two key components of our approach are 1) exposing structural metadata associated with digital objects -- metadata about labeled access points within a digital object and 2) information intermediaries called context brokers that match structural characteristics of digital objects with mechanisms that produce behaviors. These context brokers allow for localized rendering of digital information stored externally. %M C.DL.02.253 %T Collection synthesis %S Models and tools for generating digital libraries %A Donna Bergmark %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 253-262 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544275 %X The invention of the hyperlink and the HTTP transmission protocol caused an amazing new structure to appear on the Internet -- the World Wide Web. With the Web, there came spiders, robots, and Web crawlers, which go from one link to the next checking Web health, ferreting out information and resources, and imposing organization on the huge collection of information (and dross) residing on the net. This paper reports on the use of one such crawler to synthesize document collections on various topics in science, mathematics, engineering and technology. Such collections could be part of a digital library. %M C.DL.02.263 %T 5SL: a language for declarative specification and generation of digital libraries %S Models and tools for generating digital libraries %A Marcos Andre Goncalves %A Edward A. Fox %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 263-272 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544276 %X Digital libraries (DLs) are among the most complex kinds of information systems, due in part to their intrinsic multi disciplinary nature. Nowadays DLs are built within monolithic, tightly integrated, and generally inflexible systems -- or by assembling disparate components together in an ad-hoc way, with resulting problems in interoperability and adaptability. More importantly, conceptual modeling, requirements analysis, and software engineering approaches are rarely supported, making it extremely difficult to tailor DL content and behavior to the interests, needs, and preferences of particular communities. In this paper, we address these problems. In particular, we present 5SL, a declarative language for specifying and generating domain-specific digital libraries. 5SL is based on the 5S formal theory for digital libraries and enables high-level specification of DLs in five complementary dimensions, including: the kinds of multimedia information the DL supports (Stream Model); how that information is structured and organized (Structural Model); different logical and presentational properties and operations of DL components (Spatial Model); the behavior of the DL (Scenario Model); and the different societies of actors and managers of services that act together to carry out the DL behavior (Societal Model). The practical feasibility of the approach is demonstrated by the presentation of a 5SL digital library generator for the MARIAN digital library system. %M C.DL.02.273 %T A digital library of conversational expressions: helping profoundly disabled users communicate %S Novel user interfaces %A Hayley Dunlop %A Sally Jo Cunningham %A Matt Jones %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 273-274 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544278 %X Digital libraries are for everyone. This paper describes the development of a digital library for a user who has a profound physical disability that means she cannot communicate verbally, and cannot use conventional communication tools. %M C.DL.02.275 %T Enhancing the ENVISION interface for digital libraries %S Novel user interfaces %A Jun Wang %A Abhishek Agrawal %A Anil Bazaza %A Supriya Angle %A Edward A. Fox %A Chris North %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 275-276 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544279 %X To enhance the ENVISION interface and facilitate user interaction, various techniques were considered for better rendering of search results with improved scalability. In this paper we discuss the challenges we encountered and our solutions to those problems. %M C.DL.02.277 %T A wearable digital library of personal conversations %S Novel user interfaces %A Wei-hao Lin %A Alexander G. Hauptmann %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 277-278 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544280 %X We have developed a wearable, personalized digital library system, which unobtrusively records the wearer's part of a conversation, recognizes the face of the current dialog partner and remembers his/her voice. The next time the system sees the same person and hears the same voice, it can replay parts of the last conversation in compressed form. Results from a prototype system show the effectiveness of combining of face recognition and speaker identification for retrieving conversations. %M C.DL.02.279 %T Collaborative visual interfaces to digital libraries %S Novel user interfaces %A Katy Borner %A Ying Feng %A Tamara McMahon %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 279-280 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544281 %X This paper argues for the design of collaborative visual interfaces to digital libraries that support social navigation. As an illustrative example we present work in progress on the design of a three-dimensional document space for a scholarly community -- namely faculty, staff, and students at the School of Library and Information Science, Indiana University. %M C.DL.02.281 %T Binding browsing and reading activities in a 3D digital library %S Novel user interfaces %A Pierre Cubaud %A Pascal Stokowski %A Alexandre Topol %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 281-282 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544282 %X Browsing through digitalized books collections and reading activities are separated in most present WWW-based user's interfaces of digital libraries. This context break induces longer apprenticeship and navigation time within the interface. We study in this paper how 3D interaction metaphors provide a continuous navigation space for these two tasks. %M C.DL.02.283 %T DP9: an OAI gateway service for web crawlers %S Federating and harvesting metadata %A Xiaoming Liu %A Kurt Maly %A Mohammad Zubair %A Michael L. Nelson %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 283-284 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544284 %X Many libraries and databases are closed to general-purpose Web crawlers, and they expose their content only through their own search engines. At the same time many researchers attempt to locate technical papers through general-purpose Web search engines. DP9 is an open source gateway service that allows general search engines, (e.g. Google, Inktomi) to index OAI-compliant archives. DP9 does this by providing consistent URLs for repository records, and converting them to OAI queries against the appropriate repository when the URL is requested. This allows search engines that do not support the OAI protocol to index the "deep Web" contained within OAI compliant repositories. %M C.DL.02.285 %T The Greenstone plugin architecture %S Federating and harvesting metadata %A Ian H. Witten %A David Bainbridge %A Gordon Paynter %A Stefan Boddie %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 285-286 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544285 %X This note describes how the Greenstone digital library system uses "plugins" to import documents and metadata in different formats, and associate metadata with the appropriate documents. Plugins that import documents can perform their own format conversion internally, or take advantage of existing conversion programs. Metadata can be read from the input documents, or from separate metadata files, or are computed from the documents themselves. New plugins can be written for novel situations. %M C.DL.02.287 %T Building FLOW: federating libraries on the web %S Federating and harvesting metadata %A Anna Keller Gold %A Karen S. Baker %A Jean-Yves LeMeur %A Kim Baldridge %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 287-288 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544286 %X Individuals, teams, organizations, and networks can be thought of as tiers or classes within the complex grid of technology and practice in which research documentation is both consumed and generated. The panoply of possible classes share with the others a common need for document management tools and practices. The distinctive document management tools and practices used within each represent boundaries across which information could flow openly if technology and metadata standards were to provide an accessible digital framework. The CERN Document Server (CDS), implemented by a research partnership at the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC), establishes a prototype tiered repository system for such a panoply. Research suggests modifications to enable cross-domain information flow and is represented as a metadata grid. %M C.DL.02.289 %T JAFER ToolKit project: interfacing Z39.50 and XML %S Federating and harvesting metadata %A Antony Corfield %A Matthew Dovey %A Richard Mawby %A Colin Tatham %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 289-290 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544287 %X In this paper, we describe the JAFER ToolKit project which is developing a simplified XML based API above the Z39.50 protocol[1]. The ToolKit allows the development of both Z39.50 based applications (both clients and servers) without detailed knowledge of the complexities of the protocol. %M C.DL.02.291 %T Schema extraction from XML collections %S Federating and harvesting metadata %A Boris Chidlovskii %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 291-292 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544288 %X XML Schema language has been proposed to replace Document Type Definitions (DTDs) as schema mechanism for XML data. This language consistently extends grammar-based constructions with constraint- and pattern-based ones and have a higher expressive power than DTDs. As schemas remain optional for XML, we address the problem of XML Schema extraction. We model the XML schema as extended context-free grammars and develop a novel extraction algorithm inspired by methods of grammatical inference. The algorithm copes also with the schema determinism requirement imposed by XML DTDs and XML Schema languages. %M C.DL.02.293 %T Mirroring an OAI archive on the I2-DSI channel %S Federating and harvesting metadata %A Ashwini Pande %A Malini Kothapalli %A Ryan Richardson %A Edward A. Fox %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 293-294 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544289 %X The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) promotes interoperability among digital libraries and has created a protocol for data providers to easily export their metadata. One problem with this approach is that some of the more popular servers quickly become heavily loaded. The obvious solution is replication. Fortunately, the Internet-2 Distributed Storage Infrastructure (I2-DSI) has begun to develop technology for highly distributed transparent replication of servers. This paper presents our solution for transparent mirroring of OAI repositories within the I2-DSI. %M C.DL.02.295 %T HMM-based musical query retrieval %S Music digital libraries %A Jonah Shifrin %A Bryan Pardo %A Colin Meek %A William Birmingham %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 295-300 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544291 %X We have created a system for music search and retrieval. A user sings a theme from the desired piece of music. Pieces in the database are represented as hidden Markov models (HMMs). The query is treated as an observation sequence and a piece is judged similar to the query if its HMM has a high likelihood of generating the query. The top pieces are returned to the user in rank-order. This paper reports the basic approach for the construction of the target database of themes, encoding and transcription of user queries, and the results of initial experimentation with a small set of sung queries. %M C.DL.02.301 %T A comparison of melodic database retrieval techniques using sung queries %S Music digital libraries %A Ning Hu %A Roger B. Dannenberg %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 301-307 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544292 %X Query-by-humming systems search a database of music for good matches to a sung, hummed, or whistled melody. Errors in transcription and variations in pitch and tempo can cause substantial mismatch between queries and targets. Thus, algorithms for measuring melodic similarity in query-by-humming systems should be robust. We compare several variations of search algorithms in an effort to improve search precision. In particular, we describe a new frame-based algorithm that significantly outperforms note-by-note algorithms in tests using sung queries and a database of MIDI-encoded music. %M C.DL.02.308 %T Enhancing access to the levy sheet music collection: reconstructing full-text lyrics from syllables %S Music digital libraries %A Brian Wingenroth %A Mark Patton %A Tim DiLauro %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 308-309 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544293 %X The goal of the Lester S. Levy Sheet Music Collection, Phase Two project is to develop tools, processes, and systems that facilitate collection ingestion through automated processes that reduce, but not necessarily eliminate human intervention[1]. One of the major components of this project is an optical music recognition (OMR) system[2] that extracts musical information and lyric text from the page images that comprise each piece in a collection. It is often the case, as it is with the Levy Collection, that lyrics embedded in music notation are written in a syllabicated form so that each syllable lines up with the note or notes to which it corresponds. Searching the syllabicated form of words, however, would be counterintuitive and cumbersome for end-users. This paper describes the evolution of a tool that, using a simple algorithm, rebuilds complete words from lyric syllables and, in ambiguous cases, provides feedback to the collection builder. This system will be integrated into the workflow of the Levy Sheet Music Collection, but has broad applicability for any project ingesting musical scores with lyrics. %M C.DL.02.310 %T Evaluating automatic melody segmentation aimed at music information retrieval %S Music digital libraries %A Massimo Melucci %A Nicola Orio %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 310-311 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544294 %X In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of a melody segmentation algorithm based on melodic feature. The segmentation produced by experienced music scholars have been compared with the algorithm, a random segmenter and a n-gram-based segmenter. Results showed that the algorithm is closer to manual segmentation than the other segmenters. %M C.DL.02.312 %T A methodology and system for preserving digital data %S Preserving, securing, and assessing digital libraries %A Raymond A. Lorie %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 312-319 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544296 %X This paper refers to a previous proposal made at the 1st Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, on a novel approach to the problem of the long-term archiving of digital data. It reports on ongoing work in refining the methodology and building an initial prototype. The method is based on the use of a Universal Virtual Computer (UVC) to specify the process that needs to be applied to the archived data in order to make it understandable for a future client. There is a certain amount of information (a Convention) that must be preserved for an indefinite time, to make sure that the client will be able to recover the information. A first version of this Convention is given here; it includes the architecture of the UVC. The paper also briefly mentions our current activities in implementation and evaluation. %M C.DL.02.320 %T Modeling web data %S Preserving, securing, and assessing digital libraries %A James C. French %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 320-321 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544297 %X We have created three testbeds of web data for use in controlled experiments in collection modeling. This short paper examines the applicability of Ziff's and Heaps' laws as applied to web data. We find extremely close agreement between observed vocabulary growth and Heaps' law. We find reasonable agreement with Ziff's law for medium to low frequency terms. Ziff's law is a poor predictor for high frequency terms. These findings hold for all three testbeds although we restrict ourselves to one here due to space limitations. %M C.DL.02.322 %T An evaluation model for a digital library services tool %S Preserving, securing, and assessing digital libraries %A Jim Dorward %A Derek Reinke %A Mimi Recker %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 322-323 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544298 %X This paper describes an evaluation model for a digital library tool, the Instructional Architect, which enables users to discover, select, reuse, sequence, and annotate digital library learning objects. By documenting our rapid-prototyping, iterative, and user-centered approach for evaluating a digital library service, we provide a model and set of methods that other developers may wish to employ. In addition, we provide preliminary results from our studies. %M C.DL.02.324 %T Why watermark?: the copyright need for an engineering solution %S Preserving, securing, and assessing digital libraries %A Michael Seadle %A J. R. Deller, Jr. %A Aparna Gurijala %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 324-325 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544299 %X An important research component in the creation of the National Gallery of the Spoken Word (NGSW) is the development of watermarking technologies for the audio library. In this paper we argue that audio watermarking is a particularly desirable means of intellectual property protection. There is evidence that the courts consider watermarks to be a legitimate form of copyright protection. Watermarking facilitates redress, and represents a form of copyright protection that universities can use without being inconsistent in their mission to disseminate knowledge. %M C.DL.02.326 %T Time as essence for photo browsing through personal digital libraries %S Image and cultural digital libraries %A Adrian Graham %A Hector Garcia-Molina %A Andreas Paepcke %A Terry Winograd %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 326-335 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544301 %X We developed two photo browsers for collections with thousands of time-stamped digital images. Modern digital cameras record photo shoot times, and semantically related photos tend to occur in bursts. Our browsers exploit the timing information to structure the collections and to automatically generate meaningful summaries. The browsers differ in how users navigate and view the structured collections. We conducted user studies to compare the two browsers and an un-summarized image browser. Our results show that exploiting the time dimension and appropriately summarizing collections can lead to significant improvements. For example, for one task category, one of our browsers enabled a 33% improvement in speed of finding given images compared to the commercial browser. Similarly, users were able to complete 29% more tasks when using this same browser. %M C.DL.02.336 %T Toward a distributed terabyte text retrieval system in China-US million book digital library %S Image and cultural digital libraries %A Bin Liu %A Wen Gao %A Ling Zhang %A Tie-jun Huang %A Xiao-ming Zhang %A Jun Cheng %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 336-337 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544302 %X In China-US Million Book Digital Library, output of the digitalization process is more than one terabyte of text in OEB and PDF format. To access these data quickly and accurately, we are developing a distributed terabyte text retrieval system. With the query cache, system can search less data while maintaining acceptable retrieval accuracy. From the OEB package, we get its metadata and structural information to implement multi-scale indexing and retrieval. We are to explore some new retrieval models and text clustering approaches in the Digital Library. %M C.DL.02.338 %T Enhanced perspectives for historical and cultural documentaries using informedia technologies %S Image and cultural digital libraries %A Howard D. Wactlar %A Ching-chih Chen %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 338-339 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544303 %X Speech recognition, image processing, and language understanding technologies have successfully been applied to broadcast news corpora to automate the extraction of metadata and make use of it in building effective video news retrieval interfaces. This paper discusses how these technologies can be adapted to cultural documentaries as represented by the award-winning First Emperor of China videodisc and multimedia CD. Through automated means, efficient interfaces into documentary contents can be built dynamically based on user needs. Such interfaces enable the assemblage of large video documentary libraries from component videodisc, CD, and videotape projects, with alternate views into the material complementing the original sequences authored by the materials' producers. %M C.DL.02.340 %T Interfaces for palmtop image search %S Image and cultural digital libraries %A Mark Derthick %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 340-341 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544304 %X Will current technology support search for video news or entertainment on mobile platforms? An Ipaq palmtop version of the Informedia Digital Video Library interface has already been developed at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. For these displays, the desktop technique of showing a large grid of images in parallel is not feasible. Perceptual psychology experiments suggest that time-multiplexing may be as effective as space-multiplexing for this kind of primed recognition task. In fact, it has been specifically suggested that image retrieval interfaces using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) may perform significantly better than parallel presentation even on a desktop computer [2]. In our experiments, we did not find this to be true. An important difference between previous RSVP experiments and our own is that image search engines rank retrievals, and correct answers are more likely to occur early in the list of results. Thus we found that scrolling (and low RSVP presentation rates) led to better recognition of answers that occur early, but worse for answers that occur far down the list. This split confounded the global effects that we hypothesized, yet in itself is an important consideration for future interface designs, which must adapt as search technology improves. %M C.DL.02.342 %T The ADEPT digital library architecture %S Digital libraries for spatial data %A Greg Janee %A James Frew %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 342-350 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544306 %X The Alexandria Digital Earth ProtoType (ADEPT) architecture is a framework for building distributed digital libraries of georeferenced information. An ADEPT system comprises one or more autonomous libraries, each of which provides a uniform interface to one or more collections, each of which manages metadata for one or more items. The primary standard on which the architecture is based is the ADEPT bucket framework, which defines uniform client-level metadata query services that are compatible with heterogeneous underlying collections. ADEPT functionality strikes a balance between the simplicity of Web document delivery and the richness of Z39.50. The current ADEPT implementation runs as servlet-based middleware and supports collections housed in arbitrary relational databases. %M C.DL.02.351 %T G-Portal: a map-based digital library for distributed geospatial and georeferenced resources %S Digital libraries for spatial data %A Ee-Peng Lim %A Dion Hoe-Lian Goh %A Zehua Liu %A Wee-Keong Ng %A Christopher Soo-Guan Khoo %A Susan Ellen Higgins %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 351-358 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544307 %X As the World Wide Web evolves into an immense information network, it is tempting to build new digital library services and expand existing digital library services to make use of web content. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of G-Portal, a web portal that aims to provide digital library services over geospatial and georeferenced content found on the World Wide Web. G-Portal adopts a map-based user interface to visualize and manipulate the distributed geospatial and georeferenced content. Annotation capabilities are supported, allowing users to contribute geospatial and georeferenced objects as well as their associated metadata. The other features included in G-Portal's design are query support, content classification, and content maintenance. This paper will mainly focus on the architecture design, visualization and annotation capabilities of G-Portal. %M C.DL.02.359 %T You mean I have to do what with whom: statewide museum/library DIGI collaborative digitization projects -- the experiences of California, Colorado & North Carolina %S Panels %A Nancy Allen %A Liz Bishoff %A Robin Chandler %A Kevin Cherry %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 359 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544309 %M C.DL.02.360 %T Overcoming impediments to effective health and biomedical digital libraries %S Panels %A William Hersh %A Jan Velterop %A Alexa McCray %A Gunther Eynsenbach %A Mark Boguski %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 360 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544310 %X Digital libraries have great promise in the health and biomedical domains. Yet a variety of impediments exist to their more effective use. A series of panelists from a variety of backgrounds in health and biomedicine will explore these impediments and describe how they might be overcome. %M C.DL.02.361 %T The challenges of statistical digital libraries %S Panels %A Cathryn Dippo %A Patricia Cruse %A Ann Green %A Carol Hert %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 361 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544311 %X What are statistical digital libraries? Who uses them? For what purpose? How do they differ from or resemble text-focused digital libraries? What are the research issues associated with their use and the implications for interface design? These are just some of the issues the panelists have been grappling with over the last few years as government agencies and academic libraries rush to make their holdings web-accessible to both the users they have always served and all kinds of new users with varying statistical and computing skills. The panelists represent a variety of user-oriented perspectives-some are developers, some are intermediaries, some are users themselves. Their primary user focus varies from university students and faculty to government policy analysts, but the casual or first-time user must also be served. The panelist will focus their remarks on the challenges of statistical libraries on a multitude of dimensions, including technical, social, behavioral, economic, organizational, etc. The discussion should both inform and entice the audience to pursue some difficult and interesting problems in digital library research. %M C.DL.02.362 %T Biodiversity and biocomplexity informatics: policy and implementation science versus citizen science %S Panels %A P. Bryan Heidorn %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 362-364 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544312 %X Biological science is one of the top ten social trends and the twenty-first Century has been defined as "The Age of Biology" [1]. One of the central themes of this age is biodiversity. Biodiversity is the richness of life. Biodiversity includes the variety of genes within one species through the complex interconnection of all life within an environment. One of the grand challenges of the twenty-first century is to document and understand the world's natural heritage. The management of the many kinds of information associated with this endeavor is "Biodiversity Informatics." There are many efforts developing worldwide to collect and distribute this information in digital collections. Some of these efforts are complementary; some efforts are in conflict and are just independent. There is a great need to integrate this information to increase its usefulness and value. Unfortunately, this integration is extremely difficult because of the diversity of the use and users of the information and the diversity of the information itself. The panelists will discuss different perspectives on the construction of global biodiversity digital libraries from the perspective of different goals and uses. %M C.DL.02.365 %T Panel on digital preservation %S Panels %A Joyce Ray %A Robin Dale %A Reagan Moore %A Vicky Reich %A William Underwood %A Alexa T. McCray %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 365-367 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544313 %X Digital information in any form is at risk. Software and hardware become obsolete, and versions and file formats change, making data inaccessible. Data stored in even the simplest form are in danger due to computer media degradation and obsolescence. On-line information such as e-journals and databases are susceptible. They may become partially or entirely unreadable, and may not be recoverable by the time the problem is detected. Preservation strategies such as emulation (keeping alive the software and hardware needed to access a digital object), migration (converting the digital object to new versions and formats), and other long-term archival methods have been proposed [1-7]. Models such as the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) provide an architecture for conducting digital preservation research and experimentation [8-10]. The importance of preservation metadata has been recognized by a number of groups and efforts to develop and deploy metadata standards are underway [11-14].As more and more digital information is created, attention must be paid to what information should be preserved and how it can be preserved most economically and effectively. It is clear that for preservation to be successful, we need to pay attention not only to the format of digital objects, but also to the commitment we make to providing long-term access to the information. Thus, decisions about digital preservation will involve technical issues as well as economic, legal, social, and organizational ones. Is it possible or feasible to preserve all digital data automatically and in a cost effective way? How much functionality can or must be preserved? What type of metadata will be needed to ensure both access and preservation? What metrics do we use to evaluate whether our methods will be successful. Panelists will make short presentations about work in which they have been involved and which reflect a variety of aspects of digital preservation. Reagan Moore will discuss the levels of abstraction that are needed to create infrastructure independent representations for data, information, and knowledge, and he will discuss a prototype persistent digital archive. The persistent archive infrastructure has been developed for use by the National Archives and Records Administration and other Federal agencies. William Underwood will report on lessons learned in preserving digital records created on personal computers. The records being examined are the digital records created on personal computers during the administration of President George Bush (1988-1992). Vicky Reich will present work on the LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) project, which is a permanent web publishing and access system. LOCKSS software allows libraries to retain local collection control of materials delivered through the web while preserving the functionality of the original web based content. Robin Dale will report on activities of the preservation program of the Research Libraries Group (RLG). She will focus on the joint work of RLG and OCLC (Online Computer Library Center) on preservation metadata. Following the presentations by the four panelists, Alexa McCray will provide brief comments and then open the discussion for audience participation. %M C.DL.02.368 %T NSDL: from prototype to production to transformational national resource %S Panels %A William Y. Arms %A Edward Fox %A Jeanne Narum %A Ellen Hoffman %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 368 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544314 %X This panel will discuss the first release of the National Science Digital Library and plans for growing it into a very large, comprehensive library of digital materials relevant to science education. %M C.DL.02.369 %T How important is metadata? %S Panels %A Hector Garcia-Molina %A Diane Hillmann %A Carl Lagoze %A Elizabeth Liddy %A Stuart Weibel %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 369 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544315 %X Metadata is expensive. Information services and digital library researchers spend considerable time, effort, and money on metadata. It is time to ask a number of important questions: * How much metadata is really necessary and for what reason? * What are the right metrics for metadata; its correctness, appropriateness, and return on investment? * Is metadata harvesting really useful for the creation of digital library services? * Are the assumptions about the utility, or even necessity, of metadata a legacy of years of library science and practice? * Do these assumptions make sense in the current context of massive computing power and automatic analysis? Clearly there is no one "correct' answer to these questions. The panel will provide the forum for practitioners and researchers from a number of areas to express their views and, hopefully, provoke stimulating discussions from the audience. %M C.DL.02.370 %T Planning for future digital libraries programs %S Panels %A Stephen M. Griffin %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 370 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544316 %X This panel will discuss alternatives for follow-on Federal program activities to the Interagency Digital Libraries Initiative -- Phase 2 (DLI-2). The current Digital Libraries Initiative -- Phase 2 awards receive final funding increments in FY 2003. The National Science Foundation and other interested agencies wish to begin informal planning for potential follow-on activities to DLI-2 at this time. As in the past, sponsoring agencies look to the various stakeholder communities to assist in the creation of funding programs that are responsive to values, needs and opportunities. Panelists will present viewpoints as to the most important topical elements and effective program structures in light of the continuing rapid evolution of digital libraries technologies, computing and communication infrastructures and dramatic increase in networked digital content. Audience remarks will be encouraged, particularly suggestions for enabling broad community involvement in the planning dialogue. %M C.DL.02.371 %T The Miguel de Cervantes Digital Library: a wide diversity of content, media, functionality and services %S Demonstrations %A Alejandro Bia %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 371 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544318 %X This demo describes the philosophy behind what represents one of the most ambitious projects of its kind in the Spanish-speaking world: The Miguel de Cervantes Digital Library (http://cervantesvirtual.com/). It shows the new ground being explored in terms of the wide variety of contents, media, functionality and services it offers to a worldwide audience. These services are meant to be used in serious research, as teaching aids, or just for cultural amusement and enjoyment. We will also describe the technical underpinnings of this project reporting also ongoing research and development activities. %M C.DL.02.372 %T DSpace: durable digital documents %S Demonstrations %A Margret Branschofsky %A Daniel Chudnov %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 372 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544319 %X The DSpace system for long-term management of institutional scholarly research repositories is now in use at the MIT Libraries; we will demonstrate the system and provide more information about its design, use at MIT, and other potential uses. %M C.DL.02.373 %T NanoPort: a web portal for nanoscale science and technology %S Demonstrations %A Michael Chau %A Hsinchun Chen %A Jialun Qin %A Yilu Zhou %A Wai-Ki Sung %A Yongchi Chen %A Yi Qin %A Daniel McDonald %A Ann Lally %A Matthew Landon %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 373 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544320 %M C.DL.02.374 %T Variations2: a digital music library system %S Demonstrations %A Jon W. Dunn %A Eric J. Isaacson %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 374 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544321 %X This demonstration will show version 1.0 of the Variations2 digital library system developed by Indiana University. Variations2 is being built to provide access to music in a variety of formats-sound recordings, scanned musical scores, computer score notation files, and video-and is designed to support research and learning in the field of music. %M C.DL.02.375 %T The learning matrix: cataloging resources with rich metadata %S Demonstrations %A Lyndsay R. Greer %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 375 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544322 %X Effective searching of a digital library requires that the library keep rich metadata about each of its resources. Entering complex metadata efficiently, accurately, and consistently can be confusing and time consuming. A demonstration of the Learning Matrix's Cataloging Tool, a web-based solution for creating metadata while uploading resources to the digital library, will be presented. %M C.DL.02.376 %T Video retrieval with multiple image search strategies %S Demonstrations %A Alexander G. Hauptmann %A Michael G. Christel %A Norman D. Papernick %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 376 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544323 %M C.DL.02.377 %T Reprocessing paper-based reference materials for the digital environment %S Demonstrations %A P. Bryan Heidorn %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 377 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544324 %X One of the primary challenges for the creation of digital libraries is to enhance the value of paper-based publications by providing digital access to the materials. Simple full-text searching is just a first step in this process. Better functionality may be gained by exploiting the natural structure within text. The following paper describes the process of digital conversion and integration of encyclopedic publications, glossaries and thesauri. The Biological Information Browsing (http://www.biobrowser.org) team developed text-processing tools, and an information retrieval and visualization environment that provides greater functionality for these traditionally paper-based publications [1]. The process includes automatic text segmentation and structuring, automated XML markup, structure-based indexing, automatic thesaurus extraction for query expansion and on-line definitions. Very few other information systems provide complete services for publishing, indexing, XML query and retrieving documents. %M C.DL.02.378 %T A framework for collaborative information environments and unified access to distributed digital content %S Demonstrations %A Jon Herlocker %A Janet Webster %A Seikyung Jung %A Anton Dragunov %A Tim Holt %A Tammy Culter %A Sally Haerer %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 378 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544325 %X In this demo, we will present two prototypes of digital information portals developed using a new common framework: The High Performance Computing Virtual Consultant and the Tsunami Digital Library. This framework supports the creation of digital library portals that include not only local data but distributed content that is not under the control of the portal maintainers, such as remote web sites. The framework provides a common user interface across all resources, even if the resources are served by a remote web site. Furthermore, the framework contains features that support effective low maintenance operation and intelligent learning search and layout algorithms. %M C.DL.02.379 %T Active netlib: an active mathematical software collection for inquiry-based computational science & engineering education %S Demonstrations %A Shirley Moore %A A. J. Baker %A Jack Dongarra %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 379 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544326 %X A core subject in the undergraduate education of application scientists and engineers is the use of mathematical software to solve computational problems. To make effective use of mathematical software, application developers need a basic understanding of the underlying numerical methods and enough knowledge to be able to choose an appropriate solver, parameterize it correctly, and validate the computed results. Correct results are of course required, but good computational performance is desired as well. Most application scientists have neither the time nor the interest to read the current literature in numerical analysis. They solve numerical problems by relying on the methods and programs they learned about in previous coursework. This tendency has the unfortunate consequence that new methods with improved functionality and/or efficiency may go unused by practicing engineers. Application engineers need enough understanding of the underlying numerical methods to be able to detect and diagnose problems that occur and to modify or customize the methods if necessary. A large amount of mathematical software is both commercially and freely available. However, not all the software that is available is of high quality. It can also be difficult to locate the appropriate software by using web search engines, since the descriptions available for searching may be lacking or may not match the vocabulary used by the searcher. A good solution to these problems is to have experts in the field of numerical analysis maintain a moderated collection of high quality software which is organized and cataloged with appropriate metadata to enable easy searching. The Netlib mathematical software repository is such a collection that has been contributed to and managed by the numerical analysis community for the past fifteen years. Active Netlib provides an active collection of high-quality mathematical software resources in the context of an inquiry-based learning environment for computational science and engineering education. The Netlib collection is being extended in a number of ways to support the goals of this project. The NetSolve client-server system for accessing hardware and software resources over a network provides an active interface to the contents of Netlib. NetSolve essentially constructs network-accessible objects with executable content from the software packages in Netlib. By making the subroutines housed in Netlib available over the network on computational servers, NetSolve enables access to up-to-date mathematical software from a variety of client interfaces running on users' workstations, without requiring the users to download and install the software themselves. This demonstration will illustrate the following digital library technology: %M C.DL.02.380 %T Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy: a dynamic reference work %S Demonstrations %A Uri Nodelman %A Colin Allen %A Edward N. Zalta %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 380 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544327 %X The Recent work of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy project http://plato.stanford.edu/ has been focused on fostering and managing the growth of a dynamic reference work. Our particular project is to produce an authoritative and comprehensive dynamic reference work devoted to the academic discipline of philosophy that will be kept up to date dynamically so as to remain useful to those in academia and the general public. %M C.DL.02.381 %T Selected component technologies in digital libraries %S Demonstrations %A Joel Plutchak %A Joe Futrelle %A Jeff Gaynor %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 381 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544328 %X The demonstration will illustrate digital library component technologies joined together to provide solutions to common data mining, parsing, and archiving problems. %M C.DL.02.382 %T Digital library system: capture, analysis, query, and display 3D data %S Demonstrations %A Jeremy Rowe %A Anshuman Razdan %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 382 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544329 %X This paper describes development of a storage, archival, and sketch-based query and retrieval system for 3D objects. The initial focus has been Native American ceramic vessels, scanned and defined as a set of three-dimensional triangulated meshes composed of points and triangles. The process involves modeling the data with parametric surfaces, and extracting relevant features to raise the level of abstraction of data. The project uses a class based XML schema to catalog and organize vessel data. A visual query process was developed to permit users to interact with the data using sketches or by selecting sample vessel shapes to augment text and metric search criteria to retrieve original and modeled data, and interactive 2D and 3D models. %M C.DL.02.383 %T Souvenir: flexible note-taking tool to pinpoint and share media in digital libraries %S Demonstrations %A Anselm Spoerri %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 383 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544330 %X Digital media audio/video can be difficult to search and share in a personal way. Souvenir is a software system that offers users a flexible and comprehensive way to use their handwritten or text notes to retrieve and share specific media moments. Users can take notes on a variety of devices, such as the paper-based CrossPad, the Palm Pilot and standard keyboard devices. Souvenir segments handwritten notes into an effective media index without the need for handwriting recognition. Users can use their notes to create hyperlinks to random-access media stored in a digital library. Souvenir also has web publishing and email capabilities to enable anyone to access or email media moments directly from a web page. Souvenir annotations capture information that can not be easily inferred by automatic media indexing tools. %M C.DL.02.384 %T FACET: thesaurus retrieval with semantic term expansion %S Demonstrations %A Douglas Tudhope %A Ceri Binding %A Dorothee Blocks %A Daniel Cunliffe %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 384 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544331 %X There are many advantages for Digital Libraries in indexing with classifications or thesauri, but some current disincentive in the lack of flexible retrieval tools that deal with compound descriptors. This demonstration of a research prototype illustrates a matching function for compound descriptors, or multi-concept subject headings, that does not rely on exact matching but incorporates term expansion via thesaurus semantic relationships to produce ranked results that take account of missing and partially matching terms [5]. The matching function is based on a measure of semantic closeness between terms [4].The work is part of the EPSRC funded FACET project [2] in collaboration with the UK National Museum of Science and Industry (NMSI) which includes the National Railway Museum [3]. An export of NMSI's Collections Database is used as the dataset for the research. The J. Paul Getty Trust's Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) [1] is the main thesaurus in the project. The AAT is a widely used thesaurus (over 120,000 terms). Descriptors are organised in 7 facets representing separate conceptual classes of terms. The FACET application is a multi tiered architecture accessing a SQL Server database, with an OLE DB connection. The thesauri are stored as relational tables in the Server's database. However, a key component of the system is a parallel representation of the underlying semantic network as an in-memory structure of thesaurus concepts (corresponding to preferred terms). The structure models the hierarchical and associative interrelationships of thesaurus concepts via weighted poly-hierarchical links. Its primary purpose is real-time semantic expansion of query terms, achieved by a spreading activation semantic closeness algorithm. Queries with associated results are stored persistently using XML format data. A Visual Basic interface combines a thesaurus browser and an initial term search facility that takes into account equivalence relationships. Terms are dragged to a direct manipulation Query Builder which maintains the facet structure. %M C.DL.02.385 %T Visualizing the archive of a computer mediated communication process %S Demonstrations %A Bin Zhu %A Hsinchun Chen %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 385 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544332 %X The archive of computer-mediated communication (CMC) process contains knowledge shared and information about participants' behavior patterns. However, most CMC systems focus only on organizing the content of discussions. We propose to demo a prototype system that integrates a social visualization technique with existing information analysis technologies to graphically summarize both the content and behavior of a CMC process. %M C.DL.02.386 %T MedTextus: an intelligent web-based medical meta-search system %S Demonstrations %A Bin Zhu %A Gondy Leroy %A Hsinchun Chen %A Yongchi Chen %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 386 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544333 %X We propose to demonstrate a web-based prototype system that integrates the meta-search approach with existing information analysis and visualization technologies to facilitate concept-based searching behavior over the medical domain. The system distinguishes itself from other meta-search engines through two features. It incorporates the co-occurrence analysis and existing ontology to understand user's query. It also utilizes the self-organizing map (SOM) to categorize and visualize search results. %M C.DL.02.387 %T Virtual Oregon: seamless access to distributed environmental information %S Demonstrations %A Dylan Keon %A Cherri Pancake %A Dawn Wright %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 387 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544334 %X Virtual Oregon is a new data coordination center established at Oregon State University (OSU) in order to: (1) archive environmental and other place-based data on Oregon and associated areas; (2) make those data accessible to a broad spectrum of agencies and individuals via innovative web interfaces; (3) identify key data sets that are not yet available and encourage their collection and dissemination; and (4) facilitate development of statewide standards for archiving, documenting, and disseminating data. Rather than co-locating researchers and data in a physical center, Virtual Oregon employs a distributed architecture that occupies multiple locations while users are presented with the illusion of a single, centralized facility. This approach was selected not just to maximize the impact on campus students, faculty, and staff but also toservice broader interactions with extension agents and other members of OSU's statewide community. Virtual Oregon builds on regional GIS centers and databanks in a wide range of disciplines, providing decades of research data on topics as varied as climate, biodiversity, land ownership, water quality, wildfire, and agricultural production. Our proximity to agencies such as the Oregon Climate Service, Oregon Natural Heritage Program, Oregon Flora Project, OSU Herbarium, EPA, and Forest Service adds breadth to data type and availability. Designed as a distributed architecture, Virtual Oregon has four nodes, each of which serves as a center and clearinghouse for distinct types of information and services: %M C.DL.02.388 %T A DL server with OAI capabilities: LOVE %S Posters %A Su-Shing Chen %A Chee-Yoong Choo %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 388 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544336 %X We describe integrating OAI (Open Archives Initiative) and DL (Digital Library) capabilities in the integrated prototype DL server: LOVE (Learning Object Virtual Exchange). %M C.DL.02.389 %T Evaluating a digital video library web interface %S Posters %A Michael G. Christel %A Pedro Cubilo %A Junius Gunaratne %A William Jerome %A Eun-Ju O %A Sohini Solanki %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 389 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544337 %M C.DL.02.390 %T Puget sound's MARS (media asset retrieval systems) digital library %S Posters %A Efthimis N. Efthimiadis %A Jens-Erik Mai %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 390 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544338 %X The Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) and public broadcasters consider Media Asset Management (MAM) of critical importance since without a concerted and cooperative plan to manage their vast library of content, broadcasters are unable to reach their potential for service in the digital age. The concerns for Media Asset Management, which are the Digital Libraries for broadcasters, human and technical, are myriad. Media Asset Management is the framework upon which many of the largest technology projects will be built, including the future interconnection system between and among CPB member stations. It is CPB's hope that its licensees and their partners in university, museum, and library communities, will work together to contribute to Media Asset Management solutions. This poster will present some of the complex issues around Media Asset Management and possible solutions to the problems as well as show the breath of research projects in the area. The issues include metadata, indexing, controlled vocabularies, storage and access methods, rights management, technological infrastructure requirements, and interoperability. To highlight these issues we will use as an example the Media Asset Retrieval System (MARS) project. The goal of this project is to create a model for representing, organizing, storing, and facilitating access to public audio (radio) and audiovisual (television) broadcast material via the Internet. The immediate goal for MARS is to produce a digital online resource that will provide access to material produced by public broadcasters in the Puget Sound Region (KUOW and KCTS). The material will be made available to students, teachers, media, and the general public through the King County Library System and Seattle Public Library System. The mission of the Convergence Consortium guides the MARS project. The Convergence Consortium is a working collaborative between public broadcasters, public libraries, K-12 schools and the Information School of the University of Washington that meet to assess the needs of their constituents and propose solutions that will be developed to meet those need. The MARS project is funded by a grant from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting Television Future Fund and it falls within the context of major decisions about Media Asset Management in public broadcasting. It is the intent that the MARS project will produce a reference document that will help public broadcast stations make decisions about media asset management as it relates to audio and audiovisual access as a community resource. The MARS team will analyze the current systems and their contexts and design a digital library system for the KUOW and KCTS broadcasters that will facilitate access to the broadcast material. The digital library will support advanced knowledge organization techniques and search algorithms to facilitate retrieval of the broadcast material. The MARS project ties together some of the critical issues in Digital Libraries and approaches these problems from a user-centered perspective. %M C.DL.02.391 %T Enki: open infrastructure for adaptive digital libraries %S Posters %A James Farrell %A Hilary J. Holz %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 391 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544339 %M C.DL.02.392 %T Argentinean historical heritage project %S Posters %A Maria Feldgen %A Osvaldo Clua %A Fernando Boro %A Juan Jose Santos %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 392 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544340 %X The digitalization effort of the Argentinean Heritage Project is described from its beginning, up to its present day form, as a framework of automatized, Web [1] operated and platform independent tools to assist historians to build and maintain digital libraries suited to their research needs. We show how low cost, labor intensive digital library building is possible using standard formats and tools. %M C.DL.02.393 %T Content-based filtering and personalization using structured metadata %S Posters %A A. Mufit Ferman %A James H. Errico %A Peter van Beek %A M. Ibrahim Sezan %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 393 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544341 %X Structured descriptions of multimedia content and automatically generated user profiles are used to filter content. %M C.DL.02.394 %T Developing a digital library of reusable historical artifacts %S Posters %A Dion Hoe-Lian Goh %A Schubert Shou-Boon Foo %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 394 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544342 %X This paper discusses the design and implementation of a digital library of historical artifacts. A major goal of the project is to create an architecture in which artifacts are reusable across various digital library applications. Two such applications have been developed and are described: a virtual exhibition system and a reference helpdesk. %M C.DL.02.395 %T Search facilities for internet relay chat %S Posters %A Taher H. Haveliwala %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 395 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544343 %X The Internet encompasses a diverse array of information sources that have been indexed for efficient search, including the Web, Usenet, and email (both personal mail and specialized mailing lists). One information source, publicly accessible over the Internet, yet unarchived and unindexed, is the Internet Relay Chat (IRC) system. We are archiving several of the more useful technical-support-oriented IRC channels, with the goal of extracting, archiving, and indexing information that would help satisfy users' information needs. %M C.DL.02.396 %T User uncertainties with tabular statistical data: identification and resolution %S Posters %A Naybell Hernandez %A Carol A. Hert %A Kristen Armstrong %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 396 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544344 %X United States government services are becoming increasingly Web-based, creating opportunities to make useful, even vital, information and services more accessible to citizens than in the past. This opportunity has challenged Federal agencies as they work to provide information and services that are easy to use and understandable to an extremely diverse constituency. This paper reports the findings of a study examining the questions and uncertainties of users during investigation of statistical tables. The questions and uncertainties are categorized, mapped to an XML DTD for use in a table-browsing system. Implications of the approach and results are discussed. %M C.DL.02.397 %T Using the internet to communicate with immigrant/refugee communities about health %S Posters %A Ellen Howard %A Christine Wilson Owens %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 397 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544345 %X Our poster describes the use of the Web for communication between ethnic communities and their care providers. %M C.DL.02.398 %T Unicode for multilingual representation in digital libraries from the indian perspective %S Posters %A Devika P. Madalli %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 398 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544346 %X One of the main issues in digital data sharing is tackling multi-lingual resources. Paper presents the problems of representation of Indian languages on Internet. It covers the efforts so far undertaken for multilingual data representation in India. It examines the applicability and advantages of adopting Unicode. %M C.DL.02.399 %T Marine realms information bank: a distributed geolibrary for the ocean %S Posters %A Fausto Marincioni %A Frances Lightsom %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 399 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544347 %X The Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) is a prototype web-based distributed geolibrary that organizes, indexes, and delivers online information about the oceanic and coastal environments. The improvement of computer power and connectivity of the 1990s, by enabling very fast exchange of data online, has shown that effective information management does not automatically result from quicker connection or large broadband. Millions of web sites have been setup to provide information on every subject, and various information-gathering systems have been developed to locate information online. Unfortunately, these search engines often produce exhaustive bibliographic lists that mix first-quality scientific knowledge with irrelevant materials. To be really useful, information banks require not only quality control but also classification systems that integrate and organize the information. In 1999 the National Research Council proposed the concept of distributed geolibraries, which are online digital libraries able to provide a simple mechanism for searching and retrieving information in response to topical and geographically defined needs. Distributed geolibraries are beneficial for various reasons, the most important of which is the authoritative role they would come to assume as subject gateways. To be referenced through a scientific geolibrary, information sources must meet quality standards set by the library gatekeeper. Another important benefit of a distributed geolibrary comes from its "distributed" attribute. Without the need to collect information in one physical location, local curators can serve and update online information without the requirement of maintaining consistency among multiple copies. The MRIB prototype implements the distributed geolibrary concept to organize, index, and deliver online information about the oceanic and coastal environments. MRIB provides access to information, but it is not an information repository. It incorporates information that exists in remote sources, without modifying formats or content. This system succeeds by building a central index that consists of Electronic Index Cards containing metadata about the information sources, their geographical areas, and their network locations. The ontology of MRIB is expressed in the classification system through which users can explore the available information. MRIB currently classifies information with 13 types of categories (facets): Location, Geologic Time, Features, Biota, Discipline, Scientific Method, Hot Topics, Project Name, Agency Name, Author, Class, Format, and Audience. Classifying information is not automatic but is performed by a librarian, which is both the major benefit and the major operating cost of MRIB. The significance of MRIB lies both in the utility of the information bank and in the implementation of the distributed geolibraries concept. Distributed information banks, such as MRIB, can be applied widely as unifying portals for extensive or rapidly developing information bases, for which a centralized repository would be impractical. In addition, MRIB has a modular structure that allows a classification system to be easily modified, to expedite the development and testing of suitable classification systems for existing information bases. %M C.DL.02.400 %T Democratic access to information in a rapidly changing society: the case of Brazil %S Posters %A Cavan McCarthy %A Murilo Bastos da Cunha %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 400 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544348 %X Identifies and characterizes the principal Brazilian digital library initiatives, which make available materials in two areas: Science and Research, and Literature and the Humanities. %M C.DL.02.401 %T Active netlib: an active mathematical software collection for inquiry-based computational science & engineering education %S Posters %A Shirley Moore %A A. J. Baker %A Jack Dongarra %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 401 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544349 %X A core subject in the undergraduate education of application scientists and engineers is the use of mathematical software to solve computational problems. To make effective use of mathematical software, application developers need a basic understanding of the underlying numerical methods and enough knowledge to be able to choose an appropriate solver, parameterize it correctly, and validate the computed results. Correct results are of course required, but good computational performance is desired as well. %M C.DL.02.402 %T Representing pulaar digitally %S Posters %A Bartek Plichta %A David Robinson %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 402 %K West African online digital library, language digitization, linguistics, long-term language preservation, mark-up, pulaar %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544350 %X This paper outlines a methodology for digital representation and preservation of Pulaar language data. %M C.DL.02.403 %T Components for constructing open archives %S Posters %A Joel Plutchak %A Joe Futrelle %A Jeff Gaynor %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 403 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544351 %X In this poster, we describe how components that implement emerging standards have been used to produce custom solutions to metadata archive problems. %M C.DL.02.404 %T Question types in digital reference: an evaluation of question taxonomies %S Posters %A Jeffrey Pomerantz %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 404 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544352 %X This study evaluates four taxonomies of question types to determine the expressiveness of each for questions received by digital reference services. The result is a faceted classification scheme that can be used as a basis for automating parts of the reference question answering process. %M C.DL.02.405 %T Integrating expertise into the NSDL: putting a human face on the digital library %S Posters %A Jeffrey Pomerantz %A R. David Lankes %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 405 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544353 %X This paper describes work currently underway at the Information Institute of Syracuse to build an operational digital reference system to support the National Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology Education Digital Library (NSDL). %M C.DL.02.406 %T Automatic removal of advertising from web-page display %S Posters %A Neil C. Rowe %A Jim Coffman %A Yilmaz Degirmenci %A Scott Hall %A Shong Lee %A Clifton Williams %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 406 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544354 %X The usefulness of the World Wide Web as a digital library of precise and reliable information is reduced by the increasing presence of advertising on Web pages. But no one is required to read or see advertising, and this cognitive censorship can be automated by software. Such filters can be useful to the U.S. government which must permit its employees to use the Web but which is prohibited by law from endorsing commercial products. While the task would seem at first simpler than filtering of pornography or general firewalls, subtleties in recognizing advertising make full success daunting. %M C.DL.02.407 %T Structured models of scientific concepts for organizing, accessing, and using learning materials %S Posters %A Terence R. Smith %A Marcia L. Zeng %A Olga Agapova %A Olha Buchel %A Michael Freeston %A Jim Frew %A Linda Hill %A Laura Smart %A Tim Tierney %A Alex Ushakov %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 407 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544355 %X Concepts and their interrelationships are the fundamental building blocks for representing the phenomena investigated in mathematics, science, and engineering (MSE). The knowledge represented in learning materials for the sciences is typically organized around term-based or "weakly-structured" models of concepts and their interrelationships. We introduce a "strongly-structured" model of scientific concepts that provides the foundation for a knowledge base (KB) of concept representations. It focuses on such attributes as the objective representations, operational semantics, use, and interrelationships of concepts, all of which play important roles in constructing representations of phenomena that further understanding of MSE domains of knowledge. We have developed a strongly-structured model of concepts for SME domains in terms of a frame-based KRS with slots and attribute-value fillers. The model, whose framework is shown in Figure 1, is implemented as an XML schema. This schema is used as the basis for creating domain-specific KBs containing XML records of concepts. The Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) Digital Earth Testbed system (http://www.alexandria.ucsb.edu) has been extended with: (1) a KB of scientific concepts, from the domain of physical geography, that are represented in terms of our XML schema for concept representation; (2) a collection of heterogeneous learning materials exemplifying the concepts and their properties in various contexts; and (3) services that provide a variety of views of the content of the KB and associated collection. (Please refer to the JCDL paper "The ADEPT Digital Library Architecture" by Janee and Frew.) This extension to ADL is being deployed in teaching an introductory course in physical geography in Fall, 2002. %M C.DL.02.408 %T StandardConnection: correlating educational resources in digital libraries to content standards %S Posters %A Stuart A. Sutton %A Elizabeth D. Liddy %A John Kendall %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 408 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544356 %X The goal of our two year NSF National Science Digital Library-funded project is to develop Natural Language Processing technology that will automatically produce metadata values that correlate individual educational resources in digital libraries to content standards. The goal is to assign this metadata to the descriptive metadata records for resources in support of standards-based discovery and retrieval. The project will utilize the Achieve/McREL Compendix, a comprehensive knowledgebase of K-12 content standards derived from over 137 state, national and international content standards documents. The test collection of educational resources being analyzed is drawn from the more than 400 Web-based collections represented in the Gateway to Educational Materials catalog. The significance of this project in terms of the Digital Library movement is that high-quality automatic correlation of educational resources to content standards is essential to meet the demands for searching and retrieving such resources based on those correlations. This demand will increase as the national focus on greater accountability in our K-12 institutions increases. While human correlations of resources to content standards characterize current practice, it is clear that the scale of the need for such correlations calls for sophisticated means for automatic mapping. This project is intended to provide an NLP-based solution to the problem. Briefly, our NLP approach in this project is to analyze language utilizing all the levels through which humans extract meaning-morphological, lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic. The extent to which an individual technology includes these levels, particularly the higher-level ones determines the capability and sophistication of the resultant application. Having incorporated each of these levels into our baseline NLP document-processing module, we are extending the system's capabilities in this project to the task of learning the linguistic features that can be relied on to indicate what content standard an educational resource supports. We are applying a sublanguage analysis framework to automatically identify clues that can be recognized in the mathematics and science educational materials to indicate to which standards the resources apply. Based on the discourse model, the system learns from recognizing these linguistic clues in the training set. The system will then be able to process new resources as they are added to the digital library and appropriately assign to the metadata for those resources the learning standards to which they are applicable. This work is a continuation of our NSF NSDL project "Breaking the Metadata Generation Bottleneck" where we were successful in processing text to automatically assign metadata tags for the descriptive and subject aspects of educational resources. %M C.DL.02.409 %T Quantitatively evaluating the influence of online social interactions in the community-assisted digital library %S Posters %A YongHong Tian %A TieJun Huang %A Wen Gao %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 409 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544357 %X Online social interactions are useful in information seeking from digital libraries, but how to measure their influence on the user's information access actions has not yet been revealed. Studies on this problem give us interesting insights into the workings of human dynamics in the context of information access from digital libraries. On the basis, we wish to improve the technological supports to provide more intelligent services in the ongoing China-America Million Books Digital Library so that it can reach its potential in serving human needs. %M C.DL.02.410 %T Shuhai Wenyuan interactive internet worktable: studying ancient chinese philosophy online %S Posters %A Mary Tiles %A Brian Bruya %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 410 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544358 %X There are four major digital library projects in East Asia that publish digital versions of parts of the vast pre-modern Chinese corpus on the World Wide Web. All of these are targeted at professional sinologists, with no accommodation for the user who is not expertly proficient in Chinese. As a result, anyone interested in seriously engaging Chinese thought must either set aside a few years to learn Classical Chinese or remain beholden to the sinologist for both information and interpretation. At Shuhai Wenyuan, a project funded by the National Science Foundation's Digital Libraries Initiative (Phase II), we strive to capitalize on the advantages of digitization to allow the non-sinologist entry into the conceptual world of ancient Chinese thought. %M C.DL.02.411 %T Breathing life into digital archives: use of natural language processing to revitalize the grey literature of public health %S Posters %A Anne M. Turner %A Elizabeth D. Liddy %A Jana Bradley %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 411 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544359 %X The goal of our 2-year Robert Wood Johnson-funded project is to apply Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology to improve access and use of the digitalized public health "grey" literature. Much public health information, such as meeting notes, think-tank reports, policy statements, and data sets, is not available through traditional commercial pathways and is considered grey or fugitive literature. Although grey literature documents are increasingly posted in digital archives on the Web, the unstructured and varied nature of grey literature makes accessing useful content difficult at best. In an effort to help make the content of public health digital collections more accessible to public health providers, we will use proven NLP techniques to identify and extract key elements of digital documents. NLP techniques can be used to identify and tag key elements from full-text documents. Once tagged, the content of various documents can be extracted and summarized in tables and charts for comparison and review. The ability of NLP to recognize and represent both the explicit and implicit content of full text documents makes it a powerful technique for interpreting the language of text documents. Our NLP information access system has been used in other domains to extract individual entities and events, as well as draw relationships between entities and events to build a content representation. The goal is to develop a model of public health interventions and identify key entities and events from these digital archives. Key elements may include type of study and population demographics as well as more traditional bibliographic elements such as author, title and publication date. NLP technology will be used to search, identify and extract key elements based on the user's request. Key elements can be extracted across multiple documents for summary and comparison. For example, the user can extract key elements from annual reports about "teenage smoking cessation programs" to compare method of intervention, demographic population, and outcome. Such comparisons will help public health professionals to determine how a particular intervention fits with similar interventions reported in the grey literature. This system holds great promise for improving access to public health information through digital archives. %M C.DL.02.412 %T Building a digital collection of manuscripts from the library of the royal palace of Spain %S Posters %A Soledad Velez %A Manuel Sanchez-Quero %A Juan Carlos Garcia %A Alejandro Bia %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 412 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544360 %X With an aim of bringing cultural contents to cyberspace and spreading some unknown aspects of the history of the Americas, the Miguel de Cervantes Digital Library has embarked in a joint effort with the Library of the Royal Palace of Spain, to develop the digital web publication of the Manuscripts of the Americas in the Royal Collections funds. In this joint venture, the Library of Royal Palace supplied its invaluable contents for digitization, and the Miguel de Cervantes DL its technology and experience as a digital publisher. The goal was to join the ancient and the new, the most precious and carefully preserved documents with the new electronic publishing technologies. The result was to make freely available to a worldwide public those otherwise unreachable treasures of the Royal Collections. %M C.DL.02.413 %T By the people now, for the people later: using transitory metadata to anchor a digital archive %S Posters %A Anne Washington %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 413 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544361 %X The Congressional Research Service (CRS) serves Congress by providing timely, objective and non-partisan research, analysis and information services. The Legislative Information Office within CRS fulfills that mandate by maintaining a digital library of legislative documents known as the Legislative Information System. An ongoing challenge is designing these full text and structured databases for both promptness and permanence. This is accomplished by metadata and interface design. This foundation prepares for the impending incorporation of more complex born-digital formats such as XML, audio and video. Legislative Information System (LIS) clients are those who have access to Capitol Hill intranet systems. (The public version is the THOMAS site http://thomas.loc.gov.) LIS adds value to public domain legislative data with advanced text retrieval tools and the benefit of a portal site. The content of LIS is composed of several collections of documents. The House of Representatives and the Senate create and update legislative information, which is the bulk of LIS. The Government Printing Office publishes text and PDF formats of congressional documents, building up LIS's catalog of full-text documents. The CRS Bill Digest section, established by law in 1935 to index and summarize bills, adds additional metadata. In partnership with the user community, a high degree of data quality control is actively maintained. The primary entry point is a database called Bill Summary and Status. From there, links are available into the full text collections: text of bills, committee reports and the Congressional Record. These are large-scale collections. LIS maintains every published bill version since 1989. This session, Congress already has introduced more than 6000 bills and important bills often have up to five versions. The search pages have been carefully crafted to accommodate both novice and advanced users. A number of prepared searches are built underneath the search page interface. These gather bills on nebulous topics such as "national security. LIS's primary role is as a prompt deliverer of legislative events and documents. For instance, a senator needs a current list of all co-sponsors on her bill. A staffer needs to read yesterday's floor debate. Legislative events in LIS are updated regularly to accommodate this fast-paced need for data. Searchers are able to specify narrowly defined legislative status steps in order to track current legislation. The LIS alert service sends out email notification when selected legislation is updated. LIS data is also used retrospectively to piece together a legislative history. A legislative history attempts to establish the intent of a current law by compiling documents created during the legislative process. A legislative history could include conference reports, congressional hearings, debates and early drafts of bills. All of these documents are available in electronic format in LIS. Each legislative step has embedded links to LIS full-text documents, creating an easy-to-maintain web of legislative history. In addition, a text analysis tool has been developed which allows paragraph level comparison of legislation. This tool allows us to closely track the evolution of legislative language. Future developments of LIS involve displaying full-text documents in XML, linking to video of congressional proceedings, and completing a retrospective conversion of past congressional content. The prompt recording of current legislative events provides the key to long-term access into our growing digital archive of legislative documents. Our primary designated community is the congressional staff, but the results benefit individual citizens, the courts and businesses who are trying to interpret the rules that govern how we live. %M C.DL.02.414 %T Introduction to the open archives initiative protocol for metadata harvesting %S Tutorials %A Hussein Suleman %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 414 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544363 %X The Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) [1] is a relatively new interoperability standard that is gaining much attention from existing and new digital libraries. It is currently advocated by many communities (including NDLTD, NCSTRL, and NSDL) to fulfill their metadata interoperability requirements. This tutorial is aimed at introducing individuals to the concepts underlying the OAI and the harvesting protocol, as well as providing sufficient information to allow attendees to almost immediately implement the current standard (OAI-PMH v2.0) on their own archives or in their own communities. Attendees will be introduced to both organizational and technical issues that need to be addressed when building new systems or extending existing systems, either in the capacity of being providers of data, users of data, or both. Wherever appropriate, references will be made to best practices that have emerged in the community of OAI implementers since the initial release of the protocol. Attendees will also be familiarized with tools developed within the OAI community to support the implementation of the protocol. %M C.DL.02.415 %T Thesauri and ontologies in digital libraries: 1. structure and use in knowledge-based assistance to users %S Tutorials %A Dagobert Soergel %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 415 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544364 %X This introductory tutorial is intended for anyone concerned with subject access to digital libraries. It provides a bridge by presenting methods of subject access as treated in an information studies program for those coming to digital libraries from other fields. It will elucidate through examples the conceptual and vocabulary problems users face when searching digital libraries. It will then show how a well-structured thesaurus / ontology can be used as the knowledge base for an interface that can assist users with search topic clarification (for example through browsing well-structured hierarchies and guided facet analysis) and with finding good search terms (through query term mapping and query term expansion -- synonyms and hierarchic inclusion). It will touch on cross-database and cross-language searching as natural extensions of these functions. The workshop will cover the thesaurus structure needed to support these functions: Concept-term relationships for vocabulary control and synonym expansion, conceptual structure (semantic analysis, facets, and hierarchy) for topic clarification and hierarchic query term expansion). It will introduce a few sample thesauri and some thesaurus-supported digital libraries and Web sites to illustrate these principles. %M C.DL.02.416 %T How to build a digital library using open-source software %S Tutorials %A Ian H. Witten %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 416 %K Greenstone software, digital library, open source software %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544365 %M C.DL.02.417 %T Overview of digital libraries %S Tutorials %A Edward A. Fox %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 417 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544366 %X This tutorial will start with an overview of definitions, foundations, scenarios, and perspectives. It will cover a variety of issues, including search, retrieval, and resource discovery; multimedia/hypermedia; metadata (e.g., Dublin Core); electronic publishing; document models and representations; SGML and XML; database approaches; agents and distributed processing; 2D and 3D interfaces and visualizations; metrics; architectures and interoperability; educational and social concerns; commerce and intellectual property rights, among others. %M C.DL.02.418 %T Advanced overview of version 2.0 of the open archives initiative protocol for metadata harvesting %S Tutorials %A Michael L. Nelson %A Herbert Van de Sompel %A Simeon Warner %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 418 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544367 %X This tutorial is a follow-on to "Introduction to the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting" (OAI-PMH), given earlier the same day. It is appropriate for those who have completed the earlier tutorial or are already familiar with OAI-PMH. The tutorial will begin by highlighting the differences between versions 1.1 and 2.0 of the OAI-PMH, and then discuss possible migration strategies for 1.1 harvesters and repositories. Advanced topics and deployment scenarios will also be discussed, including: flow control, load balancing, error recovery, hierarchical harvesting, sets and alternate metadata formats. %M C.DL.02.419 %T Thesauri and ontologies in digital libraries: 2. design, evaluation, and development %S Tutorials %A Dagobert Soergel %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 419 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544368 %X This tutorial is intended for people who have a basic familiarity with the function and structure of thesauri and ontologies. It will introduce criteria for the design and evaluation of thesauri and ontologies and then deal with methods and tools for their development: Locating sources; collecting concepts, terms. and relationships to reuse existing knowledge; developing and refining thesaurus/ontology structure; software and database structure for the development and maintenance of thesauri and ontologies; collaborative development of thesauri and ontologies; developing crosswalks / mappings between thesauri/ontologies. In summing up, the tutorial will address the question of the amount of resources needed to develop and maintain a thesaurus or ontology. %M C.DL.02.420 %T Hands-on workshop: build your own digital library collections %S Tutorials %A Ian H. Witten %A David Bainbridge %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 420 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544369 %M C.DL.02.421 %T Bioinformatics and digital libraries %S Tutorials %A William Hersh %A Christopher Dubay %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 421 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544370 %X The goal of this tutorial is to provide a basic introduction to bioinformatics and electronic biological data resources for the digital library community. %M C.DL.02.422 %T Document search interface design for large-scale collections and intelligent access %S Workshops %A Javed Mostafa %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 422 %K agents, distributed collections, intelligent access, interface, retrieval, search %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544372 %X As the universe of documents has enlarged from those available via the online catalog to a larger cluster of databases and web-accessible resources, interfaces are being created that can search multiple document collections simultaneously. Also, searching for document surrogates is losing favor as more documents are digitized and distributed in full-text form. Availability of full-text makes it possible for document components such as tables, illustrations, citations, and references -- components that traditionally remained outside the scope of document searching -- to be considered and exploited by search interface designers. Additionally, due to the popularity of web-hyperlinking people are beginning to expect linking of documents across different collections based on common semantic or non-semantic attributes. Increased research activity on artificial intelligence techniques for document access is leading to more fundamental changes in document searching. It is now possible to delegate 100% of the search effort to online search agents. Agents have been also created for performing tasks such as selecting appropriate collections, refining queries, and sorting results to assist with searches conducted in distributed environments. The broad scope of the workshop is on the impact of above technological changes on search interface design. %M C.DL.02.423 %T Developing digital libraries education and training programs %S Workshops %A Javed Mostafa %A Kris Brancolini %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 423 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544373 %X Gaining education and training in the field of Digital Libraries is a difficult prospect. Relevant courses and experiences are usually scattered among different programs and institutions. Often, course content does not include the necessary mix of the theoretical and practical treatment. The workshop is aimed at developers, researchers, educators, and administrators interested in educational programs for training next generation of digital library professionals -- both information technologists and librarians. %M C.DL.02.424 %T Usability for digital libraries %S Workshops %A Ann Blandford %A George Buchanan %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 424 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544374 %X As digital libraries are becoming increasingly available to, and used by, diverse user communities who do not have background or training in information sciences, the need to ensure that such libraries are usable and useful is becoming increasingly urgent. Usability issues can be tackled from various directions -- technical, cognitive, social, design-oriented -- and it is important to bring these different perspectives together, to share views, experiences and insights. %M C.DL.02.425 %T Visual interfaces to digital libraries %S Workshops %A Katy Borner %A Chaomei Chen %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 425 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544375 %X Today's digital libraries (DLs) are content rich, multimedia, multilingual collections that are distributed and accessed worldwide. Designing useful interfaces to access, understand, and manage this knowledge has become an active and challenging field of study. Visual interfaces to DLs aim to shift the user's mental load from slow reading to faster perceptual processes such as visual pattern recognition. They draw on progress in the new field of Information Visualization. The workshop in 2002 continues the theme started at JCDL 2001. In addition, the growth of the field warrants new perspectives on some of the issues we have addressed last year. %M C.DL.02.426 %T Workshop on the creation of standardized test collections, tasks and metrics for music information retrieval (MIR) and music digital library (MDL) evaluation %S Workshops %A J. Stephen Downie %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 426 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544376 %X This workshop is designed to engage the participation of all those interested in MIR and MDL research and evaluation. Interested parties have been encouraged to submit formal "White Papers" outlining their individual perspectives on what needs to be done to create meaningful MIR and MDL test collections, retrieval tasks and evaluation metrics. Interested parties include musicologists, music theorists, audio-retrieval experts, symbolic-retrieval experts, librarians, lawyers, and business representatives. The compilation of these perspectives and the discussion that follows at the workshop are intended to form the bedrock upon which a solid foundation of future research can be built. %M C.DL.02.427 %T Digital gazetteers: integration into distributed digital library services %S Workshops %A Linda L. Hill %A Gail Hodge %A David Smith %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 427 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544377 %X This NKOS workshop for JCDL (the 5th in the series: http://nkos.slis.kent.edu/) will focus on work-in-progress on gazetteer services and gazetteer-related projects in connection with distributed digital library services. It builds on the Digital Gazetteer Information Exchange (DGIE) workshop funded by the NSF in October 1999.Digital gazetteers are specialized KOS that map placenames and types of places to map-based locations and thus integrate word-based georeferencing to map-based georeferencing. The format consists of invited and selected presentations and discussion sessions, with the goal of developing collaborations for future research and development. Participants may provide handouts describing their own gazetteer and other NKOS related projects and will be given the opportunity to introduce their work and their interests briefly. %M C.DL.02.428 %T Text retrieval conference (TREC) genomics pre-track workshop %S Workshops %A William Hersh %B DL02 %D 2002 %P 428 %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/544220.544378 %X The goal of this workshop is to allow individuals interested in the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC, trec.nist.gov) Genomics Pre-Track to come together to discuss common goals and interests for the pre-track. The workshop will be designed to generate a plan for developing a common set of tasks, databases, and evaluation measures for the pre-track. The morning will be devoted to presentations by attendees, with the topics to be covered determined by selection by the program committee. The afternoon will be geared towards developing a plan for the pre-track, with the structure based on the number of attendees (i.e., if attendance is large, we will break into small groups). fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI95-2c.BA %T The CHI Tutorial Program: Just What is the "Common Ground"? %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Mark Altom %A Marian G. Williams %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.330 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 330 %K SIGCHI, Tutorials, Common ground %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/sigs/ma_bdy.htm %X The formal feedback that is traditionally available to the tutorial program planning committee comes from survey questionnaires filled out by tutorial attendees at prior conferences. The surveys are extremely valuable for helping the tutorial committee decide whether individual tutorials meet the needs of attendees. However, the theme of CHI'96, "Common Ground," suggests that we can do more to shape the content and evolution of the CHI tutorial program. At this SIG, we hope to gather opinions and experiences that will help us look at the tutorial program as a whole. This is not the place to compliment or zing an individual tutorial. Rather, it is a place to help shape the future of the CHI tutorial program. Although we are the co-chairs for the CHI'96 tutorial program, we want to make it clear that this SIG is not a CHI'96 planning meeting. Rather, we hope it will be the beginning of an on-going discussion about what the CHI tutorial program should be. %T Contextual Techniques: Handling the Organization %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Karen Holtzblatt %A Hugh Beyer %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.331 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 331 %K Design process, Contextual inquiry, Customer-centered design, Ethnography, Usability, Team design, Domain analysis %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/sigs/hrb2_bdy.htm %X Contextual techniques, which ensure good system design by taking the designer out into the users' world, are revolutionizing the way organizations approach design. But since the techniques are still new and unfamiliar, practitioners still wrestle with the problem of marrying this new way of working to traditional development. This SIG gives practitioners the chance to hear others tell how they successfully overcame this challenge, to share their experience, and to get help and perspective on the specific problems they face. The SIG will interest practitioners and researchers concerned with gathering and using of field data in design, whether they do this now or would like to do it in the future. %T Visual Interaction Design Special Interest Area Annual Meeting %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Loretta Staples %A Suzanne Watzman %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.332 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 332 %K Design, Graphic design, Visual design, Interaction design, Product design, Industrial design, Information design, Special interest group, Special interest area %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/sigs/ls2bdy.htm %X This fifth annual gathering will provide an informal opportunity for visual communicators at CHI to meet and share ideas and work. In the past, attendees have included practitioners in graphic and industrial design, design educators and students, and those interested in the visual design of interactive digital environments. Most of the meeting will be devoted to informal presentations by attendees who will be invited (through a VISUAL-L announcement) to bring design work to share. These may include demonstrations of recent work or works-in-progress, student presentations, and experimental pieces. A high-end Macintosh and PC will be available. A portion of the meeting will be reserved to discuss a proposed project for CHI'96 -- a functional "design studio" to be located within the Interactive Experience area of the conference. The studio would be "staffed" with volunteers for the duration of the conference to offer design feedback to conference attendees and to serve as a living illustration of the visual design process from the standpoint of design development, iteration, and critique. Preliminary discussion about this project has already taken place in San Francisco among a small group of Bay Area CHI members. Further planning on proceeding with this particular proposal will take place at this meeting. %T Current Issues in Assessing and Improving Documentation Usability %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Stephanie Rosenbaum %A Judith Ramey %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.333 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 333 %K Documentation, Documentation usability, Information development, Documentation standards, Usability testing, Product development %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/sigs/srm_bdy.htm %X User documentation, whether in print or "built in" to the online user interface, is now a vital element of successful computer products. Managers and developers recognize that the common model of documentation as remediation for deficient design must not persist, but they often don't know how to build documentation usability into an ongoing product-development effort. Therefore, this meeting is a forum on human factors in computer documentation. With the growth of online user support and the increasing integration of documentation with the user interface, this SIG provides CHI'95 attendees a specific opportunity to discuss recent developments in documentation usability. Topics include: * Addressing documentation usability early in the product design process * Qualitative and quantitative methods for collecting documentation usability data * Roles and relationships among documentation specialists, user-interface designers, and software developers * Schedule and budget issues relating to documentation usability The structure of the SIG is informal discussion, moderated by the session leaders. If attendees have additional issues or concerns related to documentation usability, we welcome them. The first five minutes of the session will be used to create and prioritize a list of specific topics for discussion. We will audiotape the session and make either copies of the tape or meeting notes (depending on volunteers) available to the SIG participants after the conference. %T The Garnet and Amulet User Interface Development Environments %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Brad A. Myers %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.334 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 334 %K User interface management systems, User interface development environments, Toolkits, Interface builders, Demonstrational interfaces, Lisp, C++ %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/sigs/bmy_bdy.htm %T Ergonomic Standards for Software: Economic and Design Implications %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Patricia A. Billingsley %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.335 missing %D 1995 %V 2 %P 335 %K Software user interface standards, Software ergonomics, European Union, ISO 9241 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %X In response to a 1990 European health and safety directive, the member nations of the European Union (EU) have begun to adopt minimum ergonomic standards for computer hardware and software used in office environments. Most EU countries have chosen to base their national ergonomic standards on the 17-part ISO 9241 standard, Ergonomic Requirements for Office Work with VDTs. However, since most of the software-related parts of the ISO 9241 standard are still incomplete, countries cannot yet formally reference the ISO software material in their national regulations. In this session, we will discuss the different strategies EU nations have adopted to fill this gap, and their impact on the design, development, and marketing of software for European customers. The session will also address the impact of the European initiative on national and international ergonomic standards committees as they continue their efforts to develop reasonable and meaningful standards for software user interfaces. The final half-hour of the session will be set aside for an open discussion with the audience. %T Usability Management Maturity, Part 1: Self-Assessment -- How Do You Stack Up? %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A George A. Flanagan %A Thyra L. Rauch %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.336 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 336 %K Usability, Software, Human factors, Organization, Process %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/sigs/trh1_bdy.htm %X This SIG is a follow-up to the "Issues in Human Factors Organization and Practices" SIG held at CHI'94. During that session, many people expressed interest in the assessment methodology used to evaluate the maturity of usability management in organizations. The intent of this SIG is to provide a forum for participants to assess their own organizations using structured evaluation methods similar to those that the SIG leader previously used in 53 organizational assessments. Participants in this SIG may also want to attend the follow-up SIG, "Usability Management Maturity -- Part 2, Usability Techniques: What can you do?" which explores techniques available for dealing with any weaknesses identified in the self-assessment. %T Getting Respect: Beyond Lip-Service to HCI Contributions %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Harold H. Miller-Jacobs %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.337 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 337 %K HCI contributions, Organizational effectiveness, HCI tools & techniques %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/sigs/als_bdy.htm %X Do you have to fight to get funding for your HCIactivities? Does your organization pay lip-service to usability? This SIG will help identify tools and techniques that have been successfully used in getting smaller organizations to recognize the need and value of HCI studies and in particular usability evaluations. %T Usability Management Maturity, Part 2: Usability Techniques -- What Can You Do? %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Thyra L. Rauch %A George A. Flanagan %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.338 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 338 %K Usability, Software, Human factors, Methodologies, Activities %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/sigs/trh2_bdy.htm %X This session is a follow-up to both the Special Interest Group (SIG) "Usability Management Maturity, Part 1, Self Assessment: How do you stack up?" held earlier today (an opportunity to self-assess the maturity of your organization's usability activities), and to the "Issues in Human Factors Organization and Practices" SIG held at CHI'94, at which interest was expressed in discussing ways to ascend the usability maturity scale. If you are from an organization with informal or no usability teams, then this is an opportunity to explore and discuss various tools and techniques (e.g. prototyping and user selection). %T SIGKID: Multimedia and Children %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Lynn Rosener %A Debra Lieberman %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.339 missing %D 1995 %V 2 %P 339 %K Children, Education, Entertainment, Interface design, Learning, Multimedia, Research, Usability testing %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %X This SIG will focus on the design of interactive multimedia for children and teens. Its purpose is to establish a community of researchers, educators, and multimedia practitioners who want to exchange information about the goals, interface, curriculum, content, format, and evaluation of entertainment and educational multimedia for young people. At the first meeting, participants will have the opportunity to explore basic issues and share practical ideas about the design and development of children's interactive products. The children's software and video game market is exploding. What are the ingredients of a successful children's product? A great deal of information can be found in the research literature and in educators' and practitioners' heads about children's special needs, interests, and abilities when it comes to interactive software, yet there is no easy way to find that information and integrate it into new products. A SIG focusing on multimedia and children would provide a forum for discussing recent developments and sharing resources. SIG participants will raise and define the issues, which may include: * Information needs. What should we know about children in order to design engaging and effective children's multimedia? * Design issues. What is unique about designing multimedia for children? How do children differ from adults in their use and understanding of interactive media? * Usability testing. What are some techniques to use when testing software with children and teens? * Access to research results. How can we develop products that draw on the latest findings in the research literature? * Access to each other. How can we stay in touch throughout the year? %T Subjective Usability Feedback from the Field over a Network %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Bruce Elgin %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.340 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 340 %K Usability, Remote evaluation, Network, User feedback, User motivation, Subjective feedback %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/sigs/be_bdy.htm %X How can good continuous feedback about the effectiveness of a computer-human interface be obtained from distributed users? What kinds of useful subjective usability feedback can be obtained over a network? What approaches and techniques can be used to: * secure the willingness and confidence of users to communicate usability problems and concerns, * assist them in recognizing useful feedback, * assist them in communicating feedback with minimum effort? %T Computer Systems Technical Group (CSTG) Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Martha E. Crosby %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.341 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 341 %K Human aspects of interactive computer systems %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/sigs/mcy_bdy.htm %X This special interest group is one of the two yearly meetings of the Computer Systems Technical Group of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. %T Using Speech and Audio in the Interface %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Stephanie Everett %A Bill Gaver %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.342 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 342 %K Auditory interfaces, Speech interfaces, Multimodal interfaces, Sound, Acoustic displays, Sonification, Auditory perception %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/sigs/se_bdy.htm %X A workshop entitled The Future of Speech and Audio in the Interface [1] was held at CHI'94 with the goal of further defining the emerging area of sound in user interfaces and applications, and exploring applications, research areas, and interaction techniques that use audio in the interface. The focus of the workshop was on the "CHI perspective" of using speech and sound to exploit the audio channel for the user's benefit. This SIG is designed as a follow-on to that workshop; the focus of the workshop will provide the focus for this session as well. %T Participatory Design Practices: A Special Interest Group %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Elizabeth B.-N. Sanders %A Elizabeth H. Nutter %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.343 missing %D 1995 %V 2 %P 343 %K Participatory design, Participation, User-centered design, Usefulness research, Exploratory research, Participatory analysis %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %X This special interest group will focus on participatory design and its methods, tools, and practices. The key idea in participatory design is that users and other stakeholders become direct participants in the design and development of systems, products, and spaces. This approach is different from more traditional design development approaches that employ users as respondents who react to and/or validate previously constructed concepts, ideas, models, and/or prototypes. GOALS: * To provide a forum for people with experience in participatory design to share methods, ideas, and experiences. * To provide an opportunity for people with an interest in, or curiosity about, participatory design to learn more about the field from the people who are currently practicing it. * To establish a network of participatory design practitioners who are willing to share what they have learned in practice in an ongoing manner. %T Usability Lab Tools %S Special Interest Groups (SIGs) %A Paul Weiler %A Bob Hendrich %A Monty Hammontree %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.344 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 344 %K Usability, Tools, Data collection, Laboratory, Testing, Logging, Video, Analysis %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/sigs/pwr_bdy.htm %X This Special Interest Group (SIG) will be an update to panels and SIGs from previous conferences including CHI and the Usability Professionals Association. The intent of the SIG is to provide a forum for the exchange of new ideas and technologies in the area of usability laboratory tools. Experts in the area will meet to discuss and demonstrate recent developments in tools and talk about future plans. Topics for discussion include event logging, observation logging, video tape analysis, digital video, highlight tape production, remote usability testing, and other new techniques/technologies. Anyone involved or interested in usability testing is invited to attend. %T Introduction & Overview of Human-Computer Interaction %S Tutorials %A Keith A. Butler %A Robert J. K. Jacob %A Bonnie E. John %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.345 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 1 %P 345-346 %K Human-computer interaction, Usability engineering, Human performance engineering, Cognitive modeling, Analysis methods, Interaction styles, Interaction hardware, User interface software, User interface management systems %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/kb_bdy.htm %X The objective of this special introductory seminar is to provide newcomers to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) with an introduction and overview of the field. The material will begin with a brief history of the field, followed by presentation and discussion of how good application development methods pull on the interdisciplinary technologies of HCI. The topics will include the psychology of human-computer interaction, psychologically-based design methods and tools, user interface media and tools, and introduction to user interface architecture. %T Interactive Learning Environments: Where They've Come From & Where They're Going %S Tutorials %A Elliot Soloway %A Kate Bielaczyc %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.347 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 2 %P 347-348 %K Education & computers, Interactive learning environments, Intelligent tutoring systems, Constructionism %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/es_bdy.htm %X A historical survey of the various teaching and training technologies will be given. The architectures of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) systems, simulations, intelligent tutoring systems (ITS), microworlds, and interactive learning environments (ILE) will be described. In addition, the types of learning outcomes that can be expected from the various technologies will also be summarized. Emphasis will be placed on how the 90's computing infrastructure (e.g., high-MIP/GIP computation, high-bandwidth networks) will impact teaching and training, e.g., what is the role of multimedia, computer-aided design systems, ubiquitous access to information, the home information appliance, in learning? What will the impact be as we transition from User-Centered Design to Learner-Centered Design? Case studies from real instructional systems will be used to illustrate the main points in the tutorial. %T Methods of Cognitive Analysis for HCI %S Tutorials %A Douglas J. Gillan %A Nancy J. Cooke %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.349 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 3 %P 349-350 %K Cognition, Cognitive task analysis, Design, User testing %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/dg2_bdy.htm %X This tutorial teaches participants about methods used to measure cognitive content, structure, and processes in an active hands-on manner, and how to apply those methods to HCI. The structure of the tutorial centers around the phases of a design process; the areas of cognition addressed are perception, memory, language, and thinking. For the initial analytical phase of design, the tutorial describes methods for measuring visual search, the structure of semantic memory, and process tracing. Methods for measuring readability and comprehension, as well as memory recall and recognition are applied to data from the second phase -- design and diagnostic testing. For the third phase -- system testing, the discussion focuses on scaling methods and statistical techniques. %T Enabling Technology for Users with Special Needs %S Tutorials %A Alan Edwards %A Alistair D. N. Edwards %A Elizabeth D. Mynatt %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.351 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 4 %P 351-352 %K Disability, Human-computer interaction, Rehabilitation engineering, Users with special needs %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/edm1bdy.htm %X The field of human-computer interface design profits from understanding potential users and exploring difficult design problems. Addressing the design of enabling technology for users with special needs offers both those advantages. Adapting computer interfaces for access and use by people with various physical and cognitive impairments exposes many basic human-computer interface design issues. Likewise, these efforts will result in computer interfaces which are more attractive and usable by all. %T Cognitive Factors in Design: Basic Phenomena in Human Memory and Problem Solving %S Tutorials %A Thomas T. Hewett %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.353 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 5 %P 353-354 %K Memory, Problem solving, Design, Models of the user %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/th_bdy.htm %X This tutorial provides a "hands-on" (actually, "minds-on") exploration of several basic processes and phenomena of human memory, and problem solving. The emphasis is on developing both intuitive and formal knowledge which can serve as background knowledge useful in making educated design judgments when design guidelines fail, conflict, or are nonexistent. The demonstrations used emphasize phenomena with which any theory of memory or problem solving must deal. In addition, the tutorial suggests some of the general implications of these phenomena for designing interactive computing systems. %T Groupware and Workflow: A Survey of Systems and Behavioral Issues %S Tutorials %A Steven Poltrock %A Jonathan Grudin %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.355 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 6 %P 355-356 %K Groupware, Workflow, Computer-supported cooperative work, Computer-mediated communication, Collaborative work, Electronic mail, Computer-supported meetings, Desktop conferencing, Video conferencing, Coordination, Organizational design %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/sep_bdy.htm %X This course describes the origin and composition of groupware and workflow management, and discusses significant behavioral and social (as contrasted with technical) challenges to successful development. Recent research prototypes and commercial products are covered, focusing on advances in supporting communication, cooperation, and coordination (primarily through workflow management). Finally, we describe several approaches to addressing the behavioral and social obstacles. Video illustrations of systems and issues are used throughout the tutorial. %T Managing the Design of the User Interface %S Tutorials %A Deborah J. Mayhew %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.357 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 7 %P 357-358 %K System design, Implementation and use, Analysis methods, Managing human factors in system development, Cost-benefit analysis, Organization of human factors %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/dmw_bdy.htm %X The purpose of this tutorial is to provide an overview of practical methods and techniques for managing the process of designing good user interfaces. The tutorial is organized around a typical, modern project life cycle, and presents human factors methods which can be applied at different points in the development process. Methods and techniques presented include not only information gathering, design and evaluation techniques, but also organizational and managerial strategies. %T Contextual Inquiry: Grounding Your Design in Users' Work %S Tutorials %A Anne Smith Duncan %A Minette A. Beabes %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.359 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 8 %P 359-360 %K Contextual inquiry, Participatory design, Ethnographic methods, Qualitative research, Requirements, System design %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/asd_bdy.htm %X Contextual Inquiry [4] is a synthesis of ethnographic, field research, and participatory design [8] methods that provide designers with grounded and detailed knowledge of user work as a basis for their design. The tutorial provides an understanding of the fundamental principles behind Contextual Inquiry and practical experiences with methods for data gathering and data analysis. %T Introduction to Object-Oriented Design: A Minimalist Approach %S Tutorials %A Mary Beth Rosson %A John M. Carroll %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.361 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 9 %P 361-362 %K Object-oriented design, Object-oriented programming, Scenario-based design %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/mbr2body.htm %X The tutorial takes a minimalist approach to introducing object-oriented design (OOD): Students begin working on design projects immediately, creating object models of user task scenarios, and elaborating these models throughout the day to develop a complete design. The students learn methods of responsibility-driven design, as well as how to generalize from a single problem to support class and framework reuse. %T Global User Interface Design %S Tutorials %A Tony Fernandes %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.363 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 10 %P 363-364 %K International, User interface design, Diversity, Culture %K Internationalization, Globalization, Software Localization %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/tf_bdy.htm %X Computer software products have become a world-wide commodity. Yet little thought is given to how products that are shipped internationally should be designed to maintain a high level of usability. This tutorial looks at how this issue should be addressed in the user interface through interaction design, visual design, and through an understanding of the world's cultural differences. %T An Introduction to the Internet and the World Wide Web %S Tutorials %A Bill Hefley %A John "Scooter" Morris %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.365 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 11 %P 365-366 %K Internet, World Wide Web (WWW), Interactive systems design, HCI resources, Hypermedia %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/wh_bdy.htm %X The Internet has become an important aspect of the profession of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), both as part of the design landscape, and as an important resource for information related to HCI and related fields and technologies. This tutorial will present an introduction to the technology and history which has led to the current Internet, discuss some of the services and tools which are commonly used to access the Internet, and provide some guidance and experience on how to begin searching the Internet for information. In addition, a specific technology which is rapidly becoming one of the central mechanisms for providing information on the Internet, the World Wide Web, will be presented and explored in detail. %T Tools and Trade-Offs: Making Wise Choices for User-Centered Design %S Tutorials %A Stephanie Rosenbaum %A Judith Ramey %A Judee Humburg %A Anne Seeley %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.367 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 12 %P 367-368 %K User-centered design, Design methodologies, Product life cycle, Product development cycle, User data collection, Customer data collection, Usability, Documentation usability, Documentation design, Functional specifications %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/slr_bdy.htm %X How can we choose among customer data collection methods when limited staff and financial resources must be spread across the whole development cycle? This tutorial helps participants understand the tradeoffs, so they can make effective choices among methods at different points during product design and development. It focuses on early user-centered intervention to gain cost-effective, reusable end-user information. %T Practical Usability Evaluation %S Tutorials %A Gary Perlman %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.369 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 13 %P 369-370 %K User interface, Evaluation/methodology, Software engineering, Tools and techniques, User interfaces, Information systems, User/machine systems, Human factors %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/gp1_bdy.htm %X Practical Usability Evaluation is an introduction to cost-effective, low-skill, low-investment methods of usability assessment. The methods include (1) Inspection Methods (e.g., heuristic evaluation), (2) Observational Skills and Video (including user testing with think-aloud protocols), (3) Program Instrumentation, and (4) Questionnaires. The tutorial features many step-by-step procedures to aid in evaluation plan design. %T Converting to Graphical User Interfaces: Design Guidelines for Success %S Tutorials %A Arlene F. Aucella %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.371 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 14 %P 371-372 %K Graphical user interface design, Windows, Scroll bars, Icons, Dialogue boxes, Pull-down menus, Input devices, Usability engineering %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/afa_bdy.htm %X This tutorial reviews published research, guidelines and case studies on ease-of-use for graphical user interfaces. Many text-based user interfaces are being converted into graphical user interface platforms. This tutorial emphasizes using graphical user interface components without undermining good principles of design. Course topics include windows, icons, menus and dialogue boxes. Usability aspects of commercial graphical interfaces such as Apple Macintosh, Microsoft Windows and OSF Motif are compared and evaluated. In addition, techniques for collecting user feedback and usability data are discussed. A multi-part class exercise gives participants skill in converting a non-graphical menu and forms-based user interface into a pull-down menu and dialogue box interface. %T Metaphor Design in User Interfaces: How to Effectively Manage Expectation, Surprise, Comprehension, and Delight %S Tutorials %A Aaron Marcus %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.373 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 15 %P 373-374 %K Consumers, Culture, Diversity, Graphic design, Icons, Information design, Metaphors, Multimedia, Rhetoric, Semantics, Semiotics, Symbols, User interfaces, Visible language %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/ams_bdy.htm %X User interface design requires designing metaphors, the essential terms, concepts, and images representing data, functions, tasks, roles, organizations, and people. Advanced user interfaces require consideration of new metaphors and repurposing of older ones. Awareness of semiotics principles, in particular the use of metaphors, can assist researchers and developers in achieving more efficient, effective ways to communicate to more diverse user communities. %T Teaching User Interface Development to Software Engineers %S Tutorials %A Gary Perlman %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.375 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 16 %P 375-376 %K Computer and information science education, Curriculum, Project and people management, Staffing, Training, Human factors, Management, Education, Software engineering, User interface %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/gp2_bdy.htm %X Teaching User Interface Development to Software Engineers is an overview of the analysis, design, implementation and evaluation topics to teach and the resources to teach them to software engineers, the people who make most of the user interface design decisions. The goal is to improve the quality of user interface development instruction for software engineers and in turn improve the quality of the user interfaces they build. %T Usability Inspection Methods %S Tutorials %A Jakob Nielsen %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.377 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 17 %P 377-378 %K Usability engineering, Heuristic evaluation, Cognitive walkthroughs, Pluralistic walkthroughs, Feature inspection, Consistency inspection, Standards inspection %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/jn_bdy.htm %X Usability inspection is the generic name for a set of cost-effective ways of evaluating user interfaces to find usability problems. They are fairly informal methods and easy to use. %T Designing Educational Computer Environments for Children %S Tutorials %A Allison Druin %A Cynthia Solomon %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.379 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 18 %P 379-380 %K Children, Educational theories, Design process, Prototyping, Historical perspective, Interactive textbook %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/ad_bdy.htm %X This full-day, introductory tutorial will contain lectures and a hands-on design session, for educators and other professionals who are, or would like to be, actively engaged in designing multimedia environments for children. Participants will explore the special challenges and global implications of designing educational computer environments for children. Participants will begin this full-day tutorial with an introduction to past, present, and emerging technologies for children. This will be followed by a hands-on design session where elementary school children will join participants in designing and prototyping a new educational computer environment. Participants will leave this tutorial with a historical perspective on what has been done in this field, as well as actual design experience. %T Designing Icons and Visual Symbols %S Tutorials %A William Horton %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.381 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 19 %P 381-382 %K Icons, Visual symbols, Pictographs, Design, Language %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/wkh_bdy.htm %X This one-day tutorial teaches a systematic way to develop icons and other visual symbols. It shows how designers can develop consistent sets of understandable icons by treating icons as a language and applying accepted ergonomic principles. %T Designing Hypertext Documents for the World Wide Web %S Tutorials %A Darrell Sano %A Carl Meske %A Jarrett Rosenberg %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.383 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 20 %P 383-384 %K Hypertext, Visual design, Graphical design, User interface design, Mosaic, World-Wide Web %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/jrg_bdy2.htm %X This all-day tutorial teaches how to create hypertext documents in HTML for use with the World Wide Web, along with visual design principles to make such documents pleasant and efficient conveyors of information. %T Diversity and Depth in Participatory Design: Working with a Mosaic of Users and other Stakeholders in the Software Development Lifecycle %S Tutorials %A Michael J. Muller %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.385 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 21 %P 385-386 %K Participatory design, Collaborative design, Participatory practices, Usability methods, User centered design, User interface design, Task analysis, Requirements analysis, Usability assessment, CARD, PICTIVE, Bifocals, PANDA %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/mm3bdy.htm %X This advanced-level tutorial extends conceptions of participatory activities in software development processes. Diversity in practice begins with a re-assessment of two methods for participatory design -- CARD and PICTIVE -- to include applications in participatory analysis and participatory assessment. These experiences are generalized to a broader approach called PANDA (Participatory ANalysis, Design, and Assessment). Topics in support of participatory activities cover democratic processes for small groups, as well as theoretical and heuristic approaches to working with a mosaic of dissimilar people in terms of mutual validation, learning, exchange, and respect. The tutorial's themes are integrated in a closing discussion of participatory methods in the software lifecycle. %T Usability Evaluation with the Cognitive Walkthrough %S Tutorials %A John Rieman %A Marita Franzke %A David Redmiles %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.387 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 22 %P 387-388 %K Cognitive walkthroughs, Usability inspections, Exploratory learning, Software engineering %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/jr_bdy.htm %X The cognitive walkthrough is a technique for evaluating the design of a user interface, with special attention to how well the interface supports "exploratory learning," i.e., first-time use without formal training. The evaluation can be performed by the system's designers in the early stages of design, before empirical user testing is possible. Early versions of the walkthrough method relied on a detailed series of questions, to be answered on paper or electronic forms. This tutorial presents a simpler method, founded in an understanding of the cognitive theory that describes a user's interactions with a system. The tutorial refines the method on the basis of recent empirical and theoretical studies of exploratory learning with display-based interfaces. The strengths and limitations of the walkthrough method are considered, and it is placed into the context of a more complete design approach. %T An Introduction to MS-Windows Software Development %S Tutorials %A Linda R. Jacobson %B CHI95 %M ?? badly broken html %M ?? http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/ACMcopyright.html broken %M C.CHI.95.2.389 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 23 %P 389-390 %K Event-driven programming, MS Windows SDK, Screen management, MS Windows programming %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/ljn_bdy.htm %X This is an introductory class that covers the basic concepts of Microsoft Windows software development. These include event-driven programming, message routing and message handling, and screen management issues. The class provides an overview of the Windows functional library (the Software Development Kit) and how it is used to handle menu selections, paint the screen, and display, update and read dialog boxes. A simple program is analyzed to demonstrate these concepts. %T Contextual Design: Using Customer Work Models to Drive System Design %S Tutorials %A Karen Holtzblatt %A Hugh Beyer %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.391 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 24 %P 391-392 %K Design process, Customer-centered design, Usability, Team design, Domain analysis, Work modeling %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/hrb1_bdy.htm %X Field data gathering techniques such as Contextual Inquiry enable a design team to gather the detailed data they need. These techniques produce enormous amounts of information on how the customers of a system work. This creates a new problem-how to represent all this detail in a coherent, comprehensible form, which can be a suitable basis for design? An affinity diagram effectively shows the scope of the customer problem, but is less effective at capturing and coherently representing the details of how people work. Design teams need a way to organize this detail so they can use it within their own development process. In this tutorial we present the latest methods for representing detailed information about work practice and using these representations to drive system design. These methods have been adopted over the last few years by major product development and information systems organizations. We show how to represent the work of individual users, how to generalize these to describe a whole market or department, and how to use these to drive innovative design. We present both the representation methods and the process by which we build and use them. Participants receive extensive practice in the techniques and also in the team skills necessary to do this work as part of a design team. We show how these methods fit into the Contextual Design process, which gathers field data and uses it to drive design through a well-defined series of steps. The tutorial is particularly appropriate for those who have used field techniques, especially Contextual Inquiry, and would like to put more structure on the process of using field data. %T CPM-GOMS: An Analysis Method for Tasks with Parallel Activities %S Tutorials %A Bonnie E. John %A Wayne D. Gray %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.393 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 25 %P 393-394 %K GOMS, User models, Cognitive models, Analytic methods %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/bej0_bdy.htm %X GOMS is a family of techniques for analyzing human performance in terms of the Goals, Operators, Methods and Selection rules necessary to perform a task. Traditionally, GOMS has approximated human performance as perceptual, cognitive, and motor activities performed sequentially. However, many tasks require users to perform activities in parallel, e.g., visually searching for information, while listening to a customer, while typing. This tutorial will teach aversion of GOMS, CPM-GOMS, that predicts performance on such tasks and saved an industrial organization millions of dollars through the evaluation of alternative system designs. %T Designing for Complex Products %S Tutorials %A Jared M. Spool %A Carolyn Snyder %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.395 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 26 %P 395-396 %K Prototyping, Low-fidelity prototyping, Process management, Product development, Contextual inquiry, Modeling, Practical techniques, Wizards, Cue cards, Guided learning, Complexity management %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/jsl1_bdy.htm %X Increasingly, software interfaces bear the burden for communicating new and complex concepts to users. To do this, the designer can employ create wizards, cue cards, drag-and-drop, or other similar techniques. Interfaces contain an ever-increasing amount of functionality. But, in order for these methods to be effective, they must be properly designed. How does the designer determine which approach is called for? How can the designer determine what the user needs? How can the designer create these tools so that they are effective? This tutorial examines the latest interface tools and the techniques for developing them for complex products. %T Models, Prototypes, and Evaluations for HCI Design: Making the Structured Approach Practical %S Tutorials %A George Casaday %A Cynthia Rainis %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.397 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 27 %P 397-398 %K Design process, Structured design, Modeling, Prototyping, Formative evaluation %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/gc_bdy.htm %X Designing human-computer interaction can be a large and complex task. One way to manage that complexity is to divide design into smaller interrelated subcomponents; this is called the structured approach. It is an excellent way for a beginner to learn design and for a team to stay on track while doing design. However, there are some difficult parts of the structured approach that must be handled for the approach to be practical: A good selection of subcomponents must be made, the relationships among them must be taken into account, and effort must be allocated to them in balance. This tutorial teaches a robust, practical, and learnable route to the structured approach for designing human-computer interaction. The tutorial offers examples, templates, and practice on a specific set of design artifacts called intermediate work products and a process for creating and evaluating them in practical team design. The presentation is accessible to beginners but the techniques are taken from real practice and can be applied immediately. %T Intuitive Statistics for CHI Practitioners: Developing Understanding and Avoiding Bloopers %S Tutorials %A Jeff Johnson %A Robin Jeffries %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.399 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 28 %P 399-400 %K Statistics, Experimental design, Probability, Intuition, Common sense %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/jaj1bdy.htm %X This full-day tutorial tries a new approach to teaching statistics to CHI practitioners. The approach avoids two errors common in statistics pedagogy: 1) snowing students with mathematics and 2) handing them "recipes" to apply without understanding. Instead, this tutorial focuses on building intuition and common-sense understanding. %T Interface Issues and Interaction Strategies for Information Retrieval Systems %S Tutorials %A Scott Henninger %A Nick Belkin %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.401 %D 1995 %V 2 %N 29 %P 401-402 %K Information retrieval, User interfaces, Databases, Information systems, Interaction strategies %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/tutors/sh_bdy.htm %X The need for effective information retrieval systems becomes increasingly important as computer-based information repositories grow larger and more diverse. In this tutorial, we will present the key issues involved in the use and design of effective interfaces to information retrieval systems. The process of satisfying information needs is analyzed as a problem solving activity in which users learn and refine their needs as they interact with a repository. Current systems are analyzed in terms of key interface and interaction techniques such as querying, browsing, and relevance feedback. We will discuss the impact of information seeking strategies on the search process and what is needed to more effectively support the search process. Retrieval system evaluation techniques will be discussed in terms of their implications for users. We close by outlining some user-centered design strategies for retrieval systems. %T Exploring Large Tables with the Table Lens %S Videos %A Ramana Rao %A Stuart K. Card %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.403 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 403-404 %K Information visualization, Exploratory data analysis, Graphical representations, Focus+Context technique, Fisheye technique, Tables, Spreadsheets, Relational tables %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/rr_bdy.htm %X The Table Lens is a new technique for visualizing and making sense of large tables. By fusing symbolic and graphical representations into a single manipulable focus+context display and providing a small set of interactive operations (e.g. sorting), the Table Lens supports navigating around a large data space easily isolating and investigating interesting features and patterns. This high-bandwidth interactivity enables an extremely powerful style of direct manipulation exploratory data analysis. %T Visual Decision-Making: Using Treemaps for the Analytic Hierarchy Process %S Videos %A Toshiyuki Asahi %A David Turo %A Ben Shneiderman %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.405 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 405-406 %K Visualization, Treemap, Analytic hierarchy process, AHP, Decision support %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/ta_bdy.htm %X The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a decision-making method based upon division of problem spaces into hierarchies, is visualized through the use of treemaps, which pack large amounts of hierarchical information into small screen spaces. Two direct manipulation tools, presented metaphorically as a "pump" and a "hook," were developed and applied to the treemap to support AHP sensitivity analysis. The problem of construction site selection is considered in this video. Apart from its traditional use for problem/information space visualization, the treemap also serves as a potent visual tool for "what if" type analysis. %T The DragMag Image Magnifier %S Videos %A Colin Ware %A Marlon Lewis %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.407 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 407-408 %K Data display, Pan, Scroll, Zoom %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/cw2_bdy.htm %X Computer image magnification often results in the loss of the contextual information. Two image magnification prototypes are presented that solve this problem. In both the base image is shown at all times with lines connecting the magnified region on the base image to the magnified image. Both prototypes allow for smooth pan, scroll, and zoom of large 2D images with both coarse and fine translation movements. The second design implements a magnifying glass metaphor whereby the degree of magnification is controlled by the distance of the enlarged image to the magnified region of the base image. %T SageTools: An Intelligent Environment for Sketching, Browsing, and Customizing Data-Graphics %S Videos %A Steven Roth %A John Kolojejchick %A Joe Mattis %A Mei C. Chuah %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.409 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 409-410 %K Graphic design, Data visualization, Automatic presentation systems, Intelligent interfaces, Design environments, Interactive techniques %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/sfr_bdy.htm %X Our approach views data-graphic design as two complementary processes: design as a constructive process of selecting and arranging graphical elements, and design as a process of browsing and customizing previous cases. We present three novel tools for supporting these processes. SageBrush assembles data-graphics from primitive elements like bars, lines, and axes. SageBook browses previously created data-graphics relevant to current needs. SAGE automatically designs data-graphics, interpreting the user's specifications as conveyed with the other tools. The combined environment, SageTools, enhances user-directed design by providing automatic presentation capabilities with styles of interaction that support data-graphic design. %T A Taxonomy of See-Through Tools: The Video %S Videos %A Eric A. Bier %A Ken Fishkin %A Ken Pier %A Maureen C. Stone %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.411 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 411-412 %K Taxonomy, User interface, See-through, Transparent, Multi-hand, Lens, Viewing filter, Button, Menu, Control panel, Macro %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/eab1bdy.htm %X At the CHI'94 conference we presented a new user interface paradigm, the See-Through Interface, that allows movable tools to readily be brought to computer-based work. On a computer display, see-through tools appear on a semi-transparent sheet that can be positioned over applications using either hand. The tools are applied by clicking through them with a cursor controlled by the dominant hand. This video quickly reviews the see-through paradigm, and then illustrates a taxonomy of see-through tools [1, 4] with examples from graphical editing and text editing tasks. %T The Movable Filter as an Interface Tool: The Video %S Videos %A Eric A. Bier %A Ken Fishkin %A Ken Pier %A Maureen C. Stone %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.413 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 413-414 %K User interface, See-through, Transparent, Lens, Viewing filter, Composition, Browsing %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/eab2bdy.htm %X At the CHI'94 conference we presented a new user interface tool, the Magic Lens filter, that combines an arbitrarily-shaped region with an operator that changes the view of objects viewed through that region. On a computer display, Magic Lens filters appear on a Toolglass sheet that can be positioned over applications, much as a magnifying glass is moved over a newspaper. This video quickly reviews the basics of Magic Lens filters and then illustrates their evolution with examples of Magic Lens filters in use over a variety of applications. %T Building a Distributed Application Using Visual Obliq %S Videos %A Krishna Bharat %A Marc H. Brown %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.415 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 415-416 %K UIMS, GUI-builders, Application builders, Distributed applications, CSCW, Groupware %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/mhb_bdy.htm %X This video shows the construction of a distributed, multi-user application using Visual Obliq. In Visual Obliq, applications are created by designing the interface with a GUI-builder and embedding callback code in an interpreted language, in much the same way as one would build a traditional (non-distributed, single-user) application with a modern user interface development environment. The resulting application can be run from within the GUI-builder for rapid turnaround or as a stand-alone executable. The Visual Obliq runtime provides abstractions and support for issues specific to distributed computing, such as replication, sharing, communication, and session management. %T Lyberworld -- A 3D Graphical User Interface for Fulltext Retrieval %S Videos %A Matthias Hemmje %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.417 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 417-418 %K User interface, Information retrieval, Navigation, 3D, Spatial perception, Visualization %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/mhe_bdy.htm %X LyberWorld is a prototype IR user interface. It implements visualizations of an abstract information space: fulltext. The video demonstrates a visual user interface for the probabilistic fulltext retrieval system INQUERY. Visualizations are used to communicate information search and browsing activities in a natural way by applying metaphors of spatial navigation in abstract information spaces. Visualization tools for exploring information spaces and judging relevance of information items are introduced and an example session demonstrates the prototype. The presence of a spatial model in the user's mind is regarded as an essential contribution towards natural interaction and reduction of cognitive costs during retrieval dialogues. %T Organization Overviews and Role Management: Inspiration for Future Desktop Environments %S Videos %A Catherine Plaisant %A Ben Shneiderman %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.419 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 419-420 %K Role manager, Personal roles, Desktop metaphor, Coordination, Window management %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/cp_bdy.htm %T Ariel: Augmenting Paper Engineering Drawings %S Videos %A W. E. Mackay %A D. S. Pagani %A L. Faber %A B. Inwood %A P. Launiainen %A L. Brenta %A V. Pouzol %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.421 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 421-422 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/wem2bdy.htm %X Ariel is an example of a new approach to user interfaces called Augmented Reality (see Wellner et al., 1993, Mackay et al., 1993). The goal is to allow users to continue to use the ordinary, everyday objects they encounter in their daily work, and then to enhance or augment them with functionality from the computer. Ariel is designed to augment the use of a particular type of paper document: engineering drawings. Computer information (menus, multimedia annotations, access to a media space) is projected onto a drawing and users can interact with both the projected information and the paper drawing. The design of Ariel is based on studies of users in a distributed cooperative work setting (the construction of a bridge) combined with a scenario-based design approach in which users contribute to the development of design scenarios. This video shows the third Ariel prototype. Future versions will continue to evolve, based on input from users when the system is installed at the work site. %T SYNERGIES: A Vision of Information Products Working Together %S Videos %A Steve Anderson %A Shiz Kobara %A Barry Mathis %A Dustin Rosing %A Eviatar Shafrir %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.423 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 423-424 %K Future, Vision, Interfaces, Earthquake, Information appliance %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/san_bdy.htm %X SYNERGIES is a vision of how information products designed for everyday use will serve people in extraordinary situations. The year is 2001. Los Angeles is rocked by a major earthquake. Buildings collapse. Poisons fill the air. But a new kind of emergency response is underway. Equipped with various communications and information appliances which can be rapidly tailored to meet situation needs, a Neighborhood Emergency Team volunteer, a HAZMAT (Hazardous Materials) team, and an Urban Search and Rescue squad come to the aid of the victims. At the Emergency Operations Center, the nerve center for emergency planning and response, incidents are assigned priorities, resources are dispatched and logistics are managed. The underlying premise of SYNERGIES is that the most valuable information assets are informed people. Technology's role is to give people the facts they need to make decisions, and link them together to coordinate action. The interface concepts shown allow users to share information and communicate in the most direct and task-specific way possible. %T The Tablet Newspaper: A Vision for the Future %S Videos %A Teresa A. Martin %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.425 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 425 %K Electronic publishing, Newspaper interface design, Tablet, Information appliance, Information interface %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/tam_bdy.htm %X The Table Newspaper: A Vision for the Future overviews tomorrow's portable information appliances and the ways in which we may interact with information. It explores the role a newspaper may have in the digital era and the form a newspaper may take as an electronic product. %T A Three-Step Filtering Mechanism %S Videos %A Masashi Uyama %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.426 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 426-427 %K Innovation-decision process, Collaborative filtering, Context sensitivity, Trialability, Intelligent interface, Reflective learning %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/mu_bdy.htm %X Computer systems should help users find useful software services and integrate such services into their tasks. The three-step filtering mechanism selects services that trustworthy colleagues have recommended. It then selects services specific to the context of the user's task executions. Finally, the mechanism discloses the selected services to the user dynamically and unobtrusively. This context-sensitive disclosure allows users to try out new services in their own task context. The disclosure is unobtrusive since users can ignore the disclosure and continue with their tasks. With the task-associated press, users can reflectively learn such ignored services. %T Tactile-Based Direct Manipulation in GUIs for Blind Users %S Videos %A Helen Petrie %A Sarah Morley %A Gerhard Weber %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.428 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 428-429 %K Users with special needs, Blind users, Alternative interaction methods %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/videos/hp_bdy.htm %X The increasing use of graphical user interfaces is making computer systems more, rather than less difficult to interact with for blind users. One solution is to create interfaces for blind users which are based on auditory and tactile information rather than visual information. The GUIB Project is developing such an interface making use of a number of different information sources: synthetic and digitised speech, non-speech sounds, braille and a touchpad. This video illustrates how the GUIB interface allows users to directly manipulate interface objects using a touchpad and braille display with cursor routing buttons. This gives blind users the same sense of engagement with the interface which sighted users gain from using a mouse. %T Voice Systems: An Inventor's Guide %S Videos %A Chris K. Cowley %A Dylan M. Jones %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.430 missing %D 1995 %V 2 %P 430-431 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %X After many years of research and development, computer speech technology has finally achieved a level of sophistication conducive to commercial implementation in a wide variety of domains. Speech recognition, synthesis, and digitization facilities are now available at low cost for most computing systems. Widespread implementation of voice systems in the commercial and private sectors has highlighted the need for systematic research into the unique attributes of the auditory modality in human computer interaction. In order for computer speech technology to achieve its long-awaited potential, it is vital for designers to support the implementation of increasingly sophisticated technology with a solid foundation of human-factors research. Contemporary research in these areas in the United Kingdom is taking place in a number of institutions, including: the University of Wales School of Psychology and Dundee University's Micro centre. The film "Voice Systems" examines a wide range of research projects which have been conducted at these institutions, findings from which will be of benefit to speech system designers in all potential implementation domains. The film describes research and development in many areas such as: * Voice annotation * Designing voices * Talking with machines * Speech recognition and error correction * Perceptual centering * Future potential %T Cognitive Architectures & HCI %S Workshops %A Susan S. Kirschenbaum %A Wayne D. Gray %A Richard M. Young %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.432 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 432 %K Cognitive modeling, User modeling, Simulation %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/workshop/ssk_bdy.htm %X This workshop will focus on appropriate use of cognitive models for the analysis and solution of HCI problems. %T From "Model World" to "Magic World": Making Graphical Objects the Medium for Intelligent Design Assistance %S Workshops %A Loren Terveen %A Markus Stolze %A Will Hill %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.433 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 433 %K Model worlds, Magic worlds, Agents, Design assistance, What you see is what you want, Visualization %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/workshop/lgt2bdy.htm %T HCI Challenges in Government Contracting %S Workshops %A Ira S. Winkler %A Elizabeth A. Buie %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.434 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 434 %K User-centered design, Government contracting, Organizational context, Analysis %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/workshop/win_bdy.htm %X Governments spend huge resources on custom computer systems, developed by contractors to government specifications under government monitoring. Although a number of these systems involve defined usability efforts, a majority of the development efforts have little requirement for system usability. For these systems, usability generally relies on the awareness, skills, and perseverance of the developers. HCI practitioners face an exceptionally daunting task in government environments, because funding allocations for the various development activities are clearly defined very early in the development process. A relatively poor understanding of usability issues by most development and acquisition managers usually gives the HCI effort short shrift. Government HCI practitioners met at a Special Interest Group (SIG) Session at CHI'94 to discuss the challenges they face in their work assignments and to explore potential approaches to the challenges. %T Increasing Collaboration between Industry and Academia in HCI Education %S Workshops %A Susan B. Hornstein %A Maxine S. Cohen %A Laurie P. Dringus %A Andrew Sears %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.435 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 435-436 %K Education, Industry, Partnerships, Academic-industrial cooperation %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/workshop/sh_bdy.htm %X This workshop will continue to explore issues in HCI education. Our goal for the workshop is to identify ways to increase the collaboration between industry and academia, providing benefit to both. To accomplish this we will bring together a diverse group of participants, evenly distributed between university and industry representatives. %T Knowledge-Based Support for the User Interface Design Process %S Workshops %A Uwe Malinowski %A Kumiyo Nakakoji %A Jonas Lowgren %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.437 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 437 %K User-interface design support, Knowledge-based approaches, Design environments, Combination of support techniques %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/workshop/kn_bdy.htm %X The goal of this workshop is to develop a conceptual map for various supporting techniques for the user interface design process. Rather than applying a single technique, designers can use this map to decide which combination of supporting techniques is appropriate for their current task. During the process of constructing this map, opportunities and limitations of the technical combination of different approaches will be explored. In this workshop, rather than trying to find "the best approach," we use the assumption that combining the approaches increases usefulness as a prerequisite. No discussions about "which technique is better" are allowed. %T Gesture at the User Interface %S Workshops %A Alan Wexelblat %A Marc Cavazza %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.438 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 438 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/workshop/adw_bdy.htm %X The goal of this workshop is to explore the uses of, and research issues associated with, the use of empty-handed gesture at the user interface. This workshop will help disconnected research efforts become aware of each other and jointly work to identify issues that are important for progress in making full use of this mode at the user interface. It is our belief that the current set of disconnected research efforts addresses a common set of key research questions which need to be answered in order for gestural interfaces to make progress. %T Field Oriented Design Techniques: Case Studies and Organizing Dimensions %S Workshops %A Dennis Wixon %A Judy Ramey %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.439 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 439-440 %K Ethnographic methods, Field research, Participatory design, Qualitative research, Requirements gathering, System design %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/workshop/drw_bdy.htm %X N/A %T Formal Specification of User Interfaces %S Workshops %A Christopher Rouff %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.441 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 441 %K Formal specifications, User interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/workshop/cr_bdy.htm %X The goals of the workshop are to bring together researchers and practitioners to discuss: 1. Issues and problems surrounding current specification techniques. 2. Successes and failures in specification projects. 3. How current techniques could be improved. 4. Areas where current research should be focusing. Through this workshop it is hoped that better techniques for specifying user interfaces can be developed. %T Designing & Testing Groupware User Interfaces %S Workshops %A Jean C. Scholtz %A Anthony C. Salvador %A James A. Larson %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.442 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 442-443 %K User interface, Design, Evaluation, Groupware, Multiple-user, Multiple-use, Human-computer interaction, Human-automation interaction, Human-human interaction %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/workshop/jcs2bdy.htm %X The purpose of this workshop is to provide a synthesized view of the computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) and groupware knowledge and literature as specifically related to user interface design and evaluation. %T Minimizing Bias in Computer Systems %S Workshops %A Batya Friedman %A Helen Nissenbaum %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.444 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 444 %K Bias, Computer system design, Design methods, Ethics, Information systems, Social computing, Social impact %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/workshop/bf_bdy.htm %X A few Novembers ago I walked into my familiar voting place -- the run-down social hall of a local church in Berkeley, California. The same old voting booths on tottering legs with scant curtains greeted me. Inside, however, was something new -- a computerized voting card. With a bit of fumbling and careful reading of the directions, I think I figured the thing out. Cast my vote. Participated in the modern democracy. But nationwide, computer punch card tallying systems pose serious problems for fair elections. In particular, under-educated groups are more likely not to understand how the computerized system works and, thus, to invalidate their own votes by either not voting for a position, or by voting for more than one person per position [1]. This example begins to illustrate how the interface design of computerized voting systems can favor some groups over others. More generally, the example speaks to the problem of bias in computing technologies. In this workshop we are concerned with understanding bias in computer systems and developing methods to help minimize bias through the design process. The workshop builds on the organizers' previous work, presented in Amsterdam at InterCHI 1993 [2,3], which provides a framework for understanding biac in computer systems. In the workshop, we apply this framework and draw on participants' research and design experiences to (a) identify common biases in computer systems, (b) generate design guidelines for minimizing bias, and (c) gain hands-on experience with minimizing bias in a design. WORKSHOP GOALS * To share with colleagues a framework for understanding bias in computer systems. * To provide a forum (opportunity) for colleagues to discuss issues of bias in computer systems that have arisen from their own design experiences. * To work with colleagues to identify a list of common biases and means to minimize them. For example interface designs that rely on color to convey information can become biased against people who are colorblind. Such bias against colorblind people can be avoided by encoding the information not only in the hue, but in its intensity, or in some other formal unrelated to color. * To work with colleagues to generate design guidelines to minimize bias. For example, rapid prototyping, formative evaluation, and field testing with a well-conceived population of users can be an effective means to detect unintentional biases in a design early on in the design process. * To provide colleagues with a "low tech" hands-on experience with minimizing bias in the design of an interface. %T Collecting User Information on a Limited Budget %S Workshops %A Alison Popowicz %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.445 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 445 %K User profiles, Usability engineering, Surveys, Questionnaires, Design, Research %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/workshop/acp_bdy.htm %X The aim of this workshop is to investigate and propose methods of collecting user information without a large market research budget. This will be done by brainstorming methods for collecting information and by participating in an exercise during the CHI'95 conference. The skills learned during this exercise will be valid for any product or project that requires information about end-users. %T Tools & Techniques for Visual Design Development %S Workshops %A Loretta Staples %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.446 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 446 %K User interfaces, Graphical user interfaces, Visual interaction design, Graphic design, Design methodology, Visual representation, Tools %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/workshop/ls_bdy.htm %X This one-day workshop provides an opportunity for experienced practitioners in visual design to share ideas, techniques, and methods for developing visual designs for interfaces. The range of techniques is expected to include ways to generate images, represent sequences, and iterate designs with respect to media, cultural context, and technology. Toward this end, each participant is expected to share a single useful technique with the group. This technique can be shared through example, demonstration, or case history. The only requirement is that the technique be presented as concretely as possible, in a manner that allows all participants to apply the technique. Possible examples might include: * The use of a specific tool or technology for generating drawings of interface elements with a focus on the attributes that make it preferred. * Non-digital techniques for visualizing and representing linear and branching sequences. * The analysis of media images in advertising as a basis for developing brand identity in a multimedia interface. %T CHI'95 Basic Research Symposium on Human-Computer Interaction %S Workshops %A Cathleen Wharton %A Janni Nielsen %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.447 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 447 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/workshop/cwh_bdy.htm %X N/A fpack:!@#$%^&*(): HFS93-2a.BA %T Wrist Motions in Industry: Variance between Jobs and Subjects %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Kinematics of the Trunk and Wrist %A Richard W. Shoenmarklin %A William S. Marras %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.649 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 649-653 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Ergonomists assume that they can design out injurious postures and motions with engineering controls by guiding the worker to use the preferred, less injurious motions. The variance between workers performing tasks in ergonomically-designed jobs is assumed to be dominated by the variance between jobs. However, little research exists that quantified whether this assumption is valid. The present study examined the wrist motions of 40 industrial workers who performed highly repetitive, hand-intensive jobs of low and high risk of cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs). The position and angular velocity and acceleration of these workers' wrists were measured in all three planes (radial/ulnar, flexion/extension, pronation/supination) with goniometry. The results of this study show that for all the kinematic variables, the variance between subjects within jobs accounted for a substantial, and often majority, amount of variance. The results of this study demonstrate that ergonomists should consider the variability in motion patterns between workers when designing existing or new jobs and also should monitor at least two subjects per job in quantitative surveillance studies of wrist motion. %T Workplace Factors and Trunk Motion in Grocery Selector Tasks %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Kinematics of the Trunk and Wrist %A Thomas R. Waters %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.654 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 654-658 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X A project was recently undertaken by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to evaluate the physical demands of warehouse grocery selectors. A small study was designed to collect workplace measures and trunk motion data to determine the level of physical stress associated with a particular lifting task. A subset of these measures was used to apply the model developed by Marras et al. (1993) to predict if warehouse grocery selectors were at high risk for LBD. %T Dynamics of Trunk Performance during One-Handed Lifting %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Kinematics of the Trunk and Wrist %A W. Gary Allread %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.659 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 659-663 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X This study investigated the biomechanical effects of using one hand to perform a materials handling tasks. Subjects were asked to lift a box from a lower to an upper platform using either one or two hands. Three weight levels and four lower platform positions were examined. Subjects wore a back monitor (from which was calculated motion components in the three cardinal planes of the body), stood on a force plate, and were asked to give a rating of perceived exertion for each lift. Results of this study showed that one-handed lifts produced significantly higher ranges of lumbar spine motion in the lateral and transverse planes and greater flexion in the sagittal plane. Back motion risk factors previously found to be associated with high risk of injury jobs all were significantly higher for one-handed lifts. Two-handed lifts, however, produced overall faster motions in the sagittal plane, and equal or larger acceleration and deceleration magnitudes in all planes of motion. Results from the psychophysical measure found no differences in perceived exertion between one- and two-handed lifts. These results suggest that one-handed lifts load the spine more than two-handed lifts due to the added coupling and increase one's risk of suffering a low back disorder. This study also agrees with previous research finding that increased load weight and lifting from asymmetric positions increase risk of low back injury. %T Variation in Trunk Mobility throughout the Work Day %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Kinematics of the Trunk and Wrist %A Fadi A. Fathallah %A Patrick L. Wright %A William S. Marras %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.664 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 664-668 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Low back disorders have been a major concern for both industries and the public in general. Diurnal variation in trunk flexibility has been previously observed and quantified in terms of range of motion. It was hypothesized that decreased disc height as the day progresses allows the spinal ligaments to slacken, resulting in an increase in the range of motion (flexibility) and possible reduction in risk of injury. Evidence suggests that this risk may be accentuated under dynamic motions of the spine. This experiment focused on observing the change in dynamic components of trunk flexibility (trunk mobility) as a function of time of the day. Trunk motions of twenty-one male participants were obtained at three specific times of the day using a tri-axial electrogoniometer. No variation in trunk range of motion in any of the cardinal planes was observed. However, velocity and acceleration in the sagittal plane showed significant variations, suggesting the re-examination of the "slack ligaments" hypothesis. This study asserts that identifying flexibility by only its static component, range of motion, gives only partial information. Industrial injuries occurring in the early morning hours may be a result of insufficient trunk mobility. The relation between trunk mobility and back injury incidence rates should be further investigated. %T Exposure Assessment of Biomechanical Stress in Repetitive Manual Work using Spectral Analysis %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Biomechanical Risk Factors %A Robert G. Radwin %A Mei-Li Lin %A Thomas Y. Yen %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.669 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 669-673 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Theory for a quantitative exposure assessment strategy is presented for measuring physical stress associated with manual tasks containing repetitive motion, postural stress, and forceful exertions. Physical stress is measured directly using electrogoniometers for particular motion, and sensors or electromyography are used for assessing forceful exertions. A method is described for reducing the large quantities of biomechanical data that can be recorded for repetitive manual work into quantifiable metrics based on recognized exposure factors, including repetitiveness, postural stress, forcefulness, and duration. A frequency domain approach is used for averaging elemental data from repetitive cycles. This paper shows how parameters for frequency-weighted filters may be developed from psychophysical data for equivalent discomfort levels. Low force repetitive wrist flexion was used as an example of the feasibility for implementing this approach. Applications of this theory include assessing exposure to physical stress in a manner analogous to the way sound level meters are used for measuring exposure to acoustic noise. A suitable data reduction method is necessary for conducting large scale detailed epidemiological investigations of cumulative trauma disorder risk factors. Development of frequency-weighted filters based on human response to stress at different frequencies may make it possible to establish quantitative exposure limits. %T Fatigue in High and Very High Frequency Manual Lifting, Lowering and Carrying and Turning %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Biomechanical Risk Factors %A Anil Mital %A Hamid Founooni-Fard %A Max L. Brown %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.674 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 674-678 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X This paper presents the results of a study undertaken to determine the perceived exertion and physiological responses of highly trained and experienced workers to high (up to 16 repetitions per minute) and very high frequency (above 16 repetitions per minute) manual lifting, lowering, and carrying and turning tasks. The results indicate that workers engaged in such highly repetitive and physically demanding tasks operate at work loads that may clearly be considered physically fatiguing and unacceptable by the current physiological design criteria. The workers, however, perceived these exertions to be generally acceptable. The physiological responses of the workers are also compared with previous and recommended physiological design criteria. %T Work Sampling as a Method for Assessing CTDs %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Biomechanical Risk Factors %A David Mahone %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.679 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 679-682 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Work sampling is proposed as a method for evaluating aggregate risks for cumulative trauma disorders in jobs. The approach assumes that an assessment of cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) risk factors within individual tasks has been made, and can be used in conjunction with the resulting estimates of proportion of time spent per task or activity to arrive at an overall estimation of CTD risk for the job. Important advantages of work sampling include that it estimates the availability of rest and recovery time within jobs, that the method can be applied to both cyclical and noncyclical jobs, and that small, practical samples may provide reasonable estimates in many cases. A case study utilizing work sampling in a workers compensation carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) claims investigation using a single day sample interval is presented. Results suggest little or no CTD risk, a finding that was supported by historical evidence from a large population of workers (27,200) performing the same job. Only .0000025% of workers had reported a CTD over a period of 3 years. While support for causation of CTD was not found, the method identified a probability of aggravation of a possible pre-existing condition, which is also compensable. Details regarding the studied job are provided. The use of a work sampling method to assess CTD risks is discussed. %T A Catastrophe Theory-Based Model for Quantification of Risk of Low Back Disorders at Work %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Biomechanical Risk Factors %A Waldemar Karwowski %A William S. Marras %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.683 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 683-687 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X This paper discusses applications of the catastrophe theory in the dynamic modeling of occupational low back disorders, and offers a framework for conceptualization of such disorders in view of the elementary cusp catastrophe models. It was proposed that low back disorders due to manual lifting should be considered as a discontinuous phenomenon, reflecting dynamic changes in the state of human musculoskeletal system, which are dependent upon the combination of human strength abilities, muscular fatigue and endurance, spinal loading tolerance, as well as dynamic equilibrium between these variables. The behavior of the proposed cusp-catastrophe based model for the risk of LBDs due to manual lifting jobs was examined based on empirical data collected in industry. %T Trunk Muscle Activations while Resisting Asymmetric Loads in a Laterally Bent Trunk Posture %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Spine Loading and Postural Stability %A Steven A. Lavender %A Ing-Ho Chen %A Jordan Trafimow %A Gunnar B. J. Andersson %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.688 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 688-692 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Asymmetric material handling frequently results in lateral bending of the torso. Each of these factors have been linked via epidemiological investigations to the incidence of low back disorders (LBD). Very little literature is available which describes the response of the trunk muscles in situations which would be analogous to handling materials while bent to the side. Such activities are observed frequently in industrial settings, especially during the initial and final portions of a lift. The objective of the current study was to describe the internal response of the trunk muscles as asymmetric loads were applied to the laterally bent torso. Specifically, this investigation quantified the electromyographic activities (EMG) of 8 trunk muscles under conditions where the trunk was isometrically loaded while the trunk was maintained in a 20 degree laterally bent posture. Moments with a magnitudes of 20 and 40 Nm were applied to fifteen subjects. The direction of the external moments was varied in 30 degree increments completely around the subjects. The EMG data indicates that the muscles showed the greatest activity when they were in opposition to the load's sagittal and frontal plane moment. The muscle showing the largest response was the External Oblique. Significant activity was also observed under conditions in which muscles were creating an antagonistic moment in either the sagittal plane, the frontal plane, or in both planes. %T Optimization-Based Biomechanical Evaluation of Isometric Exertions on a Brake Wheel %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Spine Loading and Postural Stability %A Christian A. Johnson %A Jeffrey C. Woldstad %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.693 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 693-696 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X A static three-dimensional low-back biomechanical model was developed to estimate the levels of compressive force on the L3/L4 spinal joint during an experiment that simulated wheel turning. We recorded three-dimensional body posture and the resultant forces at the hands for analysis by the model. The model employed a standard link analysis procedure to resolve the external forces acting on the body to a resultant moment about L3/L4. The model then implemented an optimization algorithm to estimate the internal lumbar muscle forces generated to resist the external forces. The muscle forces and external forces were added to arrive at a prediction of compressive force at L3/L4. The experiment investigated the effects of general body posture, left hand grip, gender, and hand brake torque level upon predicted compressive force at L3/L4. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed all but one main effect and some interaction effects to be significant at p<0.05. Average predicted L3/L4 compressive forces at maximum wheel torque levels ranged from 1644N for females to 6926N for large males. %T Postural Stability while Holding Loads of Various Postures %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Spine Loading and Postural Stability %A Mary Ann Holbein %A Mark S. Redfern %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.697 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 697-700 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Stability while handling loads is an important issue in the prevention of injuries. This study investigated the effects of load positioning on recovery from an unexpected balance disturbance while standing upright holding loads. Fifteen subjects were tested while holding a box in one of five postures. An empty box and a 25 lb box were tested. Subjects stood on a posture platform while perturbations of the supporting surface were induced. Postural sway was recorded via center of pressure displacements calculated from three dimensional foot forces. It was found that laden standing with the heavier load resulted in increased sway magnitude and slower sway velocities than unladen standing. The load position also affected stability. Raising the center of gravity of the body-and-load system appears to increase sway. These results require consideration when designing safe material handling tasks, especially if the supporting surface is unstable or if slip potential is present. %T Slip Potentials on Ramps %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Spine Loading and Postural Stability %A Mark S. Redfern %A Edward J. McVay %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.701 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 701-704 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Falls are a major cause of injuries at work, in public places and at home. In over 50 percent of falling accidents, slips led to the injury. Ramps have the potential to be particularly hazardous with regards to slips and falls since higher shear forces are created. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ramp angle on slip potential at the feet during downward and upward gait. This was accomplished by investigating the relationship between the horizontal and vertical foot forces during gait as a function of ramp angle. A ramp was designed and built which incorporated a force plate. Foot forces were measured while subjects walked up and down the ramp. The ramp angle was varied from 0 to 20 degrees in 4 degree intervals. Normal forces were divided into the shear forces, thus calculating a "required" coefficient of friction (RCOF) for the entire trial. The results showed shear forces increase both in magnitude and duration as ramp angle is increased. The RCOF also increased as ramp angle increased. The maximum RCOF for each trial increased almost linearly as the ramp angle was increased (r{squared} =.92;p<.01), with levels often over 0.6 at angles of 20 degrees. Most guidelines for ramp design suggest a surface with a minimum COF of 0.5; however this study indicates that high ramp angles can generate RCOF values greater than this recommended level. Thus, the guidelines may be too low and a higher surface COF necessary. %T Coactivity Effects upon Carpal Tunnel Contact Forces %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Upper Extremity Strength and Biomechanics %A Sue A. Ferguson %A Fadi A. Fathallah %A Kevin P. Granata %A Jung Y. Kim %A William S. Marras %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.705 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 705-709 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Contact force on the carpal tunnel structures due to flexor tendon forces have been identified as an important contributor to the compression of the median nerve. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted to assess the increase ln carpal contact force due to the antagonistic coactivity of the finger extensor muscles. Surface EMG activities of the superficial finger flexor and extensor muscles of four subjects were measured during several isometric power grip exertions at seven different wrist angles. The results showed that a linear relation between EMG and muscle force holds under the prescribed isometric conditions. An EMG-assisted model was developed to predict tensile forces in an equivalent flexor tendon. For a given angle, the model predicts increased tensile force in the flexor tendon with increased extensor (antagonist) coactivity in response to isometric grip exertions. It was found that if one accounts for muscle coactivity, predisted force in the flexor tendons would be as much as 33% greater than force predicted by models which neglect coactivity. This increase would also be observed in carpal contact force since this force is linearly related to the flexor tendon force. Models that neglect coactivity severely underestimate flexor tendon forces and consequently contact forces in the carpal tunnel. %T A Finger Model with Constant Tendon Moment Arms %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Upper Extremity Strength and Biomechanics %A Koo-Hyoung Lee %A Karl H. E. Kroemer %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.710 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 710-714 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X A kinematic finger model was developed with the assumption that the tendon moment arms at the finger joints were constant, and that the finger moved in the sagittal plane. Equations of static equilibrium for the model, derived using the principle of virtual work, were indeterminate. The number of variables was reduced based on the muscular activities in finger movements. The finger strengths were computed from the equilibrium equations, and mathematically expressed as functions of finger positions, tendon moment arms, and lengths of phalanges. Experiments were performed to measure finger strengths, and the measured finger strengths were compared to the computed results. %T Quantification of Hand Grip Force under Dynamic Conditions %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Upper Extremity Strength and Biomechanics %A Katherine R. Lehman %A W. Gary Allread %A P. Lawrence Wright %A William S. Marras %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.715 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 715-719 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine whether grip force capabilities are lower when the wrist is moved than in a static position. The purpose was to determine the wrist velocity levels and wrist postures that had the most significant effect on grip force. Maximum grip forces of five male and five female subjects were determined under both static and dynamic conditions. The dominant wrist of each subject was secured to a CYBEX II dynamometer and grip force was collected during isokinetic wrist deviations for four directions of motion (flexion to extension, extension to flexion, radial to lunar, and ulnar to radial). Six different velocity levels were analyzed and grip forces were recorded at specific wrist positions throughout each range of movement. For flexion-extension motions, wrist positions from 45 degrees flexion to 45 degrees extension were analyzed whereas positions from 20 degrees radial deviation to 20 degrees ulnar deviation were studied for radial-ulnar activity. Isometric exertions were also performed at each desired wrist position. Results showed that, for all directions of motion, grip forces for all isokinetic conditions were significantly lower than for the isometric exertions. Lower grip forces were exhibited at extreme wrist flexion and extreme radial and ulnar positions for both static and dynamic conditions. The direction of motion was also found to affect grip strength; extension to flexion exertions produced larger grip forces than flexion to extension exertions and radial to ulnar motion showed larger grip forces than ulnar to radial deviation. Although, males produced larger grip forces than females in all exertions, significant interactions between gender and velocity were noted. %T Use of the Actigraph for Objective Quantification of Hand/Wrist Activity in Repetitive Work %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Upper Extremity Strength and Biomechanics %A Katharyn A. Grant %A Traci L. Galinsky %A Peter W. Johnson %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.720 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 720-724 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Valid and reliable measures of hand/wrist activity are needed to address the relationship between work tasks and the development of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. The utility of the actigraph for measuring wrist activity in manual work was examined in this study. Ten grocery cashiers and four non-cashier retail workers wore actigraph monitors on both wrists and the left ankle during their normal work activities. Work activities were periodically observed and recorded on videotape. Data recorded by the actigraphs were matched against observational data. The results indicated that actigraphy was effective in detecting significant work-related variations in physical activity in the three limbs studied. Compared to traditional observational procedures, actigraphy represents a cost-effective approach for obtaining objective and quantitative information about the intensity and duration of work over long time periods. Traditional observational procedures, however, are necessary to provide additional information needed for a complete job analysis (e.g., postural data). Continuous activity recordings can be used in conjunction with sampling protocols to examine the relationship between work-related physical activities and musculoskeletal trauma. %T Maximum Lifting Capacity in Single and Mixed Gender Three-Person Teams %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Strength %A Marilyn Sharp %A Valerie Rice %A Bradley Nindl %A Tania Williamson %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.725 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 725-729 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Little information is available regarding isoinertial lifting ability in teams of two or more people. The relationship between the sum of individual lifts and the lifting capacity of a three person team was examined. Eleven men and ten women were randomly combined into 18 teams for each of the following four combinations: three men (3M), three women (3W), two men with one woman (2M&1W), and one man with two women (1M&2W). While the absolute load lifted from floor to knuckle height decreased with a decrease in the number of males on the team, team lifting strength as a percentage of the sum of individual lifting strength was generally higher for single gender teams (91.0% for 3W and 85.0% for 3M) than for mixed gender teams (82.7% for 1M&2W and 74.4% for 2M&1W). %T Wheel-Turning Strength for Four Wheel Designs %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Strength %A Mark L. McMulkin %A Jeffrey C. Woldstad %A Paul B. McMahan %A Timothy M. Jones %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.730 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 730-734 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X This paper reports the results of an experiment to evaluate the isometric wheel turning strength of 12 male and 12 female subjects using four different wheel designs. Three of the wheels investigated were new designs developed specifically for this study, while the fourth was a wheel currently used on many railroad car hand brakes. The three new designs considered were a cylindrical tube (4.3 cm in diameter), a cylindrical tube (2.5 cm in diameter) with spheres mounted along the edge, and a circular zig-zag design. Strength data were collected using a mock-up of the ladder and platform arrangement found on most railroad hopper and box cars. The task simulated the final tightening exertion required to secure railroad car hand brakes. Strength capabilities were measured using two methods: 1) a three second average during a six-second trial; 2) the peak reached on a separate trial in which subjects did not sustain an exertion. Results showed that the torque generated by the subjects was highest for the zig-zag design, followed in order by the wheel with the spheres, the cylindrical wheel, and the standard wheel; average torque values were 191 Nm, 147 Nm, 132 Nm, and 95 Nm, respectively. The average strength values (three-second average) for six-second maximum exertions produced lower average torque values (122 Nm) than the ramp to maximum exertion (161 Nm). %T Determination of the Maximum Acceptable Weights of Lifting and Lowering using the Direct Estimation Method %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Strength %A F. Aghazadeh %A H. Lu %A S. J. Morrisey %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.735 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 735-738 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X The maximum acceptable weights of lifting and lowering were determined using the direct estimation method. Five task frequencies (1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 handlings per minute) were studied. Both lifting and lowering were fixed at knuckle-shoulder height. A base load for each individual subject was first established using the psychophysical approach. The direct estimation method was then applied. The results revealed that task frequency exerted a significant role in the variation of the data. The type of tasks (lifting and lowering) also significantly affected the maximum acceptable capacity performing the tasks. The study shows that the direct estimation method is a faster and feasible way to determine the maximum acceptable weight that an individual can handle. %T Evaluation of Limiting Strength Constraints in a Comprehensive Biomechanical Model %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Strength %A Carter J. Kerk %A Don B. Chaffin %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.739 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 739-743 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X The strength constraints in a two-dimensional static human force exertion capability model (HFEC) have been evaluated using eight male and female subjects of varying anthropometry and strength capability. The model comprehensively estimates feasible exertion capability under symmetric conditions using a set of fifteen linear constraint equations from three constraint classes: strength, stability, and coefficient of friction (COF). This evaluation examines the nature of the limiting strength constraints. The computer model aided in designing tasks (combining posture with force exertion direction) that isolated upper extremity strength constraints and hip/torso strength constraints from stability and COF constraints. Subject performances of maximum exertions were recorded using force platforms and a multi-axis load cell to record external reaction forces at the hands and feet. Body posture was recorded with a 2D motion analysis system. The observed hand force exertions were compared to the exertions predicted by the model. The identity of the limiting constraints was well predicted by the model. The location of the constraints was logical and predictable. The results are discussed in the context of other modeling approaches as well as implications for future research. The HFEC approach shows excellent potential as an ergonomic engineering tool for teaching, evaluation, and design. %T Ergonomics Efforts in the Retail Food Industry %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Panel %A Thomas J. Sluchak %A Douglas C. Antonelli %A Pat Bower %A Mark S. Hoffman %A Gary B. Orr %A Thomas R. Waters %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.744 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 744-748 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X This panel is composed of individuals from retail, ergonomic consulting firms, equipment manufacturers and NIOSH, who are currently involved with ergonomics efforts in the retail food industry. Presenters summarize their ergonomics efforts and discuss key challenges in the industry today. %T PVAT -- A Video Analysis Tool for Microgravity Posture Evaluation %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Measurement %A Mihriban Whitmore %A Darlene Merced-Moore %A Susan C. Adam %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.749 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 749-753 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X PVAT (Posture Video Analysis Tool) has been developed to meet the special needs of ergonomist and human factors analyst attempting to evaluate microgravity working posture from video footage. These specialists often have very little or no control over the video coverage. Moreover, the majority of Shuttle mission videos are not recorded for quantitative analysis. The purpose for developing PVAT is to provide a structured methodology in which these specialists could optimize the data collection technique. PVAT is specifically designed to document microgravity postures using videos of astronauts working in a space environment. The primary focus of PVAT is identifying the microgravity working postures and relating them to design issues in the workplace. This tool is currently an interactive software prototype written in Supercard. Users are provided with a set of input parameters such as: subject code, body orientation, targeted body part, camera view (given subject location), body movement, and rating level. A secondary set of inputs are also available which provides the ability to document extraneous behaviors or activities such as bending, reaching and interruptions. The tool allows for the input parameters to be customized as needed. Once the setup is defined, the user begins documenting the target posture and/or behaviors. The paper will discuss PVAT, its space applications and plans for its use. %T A Hand Posture Measurement System for Evaluating Manual Tool Tasks %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Measurement %A Myung Hwan Yun %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.754 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 754-758 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X A measurement system of describing the loads in the hand during manual tool tasks is presented. The system consists of a network of force sensitive resistors and an angle transducer glove (Cyberglove, Virtual Technologies). Eighteen different cylindrical grip tasks for six subjects were studied using the developed measurement system. Fourteen flexion and abduction angles and the ten force data from ten locations of the hand was measured for the sixteen tool tasks. The results showed that the flexion angle for the five fingers decreased with increasing grip span. Grip force was mainly controlled by the opposing action of the thumb and the index finger. The contribution of the thumb and index finger force to the total grip force was greater when the grip size was increased. A regression approach to estimate the joint flexion angle based on the hand anthropometry and grip characteristics showed significant results. It was possible to use the data from the measurement system as an input to the calculation of the joint torques and moments in the finger joints. The simultaneous measurement system of the finger joint angles and finger forces was useful in collecting the information on the hand force postures during the duration of the task. The system was also useful in providing detailed input data for the biomechanical analysis of the hand. %T Tracking Median Nerve Conduction as a Method of Early Detection of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Measurement %A Steven L. Johnson %A Bobby Evans %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.759 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 759-763 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Cumulative trauma disorders in general, and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), in particular, have been an increasingly costly problem for both the afflicted individual and the company that employs that individual. This research involved a longitudinal study of cumulative trauma in six poultry processing plants. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of a procedure that tracks changes in motor median nerve latencies as a method of early detection of carpal tunnel syndrome. Although there was a statistically significant difference between the average latencies of the non-symptomatic group and the symptomatic group, the use of motor median nerve latencies for predictive diagnostic purposes is definitely questionable. There was no systematic shift in latencies observed as a function of the time that the person had been performing processing tasks which are generally considered to be associated with CTS. A second important result was that the incidence rate of objectively evaluated CTS appears to be far lower than that generally reported in both the popular media and the research literature. Probably the most important conclusion of the study, however, was that the variation within people, over time, independent of exposure, can lead to serious misdiagnosis of CTS. These results and conclusions are very important for both assessing the magnitude of the problem of CTS, as well as questioning the efficacy of one of the most widely used criteria to justify CTS surgery. %T Feasibility of Using the Gap Detection Tactility Test for Monitoring Cutaneous Sensory Deficits %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Measurement %A One-Jang Jeng %A Robert G. Radwin %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.764 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 764-768 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Periodic worker monitoring methods are needed for detecting cumulative trauma disorders, such as carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), in the early stages. An experiment was conducted for studying the feasibility of using a new aesthesiometer for periodically measuring functional tactile sensitivity. It was conducted to investigate gap detection sensory threshold differences between five normal subjects and seven subjects diagnosed having CTS. The gap detection test was used because of its functional resemblance to many work-related activities. Average gap detection sensory threshold using the index finger was 0.21 mm (SD = 0.14 mm) for the normal subjects and increased 114% to 0.45 mm (SD = 0.16 mm) for the CTS subjects when finger probing was allowed. Average gap detection sensory threshold using the index finger was 1.57 mm (SD = 0.56 mm) for the normal subjects and increased 61% to 2.53 mm (SD = 0.82 mm) for the CTS subjects when finger probing was not allowed. The results suggest that people suffering from CTS may experience similar functional deficits in daily living and work activities. A strong relationship was also observed between electrophysiologic variables and the gap detection sensory thresholds when both the CTS and normal hands were pooled. This suggests that performance in the gap detection test might measure the level of median nerve function in CTS. %T The Influence of Anti-Fatigue Mats on Back and Leg Fatigue %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Quantitative Applications %A C. Stuart-Buttle %A W. S. Marras %A J. Y. Kim %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.769 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 769-773 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Prolonged standing is common in many industrial workplaces. It is also quite common for workers to complain of discomfort in the back and legs as a result of prolonged standing. Mats are often provided for the worker to relieve this fatigue. However, there is no quantitative evidence that these mats relieve leg and back fatigue. Five subjects were asked to stand on a concrete surface and two mat surfaces for prolonged periods of time. Spectral electromyo-graphic (EMG) analyses indicated that mats reduce localized muscle fatigue in the erector spinal muscle only. Furthermore, this fatigue reduction occurred only with the more compressible of the two mats tested. These results imply that localized muscular fatigue in the leg may not be relieved with "anti-fatigue" mats and some of these mats only benefit the back. %T Case Study: An Application of the Revised NIOSH Lift Guide to a Multiple Task Job %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Quantitative Applications %A David B. Mahone %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.774 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 774-778 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X The newly revised NIOSH lifting guide offers a multiple task strategy for frequency weighting multiple lifting tasks performed in a series; in close proximity of time. This strategy allows calculation of a composite lifting index (CLI) during assessment of jobs for which lifting variables are changing throughout the task. While the approach is useful, the number of calculations and table look-up procedures required is much larger than a single task strategy requires, and the process becomes tedious and error prone if performed manually. Consequently, a computer program was developed by Continental Insurance Corporate Loss Control in FORTRAN to automate table look-ups and required calculations. A case-study applying the multi-task approach to an actual job is shown. The job involves manual lifting/lowering of boxes from a queuing turntable to a pallet stack. The results indicate that the job is unacceptably hazardous, which agrees with subjective responses of workers. Possible worksite retrofit changes are also evaluated in a "what-if" manner. These results show that changes would improve the risk level, but proposed improvements were not sufficient to attain an acceptable risk level. Mechanization of the job is therefore suggested. Details regarding the multi-task application are discussed. %T The Effects of Posture and Technique on Forces Experienced when Hanging Continuous Miner Cable %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Quantitative Applications %A Sean Gallagher %A Christopher A. Hamrick %A Mark S. Redfern %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.779 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 779-783 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Analysis of lost-time back injuries in underground coal mines indicates that handling continuous miner cable places workers at high risk of injury. Manual hanging of this type of cable is a common lifting task in underground mines. This study was performed to assess the ground reaction forces associated with hanging cable in various postures and employing different methods of securing the cable. Seven experienced coal miners (mean age: 41.4 years +/- 2.1) performed a series of 12 cable hanging tasks. Independent variables included a set of six posture/vertical space constraint conditions (LIFTCOND), and two techniques of securing the cable to the ceiling (METHOD). The dependent variables consisted of ground reaction forces measured using two force plates. LIFTCOND (F(5,66) = 21.31, p < 0.0001) and METHOD (F(1,66) = 10.89, p < 0.005) both significantly affected the magnitude of the peak resultant forces generated during the tasks. Post hoc analysis indicated that kneeling postures resulted in significantly lower forces than stooping for the same ceiling heights. Greater forces were associated with higher lifting conditions, attributable in part to the fact that higher lifts require more cable to be hoisted. Forces were also increased when subjects twisted baling wire to secure the cable, as compared to hanging it on a hook. An interaction between LIFTCOND and METHOD was identified with lateral shear forces -- stooping conditions where the subjects twisted the cable with wire resulted in higher lateral shear forces. Results of this study will be used to develop recommendations to reduce back injury risk when handling cable. %T Ground Reaction Forces during Miner Cable Pulling Tasks %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Quantitative Applications %A Christopher A. Hamrick %A Sean Gallagher %A Mark S. Redfern %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.784 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 784-788 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X The handling of mining machine cables in underground coal mines has been identified as a particularly stressful task and is a likely contributor to low back pain. In this experiment, seven experienced miners performed a cable pulling task while ground reaction forces and cable tension were measured. The independent variables were two levels of cable resistance (low and high) and lifting conditions (kneeling under a 1.2 meter [48 inch] roof, stooping under a 1.2 meter [48 inch] roof, stooping under a 1.5 meter [60 inch] roof, and unrestricted standing). The dependent variables were the peak values of the following: actual tension measured in the cable, ground reaction forces in the X (anterior), Y (lateral), and Z (vertical) directions and the magnitude of the resultant force vector. Work posture significantly affected the peak ground reaction forces in the Y-direction. The Y-forces were highest in the kneeling condition, indicating that there is less postural stability when performing cable pulling tasks in a kneeling posture. Thus, there may be a greater likelihood of injury in this posture. Additionally, biomechanical stresses which contribute to musculoskeletal injury may be greater in the kneeling posture. %T Can Biomechanically Determined Stress be Perceived? %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Cognitive Biomechanics %A Deborah D. Thompson %A Don B. Chaffin %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.789 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 789-792 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Back and overexertion injuries are a costly and debilitating problem in industry. It has been suggested that the best protective action in the prevention of back injuries is to rely on a person's perception of the risks, and allow them to operate within them. However, this assumes that a person is aware of the sensory information from the body concerning unsafe levels of stress, particularly in the back. Unfortunately, there is some question as to whether this assumption is valid. The purpose of this study was to determine how well physical stress resulting from performing occasional lifting exertions could be perceived. This required an evaluation to determine how perception (psychophysical approach) relates to physical tolerances (biomechanical approach). The results showed that back stress resulting from occasional lifting exertions is not well perceived in general. The fact that the stress was not well perceived by some may indicate why low back injuries are so pervasive in the population, and why engineering and ergonomic changes are needed to reduce the exposure to conditions that would overstress the back. %T The Performance of Female Young Adults in Perception of Efforts of Varied Nature and Magnitudes %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Cognitive Biomechanics %A Shrawan Kumar %A Maureen Simmonds %A David Lechelt %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.793 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 793-797 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Ten normal young adult females performed maximal and graded exertions of the stoop lift, hand grip, and finger pinch. The levels of graded exertion required were 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The sequence of all conditions were fully randomized. Each of the randomized conditions was tried three times in succession. The entire experiment was carried out on four different days at the same time of the day on Monday, Wednesday, Friday of one week and Friday of the next week. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive and statistical analysis with t-test, analysis of variance, and correlation and regression. There were significant differences in the efforts produced in three different activities (p<0.01). The levels of exertion from 20% to 80% were significantly different from each other (p<0.01). However, there were no significant differences between the three trials of any given condition and the exertions produced on four different days. The 80% and 60% of exertions were overestimated and 20% was underestimated compared to the objective values based on MVC (p<0.01). At 40% effort there was no significant difference between the objective level of exertion and subjectively gauged and produced effort. The reliability of perception among the female subjects was similar for finger pinch, hand grip, and stoop lift activities. %T The Effects of Obstructions on Arm Movement Time during Reach and Positioning Movements of a Simulated Maintenance Task %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Cognitive Biomechanics %A Susan A. Taylor %A Thomas Z. Strybel %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.798 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 798-802 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X The purpose of this study was to investigate the fundamental issue of how an obstruction affects movement time during reach and positioning components of a simulated maintenance task. Eight obstruction locations for two target locations provided the experimental manipulation for the study, while movement time was measured as the dependent variable. Data for all the trials were obtained using a three-dimensional magnetic sensing device placed on the back of the subject's hand as he/she moved in space from the starting point to the target in a wooden mockup replicating the work space of a maintainer in an aircraft horizontal stabilizer. Results indicated that movement times increased when the vertical position of the obstruction was within roughly 5.72 cm of the target. Subjects' perceived difficulty in those conditions with longer movement times was attributable more to the inability to see the target during the end of the motion than the lack of positioning space around the target. These findings emphasize the role visual feedback played in a task of this type, and its effect on maintenance procedure times in general. %T Psychophysical Assessment of Simulated Assembly Line Work: Combinations of Transferring and Screw Driving Tasks %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Cognitive Biomechanics %A Sheila Krawczyk %A Thomas J. Armstrong %A Stover H. Snook %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.803 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 803-807 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders have been linked to the repeated and/or forceful exertions and/or awkward postures sometimes required by upper extremity intensive work. The combined effect of these physical stressors can be evaluated using psychophysical methods. The purpose of this study was to examine different combinations of repetitive upper extremity work using established psychophysical methods to determine design recommendations for upper extremity tasks. The tasks studied simulated assembly line type work where a part is transferred from a storage bin and attached with a pneumatic tool to another larger part. Twenty-four experienced industrial workers performed five combination tasks of transferring an object along a conveyor and screw driving using a pistol shaped pneumatic screwdriver: 100% transfer; 75% transfer and 25% screw drive; 50% transfer and 50% screw drive; 25% transfer and 75% screw drive; and 100% screw drive. The cycle time was 24 seconds. Each combination task was performed for an hour. Overall, transferring, and screw driving perceived exertions were measured using 10 cm visual analog scales (VAS) with verbal descriptions at the endpoints. The left and right sides corresponded to "Easiest imaginable work" at 0 cm, and "Hardest imaginable work" at 10 cm, respectively. Body part discomfort surveys were utilized to assess discomfort from each of the tasks. The overall perceived exertion (VAS) rating increased, as the task utilized more of one upper extremity than the other and involved more of either the transferring or screw driving tasks. The mean overall VAS ratings were 5.3, 4.3, 3.5, 4.4, and 5.3 for the five combination tasks, respectively. As the transferring (or screw driving) proportion of the task increased, the transferring (or screw driving) VAS increased. A repeated measures ANOVA showed that the combination task effect was significant (p<0.01). This psychophysical data can provide guidance in the analysis and design of upper extremity work. Since less varied work which utilized more of one upper extremity than the other had greater overall perceived exertion, upper extremity tasks should be designed as varied as possible utilizing as many body parts as possible. Body part discomfort surveys verified that this decreased discomfort severity and distributed the discomfort more evenly throughout the different body parts. This study provides evidence of the positive effects of work enlargement. %T Validation of Ergonomic Improvements to a Shipping Workstation %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Application Research %A John L. Wick %A Rick DeWeese %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.808 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 808-811 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X A shipping workstation was analyzed by doing detailed task analysis from video tape. The analysis showed an excessive number of damaging wrist motions left and right, high force pinch grips left and right, extreme right shoulder abduction, extreme neck flexion and extreme back flexion. Solutions were developed to address the causes. The new design was validated. It was found that it eliminated the high force pinch grips, extreme shoulder abduction and extreme back flexion as well as reducing cycle time by 12%. However, it failed to solve the excessive number of damaging wrist motions and extreme neck flexion and introduced extreme shoulder flexion. New solutions were developed. The next validation proved successful. This study demonstrates the importance of a methodology that includes a validation step. Without validation, the new workstation would not have been much better than the old one. %T Ergonomic Improvements in a Medical Device Assembly Plant: A Field Study %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Application Research %A Mukund Narayan %A Linda Rudolph %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.812 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 812-816 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X This study reports the results of an ergonomics demonstration project implemented at a medical device manufacturing plant that was concerned about the high incidence of upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders (UECTD). Plant records were reviewed to target high risk jobs for intervention and to establish baseline incidence and severity rates for future comparisons. A multi-disciplinary team based approach was to used identify problems and effect workplace changes. With the guidance of the ergonomist, the team conducted task analysis of selected high risk operations, developed solutions, validated them for feasibility and cost-effectiveness on a prototype workstation, and, after implementing the changes on the production line, measured the effectiveness of the changes. The plant-wide severity rate based on lost-time was reduced from 154.9 to 67.8 lost-time days per 200,000 worker-hours over a one-year period. The incidence and severity rates were reduced significantly for the redesigned jobs. %T An Evaluation of Workstation Adjustment and Musculoskeletal Discomfort %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Application Research %A Craig A. Halpern %A Paul J. Davis %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.817 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 817-821 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Ninety (90) office workers were administered a survey to gather a subjective evaluation of appearance, layout, useability and efficiency of their workstations, and to develop a body part discomfort rating. All ninety workstations were then reconfigured and adjusted to fit each user's anthropometric dimensions. After approximately four months, a follow-up survey was conducted. Results from the reconfiguration and "fitting process" indicated a significant decrease in body part discomfort, and an increase in the perceived efficiency, and useability of the office furniture and equipment. Use of office equipment properly adjusted to fit the user through ergonomics and anthropometric principles may enhance productivity and performance, reduce awkward postures, and the associated cumulative trauma injuries. %T The Ergonomic Evaluation and Improvement of a Cable Forming Process: A Case Study %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Application Research %A Kelly A. Eckbreth %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.822 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 822-825 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Since 1986, twelve (12) injuries and illnesses had occurred among cable formers in several shops of a major telecommunications equipment manufacturer resulting in significant lost time and restricted days. The process engineer, supervisor, plant ergonomist, production associates, and maintenance personnel analyzed the problem elements of the job and developed possible solutions. Ergonomic training, repair of the existing boards, a new cable board design, anti-fatigue mats, step stools, and new scissors were implemented. Significant improvements were realized in employee morale and board set-up time. The degree of musculoskeletal stress suffered by these workers was also reduced. %T The Effects of Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA) Gloves on Dexterity and Tactility %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Industrial Ergonomics Potpourri %A Ram R. Bishu %A Glenn Klute %A Byungjoon Kim %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.826 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 826-830 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Human capabilities such as dexterity, manipulability, and tactile perception are unique and render the hand as a very versatile, effective and a multipurpose tool. This is especially true for unknown microgravity environments such as the EVA environment. Facilitation of these activities, with simultaneous protection from the cruel EVA environment are the two, often conflicting, objectives of glove design. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of EVA gloves at different pressures on human hand capabilities. A factorial experiment was performed in which three types of EVA gloves were tested at five pressure differentials. The independent variables tested in this experiment were gender, glove type, pressure differential, and glove make. Six subjects participated in an experiment where a number of dexterity measures, namely time to tie a rope, and the time to assemble a nut and bolt were recorded. Tactility was measured through a two point discrimination test. The results indicate that a) With EVA gloves there is a considerable reduction in dexterity, b) performance decrements increase with increasing pressure differential, and c) some interesting gender glove interactions were observed, some of which may have been due to the extent (or lack of) fit of the glove to the hand. The implications for the designer are discussed. %T Development of a Pressure-Related Assessment Model of Seating Discomfort %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Industrial Ergonomics Potpourri %A Wenqi Shen %A Ian A. R. Galer %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.831 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 831-835 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X This study consisted of the development of a factor model and a sitting interface pressure related assessment model of sitting discomfort, based on an extensive literature review. The factor model identified the force applied on the sitter's body as one of the main factors causing seating discomfort. The assessment model proposed that sitting discomfort mainly arises from feelings in the lumbar and buttock areas, and that local discomfort either depends upon or, is reflected by, the interface pressure. A pilot experiment was conducted to explore the utility of the assessment model by change of postural angles. Eleven subjects attended a 40 min sitting session. The independent variables were seat angle and seat-to-backrest angle. A pressure measuring device was used to record interface pressure between the subject and a prototype seat surface. A general comfort scale was administered after each pressure measurement. Results showed that all pressure measures were sensitive to postural changes of varied angulation, and that subjective ratings of comfort correlated with pressure measures, especially maximum pressure, average pressure ratio and maximum pressure gradient. Evidence from the pilot suggested that the model may have utility and eventually be used to assess seating discomfort. %T Development of an Object-Oriented Anthropometric Database for an Ergonomic Man Model %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Industrial Ergonomics Potpourri %A Eui S. Jung %A Dongsoek Kang %A Sung H. Han %A Min K. Chung %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.836 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 836-840 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X An object-oriented anthropometric database was developed as a framework of integrating into an ergonomic interface model, data for workplace modelling, and ergonomic evaluation functions as well as basic anthropometric data required to construct a man model. In order to develop an ergonomic man model representing operators that interact with their working environments, not only anthropometric data but also efficient handling of such data and accurate representation of the workspace are needed as a prerequisite to proper ergonomic evaluation. In this research, these three sets of data with distinct characteristics were incorporated into a common integrated database needed for the manipulation of an ergonomic man model together with the generation of an anthropometric man itself. An object-oriented database scheme was used for designing the database to achieve flexibility and expandability, and to efficiently interface to any CAD system. UniSQL/X, an object-oriented database management system and the X-window system on a SPARC workstation were used for implementation. The ergonomic man model generated from the object-oriented database is found to possess great flexibility and performance compared with existing ergonomic interface models or ergonomic CAD systems. %T What Difference Can the Data Make? %S INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS: Industrial Ergonomics Potpourri %A H. A. Romero %A L. T. Ostrom %A C. A. Wilhelmsen %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.841 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 841-845 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X The anthropometric data which is readily available to the ergonomic practitioner contains gaps in the statures of individuals covered. This study fills in those gaps by analyzing the data sources available to interpolate the dimensions for those statures not represented. The interpolation method used was linear regression relating a specific dimension to the standing stature of the individual. Additionally, this paper compares several sources of data to demonstrate significant differences. Both these pieces of information are important to the practitioner. By filling in the gaps, the practitioner is provided with initial quantitative reference points for individuals when properly arranging a workstation. Currently, only qualitative information is provided concerning optimum workstation design for individuals not represented in the data sources. By demonstrating the lack of a significant difference between data sources, the practitioner may use whichever source is readily available. The results show a significant relationship between the individual's stature and eight different workstation measurements. Finally, there is no significant difference between the data sources examined. %T Human Error in Health Care Delivery: Cases, Causes and Correction %S MEDICAL SYSTEMS AND FUNCTIONALLY IMPAIRED POPULATIONS: Human Factors in Health Care and Universal Design %A Harold P. Van Cott %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.846 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 846-848 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Health care delivery is viewed as a complex, people-intensive system whose reliability depends on human performance. Examples of the human errors that occur in health care are described, and human factors interventions and remedies that might be taken to improve reliability and safety are suggested. %T Development of Tactile Displays for Blind Access to Computers %S MEDICAL SYSTEMS AND FUNCTIONALLY IMPAIRED POPULATIONS: Human Factors in Health Care and Universal Design %A Steven F. Wiker %A Gregg C. Vanderheiden %A Seongil Lee %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.- %D 1993 %V 2 %P -- %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %T The Effects of Physical Attributes of Computer Interface Design on Novice and Experienced Performance of Users with Physical Disabilities %S MEDICAL SYSTEMS AND FUNCTIONALLY IMPAIRED POPULATIONS: Human Factors in Health Care and Universal Design %A Sherry Perdue Casali %A Joseph D. Chase %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.849 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 849-853 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X It is well accepted that with even very simple tasks, a user's performance with a cursor control device improves substantially over some period of time before stabilizing. Although no systematic studies are available concerning how particular attributes of screen or device design affect the rate at which users learn to interact with a system, past studies with input devices have shown that the overall period of time required to learn to physically interact with a system is generally quite short. Hence the lack of attention paid to the "learning" phase with respect to physical interaction is probably justified. For users with mobility impairments, however, not only may the overall physical learning phase be significantly longer than for nondisabled users, but certain features of the interface design may require a longer learning period than others. Depending on how different "initial" performance is from "practiced" performance, systems meant for "walk up and use" or casual use may need to be designed differently to allow easy access for persons with mobility impairments. In addition, adaptive interfaces which change the physical design of features over time as a user becomes more proficient may facilitate access for individuals with impaired motor control. Twenty persons with impaired hand and arm function (as a result of spinal cord injury) performed a target acquisition task with five cursor control devices. The task required that the user select targets of different sizes and distances using both "point and click" and "drag" modes of interaction. Time and errors were recorded. The results indicate not only that some physical design attributes negatively effect performance, but that the magnitude of the effects differ for "initial" performance and "practiced" performance. In fact, in some cases attributes which had no effect once performance had asymptoted were shown to have a significant effect on novice performance. Also, some features required significantly longer periods of time for the users to become proficient at using than others. The implications for interface design are discussed. %T Developing the User-System Interface for a Communications System for ALS Patients and Others with Severe Neurological Impairments %S MEDICAL SYSTEMS AND FUNCTIONALLY IMPAIRED POPULATIONS: Human Factors in Health Care and Universal Design %A Robert A. Murphy %A Annamaria Basili %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.854 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 854-858 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X In developing a computerized communications system for the severely neurologically handicapped, the user-system interface required adaptation to the special limitations of this population. The needs of health care workers, who assist the patient in the use of Blink-writer, were also addressed as part of the system design. %T Risk Assessment and Approaches to Addressing Human Error in Medical Uses of Radioisotopes %S MEDICAL SYSTEMS AND FUNCTIONALLY IMPAIRED POPULATIONS: Panel %A Isabelle Schoenfeld %A Dolores Morisseau %A James R. Callan %A Kerm Henriksen %A Edwin D. Jones %A Ronald D. Kaye %A Michael L. Quinn %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.859 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 859-862 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X The objective of this panel is to provide a forum for the presentation of the results of the human factors analyses of two discrete medical systems (Teletherapy and Remote Afterloading Brachytherapy) and the risk assessment of a third (Gamma Knife). Although each of these systems uses some form of radiation to effect patient treatment, each is unique in the method used to effect the treatment. Records maintained by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) indicate that human error is a primary or contributing factor to misadministration of prescribed doses of radiation during medical treatment. Such misadministrations, whether by machine or human error can have adverse consequences. Hence, the NRC undertook human factors analyses of the teletherapy and the remote afterloading brachytherapy systems and a risk assessment of the use of the gamma knife to determine the root causes of human errors and their potential risks. Results of these analyses will be discussed and include identification of the factors that contribute to human error in these systems, the impact of those factors on the performance of functions and tasks, their safety significance, and alternative approaches for resolving the safety significant human factors problems (e.g., improvements in human-machine interfaces, task design, procedures, training, and organizational practices). The risk analysis was designed to include a task based approach that departs from conventional probabilistic risk assessment techniques and provides risk profiles that can identify relatively high-risk or critical tasks. Hence, this panel will provide the human factors community with insights into techniques and results of human factors analyses and risk assessment performed on medical systems heretofore unexamined in this depth or across such a broad range of considerations. %T Human Factors and Medical Care: Issues and Examples %S MEDICAL SYSTEMS AND FUNCTIONALLY IMPAIRED POPULATIONS: Panel %A Marilyn Sue Bogner %A Melvin H. Rudov %A Roberta Klatzky %A Lee T. Ostrom %A William A. Hyman %A John W. Senders %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.- %D 1993 %V 2 %P -- %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %T Making Human Factors Usable %S ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT: Panel %A Susan Dray %A Tom Dayton %A Deb Mrazek %A Frederick A. Muckler %A Mike Rafield %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.863 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 863-866 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Over the years, Human Factors as a discipline has matured, and evolved. This panel brings together a variety of participants who represent various aspects of the Human Factors community. It is the position of the participants that boundaries still exist between Human Factors professionals and the "users" they profess to assist. These boundaries take a variety of forms, including organizational, philosophical, and linguistic (i.e., the jargon of the Human Factors profession, and the jargon of their "users"). We believe that bridges must be built to span these boundaries, bringing together the Human Factors community and their customers -- in effect, making Human Factors usable. %T Team Training, Group Processes, and Organizational Psychology: Major Theoretical and Research Issues that Bridge Boundaries %S ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT: Panel %A Richard E. Christ %A Alvah C. Bittner %A Allen T. Bramwell %A Eduardo Salas %A Winfred Arthur, Jr. %A Richard A. Guzzo %A Joseph W. Huff %A Michelle M. Robertson %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.867 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 867-869 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X As is generally true for most people during their normal day-to-day existence, there is a tendency for researchers and practitioners who deal with behavioral and social issues to communicate predominately with those who share with them a common frame of reference in matters of professional significance. For example, if the issue at hand is the behavior of people in relatively small groups -- groups with highly specific goals, instrumental relationships, and no necessity for permanence -- there are clearly at least two clusters of individuals interested in the issue. Individuals within each cluster have a common frame of reference and communicate among themselves information concerning their attempts to acquire and apply knowledge about the behaviors of people in groups as well as the behavior of the groups themselves. These two clusters of individuals are often differentiated by their respective associations with (a) team training and performance, typically in a military or aviation context, and (b) group processes and productivity, typically in an industrial or organizational context. It can be easily shown that there is a high level of activity within and meaningful output from each of these two clusters of researchers and practitioners. The problem is that there is the ever present danger that individuals within each of these two clusters will not be sufficiently aware of and hence not be able to benefit from the activities and products of the other. In short, the situation as described minimizes the opportunity for a positive synergism among those who really share a larger set of common interest and goals. The objective of this panel is to provide a forum for discussion of issues that are part of the larger set of common interests and goals. The panelists are individuals who might be identified as representing principally only one of the two clusters of researchers and practitioners. Each one, however, probably prefers to be and is in fact recognized as a major contributor by members of the other cluster. The desired impact of the brief presentations by the panelists, together with subsequent interactions among the panelists and others in the audience, is to facilitate a recognition and appreciation of the total set of contributions being made in the area of team, group, and organizational research and practice. %T Performance Enhancement and Accident Reduction in Complex Systems: Perspectives and a Research Program %S ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT: Panel %A Barrett S. Caldwell %A Bruce G. Coury %A Najmedin Meshkati %A Neville Moray %A Harold E. (Smoke) Price %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.870 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 870-872 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Accidents in complex systems seldom arise from a single source, and are most often the result of multiple factors occurring at different levels of the system. Understanding the "systems" aspects of human performance (and performance error) in complex systems is a necessary part of any effort to avoid serious mishaps due to human error. This panel is intended to coincide with the development of a major research effort at the University of Wisconsin to address these issues. The Center for Human Performance in Complex Systems will apply the disciplines of systems engineering and ergonomics design to improve complex systems processes from the perspective of human performance. The purpose of this panel is to foster and demonstrate the Center's interest in bringing together a variety of perspectives and expertise bases to improve the overall quality and breadth of its activities. Each of the participants has a long-standing interest in improving the quality of human performance in complex and critical systems environments. Although they cannot represent the entire spectrum of relevant disciplines and perspectives of ergonomics and systems analysis, they provide a balance of insights, experience, and enthusiasm. This balance is essential to improving our understanding of factors affecting complex socio-technical systems, and implementing strategies to prevent and ameliorate the effects of system degradation and breakdown. %T Diagnosing Macroergonomic Problems: A Case Study in the Use of Concept Mapping for TQM Initiatives %S ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT: A Macroergonomics Toolbox %A Brian S. Zaff %A Edward R. Hughes %A Michael D. McNeese %A Clifford E. Brown %A Maryalice Citera %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.873 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 873-876 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %O Paper ends on page 881 %X This paper presents the results from a case study involving the use of concept mapping in a Total Quality Management (TQM) program. Concept mapping is a knowledge acquisition technique that has proven successful in a variety of instances when it was necessary to elicit information directly from domain experts and communicate that information to other individuals needing the information. The concept mapping technique produces, during the course of an interview, a graphical representation that becomes a communications medium through which ideas can be easily shared in a group setting. In TQM programs it may be necessary to elicit detailed information from employees about the nature of their work domain and about the various problems they may be encountering. The success of TQM programs often depends on establishing open lines of communications through which employees can articulate their concerns and upon the ability of TQM team members to uncover hard-to-detect problems. Concept mapping proved successful in the TQM setting. The concept mapping technique facilitated the uncovering of insights that were not obvious to the TQM team during their initial brainstorming sessions or from the use of a survey. In addition it appears that the concept mapping technique has other significant TQM advantages over and above its utility as a knowledge elicitation technique. Concept mapping, not only facilitates user-centered knowledge acquisition, but also appears useful as a means of facilitating team-building. %T Macroergonomics Research Methodology: Determining Future Job Requirements of a Customer Service Representative (CSR) in a Bank %S ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT: A Macroergonomics Toolbox %A Mark S. Hoffman %A Cynthia K. Lowe %A Karen S. Wilson %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.877 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 877-880 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Macroergonomic research techniques were used to determine current and future organizational changes, information technology requirements, and personnel training and recruiting demands for Customer Service Representatives (CSRs) in a bank. This research demonstrated the power of suite of behavioral science methods that included: group interviews, task analysis, focus groups, and concept mapping. Concept mapping proved to be an effective method for illustrating differences in group perceptions; five clusters were mapped for both CSRs and managers. Responses differed significantly among four of the clusters. The sequence used in the application of these methods was critical to maximize the value and validity of the results. The results from this study are useful for identifying the challenges that the retail banking industry has to address in order to change the role of the CSR to meet anticipated future business demands. %T Growing a Styleguide: Macroergonomic Strategies for Achieving Consistent User Interface Design %S ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT: A Macroergonomics Toolbox %A Robert W. Root %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.882 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 882-885 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Consistency in user interface design is generally recognized as a desirable goal. The main problem facing most practitioners is how to achieve it. In many cases the solution begins with a user interface styleguide that defines the design criteria for user interface developers. A styleguide is a necessary, but not sufficient, part of the solution. In practice, achieving consistency requires a multi-faceted approach ranging from design guidelines to organizational structures and processes. This paper discusses macroergonomic aspects of styleguide development in a large software development organization, focusing on the processes and organizational strategies used to develop content and achieve initial buyin by user interface designers and developers. %T The Resurrection of Span of Control %S ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT: A Macroergonomics Toolbox %A Brenda M. Wenzel %A Richard E. Christ %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.886 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 886-890 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Operating environments have been undergoing unique changes that are causing management to reexamine factors that impact organization design. In attempting to respond to this design challenge, it became clear that there is a need for high quality empirical research directed at the organizational concept of span of control (SOC). The concept of SOC refers to the number of subordinates that one leader can effectively command and control. The purpose of this research paper is to summarize the outcome of a comprehensive analysis of the literature relevant to SOC and to discuss research issues on this topic. Six interrelated factors emerged from the literature review as important in determining a leader's proper SOC. The critical factors are tradition, environmental uncertainty, level of technology, subordinate's task characteristics, leadership behavior, and leader's workload. A research program is being developed to investigate these six factors with the goal of establishing a theoretical groundwork for the concept of SOC. Additionally, democratization as a design principle is introduced as an innovative approach to organization design. %T The Integration of Ergonomics in a Safety Improvement Program: Design and Implementation of an Ergonomics Initiative %S ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT: Macroergonomics Perspectives on the Same Old Safety Problems %A Robert L. Getty %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.891 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 891-895 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X When safety performance is characterized by high levels of strains, sprains and cumulative trauma injuries the need for ergonomics is clearly indicated. In addition, when workmanship defects and worker compensation costs are at an unacceptable rate the need for accelerated action is evident. When there is limited ergonomics orientation in a particular company, ergonomics cannot be prescribed as a cure-all. The program must enhance overall company safety, quality and productivity objectives. This paper describes an ergonomics-oriented safety improvement program based on these conditions, a benchmarking effort and the review of Human Factors Society proceedings and other ergonomics literature. The highlights of the program are participatory ergonomics, in-house ergonomic expertise development and integration with other company goals, medical management and other safety programs. Since the company size is much larger than most company programs and the need for accelerated improvement is required, a quick-fix initiation is recommended. This is accompanied by a development of long range medical management and prevention procedures. The initial phases of the program are underway and have been met with enthusiasm and an attitude that this involvement approach makes good sense. It is anticipated that the description of the development and initiation of this ergonomic program will provide beneficial interchange of professional experiences. %T Process Safety Management System Performance Measures for the Chemical Industry %S ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT: Macroergonomics Perspectives on the Same Old Safety Problems %A Edward Connelly %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.896 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 896-900 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X The Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers has developed a twelve-element model management system for process safety. Concord has worked with CCPS to develop performance measures for two of the elements, namely "Management of Change" and "Training". A unique feature of the measures is that they continuously assess the performance of the elements, a feature somewhat analogous to the control of a plant. This contrasts with an audit evaluation which captures a snapshot of the management system performance at a particular instant of time. Of special interest here is the method used to build the measures which employed chemical plant process safety experts performing the functions for which they are accepted as experts. For instance, analysis of the management systems used a method well known to chemical engineers for assessing chemical process safety, the Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) (AIChE/CCPS 1985) process. Further, synthesis of the performance measures employed process safety experts in a role they perform in their professions -- assessment of the level of performance of various demonstrations of process safety management systems. This methodology is believed to be a reliable way of obtaining information from experts. That method is described in this paper. %T Physical and Psychological Factors in Perceived Safety: A Macroergonomic Case Study %S ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT: Macroergonomics Perspectives on the Same Old Safety Problems %A Andrew S. Imada %A Roy J. Hubert %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.901 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 901-904 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X This paper describes on-going efforts to reduce real and perceived safety risks in a large newspaper publisher. These risks have been traditionally treated by analysis and remediation of physical conditions exclusively. This case illustrates how psychological and organizational factors can alter perceptions of unsafe conditions. Organizational culture, attitudes and affective states appear to influence perceptions of risk and harm. A macroergonomic analysis and participatory approach have been effective in reducing complaints and costs to date. %T A Compensatory Rest Break System for VDT Operators %S ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT: Macroergonomics Perspectives on the Same Old Safety Problems %A Robert A. Henning %A George V. Kissel %A Douglas C. Maynard %B HFS93 %M C.HFS.93.905 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 905-909 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society %X Short rest breaks at 10 or 15-min intervals are being proposed as a means to moderate health problems and discomfort associated with continuous VDT use. This laboratory study evaluated an alternative to administering frequent breaks on a regimented schedule; short breaks were not administered unless the operator's spontaneous rest pauses were insufficient. Undergraduate volunteer typists (N=38) were assigned to one of two conditions: regimented (20-sec breaks every 5 min), or compensatory (20-sec breaks every 5 min only if the spontaneous pauses did not total 20 sac). Participants entered lines of randomized upper and lower-case characters that appeared on their VDT during a 48-min work period. Mood and musculoskeletal discomfort were assessed before and after the work period, followed by a questionnaire about the break system. Performance measures included keystroke output, error rate, and correction rate (backspace use). Large pre-to-post work period differences in both mood and musculoskeletal discomfort were found. Both the number and length of computer-administered breaks decreased in the compensatory condition. Back discomfort was lower in the compensatory condition, however, no differences in performance, mood, nor acceptance of the break system were found. These results indicate that rest breaks administered on a compensatory basis during repetitive computer work can eliminate unnecessary breaks and improve well-being without being any more disruptive to work than regimented breaks. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): HYPERM05.BA %T Broadbutton Node Linking -- A Practical Evaluation %S Articles %A Duncan Langford %M J.HYPERM.5.1.1 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 1 %P 1-22 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %X An earlier paper [1] described a possible new approach to the problem of navigating within a large hypertext system, through the use of additional 'broadbutton' links. This paper, which does not assume previous knowledge of broadbutton linking, describes some practical tests of the broadbutton concept, and evaluates results. %T Effectiveness of Information Retrieval Systems Used in a Hypertext Environment %S Articles %A Jacques Savoy %M J.HYPERM.5.1.23 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 1 %P 23-46 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %X In most hypertext systems, information retrieval techniques emphasize browsing or navigational methods which, unfortunately, are not thorough enough to find all relevant material, especially when the number of nodes and/or links becomes very large. This paper reviews briefly the main query-based search techniques currently used in hypertext environments. Next, after explaining our own experimental methodology, this study concentrates on the retrieval effectiveness of these retrieval strategies. Based on our results, some discussion points are clarified and some interesting avenues for improving search effectiveness are promoted. %T The Amsterdam Hypermedia Model: Extending Hypertext to Support Real Multimedia %S Articles %A Lynda Hardman %A Dick C. A. Bulterman %A Guido Van Rossum %M J.HYPERM.5.1.47 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 1 %P 47-69 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %X We present a model of hypermedia that allows the combination of 'HYPERM-structured' information with dynamic multimedia information. The model is derived by extending the Dexter hypertext reference model and the CMIF multimedia model. The Amsterdam hypermedia model allows the following, in addition to the model provided by Dexter: * the composition of multiple dynamic media, in order to specify a collection of time-based media making up a complete multimedia presentation; * the definition of channels for specifying default presentation information, allowing the specification of the presentation characteristics of nodes at a more general level than that for an individual node; * the composition of existing presentations into larger presentations, taking into account possible clashes of resource usage; * the inclusion of temporal relations while maintaining the separation of structure and presentation information, where time-based relationships are treated as presentation information; * the definition of context for the source and destination anchors of a link in order to specify the parts of a presentation affected on following the link. The Amsterdam hypermedia model enables the description of structured multimedia documents, incorporating time at a fundamental level, and extending the hypertext notion of links to time-based media and compositions of different media. The paper is organised as follows. The Dexter hypertext model and the CMIF multimedia model are summarised, and their limitations for use as a more general hypermedia model are discussed. The extensions included in the Amsterdam hypermedia model are described and a summary of the resulting model is given. %T "Multimedia Interface Design," edited by M. Blattner and R. Dannenberg %S Reviews %A Roy Rada %M J.HYPERM.5.1.71 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 1 %P 71-73 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %T "Hypertext: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology," by George P. Landow %S Reviews %A Thomas M. Duffy %M J.HYPERM.5.1.74 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 1 %P 74-77 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %T "Sociomedia: Multimedia, Hypermedia and the Social Construction of Knowledge," edited by Edward Barrett %S Reviews %A Ruben Leon %M J.HYPERM.5.1.77 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 1 %P 77-79 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %T "Multimedia Encyclopedia of Mammalian Biology," edited by Elizabeth Clarke %S Reviews %A Roy Rada %A Alima Adams %M J.HYPERM.5.1.80 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 1 %P 80-81 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %T Supporting Hypermedia Services in the User Interface %S Articles %A Charles J. Kacmar %M J.HYPERM.5.2.85 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 2 %P 85-101 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %X This paper presents an architecture for developing hypermedia systems in which hypermedia services are provided primarily through the interface and hypermedia components of an application. The architecture relieves the application component and its developers from the issues associated with hypermedia. It also allows a common hypermedia engine and interface to be used in multiple applications to present a consistent view of a hypermedia model. A prototype of the architecture is presented with examples of the hypermedia facilities which can be provided. The discussion associated with the prototype demonstrates that many of the common features of pure hypermedia systems can be supported. Limitations and future research issues also are discussed. %T Open and Reconfigurable Hypermedia Systems: A Filter-Based Model %S Articles %A Gary Hill %A Rob Wilkins %A Wendy Hall %M J.HYPERM.5.2.103 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 2 %P 103-118 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %X The need for open hypermedia systems has been well-argued by various authors. In this paper we discuss the Microcosm model for open hypermedia and show how filters have been used to extend this model both for greater efficiency and to make it totally reconfigurable. This enables users to tailor the functionality of the system to meet their own requirements, for example to select different sets of links, or to add navigation tools. The implementation of a management system for filters is described, and examples of how it has been used to extend the functionality of the model are presented, in particular the use of filters to design and implement a set of navigation tools for Microcosm. This latter case study demonstrates the power and flexibility of the filter-based model since all navigation tools for the system can be implemented as filters. The filter technology is discussed in the context of Microcosm but can be generalised to other hypermedia systems. %T Developing a Hypertext Geographic Information System for the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads Authority %S Articles %A Lesley A. Gardner %A Ray J. Paul %M J.HYPERM.5.2.119 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 2 %P 119-143 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %X This paper describes an experiment conducted into the use of hypertext as an information system development tool for Geographical Information Systems, using the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads Authority as a case study. The use of hypertext as a software engineering development tool has been extensively explored with some success. The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads Authority is the management body of an important environmentally sensitive area, the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads. The obligations of the Broads Authority require the co-ordination of many diverse forms of information. This may best be served by using an integrated information system that is capable of supporting the full range of the Broads Authority's responsibilities. This paper reports on the initial findings of an investigation into the properties of hypertext as a development tool for a complex information systems and the appropriateness of this approach and its implementation in general. %T "Designing Environments for Constructive Learning," edited by Thomas M. Duffy, Joost Lowyck and David H. Jonassen %S Reviews %A R. Scott Grabinger %M J.HYPERM.5.2.144 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 2 %P 144-149 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %T "Multimedia for Learning: Development, Application and Evaluation," by Diane M. Gayeski %S Reviews %A Curtis Jay Bonk %M J.HYPERM.5.2.150 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 2 %P 150-155 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %T "Interactive Multimedia Instruction," by Richard A. Schwier and Earl R. Misanchuk %S Reviews %A Elizabeth Boling %M J.HYPERM.5.2.155 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 2 %P 155-158 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %T "Multimedia Interface Design in Education," edited by A. Edwards and S. Holland %S Reviews %A Andrew Dillon %M J.HYPERM.5.2.158 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 2 %P 158-160 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %T ED-MEDIA'93 %S Conference Report %A Ivan Tomek %M J.HYPERM.5.2.161 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 2 %P 161-162 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %T Hypermuse: A Prototype Hypermedia Front-End for Museum Information Systems %S Articles %A Alan Poulter %A Goff Sargent %A Anne Faxy %M J.HYPERM.5.3.165 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 3 %P 165-186 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %X A model is proposed of a hypermedia package fronting an existing database package. This would utilise the advantages of each. Museums have text databases of their collections that, for public use, would require navigational access. The paper focuses on the design of a hypermedia front end for a hypothetical museum, using services information and object records from real museums. The resulting Hypermuse system consists of a 386 PC running dBase as a back end and an Apple Macintosh LC running HyperCard as the front end: a serial link, managed at each end by the packages pcAnywhere and Commstalk respectively, connects these machines. The prototype system is evaluated and found basically sound but in need of minor improvements in the front end. It is concluded that the concept is a viable one for implementation in museums. %T Navigation Without Links and Nodes Without Contents: Intensional Navigation in a Third-Order Hypermedia System %S Articles %A Hans C. Arents %A Walter F. L. Bogaerts %M J.HYPERM.5.3.187 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 3 %P 187-204 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %X The key to unlocking the navigation potential of hypertext and hypermedia systems lies in a more semantics-aware indexing of the interrelated information stored in these systems. We first highlight briefly the different indexing techniques which have been proposed for hypertext and hypermedia systems, and we then discuss the so-called semantic hyperindexing technique which we have recently developed to represent the significant relations between hypertextual information. We discuss in detail how this technique is being used to support intensional navigation in a third-order hypermedia system, based on the definition of meaningful traversal trails between semantically associated nodes, which the reader can navigate freely at his own discretion while still being gently guided by the system. Finally, we consider the graphical notation which we have developed to help the authors in visualizing these intensionally defined traversal trails, and we discuss how the use of this notation improves the productiveness of the authors during trail design. %T PEDRO -- The Spanish Tutor. A Hypertext-Based Intelligent Tutoring System for Foreign Language Learning %S Articles %A Marios C. Angelides %A Geraldine Gibson %M J.HYPERM.5.3.205 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 3 %P 205-230 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %X The objective of this paper is to introduce Hypertext as an alternative paradigm in developing a full-scale Intelligent Tutoring System to the traditional Expert Systems paradigm that has dominated for years Intelligent Tutoring Systems development. This paradigm has been employed in the development of PEDRO, an Intelligent Tutoring System for foreign language learning. PEDRO -- The Spanish Tutor is an Intelligent Tutoring System designed to assist intermediate level students with their learning of Spanish grammar, by testing their knowledge of regular and irregular verbs. This paper describes PEDRO's architecture, functionality and pedagogical strategy. PEDRO has been developed using HyperCard II. %T "The Challenge of Multimedia: The Emergence of a Significant New Medium for Communication in the 1990s," by Patrick Gibbins %S Reviews %A Helen Ashman %M J.HYPERM.5.3.231 %J HYPERM %D 1993 %V 5 %N 3 %P 231-232 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %T "The Active Library on Corrosion CD-ROM," by W. F. Bogaerts and K. S. Agema %S Reviews %A Forbes Gibb %M J.HYPER.5.3.232 %J HYPER %D 1993 %V 5 %N 3 %P 232-234 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham %T "Hypertext: A Psychological Perspective," edited by C. McKnight, A. Dillon and J. Richardson %S Reviews %A Brian Mooney %M J.HYPER.5.3.235 %J HYPER %D 1993 %V 5 %N 3 %P 235-238 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Taylor Graham fpack:!@#$%^&*(): IJHCS43.BA %T The Role of Flight Progress Strips in En Route Air Traffic Control: A Time-Series Analysis %A Mark B. Edwards %A Dana K. Fuller %A O. U. Vortac %A Carol A. Manning %M J.IJHCS.43.1.1 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 1 %P 1-13 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Paper flight progress strips (FPSs) are currently used in the United States en route air traffic control system to document flight information. Impending automation will replace these paper strips with electronic flight data entries. In this observational study, control actions, communication events, and computer interactions were recorded and analysed using time-series regression models. Regression models were developed to predict FPS activities (writing, manipulating, looking) at different levels of traffic complexity, for individuals and teams of air traffic controllers. Results indicated that writing was well predicted by a common, simple time-series equation. The ability to predict FPS manipulations was modest, but prediction of looking at FPSs was poor. Overall, these data indicate that (1) flight strip activities were similar for individuals and for the data-side controllers in the team (whose primary responsibility is the strips), and (2) flight strip activity for teams was predictable from the radar-side controller's actions but not the data-side controller's actions. %T StEP(3D): A Standardized Evaluation Plan for Three-Dimensional Interaction Techniques %A Scott B. Grissom %A Gary Perlman %M J.IJHCS.43.1.15 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 1 %P 15-41 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Usability evaluation is a critical component of software development. However skills necessary to develop a valid and reliable evaluation plan may deter some organizations from performing usability evaluations. These organizations would benefit by having an evaluation plan available to them that was already designed for their needs. A standardized evaluation plan (StEP) is designed to evaluate or compare a wide variety of systems that share certain capabilities. StEPs are developed for a specific domain by usability specialists. These plans can then be used by evaluators with limited experience or facilities because the skills necessary to use a StEP are not as demanding as the skills needed to develop a StEP. Techniques have been proposed to make three-dimensional interfaces more flexible and responsive to the user but the usability of these techniques have generally not been evaluated empirically. StEP(3D), a standardized evaluation plan for the usability of three-dimensional interaction techniques, combines performance-based evaluation with a user satisfaction questionnaire. It is designed to be portable and simple enough that evaluators can make comparisons of three-dimensional interaction techniques without special equipment or experience. It evaluates the usability of interaction techniques for performing quick and unconstrained three-dimensional manipulations. Two empirical experiments are reported that demonstrate the reliability and validity of StEP(3D). Experiment 1 shows StEP(3D) is appropriate for comparing techniques on different hardware platforms during summative evaluations. Experiment 2 shows StEP(3D) is sensitive enough to detect subtle changes in an interface during formative design. We make recommendations for developing StEPs based on data we collected and on our experiences with the development of StEP(3D). However, the recommendations are not limited to three-dimensional interaction techniques. Most of the recommendations apply to the development of StEPs in any domain and address issues such as portability, participant selection, experiment protocol and procedures, and usability measures. A collection of StEPs designed for particular domains and purposes would provide a library of reusable evaluation plans. This reusable approach to usability evaluation should reduce the cost of evaluations because organizations are able to take advantage of previously designed plans. At the same time, this approach should improve the quality of usability evaluations because StEPs are developed and validated by usability specialists. %W http://www.acm.org/~perlman/step.html Summary %T Consultant-2: Pre- and Post-Processing of Machine Learning Applications %A D. Sleeman %A M. Rissakis %A S. Craw %A N. Graner %A S. Sharma %M J.IJHCS.43.1.43 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 1 %P 43-63 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X The knowledge acquisition bottleneck in the development of large knowledge-based applications has not yet been resolved. One approach which has been advocated is the systematic use of Machine Learning (ML) techniques. However, ML technology poses difficulties to domain experts and knowledge engineers who are not familiar with it. This paper discusses Consultant-2, a system which makes a first step towards providing system support for a "pre- and post-processing" methodology where a cyclic process of experiments with an ML tool, its data, data description language and parameters attempts to optimize learning performance. Consultant-2 has been developed to support the use of Machine Learning Toolbox (MLT), an integrated architecture of 10 ML tools, and has evolved from a series of earlier systems. Consultant-0 and Consultant-1 had knowledge only about how to choose an ML algorithm based on the nature of the domain data. Consultant-2 is the most sophisticated. It, additionally, has knowledge about how ML experts and domain experts pre-process domain data before a run with the ML algorithm, and how they further manipulate the data and reset parameters after a run of the selected ML algorithm, to achieve a more acceptable result. How these several KBs were acquired and encoded is described. In fact, this knowledge has been acquired by interacting both with the ML algorithm developers and with domain experts who had been using the MLT toolbox on real-world tasks. A major aim of the MLT project was to enable a domain expert to use the toolbox directly; i.e. without necessarily having to involve either a ML specialist or a knowledge engineer. Consultant's principal goal was to provide specific advice to ease this process. %T A Comprehension-Based Model of Correct Performance and Errors in Skilled, Display-Based, Human-Computer Interaction %A Muneo Kitajima %A Peter G. Polson %M J.IJHCS.43.1.65 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 1 %P 65-99 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X This paper describes a computational model of skilled use of an application with a graphical user interface. The model provides a principled explanation of action slips, errors made by experienced users. The model is based on Hutchins, Hollan and Norman's analysis of direct manipulation and is implemented using Kintsch and Mannes's construction-integration theory of action planning. The model attends to a limited number of objects on the screen and then selects action on one of them, such as moving mouse cursor, clicking mouse button, typing letters, and so on, by integrating information from various sources. These sources include the display, task goals, expected display states, and knowledge about the interface and the application domain. The model simulates a graph drawing task. In addition, we describe how the model makes errors even when it is provided with the knowledge sufficient to generate correct actions. %T Using Interaction Framework to Guide the Design of Interactive Systems %A Ann E. Blandford %A Michael D. Harrison %A Philip J. Barnard %M J.IJHCS.43.1.101 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 1 %P 101-130 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Understanding the properties of interactions is essential to the design of effective interactive systems involving two or more agents, and to the evaluation of existing systems. This understanding can inform the design of multi-agent systems by helping the designer identify properties that a system should conform to. In addition, a focus on the properties of interactions can lead to a better understanding of the space of possibilities, by recognizing features of multi-agent systems which are often simply incidental outcomes of design, not explicitly considered in the design specification. We present an Interaction Framework, in which abstract interactional requirements and properties can be expressed in a way which is not biased towards the perspective of any one agent to the interaction. These can be used to derive requirements on the design of computer systems, to highlight those aspects of users which influence the properties of the interaction, and hence to guide the design of the interactive system. %T Structured and Opportunistic Processing in Design: A Critical Discussion %A Linden J. Ball %A Thomas C. Ormerod %M J.IJHCS.43.1.131 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 1 %P 131-151 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X We present a critical discussion of research into the nature of design expertise, in particular evaluating claims that opportunism is a major influence on the behaviour of expert designers. We argue that the notion of opportunism has been under-constrained, and as a consequence the existence of opportunism in expert design has been exaggerated. Much of what has been described as opportunistic design behaviour appears to reflect a mix of breadth-first and depth-first modes of solution development. Whilst acknowledging that opportunities can arise in the design process (e.g. serendipitous solution discovery), such events might equally confirm structured behaviour as cause unstructured behaviour. We argue that the default mode for truly expert designers is typically a top-down and breadth-first approach, since longer-term considerations of cost-effectiveness are more important for expert designers than short-term considerations of cognitive cost. However, there are situations (e.g. when faced with a highly unfamiliar design task) where it is cost-effective for experts to pursue a depth-first mode of solution development. The implications of our analysis for the development of methods and tools to support the design process are also discussed. %T Parallel Earcons: Reducing the Length of Audio Messages %A Stephen Brewster %A Peter C. Wright %A Alistair D. N. Edwards %M J.IJHCS.43.2.153 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 2 %P 153-175 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X This paper describes a method of presenting structured audio messages, earcons, in parallel so that they take less time to play and can better keep pace with interactions in a human-computer interface. The two component parts of a compound earcon are played in parallel so that the time taken is only that of a single part. An experiment was conducted to test the recall and recognition of parallel compound earcons as compared to serial compound earcons. Results showed that there are no differences in the rates of recognition between the two groups. Non-musicians are also shown to be equal in performance to musicians. Some extensions to the earcon creation guidelines of Brewster, Wright and Edwards are put forward based upon research into auditory stream segregation. Parallel earcons are shown to be an effective means of increasing the presentation rates of audio messages without compromising recognition rates. %A Ole Jakob Mengshoel %T A Reformulation Technique and Tool for Knowledge Interchange during Knowledge Acquisition %M J.IJHCS.43.2.177 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 2 %P 177-212 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X A variety of knowledge acquisition (KA) techniques have proven useful for developing knowledge-based systems (KBSs). Such techniques typically have partially overlapping functionality with respect to the type of knowledge they may be used to acquire. Overlap between KA techniques means that parts of a knowledge base (KB) acquired using one technique may be refined and extended using some other technique; there is a need for knowledge interchange. This need is aggravated by the dynamic KBS development life-cycle, with frequent switches between life-cycle phases and techniques within each phase. Within this environment, it is very hard to predict exactly how knowledge interchange between acquisition techniques should take place. To address this problem, we have developed a knowledge reformulation technique and tool to support the knowledge engineer in performing knowledge interchange. The approach has two main types of functionality. First, it contains functions used for translation from and into knowledge acquisition KBs, using the Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) as an intermediate language. The translation functions are based on grammars of KA techniques as well as approaches to formalize the knowledge acquisition KBs. We have developed translators for the well-known KA techniques card sort and repertory grid. The translators are written using the definite-clause grammar (DCG) formalism, which is based on Prolog. The second type of functions in the knowledge reformulation approach are denoted adaption functions. The adaption functions are used for KB organizing, structuring and editing. These functions are utilized by the knowledge engineer to modify KBs before and after translation. In this paper we present the knowledge reformulation technique and tool, along with the methodological basis for the approach. An example of how the Knowledge Reformulation tool (KRF) can be used is also included. %T Keyboard User Verification: Toward an Accurate, Efficient, and Ecologically Valid Algorithm %A Renee Napier %A William Laverty %A Doug Mahar %A Ron Henderson %A Michael Hiron %A Michael Wagner %M J.IJHCS.43.2.213 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 2 %P 213-222 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X This paper proposes new measures of individual differences in typing behaviour which provide a means of accurately verifying the identity of the typist. A first study examined the efficacy of a multivariate measure of inter-key latencies and a probabilistic discriminator statistic in conjunction with an individual filtering system which eliminates occasional disfluent keystrokes. The results indicate that, under optimum conditions but with a very small test sample, these measures lead to better typist verification than measures suggested earlier by Umphress and Williams and then Leggett and Williams. A second study validated the improved algorithm under more ecologically valid conditions and showed that when training and test sessions were separated by one week, typist verification using the new algorithm achieved combined false-acceptance and false-rejection rates of 0.9% and 3.8% for test samples of 300 and 50 digraphs respectively. %T Can Computer Personalities be Human Personalities? %A Clifford Nass %A Youngme Moon %A B. J. Fogg %A Byron Reeves %A D. Christopher Dryer %M J.IJHCS.43.2.223 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 2 %P 223-239 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X The claim that computer personalities can be human personalities was tested by demonstrating that (1) computer personalities can be easily created using a minimal set of cues, and (2) that people will respond to these personalities in the same way they would respond to similar human personalities. The present study focused on the "similarity-attraction hypothesis," which predicts that people will prefer to interact with others who are similar in personality. In a 2 x 2, balanced, between-subjects experiment (n = 48), dominant and submissive subjects were randomly matched with a computer that was endowed with the properties associated with dominance or submissiveness. Subjects recognized the computer's personality type, distinct from friendliness and competence. In addition, subjects not only preferred the similar computer, but they were more satisfied with the interaction. The findings demonstrate that personality does not require richly defined agents, sophisticated pictorial representations, natural language processing, or artificial intelligence. Rather, even the most superficial manipulations are sufficient to exhibit personality, with powerful effects. %T Levels and Types of Mediation in Instructional Systems: An Individual Differences Approach %A Nigel Ford %M J.IJHCS.43.2.241 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 2 %P 241-259 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Thirty-eight university students were tested for field-dependence/-independence using Riding's computer-administered Cognitive Styles Analysis (CSA). They also learned using computerized versions of Pask and Scott's teaching materials designed to suit holist and serialist learning strategies. It was found that (a) students' holist and serialist competence could be predicted using CSA scores, (b) learning in marched conditions (using instructional materials structured to suit their learning styles) was significantly superior for both holists and serialists than in mismatched conditions, and (c) serialist instructional materials resulted in overall better learning performance and efficiency than did holist materials. Possible reasons for the lack of positive correlations reported in previous studies, along with implications for the development of user models to support the development of adaptive instructional systems, are discussed. %T Internet: Which Future for Organized Knowledge, Frankenstein or Pygmalion? %A Luciano Floridi %M J.IJHCS.43.2.261 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 2 %P 261-274 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X The Internet is like a new country, with a growing population of millions of well educated citizens. If it wants to keep track of its own cultural achievements in real time, it will have to provide itself with an infostructure like a virtual National Library system. This paper proposes that institutions all over the world should take full advantage of the new technologies available, and promote and coordinate such a global service. This is essential in order to make possible a really efficient management of human knowledge on a global scale. %T Bulletin %M J.IJHCS.43.2.275 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 2 %P 275-277 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %T Editorial: Knowledge-Based Hypermedia %S Knowledge-Based Hypermedia %E David Madigan %M J.IJHCS.43.3.279 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 3 %P 279 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %T Schema-Based Authoring and Querying of Large Hypertexts %S Knowledge-Based Hypermedia %A Bernd Amann %A Michel Scholl %A Antoine Rizk %M J.IJHCS.43.3.281 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 3 %P 281-299 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Modern hypertext applications require new system support for hypertext authoring and user navigation through large sets of documents connected by links. This system support must be based on advanced, typed data models for describing the information structure in different application domains. Schema based structuring through strongly typed documents and links has already been proposed and put to practical use in a multitude of hypertext applications. Systems such as Multicard/0{sub:2} and MORE have moreover exploited conceptual schemas for querying the resulting hyperdocuments in a more structured way. In this paper, we show how hypertext schemas and query languages can be utilized for designing hypertext authoring and browsing environments for large hypertexts. We illustrate our mechanisms using the Gram data model and describe their implementation on top of the Multicard hypermedia system connected to the O{sub:2} object-oriented database management system. %T Rich Hypertext: A Foundation for Improved Interaction Techniques %S Knowledge-Based Hypermedia %A Kurt Normark %A Kasper Osterbye %M J.IJHCS.43.3.301 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 3 %P 301-321 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Hypertext has broader applications than being just an information browsing method. Hypertext is a framework which allows for a powerful structuring of large amounts of information. Using hypertext concepts, it is possible to model data in such a way that users can manipulate this information in many different ways, and at different levels of abstraction. In this paper the relationship between the internal representation and the external presentations is discussed. In particular, it is illustrated how a well designed internal representation serves as a foundation for specialized interactions, which can be tailored to specific application areas, primarily by taking the underlying types of information into account. The hypertext interaction approach proposed in this paper has been shaped by our experience with a prototype, which has been operational since 1993. %T Concept Maps as Hypermedia Components %S Knowledge-Based Hypermedia %A Brian R. Gaines %A Mildred G. Shaw %M J.IJHCS.43.3.323 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 3 %P 323-361 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Concept mapping has a history of use in many disciplines as a formal or semi-formal diagramming technique. Concept maps have an abstract structure as typed hypergraphs, and computer support for concept mapping can associate visual attributes with node types to provide an attractive and consistent appearance. Computer support can also provide interactive interfaces allowing arbitrary actions to be associated with nodes such as hypermedia links to other maps and documents. This article describes a general concept mapping system that is open architecture for integration with other systems, scriptable to support arbitrary interactions and computations, and cutomizable to emulate many styles of map. The system supports collaborative development of concept maps across local area and wide area networks, and integrates with World-Wide Web in both client helper and server gateway roles. A number of applications are illustrated ranging through education, artificial intelligence, active documents, hypermedia indexing and concurrent engineering. It is proposed that concept maps be regarded as basic components of any hypermedia system, complementing text and images with formal and semi-formal active diagrams. %T Adding Macroscopic Semantics to Anchors in Knowledge-Based Hypertext %S Knowledge-Based Hypermedia %A Jocelyne Nanard %A Marc Nanard %M J.IJHCS.43.3.363 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 3 %P 363-382 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X We have developed a hypertext system that uses types to incorporate knowledge in hypertext. This paper addresses the problem of representing and using factual knowledge about documents for improving user interaction with documents in the context of a task. This application gives us the opportunity to discuss the extension of typing to anchors. We show that attaching knowledge to anchors through types must take into account the context of use of the anchored text. Thus, we introduce the notion of semantic anchoring of concepts within documents. We show how our system makes it possible to implement this approach without adding any new features. Beyond the experiment itself, the foundations of the approach and its connection with hypertext systems modelling, knowledge-based hypertext and knowledge acquisition are presented. %T A Demonstrational Interface for Recording Technical Procedures by Annotation of Videotaped Examples %S Knowledge-Based Hypermedia %A Henry Lieberman %M J.IJHCS.43.3.383 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 3 %P 383-417 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X In conventional knowledge acquisition, a domain expert interacts with a knowledge engineer, who interviews the expert, and codes knowledge about the domain objects and procedures in a rule-based language, or other textual representation language. This indirect methodology can be tedious and error-prone, since the domain expert's verbal descriptions can be inaccurate or incomplete, and the knowledge engineer may not correctly interpret the expert's intent. We describe a user interface that allows a domain expert who is not a programmer to construct representations of objects and procedures directly from a video of a human performing an example procedure. The domain expert need not be fluent in the underlying representation language, since all interaction is through direct manipulation. Starting from digitized video, the user selects significant frames that illustrate before- and after- states of important operations. Then the user graphically annotates the contents of each selected frame, selecting portions of the image to represent each part, labeling the parts, and indicating part/whole relationships. The actions that represent the transition between frames are described using the technique of programming by demonstration (also called programming by example). The user performs operations on concrete visual objects in the graphical interface, and the system records the user's actions. Explanation-based learning techniques are used to synthesize a generalized program that can be used on subsequent examples. The knowledge acquisition and video annotation facilities are implemented as part of the graphical editor Mondrian, which incorporates a programming by demonstration facility. We explain the operation of Mondrian's interface in its base domain of graphical editing as well as for the video annotation and knowledge acquisition application. The result of the knowledge acquisition process is object descriptions for each object in the domain, generalized procedural descriptions, and visual and natural language documentation of the procedure. We illustrate the system in the domain of documentation of operational and maintenance procedures for electrical devices. %T Experiences with Semantic Net Based Hypermedia %S Knowledge-Based Hypermedia %A W. Wang %A R. Rada %M J.IJHCS.43.3.419 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 3 %P 419-439 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X The Many Using and Creating Hypermedia (MUCH) systems is based on the Dexter model and treats the storage layer as a semantic net. The MUCH system provides a number of recommended link types for representing application domain concepts, such as thesauri, documents, and annotations. Users of the system are expected to use those link types in the course of authoring meaningful hypermedia. This paper is based on the logs of usage of the MUCH system over 2 years by over 200 people. Contrary to the expectations of the builders of the MUCH system, the users did not exploit the ability to type semantic links. Typically authors used the default link type regardless of their semantic intentions. When a link type other than the default type was chosen, that choice was often inconsistent with the way another user would label a similar link. The system has proven to be useful for authoring conventional documents. Authors, however, were not practically able to produce hypertext documents. Based on these experiences a new system, RICH (Reusable Intelligent Collaborative Hypermedia), has been designed and built which emphasizes rules for typing links and maintaining the integrity of the semantic net. %T Hypermedia Exploration with Interactive Dynamic Maps %S Knowledge-Based Hypermedia %A Mountaz Zizi %A Michel Beaudouin-Lafon %M J.IJHCS.43.3.441 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 3 %P 441-464 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Interactive dynamic maps (IDMs) help users interactively explore webs of hypermedia documents. IDMs provide automatically-generated abstract graphical views at different levels of granularity. Visual cues give users a better understanding of the content of the web, which results in better navigation control and more accurate and effective expressions of queries. IDMs consist of: topic maps, which provide visual abstractions of the semantic content of a web of documents and document maps, which provide visual abstractions of subsets of documents. The major contributions of this work include (1) automatic techniques for building maps directly from a web of documents, including extraction of semantic content and use of a spatial metaphor for generating layout and filling space, (2) a direct manipulation interaction paradigm for exploring webs of documents, using maps and an integrated graphical query language, and (3) the ability to use the maps themselves as documents that can be customized, stored in a library and shared among users. %T Repertory Hypergrids for Large-Scale Hypermedia Linking %S Knowledge-Based Hypermedia %A David Madigan %A C. Richard Chapman %A Jonathan R. Gavrin %A Ole Villumsen %A John H. Boose %M J.IJHCS.43.3.465 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 3 %P 465-481 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Creation and maintenance of links in large hypermedia documents are difficult. Motivated by an application to a federal clinical practice guideline for cancer pain management, we have developed and evaluated a repertory grid-based linking scheme we call repertory hypergrids. Harnessing established knowledge acquisition techniques, the repertory hypergrid assigns each "knowledge chunk" a location in "context space". A chunk links to another chunk if they are both close in context space. We have developed a program to convert the hypergrid and associated knowledge chunks to HTML and have made the hypermedia clinical practice guideline available on the World Wide Web. To evaluate the scheme, we conducted two analyses. First, we conducted a protocol analysis using the paper-based guidelines. Six users of the guideline addressing typical cancer pain management tasks made 30 explicit links. The repertory hypergrid using a neighborhood size of 16 captures of 24 of these links. With optimization, the repertory hypergrid captures 27 of the links with a neighborhood size of 14. Second, 18 users addressed the same tasks, six using the paper-based guideline, six using the hypermedia document with repertory hypergrid-created links ("TALARIA"), and six using the hypermedia document with randomly selected links ("Random TALARIA"). TALARIA users found the required information significantly more quickly than either the users of the paper-based guideline or of Random TALARIA, with no loss in accuracy. %T Selective Text Utilization and Text Traversal %S Knowledge-Based Hypermedia %A Gerard Salton %A James Allan %M J.IJHCS.43.3.483 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 3 %P 483-497 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Many large collections of full-text documents are currently stored in machine-readable form and processed automatically in various ways. These collections may include different types of documents, such as messages, research articles, and books, and the subject matter may vary widely. To process such collections, robust text analysis methods must be used, capable of handling materials in arbitrary subject areas, and flexible access must be provided to texts and text excerpts of varying size. In this study, global text comparison methods are used to identify similarities between text elements, followed by local context-checking operations that resolve ambiguities and distinguish superficially similar texts from texts that actually cover identical topics. A linked text structure, known as a text relationship map, is then created that relates similar texts at various levels of detail. In particular, text links are available for full texts, as well as text sections, paragraphs, and sentence groups. The relationship graphs are usable as conceptualization tools to illustrate various text manipulation operations and may also serve as browsing maps in situations where searches or text traversal operations are conducted under user control. In this study, the relationship maps are used to identify important text passages, to traverse texts selectively both within particular documents and between documents, and to provide flexible text access to large text collections in response to various kinds of user needs. An automated 29-volume encyclopedia is used as an example to illustrate various possible text accessing and traversal operations. Implementation details are not included in this initial study. %T Bulletin %M J.IJHCS.43.3.499 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 3 %P 499-501 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %T Strategies of Failure Diagnosis in Computer-Controlled Manufacturing Systems: Empirical Analysis and Implications for the Design of Adaptive Decision Support Systems %A Udo Konradt %M J.IJHCS.43.4.503 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 4 %P 503-521 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X This study investigates strategies in failure diagnosis at cutting-machine-tools with a verbal knowledge acquisition technique. Sixty-nine semi-structured interviews were performed with mechanical and electrical maintenance technicians, and a protocol analysis was conducted. Strategies were analysed in dependence of the technician's job experience, his familiarity with the problem and problem complexity. The technicians were categorized into three groups, novices, advanced, and experts, based upon level of experience. Results show that typical strategies of failure diagnosis are "Historical information", "Least effort", "Reconstruction", and "Sensory check". Strategies that lead to a binary reduction of the problem space, such as "Information uncertainty" and "Split half", play only a minor role in real-life failure diagnosis. Job experience and the familiarity with the problem significantly influenced the occurrence of strategies. In addition to "Symptomatic search" and "Topographic search", results show frequent use of case-based strategies, particularly in routine failures. In novel situations, technicians usually used "Topographic search". A software design method, the strategy-based software design (SSD) is proposed, that uses strategies to derive decision support systems, that are adaptive to the different working styles and the changing levels of experience in user groups. The methodology is briefly described and illustrated by the development of an information support system for maintenance and repair. %T Evaluating Group Effectiveness through a Computer-Supported Cooperative Training Environment %A Kathleen M. Swigger %A Robert Brazile %M J.IJHCS.43.4.523 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 4 %P 523-538 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X The long-term goal of this research is to teach effective computer-supported cooperative problem solving skills. In order to address this problem, we built a special interface designed to improve group effectiveness. The special interface is based on a communication competency model that assumes group effectiveness in a particular task depends upon the performance of certain competencies (or skills) that aid groups in collective problem solving. In order to support this model, we provide special online tools that correspond to and, in turn, support each of the competencies. This paper presents an evaluation of the Computer-Supported Cooperative Training (CSCT) environment and delineates the group behaviors that lead to successful task performance in this environment. Groups using the interface demonstrated more effective skills when compared with groups who performed the same task face-to-face. Furthermore, the CSCT environment showed that the competencies relating to group problem description and generation of alternative solutions were the most predictive of successful group interaction. %T Cognitive and Computer Models of Physical Systems %A S. Chandra %A D. I. Blockley %M J.IJHCS.43.4.539 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 4 %P 539-559 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Models of physical systems range from those of initial individual cognition to mathematical representations on a computer which are accepted as the developed final models. It is conjectured that a formalization of the qualitative cognitive models will help us to understand how they are formed and will eventually help us to produce better computer models. The structure of these models would provide qualitative descriptions and explanations of behaviour which could be assimilated by non-specialists. It is argued that cognitive models should be produced with an awareness of the possible form of the final computer model. To illustrate this, a case study of the development of the cognitive and computer models of a naturally parallel physical process is presented. This early work is part of the broader goal of producing an appropriate computing environment through which various models and techniques are combined for producing explanations. A procedure for developing models from the primitive stage to computer implementation is suggested. Theories in cognitive science and research on mental models are briefly discussed. %T A User-Adapted Iconic Language for the Medical Domain %A B. De Carolis %A F. De Rosis %A S. Errore %M J.IJHCS.43.4.561 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 4 %P 561-577 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Although icons are presented as a universal language, some claim that cultural background, education and environment might influence the users' interpretation of their meaning. If this is true, the iconic language should be adapted to the user's characteristics. This paper presents results of a study that was aimed at designing the iconic language of a medical decision support system to be used in several European countries. The study included four main phases: listing and classification of the messages to be represented, collection of proposals about icons from representatives of potential users, preparation of candidates for evaluation and final evaluation of candidates by a sample of users. Results of this study indicate which icons are universally considered as "good" or "bad", and which ones are "controversial", that is, which are clearly preferred or clearly rejected by different interviewed subgroups. These results are also compared with results of previous studies, to single out factors which seem to condition acceptance of iconic messages. Finally, the paper describes the architecture of the interface which supports adapting icons to the user characteristics. %T Optimizing Digraph-Latency Based Biometric Typist Verification Systems: Inter and Intra Typist Differences in Digraph Latency Distributions %A D. Mahar %A R. Napier %A M. Wagner %A W. Laverty %A R. D. Henderson %A M. Hiron %M J.IJHCS.43.4.579 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 4 %P 579-592 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Umphress and Williams have shown that individual differences in digraph latency may provide a means of accurately verifying the identity of computer users. The present research refined this technique by exploring inter and intra subject differences in digraph latency distributions. Experiment 1 showed that there is marked heterogeneity in the latency with which individual subjects type different digraphs. Consequently, it was found that typist verification accuracy improved when a digraph-specific index of the distance between test and reference digraph latencies was employed. Experiment 1 also showed the utility of nonlinear modelling as a tool to establish optimum verification parameter settings. Experiment 2 showed that the use of a common low-pass temporal filter cutoff setting for all typists when screening digraphs is unwise. It was found that there is a significant interaction between subjects and filter settings such that verification accuracy may improve if subject-specific filter settings are used. %T A Model for Justification Production by Expert Planning Systems %A Susan M. Bridges %M J.IJHCS.43.4.593 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 4 %P 593-619 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Although explanation capability is one of the distinguishing characteristics of expert systems, the explanation facilities of most existing systems are quite primitive. This paper describes an architecture for production of explanations that justify reasoning that is based on the premises that (1) the task of justifying expert decisions is an intelligence-requiring activity and (2) the appropriate model for machine-produced justifications should be explanations written by people. The architecture consists of (1) a processing strategy for an Augmented Phrase Structured Grammar (APSG) for the purpose of structuring text, (2) a special language designed for writing text structuring grammars, and (3) a Justification Grammar (JG) representing the structure of justification texts. A prototype justification production system is presented to demonstrate how the model can be used to synthesize knowledge from a variety of sources and produce coherent, multisentential text similar to that produced by a domain expert. %T Erratum %M J.IJHCS.43.4.621 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 4 %P 621 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %T Editorial: The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %E N. Guarino %E R. Poli %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.623 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 623-624 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %T Formal Ontology, Conceptual Analysis and Knowledge Representation %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Nicola Guarino %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.625 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 625-640 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X The purpose of this paper is to defend the systematic introduction of formal ontological principles in the current practice of knowledge engineering, to explore the various relationships between ontology and knowledge representation, and to present the recent trends in this promising research area. According to the "modelling view" of knowledge acquisition proposed by Clancey, the modelling activity must establish a correspondence between a knowledge base and two separate subsystems: the agent's behaviour (i.e. the problem-solving expertise) and its own environment (the problem domain). Current knowledge modelling methodologies tend to focus on the former sub-system only, viewing domain knowledge as strongly dependent on the particular task at hand: in fact, AI researchers seem to have been much more interested in the nature of reasoning rather than in the nature of the real world. Recently, however, the potential value of task-independent knowledge bases (or "ontologies") suitable to large scale integration has been underlined in many ways. In this paper, we compare the dichotomy between reasoning and representation to the philosophical distinction between epistemology and ontology. We introduce the notion of the ontological level, intermediate between the epistemological and the conceptual levels discussed by Brachman, as a way to characterize a knowledge representation formalism taking into account the intended meaning of its primitives. We then discuss some formal ontologic distinctions which may play an important role for such purpose. %T Formal Ontology, Common Sense and Cognitive Science %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Barry Smith %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.641 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 641-667 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Common sense is on the one hand a certain set of processes of natural cognition -- of speaking, reasoning, seeing, and so on. On the other hand common sense is a system of beliefs (of folk physics and folk psychology). Over against both of these is the world of common sense, the world of objects to which the processes of natural cognition and the corresponding belief-contents standardly relate. What are the structures of this world and how does its scientific treatment relate to traditional and contemporary metaphysics and formal ontology? Can we embrace a thesis of common-sense realism to the effect that the world of common sense exists uniquely? Or must we adopt instead a position of cultural relativism which would assign distinct worlds of common sense to each group and epoch? The present paper draws on recent work in the fields of naive and qualitative physics, in perceptual and developmental psychology, and in cognitive anthropology, in order to consider in a new light these and related questions and to draw conclusions for the methodology and philosophical foundations of the cognitive sciences. %T Top-Level Ontological Categories %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A John F. Sowa %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.669 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 669-685 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Philosophers have spent 25 centuries debating ontological categories. Their insights are directly applicable to the analysis, design, and specification of the ontologies used in knowledge-based systems. This paper surveys some of the ontological questions that arise in artificial intelligence, some answers that have been proposed by various philosophers, and an application of the philosophical analysis to the clarification of some current issues in AI. Two philosophers who have developed the most complete systems of categories are Charles Sanders Peirce and Alfred North Whitehead. Their analyses suggest a basic structure of categories that can provide some guidelines for the design of AI systems. %T Bimodality of Formal Ontology and Mereology %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Roberto Poli %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.687 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 687-696 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X From the distinctions between "ontology" and "logic" and between "formal" and "material" we obtain two basic oppositions. Keeping the term "ontology" constant yields the opposition between "formal ontology" and "material ontology". This raises a question: when one speaks of ontology, how can its formal aspects be distinguished from its material ones? If, instead, we keep the term "formal" constant, the opposition is between "formal ontology" and "formal logic". The question here is therefore: when we talk about "formal" how can we distinguish between logic and ontology? Starting from these questions, I propose to update the somewhat old distinction between formal ontology as the domain of the distributive-collective opposition and material ontology as the domain of the parts-whole oppositions. %T Knowledge Representation in Conceptual Realism %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Nino B. Cocchiarella %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.697 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 697-721 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Knowledge representation in Artificial Intelligence (AI) involves more than the representation of a large number of facts or beliefs regarding a given domain, i.e. more than a mere listing of those facts or beliefs as data structures. It may involve, for example, an account of the way the properties and relations that are known or believed to hold of the objects in that domain are organized into a theoretical whole -- such as the way different branches of mathematics, or of physics and chemistry, or of biology and psychology, etc., are organized, and even the way different parts of our commonsense knowledge or beliefs about the world can be organized. But different theoretical accounts will apply to different domains, and one of the questions that arises here is whether or not there are categorial principles of representation and organization that apply across all domains regardless of the specific nature of the objects in those domains. If there are such principles, then they can serve as a basis for a general framework of knowledge representation independently of its application to particular domains. In what follows I will give a brief outline of some of the categorial structures of conceptual realism as a formal ontology. It is this system that I propose we adopt as the basis of a categorial framework for knowledge representation. %T Classical Mereology and Restricted Domains %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Carola Eschenbach %A Wolfgang Heydrich %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.723 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 723-740 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Classical Mereology, the formal theory of the concepts of part, overlap and sum as defined by Lesniewski does not have any notion of being a whole. Because of this neutrality the concepts of Mereology are applicable in each and every domain. This point of view is not generally accepted. But a closer look at domain-specific approaches defining non-classical (quasi)-mereological notions reveals that the question of whether something belongs to a restricted domain (and, thus, fulfills a certain criterion of integrity) has come to be mixed up with the question of whether it exists. We claim that the structural differences between restricted domains are not based on different mereological concepts, but on different concepts of being a whole. Taking Classical Mereology for granted in looking at different domains can shed more light on the specific nature of these domains, their similarities and differences. Three examples of axiomatic accounts dealing with restricted domains (linear orders of extended entities as they can be found in discussions of the ontology of time, topological structure and set-theory) are discussed. We show that Classical Mereology is applicable to these domains as soon as they are seen as being embedded in a less restricted (or even the most comprehensive) domain. Each of the accounts may be axiomatically formulated by adding one non-mereological primitive to whatever concepts are chosen to develop Classical Mereology. These primitives are strongly related to the domain-specific notions of integrity or being a whole. %T Sheaf Mereology and Husserl's Morphological Ontology %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Jean Petitot %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.741 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 741-763 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X This paper begins with Husserl's phenomenological distinction between formal ontology (analytic theory of general objects) and "material" regional ontologies (types of "essences" of objects which prescribe "synthetic a priori" rules). It then shows that, as far as its "ontological design" is concerned, transcendental phenomenology can be seen as an "object-oriented" epistemology (opposed to the classical "procedural" epistemology). The paper also analyses the morphological example, which constitutes the core of Husserl's third Logical Investigation, of the unilateral relation of foundation between sense qualities and spatio-temporal extension. It gives a geometrical model using the geometrical concepts of fibration, sheaf and topos. %T Algebraic Semantics for Natural Language: Some Philosophy, Some Applications %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Godehard Link %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.765 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 765-784 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Information processing, when performed by an intelligent agent, draws on a wide array of knowledge sources. Among them are world knowledge, situation knowledge, conceptual knowledge and linguistic knowledge. The focus in this paper will be on the semantic knowledge which is part of the general linguistic competence of any speaker of a natural language (NL). In particular, this knowledge contains ways of organizing the linguistic ontology, i.e. the collection of heterogeneous entities that make up the domain of discourse. The representation language that is proposed here to model this knowledge stresses the structural properties of the ontology. This approach has been pursued under the name of algebraic semantics. The paper starts out by explaining the term "algebraic semantics" as it is used in logic. Two senses of "algebraic" are distinguished that are called here "conceptual" and "structural". These two senses of the algebraic method are then applied to NL semantics. The conceptual part is realized by the method of structuring the domains of linguistic ontology in various ways. Thus plural entities are recognized along with mass entities and events. The common outlook here is mereological or lattice-theoretical. Some applications to the study of plurals are given that are to show the usefulness of the algebraic approach. Finally, the ontology of plurals is addressed, and comments are made on some relevant discussion of mereology in recent philosophical work. In sum, it is contended that the algebraic perspective while being of interest in semantics and philosophy proper, also fits both the spirit and the practice of much work that has been done in the Artificial Intelligence (AI) field of knowledge representation. %T Ontological Domains, Semantic Sorts and Systematic Ambiguity %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Johannes Dolling %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.785 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 785-807 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X This paper is concerned with some aspects of the relationship between ontological knowledge and natural language understanding. More specifically, I will consider how knowledge of ontological domains and knowledge of lexical meaning work together in the interpretation of linguistic expressions. An essential assumption is that in accordance with ontological distinctions there are various semantic sorts which linguistic expressions can be divided. The specific purpose of the paper is to explore how under these conditions the intricate problem of systematic ambiguity can be dealt with. Here the term "systematic ambiguity" stands for the phenomenon that a word or a phrase has several possible meanings which systematically related to one another and from which a suitable meaning can be selected dependently on the linguistic and non-linguistic context of use. Taking into consideration that many predicative expressions impose on their arguments certain sortal selection restrictions. I will deal with the phenomenon that a word or a phrase being systematically ambiguous in some cases adapt itself to the semantic format of the expression it is combined with. Such an adaptation eliminating one or more possible meaning of the word or phrase is in fact a coercion of its semantic sort. I will argue for an approach which takes into account a set of semantic coercion operations to meet sortal constraints. Moreover, I will show how such sort coercions performed in language understanding are sanctioned by world knowledge. %T A Linguistic Ontology %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Kathleen Dahlgren %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.809 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 809-818 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X This paper defends the choice of a linguistically-based content ontology for natural language processing and demonstrates that a single common-sense ontology produces plausible interpretations at all levels from parsing through reasoning. The paper explores some of the problems and tradeoffs for a method which has just one content ontology. A linguistically-based content ontology represents the "world view" encoded in natural language. The content ontology (as opposed to the formal semantic ontology which distinguishes events from propositions, and so on) is best grounded in the culture, rather than in the world itself, or in the mind. By "world view" we mean naive assumptions about "what there is" in the world, and how it should be classified. These assumptions are time-worn and reflected in language at several levels: morphology, syntax and lexical semantics. The content ontology presented in the paper is part of a Naive Semantic lexicon. Naive Semantics is a lexical theory in which associated with each word sense is a naive theory (or set of beliefs) about the objects or events of reference. While naive semantic representations are not combinations of a closed set of primitives, they are also limited by a shallowness assumption. Included is just the information required to form a semantic interpretation incrementally, not all of the information known about objects. The Naive Semantic ontology is based upon a particular language, its syntax and its word senses. To the extent that other languages codify similar world views, we predict that their ontologies are similar. Applied in a computational natural language understanding system, this linguistically-motivated ontology (along with other native semantic information) is sufficient to disambiguate words, disambiguate syntactic structure, disambiguate formal semantic representations, resolve anaphoric expressions and perform reasoning tasks with text. %T Sketch of an Ontology Underlying the Way We Talk About the World %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Jerry R. Hobbs %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.819 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 819-830 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X A general structure is proposed for an underlying conceptualization of the world that is particularly well suited to language understanding. It consists of a set of core theories of a very abstract character. Some of the most important of these are discussed, in particular, core theories that explicate the concepts of systems and the figure-ground relation, scales, change, causality, and goal-directed behavior. These theories are too abstract to impose many constraints on the entities and situations they are applied to; rather their main purpose is to provide the basis for a rich vocabulary for talking about entities and situations. The fact that the core theories apply so widely means that they provide a great many domains of discourse with a rich vocabulary. %T Taxonomies of Logically Defined Qualitative Spatial Relations %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A A. G. Cohn %A D. A. Randell %A Z. Cui %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.831 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 831-846 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X This paper develops a taxonomy of qualitative spatial relations for pairs of regions, which are all logically defined from two primitive (but axiomatized) notions. The first primitive is the notion of two regions being connected, which allows eight jointly exhaustive and pairwise disjoint relations to be defined. The second primitive is the convex hull of a region which allows many more relations to be defined. We also consider the development of the useful notions of composition tables for the defined relations and networks specifying continuous transitions between pairs of regions. We conclude by discussing what kind of criteria to apply when deciding how fine grained a taxonomy to create. %T Towards a Causal Ontology Coping with the Temporal Constraints between Causes and Effects %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Paolo Terenziani %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.847 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 847-863 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X The paper describes a causal ontology in which the temporal implications of causation (and, in particular, the temporal constraints it imposes between causes and effects) are coped with in detail. It proposes a classification of causal relations on the basis of the temporal constraints they impose between their causes and effects, and further refines the basic classification for coping also with causation with threshold and with phenomena of production/consumption of stuff. Finally, the paper sketches an application of the causal ontology for developing causal nets used as domain knowledge for natural language interpretation, and briefly addresses also the reasoning techniques required to this purpose. %T Midwinters, End Games, and Body Parts: A Classification of Part-Whole Relations %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Peter Gerstl %A Simone Pribbenow %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.865 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 865-889 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X This paper deals with the conceptual part-whole relation as it occurs in language processing, visual perception, and general problem solving. One important long-term goal is to develop a naive or common sense theory of the mereological domain, that is the domain of parts and wholes and their relations. In this paper, we work towards such a theory by presenting a classification of part-whole relations that is suitable for different cognitive tasks and give proposals for the representation and processing of these relations. In order to be independent of specific tasks like language understanding or the recognition of objects, we use structural properties to develop our classification. The paper starts with a brief overview of the mereological research in different disciplines and two examples of the role of part-whole relations in linguistics (possessive constructions) and knowledge processing (reasoning about objects). In the second section, we discuss two important approaches to mereological problems: the "Classical Extensional Mereology: as presented by Simons and the meronymic system of part-whole relations proposed by Winston, Chaffin and Hermann. Our own work is described in the third and last section. First, we discuss different kinds of wholes according to their inherent compositional structure; complexes, collections, and masses. Then partitions induced by or independent of the compositional structure of a whole are described, accompanied by proposals for their processing. %T Ontological Foundations for State and Identity Within the Object-Oriented Paradigm %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Flavio Bonfatti %A Luca Pazzi %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.891 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 891-906 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Objects can be seen, at an abstract level, as information tokens made of two parts: an identification part and state, or value part. The identification part contains an object identifier different from that of any other object. The state part contains instead a structured value denoting the collective value of the attributes of the object. While the identifier assigned to an object remains fixed, the state is allowed to change, i.e. different values can be found in the state part of the object at different times. An object model with identifiers abstracts the formal properties of identity achieving a neat separation between object identification and object representation. Object identification becomes therefore a formal property preserved by the system. Traditional approaches in data and knowledge representation use instead some aspects of individuals' state, which only occasionally satisfy the uniqueness and continuity properties of identity. The problem is that identificative attributes chosen at a given time, may carry different values or may not be unique as the context changes; in general, identification is conceptually different from representation. The paper proposes an ontological foundation for the concept of object state and identity, showing formality the equivalence with the infinite properties which are inherent in the cognition of real world distinct entities (Leibniz' principle). %T Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Thomas R. Gruber %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.907 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 907-928 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Recent work in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is exploring the use of formal ontologies as a way of specifying content-specific agreements for the sharing and reuse of knowledge among software entities. We take an engineering perspective on the development of such ontologies. Formal ontologies are viewed as designed artifacts, formulated for specific purposes and evaluated against objective design criteria. We describe the role of ontologies in supporting knowledge sharing activities, and then present a set of criteria to guide the development of ontologies for these purposes. We show how these criteria are applied in case studies from the design of ontologies for engineering mathematics and bibliographic data. Selected design decisions are discussed, and alternative representation choices are evaluated against the design criteria. %T On the Relationship between Ontology Construction and Natural Language: A Socio-Semiotic View %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A John A. Bateman %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.929 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 929-944 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X The design and construction of "ontologies" is currently a topic of great interest for diverse groups. Less clear is the extent to which these groups are addressing a common area of concern. By considering the kinds of information and information organizations that are required for adequate accounts of natural language and for sophisticated natural language capabilities in computational systems, this paper distinguishes several different classes of "ontology", each with its own characteristics and principles. A classification for these ontological "realms" is motivated on the basis of systemic-functional semiotics. The resulting stratified "meta-ontology" offers a unifying framework for relating distinct ontological realms while maintaining their individual orientations. In this context, formal ontology can be seen to provide a rather small (although important) component of the overall organization necessary. Claims for the sufficiency of formal ontology in AI and NLP need then to be treated with caution. %T An Environment for Reusing Ontologies within a Knowledge Engineering Approach %S The Role of Formal Ontology in the Information Technology %A Thomas Pirlein %A Rudi Studer %M J.IJHCS.43.5/6.945 %J IJHCS %D 1995 %V 43 %N 5/6 %P 945-965 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Academic Press %X Domain models can be constructed more easily and made more robust by reusing ontologies in a well-defined way. In this paper the KARO approach is introduced which provides various means of retrieving and adapting components of an ontology as part of a domain model construction process. KARO is based on the knowledge-processing component LILOG-KR provided by the LILOG text-understanding system. Above all, the notion of classification is applied for the retrieval of relevant categories. The upper structure of LILOG-KB serves as an exemplary ontology. By integrating KARO into the Model-based and Incremental Knowledge Engineering Environment (MIKE) the reuse of a predefined ontology can be integrated into the development process of expert systems in a systematic way. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): IUI00.BA %M C.IUI.2000.1 %S Animated Characters and Conversation %T Presenting through Performing: On the Use of Multiple Lifelike Characters in Knowledge-Based Presentation Systems %A Elisabeth Andre %A Thomas Rist %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 1-8 %K Presentation teams, Animated characters, Conversational embodied agents, Believable dialogues %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1485 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p1-andre/p1-andre.pdf %X In this paper, we investigate a new style for presenting information. We introduce the notion of presentation teams which -- rather than addressing the user directly -- convey information in the style of performances to be observed by him or her. The paper presents an approach to the automated generation of performances which has been tested in two different application scenarios, car sales dialogues and soccer commentary. %M C.IUI.2000.9 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T Virtual Personal Service Assistants: Towards Real-Time Characters with Artificial Hearts %A Yasmine Arafa %A Abe Mamdani %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 9-12 %K Personal service assistants, Interface agents, Affective communication, Multi-agent systems %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 597 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p9-arafa/p9-arafa.pdf %X Over the last years there has been a growing consensus that new generation interfaces turn their focus on the human element by enriching an Affective dimension. Affective generation of autonomous agent behaviour aspires to give computer interfaces emotional states that relate and take into account user as well as system environment considerations. Internally, through computational models of artificial hearts (emotion and personality), and externally through believable multi-modal expression augmented with quasi-human characteristics. Computational models of affect are addressing problems of how agents arrive at a given affective state. Much of this work is targeting the entertainment environment and generally does not address the requirements of multi-agent systems, where behaviour is dynamically changing based on agent goals as well as the shared data and knowledge. This paper discusses one of the requirements for real-time realisation of Personal Service Assistant interface characters. We describe an approach to enabling the computational perception required for the automated generation of affective behaviour in multi-agent real-time environments. This uses a current agent communication language so as they not only convey the semantic content of knowledge exchange but also they can communicate affective attitudes about the shared knowledge. %M C.IUI.2000.13 %T Extending Software through Metaphors and Metonymies %S Animated Characters and Conversation %A Simone D. J. Barbosa %A Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 13-20 %K End-user programming, Metaphor, Metonymy, Abductive reasoning, Interfaces for knowledge-based systems %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1065 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p13-barbosa/p13-barbosa.pdf %X This article is about applications that can be customized or extended through their own user interface. This is achieved by the interface's ability to interpret users' non-literal expressions, namely metaphorical and metonymic ones. Such increased interpretive intelligence depends on static and dynamic models of the domain and application, from which new figurative meanings are abducted automatically or semi-automatically. The system performs controlled modifications on the underlying models, based on its inferences about users' intentions as they produce figurative utterances. %M C.IUI.2000.21 %S Graphical Interaction %T Instructible Information Agents for Web Mining %A Mathias Bauer %A Dietmar Dengler %A Gabriele Paul %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 21-28 %K Programming by Demonstration, Information agents, Wrapper induction %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1867 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p21-bauer/p21-bauer.pdf %X Information agents are intended to assist their users in locating relevant information in vast collections of documents like the WWW. In many cases, e.g., when trying to integrate pieces of information from previously unrelated sources, it is not sufficient to merely identify documents containing relevant data. Instead, information agents have to identify the interesting portions of these documents and make them available for further use. This paper deals with the problem of training an information agent to identify and extract interesting pieces of information from online documents. %M C.IUI.2000.29 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T Enhancing Information Retrieval by Automatic Acquisition of Textual Relations using Genetic Programming %A Agneta Bergstrom %A Patricija Jaksetic %A Peter Nordin %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 29-32 %K Genetic programming, Machine learning, Natural language processing, Semantic networks, Information retrieval %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 619 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p29-bergstrom/p29-bergstrom.pdf %X We have explored a novel method to find textual relations in electronic documents using genetic programming and semantic networks. This can be used for enhancing information retrieval and simplifying user interfaces. The automatic extraction of relations from text enables easier updating of electronic dictionaries and may reduce interface area both for search input and hit output on small screens such as cell phones and PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants). %M C.IUI.2000.33 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T A Learning Agent for Wireless News Access %A Daniel Billsus %A Michael J. Pazzani %A James Chen %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 33-36 %K Wireless, Intelligent information access, News, User modeling, Machine learning %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 855 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p33-billsus/p33-billsus.pdf %X We describe a user interface for wireless information devices, specifically designed to facilitate learning about users' individual interests in daily news stories. User feedback is collected unobtrusively to form the basis for a content-based machine learning algorithm. As a result, the described system can adapt to users' individual interests, reduce the amount of information that needs to be transmitted, and help users access relevant information with minimal effort. %M C.IUI.2000.37 %S Recommending %T Guiding People to Information: Providing an Interface to a Digital Library using Reference as a Basis for Indexing %A Shannon Bradshaw %A Andrei Scheinkman %A Kristian Hammond %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 37-43 %K Information retrieval, Citation analysis, Reference directed indexing %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 2007 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p37-bradshaw/p37-bradshaw.pdf %X We describe Rosetta, a digital library system for scientific literature. Rosetta makes it easy for people to find the information for which they are looking even when using short, imprecise queries. Rosetta indexes research articles based on the way they have been described when cited in other documents. The concise descriptions that occur in citations are similar to the short queries people typically form when searching; therefore, citations make a better basis for indexing than do the words used within a research article itself. Using this indexing technique we are able to provide a user interface that presents users with an automatically generated directory of the information space surrounding a query. Our objective with this interface is to present people with the information for which they have asked as well as the information for which they may have intended to ask. %M C.IUI.2000.44 %S 1890 Maple Ave., Evanston, IL 60201 %T User Interactions with Everyday Applications as Context for Just-in-Time Information Access %A Jay Budzik %A Kristian J. Hammond %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 44-51 %K Intelligent information access, Resource discovery, Context, Information agent %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1254 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p44-budzik/p44-budzik.pdf %X Our central claim is that user interactions with everyday productivity applications (e.g., word processors, Web browsers, etc.) provide rich contextual information that can be leveraged to support just-in-time access to task-relevant information. We discuss the requirements for such systems, and develop a general architecture for systems of this type. As evidence for our claim, we present Watson, a system which gathers contextual information in the form of the text of the document the user is manipulating in order to proactively retrieve documents from distributed information repositories. We close by describing the results of several experiments with Watson, which show it consistently provides useful information to its users. %M C.IUI.2000.52 %T More Than Just a Pretty Face: Affordances of Embodiment %S Animated Characters and Conversation %A J. Cassell %A T. Bickmore %A H. Vilhjalmsson %A H. Yan %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 52-59 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 996 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p52-cassell/p52-cassell.pdf %X Prior research into embodied interface agents has found that users like them and find them engaging. In this paper, we argue that embodiment can serve an even stronger function if system designers use actual human conversational protocols in the design of the interface. Communicative behaviors such as salutations and farewells, conversational turn-taking with interruptions, and referring to objects using pointing gestures are examples of protocols that all native speakers of a language already know how to perform and that can thus be leveraged in an intelligent interface. We discuss how these protocols are integrated into Rea, an embodied, multi-modal conversational interface agent who acts as a real-estate salesperson, and we show why embodiment is required for their successful implementation. %M C.IUI.2000.60 %S Visualization and Knowledge Acquisition %T Data Exploration Across Temporal Contexts %A Mark Derthick %A Steven F. Roth %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 60-67 %K Undo, Exploratory data analysis, Context %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1449 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p60-derthick/p60-derthick.pdf %X The ability to quickly explore and compare multiple scenarios is an important component of exploratory data analysis. Yet today's interfaces cannot represent alternative exploration paths as a branching history, forcing the user to recognize conceptual branch points in a linear history. Further, the interface can only show information from one state at a time, forcing the user to use her memory to compare scenarios. Our system includes a tree-structured visualization for navigating across time and scenarios. The visualization also allows browsing the history and selectively undoing/redoing events within a scenario or across scenarios. It uses the AI formalism of contexts to maintain multiple, possibly mutually inconsistent, knowledge base states. Cross-context formulas can be written for explicit scenario comparison, including visualizations of scenario differences. %M C.IUI.2000.68 %T Artists Augmented by Agents %S Invited Speech %A Ernest Edmonds %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 68-73 %K Intelligent user interface, Agent, Creativity, Art %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1183 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p68-edmonds/p68-edmonds.pdf %X Computers can be very helpful to us by performing tasks on our behalf. For example, they are very good at performing calculations, storing information and producing visualisations of objects that do not yet exist as a made artifact. Increasingly, however, a different role is being found for the computer. It is the role of a catalyst, or a stimulant, to our own creative thinking. In such cases the computer is not primarily performing a task for us and generating an answer within itself, rather it is helping us to generate answers within ourselves. The computer helps us think creatively. This role for the computer can be illustrated in the context of computer support to creative design. In order to design computer systems that support the creative process, it is important to understand that process well enough to predict what might help, rather than hinder. Given such research, we may begin to define the characteristics of what the computer must do in order to augment creative thinking. The paper explores a particular application of intelligent user interfaces: the augmentation of creative thought in artists. %M C.IUI.2000.74 %S Observing User Behavior %T Adaptation in Automated User-Interface Design %A Jacob Eisenstein %A Angel Puerta %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 74-81 %K Model-based interface development, Machine learning, Decision trees, Theory refinement, User interface development tools, Interface models, Theory refinement %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1251 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p74-eisenstein/p74-eisenstein.pdf %X Design problems involve issues of stylistic preference and flexible standards of success; human designers often proceed by intuition and are unaware of following any strict rule-based procedures. These features make design tasks especially difficult to automate. Adaptation is proposed as a means to overcome these challenges. We describe a system that applies an adaptive algorithm to automated user interface design within the framework of the MOBI-D (Model-Based Interface Designer) interface development environment. Preliminary experiments indicate that adaptation improves the performance of the automated user interface design system. %M C.IUI.2000.82 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T A Task-Based Architecture for Application-Aware Adjuncts %A Robert Farrell %A Peter Fairweather %A Eric Breimer %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 82-85 %K Adjunct, Agent, Architecture, Critic, Event, Graphical user interface, Plan recognition, Task model %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 577 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p82-farrell/p82-farrell.pdf %X Users of complex applications need advice, assistance, and feedback while they work. We are experimenting with "adjunct" user agents that are aware of the history of interaction surrounding the accomplishment of a task. This paper describes an architectural framework for constructing these agents. Using this framework, we have implemented a critiquing system that can give task-oriented critiques to trainees while they use operating system tools and software applications. Our approach is generic, widely applicable, and works directly with off-the-shelf software packages. %M C.IUI.2000.86 %S 1890 Maple Ave., Evanston, IL 60201 %T Improving Human Computer Interaction in a Classroom Environment using Computer Vision %A Joshua Flachsbart %A David Franklin %A Kristian Hammond %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 86-93 %K Intelligent environments, Multi-modal input, Computer vision, Context-based vision %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1322 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p86-flachsbart/p86-flachsbart.pdf %X In this paper we discuss our use of multi-modal input to improve human computer interaction. Specifically we look at the methods used in the Intelligent Classroom to combine multiple input modes, and examine in particular the visual input modes. The Classroom provides context that improves the functioning of the visual input modes. It also determines which visual input modes are needed when. We examine a number of visual input modes to see how they fit into the general scheme, and look at how the Classroom controls their operation. %M C.IUI.2000.94 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T Adaptive Medical Information Delivery Combining User, Task and Situation Models %A Luis Francisco-Revilla %A Frank M. Shipman %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 94-97 %K Medical information systems, Adaptive hypertext, User models, Task models, Situation models, Conflict resolution %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 883 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p94-francisco-revilla/p94-francisco-revilla.pdf %X Medical information delivery for users with different levels of expertise will be required for the manned mission to Mars due to limited potential for communication with Earth. The Mars Medical Assistant (MMA) uses a combination of user, situation, and task models to create virtual hypertext structures by piecing together medical "information components." Information components are chosen based on the semantic content and the cognitive characteristics of the component's media type. The medical assistant currently supports three tasks: 1) describing medical procedures, 2) aiding diagnosis, and 3) providing information on health concerns. Conflicting suggestions from the three models need to be resolved. Tradeoffs in the model representations and conflict resolution strategies are being explored in the context of MMA. %M C.IUI.2000.98 %S 1890 Maple Ave., Evanston, IL 60201 %T Jabberwocky: You Don't Have to be a Rocket Scientist to Change Slides for a Hydrogen Combustion Lecture %A David Franklin %A Shannon Bradshaw %A Kristian Hammond %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 98-105 %K Speech-based user interfaces, Approximate natural language understanding, Intelligent environments %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 965 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p98-franklin/p98-franklin.pdf %X In designing Jabberwocky -- a speech-based interface to Microsoft PowerPoint -- we have tried to go beyond simple commands like "Next slide, please" and make a tool that aids speakers as they present and even learns as they rehearse their presentations. Jabberwocky looks at the contents of the slides, extracting key words and phrases and associating them with their places in the presentation. By listening for these phrases (and synonymous phrases derived using syntactic rules) Jabberwocky is able to follow along with the presentation, switching slides at the appropriate moments. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of this system -- a component of our Intelligent Classroom project -- and look at how we are using it. %M C.IUI.2000.106 %T Mining Navigation History for Recommendation %S Recommending %A Xiaobin Fu %A Jay Budzik %A Kristian J. Hammond %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 106-112 %K Data mining, Collaborative information recommendation, Intelligent user interface %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 961 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p106-fu/p106-fu.pdf %X Although a user's navigation history contains a lot of hidden information about the relationship between web pages and between users, this information is usually not exploited. The information hidden in the history can be an invaluable source of knowledge in assisting a user to better surf the Web. We presented a system which actively monitors and tracks a user's navigation. Once a user's navigation history is captured, we apply data mining techniques to discover the hidden knowledge contained in the history. The knowledge is then used to suggest potentially interesting web pages to users. %M C.IUI.2000.113 %S Applications %T CACTUS: Automated Tutorial Course Generation for Software Applications %A Federico Garcia %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 113-120 %K Tutorial course generation, User-task models, Programming by Demonstration, PDB %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1740 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p113-garcia/p113-garcia.pdf %X Novice users often face many difficulties in mastering current highly interactive systems. In this paper we describe CACTUS, an interactive system used to develop tutorial courses for software applications. CACTUS tutorial courses provide more adequate and more dynamical explanations than currently existing teaching components, since they are task-oriented and provide just-in-time context-dependent explanations. These tutors are also able to follow-up the user activity and act according to what they perform. CACTUS is an environment that uses the model-based design technology. In particular, CACTUS uses declarative hierarchical task-models to derive guidance instructions. Additionally, CACTUS releases tutorial course designers from part of the intensive workload of developing tutor programs as these guidance components are currently developed. This system helps to generate application tutorial courses based on a metaphor that represents the contents of the courses as if they were textbooks, so that learning an application is assimilated to reading a book on certain subject and performing some activities. %M C.IUI.2000.121 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T ALife-WebGuide: An Intelligent User Interface for Web Site Navigation %A Paolo Gaudiano %A Klaus Kater %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 121-124 %K Web site interface, Web navigation, Intelligent navigation, Software bots, Natural language %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1226 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p121-gaudiano/p121-gaudiano.pdf %X This article describes Artificial Life, Inc's WebGuide, an intelligent software bot that helps users navigate a Web site using natural language. The article describes the technology behind ALife-WebGuide, discusses some of the issues involved in commercialization of this type of user interface, and summarizes possible enhancements for future versions of this product. %M C.IUI.2000.125 %S New Directions/More Speculative Topics %T R2D2 in a Softball: The Portable Satellite Assistant %A Yuri Gawdiak %A Jeff Bradshaw %A Brian Williams %A Hans Thomas %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 125-128 %K Agents, Teamwork, Adjustable autonomy, Robotics %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1216 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p125-gawdiak/p125-gawdiak.pdf %X The Portable Satellite Assistant (PSA) is a softball-sized flying robot designed to operate autonomously onboard manned and unmanned spacecraft in pressurized micro-gravity environments. In this paper we provide an overview of some of the design challenges we face in making the PSA practical, effective, and usable for future space missions. In particular we highlight the need for an agent architecture supporting adjustable autonomy and a generic model of teamwork. %M C.IUI.2000.129 %S Observing User Behavior %T Learning Users' Interests by Unobtrusively Observing their Normal Behavior %A Jeremy Goecks %A Jude Shavlik %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 129-132 %K Intelligent web agents, Learning user preferences, Learning by observation, Adaptive information retrieval %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 545 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p129-goecks/p129-goecks.pdf %X For intelligent interfaces attempting to learn a users' interests, the cost of obtaining labeled training instances is prohibitive because the user must directly label each training instance, and few users are willing to do so. We present an approach that circumvents the need for human-labeled pages. Instead, we learn "surrogate" tasks where the desired output is easily measured, such as the number of hyperlinks clicked on a page or the amount of scrolling performed. Our assumption is that these outputs will highly correlate with the user's interests. In other words, by unobtrusively "observing" the user's behavior we are able to learn functions of value. For example, an intelligent browser could silently observe the user's browsing behavior during the day, then use these training examples to learn such functions and gather, during the middle of the night, pages that are likely to be of interest to the user. Previous work has focused on learning a user profile by passively observing the hyperlinks clicked on and those passed over. We extend this approach by measuring user mouse and scrolling activity in addition to user browsing activity. We present empirical results that demonstrate our agent can accurately predict some easily measured aspects of one's use of his or her browser. %M C.IUI.2000.133 %S Graphical Interaction %T Using Annotated Video as an Information Retrieval Interface %A Andrew S. Gordon %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 133-140 %K Computer learning environments, Information retrieval, Digital libraries, Multimedia interfaces %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1061 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p133-gordon/p133-gordon.pdf %X The ability to deliver appropriate information to learners at the most appropriate time is an essential component of good instruction. In the best learning environments, this information is received in the context of the performance of the skills that are being acquired. This paper explores a technological approach to situated information retrieval by linking materials to segments of a video recording a skill performance. An interface is described where users navigate through a video performance and are presented with information relevant to the current video location. An approach to algorithmically generating interfaces of this type is then presented. The system takes as input annotations that describe a video recording of a performance, translates these annotations into subject terms used to catalog information resources, and then retrieves materials from online database servers using the 239.50 information retrieval protocol. As an example application, the system was used to generate online teacher professional development materials by linking annotated video of classroom teaching with resources cataloged in the ERIC database. %M C.IUI.2000.141 %S Graphical Interaction %T VITE: A Visual Interface Supporting the Direct Manipulation of Structured Data using Two-Way Mappings %A Hao-wei Hsieh %A Frank M. Shipman %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 141-148 %K Information visualization, Visual languages, Structured data manipulation, Multiple perspectives, Direct manipulation, Visual parsing, Spatial pattern recognition %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 2035 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p141-hsieh/p141-hsieh.pdf %X Information processed by computers is frequently stored and organized for the computer's, rather than for the user's, convenience. For example, information stored in a database is normalized and indexed so computers can efficiently access, process, and retrieve it. However, it is not natural for people to manipulate such formal/prescriptive representations. Instead, people frequently sort items by rough notions of association or categorization. One natural organizational process has been found to center around manipulations of objects in spatial arrangements. Examples of this range from the organization of documents and other items on a regular office desktop to the use of 3"x5" cards to organize a conference program. Using visual cues and spatial proximity, people change the categorizations of and relationships between objects. Without the help of indices or perfect memory people can still interpret, locate, and manipulate the information represented by the items and the higher-level visual structures they form. The VITE system presented here is an intuitive interface for people to manipulate information in their own way and at their own pace. VITE provides for configurable visualizations of structured data sets so users can design their own "perspectives" and a direct manipulation interface allowing editing of and manipulation on the structured data. %M C.IUI.2000.149 %S Agents and Applications %T Creating an Empirical Basis for Adaptation Decisions %A Anthony Jameson %A Barbara Groszmann-Hutter %A Leonie March %A Ralf Rummer %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 149-156 %K Adaptive systems, Experiments, Decision theory, Influence diagrams, Bayesian networks %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1385 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p149-jameson/p149-jameson.pdf %X How can an adaptive intelligent interface decide what particular action to perform in a given situation, as a function of perceived properties of the user and the situation? Ideally, such decisions should be made on the basis of an empirically derived causal model. In this paper we show how such a model can be constructed given an appropriately limited system and domain: On the basis of data from a controlled experiment, an influence diagram for making adaptation decisions is learned automatically. We then discuss why this method will often be infeasible in practice, and how parts of the method can nonetheless be used to create a more solid basis for adaptation decisions. %M C.IUI.2000.157 %S Visualization and Knowledge Acquisition %T Mapping Communicative Goals into Conceptual Tasks to Generate Graphics in Discourse %A Stephan Kerpedjiev %A Steven F. Roth %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 157-164 %K Data graphic design, Communicative plans, Conceptual tasks %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1014 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p157-kerpedjiev/p157-kerpedjiev.pdf %X We address the problem of realizing communicative plans in graphics. Our approach calls for mapping communicative goals to conceptual tasks and then using task-based graphic design for selecting graphical techniques. In this paper, we present the mapping rules in several dimensions: data aggregation and selection, task synthesis, and task aggregation. Those rules have been incorporated in AutoBrief, a research system for multimedia explanation. %M C.IUI.2000.165 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T User Studies of an Interdependency-Based Interface for Acquiring Problem-Solving Knowledge %A Jihie Kim %A Yolanda Gil %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 165-168 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1201 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p165-kim/p165-kim.pdf %X This paper describes a series of experiments with a range of users to evaluate an intelligent interface for acquiring problem-solving knowledge to describe how to accomplish a task. The tool derives the interdependencies between different pieces of knowledge in the system and uses them to guide the user in completing the acquisition task. The paper describes results obtained when the tool was tested with a wide range of users, including end users. The studies show that our acquisition interface saves users an average of 32% of the time it takes to add new knowledge, and highlight some interesting differences across user groups. The paper also describes what are the areas that need to be addressed in future research in order to make these tools usable by end users. %M C.IUI.2000.169 %S Observing User Behavior %T SUITOR: An Attentive Information System %A Paul P. Maglio %A Rob Barrett %A Christopher S. Campbell %A Ted Selker %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 169-176 %K Attentive systems, Intelligent agents, Peripheral information, Multimodal input, User modeling, Interest tracking %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1184 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p169-maglio/p169-maglio.pdf %X Attentive systems pay attention to what users do so that they can attend to what users need. Such systems track user behavior, model user interests, and anticipate user desires and actions. Because the general class of attentive systems is broad -- ranging from human butlers to web sites that profile users -- we have focused specifically on attentive information systems, which observe user actions with information resources, model user information states, and suggest information that might be helpful to users. In particular, we describe an implemented system, Simple User Interest Tracker (Suitor), that tracks computer users through multiple channels -- gaze, web browsing, application focus -- to determine their interests and to satisfy their information needs. By observing behavior and modeling users, Suitor finds and displays potentially relevant information that is both timely and non-disruptive to the users' ongoing activities. %M C.IUI.2000.177 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T A Reporting Tool using "Programming by Example" for Format Designation %A Tetsuya Masuishi %A Nobuo Takahashi %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 177-180 %K Reporting tool, Relational database, Programming by Example, PBE, User interface %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 515 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p177-masuishi/p177-masuishi.pdf %X This paper describes a report tool in which report formats are designated by "Programming by Example"-like operations. Users specify a sample layout of an example row of relational table data on a sheet, and select an iteration pattern of the sample layout. The tool extracts a set of general formatting rules from the sample layout. The rules consist of absolute positions of non-iterative data, relative positions of iterative data, the iteration pattern, and the increment of the iteration. The tool interprets the rules and generates new reports of the format for different table data. %M C.IUI.2000.181 %T Intelligent User Interfaces for Correspondence Domains: Moving IUIs Off the Desktop %S Panel %A Christopher A. Miller %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 181-186 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 702 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p181-miller/p181-miller.pdf %X The Intelligent User Interfaces (IUIs) conference has grown to become the premier venue for presenting research on the applications of artificial intelligence to human interface design and operation. There is, however, a serious limitation to the IUI conference as it has existed to date. The vast majority of the work which has been presented and discussed at the previous IUI conferences has concerned what might be called "desktop" applications. That is, things an average person would do sitting at a desktop PC connected to the Web -- applications which involve web browsing, library search, document preparation, etc. Such applications are fascinating and challenging, but they represent only a portion of the full body of work going on under the general heading of intelligent user interfaces. There is a long history of 'off the desktop' IUIs -- far longer, in fact, than that of 'desktop' IUIs -- and much ongoing research in this field which bears interesting similarities and differences to the type of work typically reported at IUI. The purpose of this panel will be to introduce IUI participants to this alternate body of research and to, hopefully, begin the process of expanding the focus of the IUI conference so that it fully reflects the range of research being done in IUIs. %M C.IUI.2000.187 %T The Emotion Machine: From Pain to Suffering %S Invited Speech %A Marvin Minsky %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 187-193 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 805 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p187-minsky/p187-minsky.pdf %X This is part of a section on Pain extracted from my forthcoming book, "The Emotion Machine," which addresses a wider range of psychological subjects than did my earlier book, "The Society of Mind" To do this it introduces several "large-scale models of the mind." One of these is a broad-brush way to imagine the brain as supporting a "cloud of resources" which interact in various ways to produce various mental phenomena. Here "resource" means any process, function, or structure that can be used by other resources in the course of a mental activity. (To be sure, that statement is circular. But minds themselves are recursive, too, and that is what makes them so powerful.) %M C.IUI.2000.194 %S New Directions/More Speculative Topics %T Requirements Elicitation for an Intelligent Software Test Environment for the Physically Challenged %A Warren Moseley %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 194-197 %K Knowledge acquisition, Knowledge elicitation, Scenario-based engineering, Software architecture, Design patterns, Physically challenged, Eye tracking, Digital manipulatives, Object oriented architecture, Americans with disabilities act (ADA) of 1990, Intelligent process automation %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 868 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p194-moseley/p194-moseley.pdf %X This paper is about the elicitation of the requirements for an intelligent interface for a software test development environment that will accommodate the physically challenged (PC). This research explores the use of eye-tracking mechanisms and digital manipulative user interfaces that are especially enhanced for the PC. In addition these devices provide assistance for the knowledge elicitation phase for an Intelligent User Interface to such an environment. It was never a stated objective of PCTA (Physically Challenged Test Assistant) to include any intelligent augmentation of the environment. It was challenge enough to get a paraplegic to operate the software test environment. However, in the process of evaluating the data collected in the evaluation of the user interface it was discovered that empirical data existed to predict some of the impasses that occur in the software development and more uniquely in the software testing process. %M C.IUI.2000.198 %S New Directions/More Speculative Topics %T A Calendar with Common Sense %A Erik T. Mueller %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 198-201 %K Common sense, Calendaring, PIM %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 497 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p198-mueller/p198-mueller.pdf %X Digital devices today have little understanding of their real-world context, and as a result they often make stupid mistakes. To improve this situation we are developing a database of world knowledge called ThoughtTreasure at the same time that we develop intelligent applications. In this paper we present one such application, SensiCal, a calendar with a degree of common sense. We discuss the pieces of common sense important in calendar management and present methods for extracting relevant information from calendar items. %M C.IUI.2000.202 %S Observing User Behavior %T Representation of Electronic Mail Filtering Profiles: A User Study %A Michael J. Pazzani %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 202-206 %K Mail filtering, User studies %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 502 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p202-pazzani/p202-pazzani.pdf %X Electronic mail offers the promise of rapid communication of essential information. However, electronic mail is also used to send unwanted messages. A variety of approaches can learn a profile of a user's interests for filtering mail. Here, we report on a usability study that investigates what types of profiles people would be willing to use to filter mail. %M C.IUI.2000.207 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T NaturalJava: A Natural Language Interface for Programming in Java %A David Price %A Ellen Riloff %A Joseph Zachary %A Brandon Harvey %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 207-211 %K Intelligent user interfaces, Information extraction, Natural language processing, Computer program editors, Programming environments %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 565 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p207-price/p207-price.pdf %X NaturalJava is a prototype for an intelligent natural-language-based user interface for creating, modifying, and examining Java programs. The interface exploits three subsystems. The Sundance natural language processing system accepts English sentences as input and uses information extraction techniques to generate case frames representing program construction and editing directives. A knowledge-based case flame interpreter, PRISM, uses a decision tree to infer program modification operations from the case frames. A Java abstract syntax tree manager, TreeFace, provides the interface that PRISM uses to build and navigate the tree representation of an evolving Java program. In this paper, we describe the technical details of each component, explain the capabilities of the user interface, and present examples of NaturalJava in use. %M C.IUI.2000.212 %S Applications %T A Perceptual Assistant to do Sound Equalization %A Dale Reed %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 212-218 %K Intelligent interfaces, Expert systems, Learning, Perceptual tools, Audio equalization %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1641 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p212-reed/p212-reed.pdf %X This paper describes an intelligent interface to assist in the expert perceptual task of sound equalization. This is commonly done by a sound engineer in a recording studio, live concert setting, or in setting up audio systems. The system uses inductive learning to acquire expert skill using nearest neighbor pattern recognition. This skill is then used in a sound equalization expert system, which learns to proficiently adjust the timbres (tonal qualities) of brightness, darkness, and smoothness in a context-dependent fashion. The computer is used as a tool to sense, process, and act in helping the user perform a perceptual task. Adjusting timbres of sound is complicated by the fact that there are non-linear relationships between equalization adjustments and perceived sound quality changes. The developed system shows that the nearest-neighbor context-dependent equalization is rated 68% higher than the set linear average equalization and that it is preferred 81% of the time. %M C.IUI.2000.219 %S Agents and Applications %T Margin Notes: Building a Contextually Aware Associative Memory %A Bradley J. Rhodes %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 219-224 %K Contextual interfaces, Software agents, Remembrance agents, World Wide Web, Browsers %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1223 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p219-rhodes/p219-rhodes.pdf %X Both the Human Computer Interaction and Information Retrieval fields have developed techniques to allow a searcher to find the information they seek quickly. However, these techniques are designed to augment one's direct-recall memory, where the searcher is actively trying to find information. Associative memory, in contrast, happens automatically and continuously, triggering memories that relate to the observed world. This paper presents design techniques and heuristics for building "remembrance agents," applications that watch a user's context and proactively suggest information that may be of use. General design issues are discussed and illuminated by a description of Margin Notes, an automatic just-in-time information system for the Web. %M C.IUI.2000.225 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T Expression Constraints in Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction %A Sandrine Robbe-Reiter %A Noelle Carbonell %A Pierre Dauchy %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 225-228 %K Multimodal user interfaces, Speech constraints, Usability %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 509 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p225-robbe-reiter/p225-robbe-reiter.pdf %X Thanks to recent scientific advances, it is now possible to design multimodal interfaces allowing the use of speech and gestures on a touchscreen. However, present speech recognizers and natural language interpreters cannot yet process spontaneous speech accurately. These limitations make it necessary to impose constraints on users' speech inputs. Thus, ergonomic studies are needed to provide user interface designers with efficient guidelines for the definition of usable speech constraints. We evolved a method for designing oral and multimodal (speech + 2D gestures) command languages, which could be interpreted reliably by present systems, and easy to learn through human-computer interaction (HCI). The empirical study presented here contributes to assessing the usability of such artificial languages in a realistic software environment. Analyses of the multimodal protocols collected indicate that all subjects were able to assimilate rapidly the given expression constraints, mainly while executing simple interactive tasks; in addition, these constraints, which had no noticeable effect on the subjects' activities, had a limited influence on their use of modalities. These results contribute to the validation of the method we propose for the design of tractable and usable multimodal command languages. %M C.IUI.2000.229 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T APE: Learning User's Habits to Automate Repetitive Tasks %A Jean-David Ruvini %A Christophe Dony %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 229-232 %K Learning interface agents, Programming by Demonstration, PDB, Machine learning, Interactive programming environments %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 954 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p229-ruvini/p229-ruvini.pdf %X The APE (Adaptive Programming Environment) project focuses on applying Machine Learning techniques to embed a software assistant into the Visual Works Smalltalk interactive programming environment. The assistant is able to learn user's habits and to automatically suggest to perform repetitive tasks on his behalf. This paper describes our assistant and focuses more particularly on the learning issue. it explains why state-of-the-art Machine Learning algorithms fail to provide an efficient solution for learning user's habits, and shows, through experiments on real data that a new algorithm we have designed for this learning task, achieves better results than related algorithms. %M C.IUI.2000.233 %S Visualization and Knowledge Acquisition %T Conversation Map: A Content-Based Usenet Newsgroup Browser %A Warren Sack %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 233-240 %K Content-based browser, Social network, Social navigation, Semantic network, Semantic navigation, Graphical interface, Spatial navigation, Computational linguistics, Sociology %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 3851 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p233-sack/p233-sack.pdf %X The Conversation Map system is a Usenet newsgroup browser that analyzes the text of an archive of newsgroup messages and outputs a graphical interface that can be used to search and read the messages of the archive. The system incorporates a series of novel text analysis procedures that automatically computes (1) a set of social networks detailing who is responding to and/or citing whom in the newsgroup; (2) a set of "discussion themes" that are frequently used in the newsgroup archive; and, (3) a set of semantic networks that represent the main terms under discussion and some of their relationships to one another. The text analysis procedures are written in the Perl programming language. Their results are recorded as HTML, and the HTML is displayed with a Java applet. With the Java-based graphical interface one can browse a set of Usenet newsgroup articles according to who is "talking" to whom, what they are "talking" about, and the central terms and possible emergent metaphors of the conversation. In this paper it is argued that the Conversation Map system is just one example of a new kind of content-based browser that will combine the analysis powers of computational linguistics with a graphical interface to allow network documents and messages to be viewed in ways not possible with today's, existing, format-based browsers which do not analyze the contents of the documents or messages. %M C.IUI.2000.241 %T Learning to Recommend from Positive Evidence %S Recommending %A Ingo Schwab %A Wolfgang Pohl %A Ivan Koychev %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 241-247 %K Adaptive recommendation interfaces, User modeling, Machine learning, Evaluation of methods %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1586 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p241-schwab/p241-schwab.pdf %X In recent years, many systems and approaches for recommending information, products or other objects have been developed. In these systems, often machine learning methods that need training input to acquire a user interest profile are used. Such methods typically need positive and negative evidence of the user's interests. To obtain both kinds of evidence, many systems make users rate relevant objects explicitly. Others merely observe the user's behavior, which fairly obviously yields positive evidence; in order to be able to apply the standard learning methods, these systems mostly use heuristics that attempt to find also negative evidence in observed behavior. In this paper, we present several approaches to learning interest profiles from positive evidence only, as it is contained in observed user behavior. Thus, both the problem of interrupting the user for ratings and the problem of somewhat artificially determining negative evidence are avoided. The learning approaches were developed and tested in the context of the Web-based ELFI information system. It is in real use by more than 1000 people. We give a brief sketch of ELFl and describe the experiments we made based on ELFl usage logs to evaluate the different proposed methods. %M C.IUI.2000.248 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T A Reinforcement Learning Agent for Personalized Information Filtering %A Young-Woo Seo %A Byoung-Tak Zhang %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 248-251 %K Web-based information filtering, User interface agents, Learning user's preferences, Reinforcement learning %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 612 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p248-seo/p248-seo.pdf %X This paper describes a method for learning user's interests in the Web-based personalized information filtering system called WAIR. The proposed method analyzes user's reactions to the presented documents and learns from them the profiles for the individual users. Reinforcement learning is used to adapt the term weights in the user profile so that user's preferences are best represented. In contrast to conventional relevance feedback methods which require explicit user feedbacks, OUT approach learns user preferences implicitly from direct observations of user behaviors during interaction. Field tests have been made which involved 7 users reading a total of 7,700 HTML documents during 4 weeks. The proposed method showed superior performance in personalized information filtering compared to the existing relevance feedback methods. %M C.IUI.2000.252 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T Efficient Text Summarization using Lexical Chains %A H. Gregory Silber %A Kathleen F. McCoy %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 252-255 %K Summarization, NLP, Lexical chains, Cohesion, Linguistics, Algorithm %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 573 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p252-silber/p252-silber.pdf %X The rapid growth of the Internet has resulted in enormous amounts of information that has become more difficult to access efficiently. Internet users require tools to help manage this vast quantity of information. The primary goal of this research is to create an efficient and effective tool that is able to summarize large documents quickly. This research presents a linear time algorithm for calculating lexical chains which is a method of capturing the "aboutness" of a document. This method is compared to previous, less efficient methods of lexical chain extraction. We also provide alternative methods for extracting and scoring lexical chains. We show that our method provides similar results to previous research, but is substantially more efficient. This efficiency is necessary in Internet search applications where many large documents may need to be summarized at once, and where the response time to the end user is extremely important. %M C.IUI.2000.256 %S New Directions/More Speculative Topics %T MIND-WARPING: Towards Creating a Compelling Collaborative Augmented Reality Game %A Thad Starner %A Bastian Leibe %A Brad Singletary %A Jarrell Pair %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 256-259 %K Augmented reality, Wearable computing, Computer vision %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1018 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p256-starner/p256-starner.pdf %X Computer gaming offers a unique test-bed and market for advanced concepts in computer science, such as Human Computer Interaction (HCI), computer-supported collaborative work (CSCW), intelligent agents, graphics, and sensing technology. In addition, computer gaming is especially well-suited for explorations in the relatively young fields of wearable computing and augmented reality (AR). This paper presents a developing multi-player augmented reality game, patterned as a cross between a martial arts fighting game and an agent controller, as implemented using the Wearable Augmented Reality for Personal, Intelligent, and Networked Gaming (WARPING) system. Through interactions based on gesture, voice, and head movement input and audio and graphical output, the WARPING system demonstrates how computer vision techniques can be exploited for advanced, intelligent interfaces. %M C.IUI.2000.260 %S Agents and Applications %T A Recipe Based On-Line Food Store %A Martin Svensson %A Jarmo Laaksolahti %A Kristina Hook %A Annika Waern %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 260-263 %K Recommender system, Social navigation, User groups, Collaborative filtering, Content-based filtering, On-line shopping %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 722 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p260-svensson/p260-svensson.pdf %X Recent research in the area of information retrieval hypothesizes that people benefit from social clues, so called social navigation, when they try to navigate information spaces [7]. We have designed an on-line grocery store building upon those ideas manifested in several different ways. The most central feature is that the system uses a combination of content-based and collaborative filtering as the basis for recipe recommendations. This filtering process can in turn be controlled by editors, whose role is to control the content of the "recipe clubs". Other types of social clues are also present, such as displaying how many users that have chosen a recipe. Finally, the system shows information about other users currently present in the system, and allows users to get in direct contact through chat. %M C.IUI.2000.264 %S Applications %T Procedure Based Help Desk System %A Akira Takano %A Yuko Yurugi %A Atsushi Kanaegami %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 264-271 %K Help desk, Case based reasoning, Guidance %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1983 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p264-takano/p264-takano.pdf %X In this paper, we describe an outline of "Procedure based help desk system". Preparing enough amounts of contents for help desk system is important for constructing an efficient help desk system. However, the preparation of contents is a hard job for contents-creators (usually, who is an expert of the work.). To support making help desk contents, we developed "Procedure based help desk system". Primary functions of this system are to easily generate help desk contents about software usage (They will be called as "procedure data".). Then the system classifies procedure data and constructs procedure database. Also the system provides useful functions to refer accumulated procedure data. %M C.IUI.2000.272 %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %T Virtual Reviewers for Collaborative Exploration of Movie Reviews %A Junichi Tatemura %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 272-275 %K Collaborative filtering, Browsing, Navigation, Agents, Information visualization, Recommender systems %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 573 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p272-tatemura/p272-tatemura.pdf %X We propose a collaborative exploration system that helps users to explore recommendations from various viewpoints. Given ratings and reviews on movies from reviewers, the system provides "virtual reviewers" that represent particular viewpoints. Each virtual reviewer navigates the user by recommending and characterizing both movies and reviewers according to its viewpoint. We have developed a browsing method with virtual reviewers and visual interfaces. %M C.IUI.2000.276 %S Agents and Applications %T Context-Aware Office Assistant %A Hao Yan %A Ted Selker %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 276-279 %K Human-computer interaction, User interface, Agent, Office automation %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 632 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p276-yan/p276-yan.pdf %X This paper describes the design and implementation of the Office Assistant -- an agent that interacts with visitors at the office door and manages the office owner's schedule. We claim that rich context information about users is key to making a flexible and believable interaction. We also argue that natural face-to-face conversation is an appropriate metaphor for human-computer interaction. %M C.IUI.2000.280 %T A Knowledge-Based Electronic Information and Documentation System %S Short Paper/Poster/Demonstration %A Robert L. Young %A Elaine Kant %A Larry A. Akers %B IUI00 %D 2000 %P 280-285 %K Knowledge-based systems, Intelligent interfaces %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 777 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/uist/325737/p280-young/p280-young.pdf %X We describe the capabilities of a knowledge-based system to automatically generate a collection of electronic notebooks containing various forms of online documentation and reports. This system is a subsystem of a larger knowledge-based system called SciNapse. SciNapse's raison d'etre is to transform high-level simulation problem specifications into executable numerical programs. The electronic notebooks are generated from the same domain knowledge bases that the system uses to perform its primary tasks. These online notebooks are of two different kinds: reference materials and reports. Reference materials are generated from the latest version of the knowledge base, which includes the classes that drive the system, and a network of objects representing meta-information about the system. The reference materials document the system's capabilities and help users understand what the system can do. Reports are generated from the instances created by a run of the system. They document the transformations the input specification underwent in becoming code, and are intended to help a user understand what the system has done. We have found that our approach to producing documents has both advantages and disadvantages when compared with more traditional approaches to documentation. The advantages are that we can minimize the manual effort that is involved in writing documentation about the system, while at the same time maximizing the accuracy of the documentation that is produced. The main disadvantage has been the lack of truly appropriate authoring tools built to work in our environment. When we began, we expected the task of creating such authoring tools to be much easier than it has turned out to be. Later in this paper, we explore some of the factors that have caused this to be the case. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): SIGCHI31.BA %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.1 %S From the Editor %T A Surprise Introduction to SIGCHI %A Ayman Mukerji %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 1-2 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/editorial.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.3 %T Opening SIGCHI to the World %S From the Chairs %A Mike Atwood %A Guy Boy %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 3-4 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/chairs.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.5 %T Communicating with International Audiences %S International CHI %A David G. Novick %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 5-6 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/international.pdf %X Issues of international cooperation in the CHI community were made personal for me when I moved from the United States to France in July of 1996. Things that I should have noticed before, and which had slid right by me, all of a sudden became salient. For many people already immersed in internationally diverse work environments, much of this will probably be familiar. For those who tend to work within their own national environment, here are some observations and suggestions based on my experiences working in France that I hope will be of help. The most practical of these suggestions involve how to give a talk for an international audience, whether or not you're a native speaker of the meeting's target language. %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.7 %T Degrees in Human-Computer Interaction: A Common Name is Emerging and Opportunities are Expanding %S Education %A Andrew Sears %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 7-8 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/education.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.9 %T Deer Hunter Bucks the Trend %S Visual Interaction Design %A Shannon Ford %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 9-12 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/vid.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.13 %T Designers of the Future %S Kids and Computers %A Allison Druin %A Alex Kruskal %A Hanne Olsen %A Isabe;la Revett %A Thomas Plaisant Schwenn %A Lauren Sumida %A Rebecca Wagner %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 13-14 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/kids.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.15 %T Building a Community Website, SIGCHI.NL goes Online %S HCI and the Web %A Peter Boersma %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 15-16 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/web.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.17 %T Starting a SIGCHI Local Group in the Netherlands %S Local SIGs %A Steven Pemberton %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 17-21 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/local-sigs.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.22 %T Innovation and Evaluation of Information Exploration Interfaces: A CHI98 Workshop %S PAPERS %A Gene Golovchinsky %A Nicholas J. Belkin %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 22-25 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/golovchinsky.pdf %X This report summarizes a workshop held at CHI 98 that focused on several aspects of information exploration, including user interfaces, theory, and evaluation. Information exploration is a common activity that spans a variety of media and is an integral component of many information seeking behaviors that people engage in. The complexity of this activity, and the need to support it appropriately, led us to propose this workshop. Over the course of two days, we examined several aspects of this problem, struggled with a few definitions, and came away with a better understanding of the design space. Here we summarize those efforts. %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.26 %T Web Navigation Resolving Conflicts between the Desktop and the Web: A CHI98 Workshop %S PAPERS %A Carola Fellenz %A Jarmo Parkkinen %A Hal Shubin %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 26-28 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/shubin.pdf %X This paper summarizes a workshop at CHI 98 that focused on navigational problems caused by differences in navigational models between the desktop and the Web. The goal of this workshop was to identify usability problems encountered when users move from the "traditional" desktop to the Web and to identify ways to minimize transfer-learning problems between the two platforms. The major outcome of the workshop was the classification of Web usage. We developed three categories: browsing, performing transactions and running applications. Each type of usage has its own characteristics and design requirements. In addition, we identified a category of application that interacts directly with the Internet, without needing a browser as an intermediary. We called these Net applications. %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.29 %T Mobile Informatics Innovation of IT Use in Mobile Settings: IRIS'21 Workshop Report %S PAPERS %A Steinar Kristoffersen %A Fredrik Ljungberg %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 29-34 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/ljungberg.pdf %X In this paper, we report from the workshop "Mobile Informatics: Innovation of IT use in mobile settings," arranged in conjunction with the IRIS'21 conference in Saeby, Denmark. We suggested Mobile Informatics as a field concerned with exploring new and innovative ways of using IT in mobile settings. By organizing the workshop, we attempted to introduce footholds for Mobile Informatics within the IRIS community. In particular, we wanted to explore the basis for such a field and elicit relevant issues for future research. The workshop was supported by the Swedish Information Technology Research Institute (SITI). %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.35 %T VRI'98 Visual Representations and Interpretations Workshop %S PAPERS %A Irene Neilson %A Ray Paton %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 35-36 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/neilson.pdf %X The value of multi-disciplinary research, the exchanging of ideas and methods across traditional discipline boundaries, is well recognised. Indeed, it could be justifiably argued that many of the advances in science and engineering take place because the ideas, methods and the tools of thought from one discipline become re-applied in others. Sadly, it is also the case that many subject areas develop specialised vocabularies and concepts and indeed may also approach more general problems in fairly narrow subject-specific ways. As a result barriers develop between disciplines that prevent the free flow of ideas and the collaborations that could often bring success. The VRI'98 workshop, which was held at the Foresight Centre at the University of Liverpool on September 22-24, 1998, was intended to break down such barriers. %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.37 %T The User Interface in Text Retrieval Systems Revisited, A Letter to the Editor %S PAPERS %A Jef Raskin %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 37 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/raskin.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.38 %T Web Usability: A Review of the Research %S PAPERS %A Alfred T. Lee %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 38-40 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/lee.pdf %X As with the information technologies that have preceded it, Web technology is faced with many of the same issues of accessibility and usability. Paraphrasing the definition supplied by the ISO [1], Web usability is the efficient, effective and satisfying completion of a specified task by any given Web user. Support of essential user tasks made possible by Web technology serves is the benchmark of its usability. With this definition in mind, a brief review of available empirical research on Web usability was carried out to determine what is known about the factors that might affect Web usability. This review is not intended to be exhaustive nor is it intended as a review of the many design alternatives and suggestions that have been proposed for improving Web use. The primary purpose of this review is to identify Web-specific usability research and to provide some suggestions for future research. %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.41 %T A Journey into Web Usability: What an Informed Architect Learned on His Summer Vacation %S PAPERS %A Steve Toub %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 41-42 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/toub.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.43 %T SIGCHI Financial Report %S PAPERS %A Jean Scholtz %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 43-44 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/scholtz.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.45 %T The SIGCHI International Issues Committee Survey: A Brief Report %S PAPERS %A Guy Boy %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 45-46 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/boy.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.47 %T Overviews and Reviews %S PUBLICATIONS: Books %A Karen McGraw %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 47-48 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/pubs.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.49 %T NEWS %T SIGCHI News %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 49-71 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/minutes.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.74 %T The Real World %A Lon Barfield %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 74 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/real-world.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.1.75 %T Image, Image: image, image, image %A Steven Pemberton %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 1 %P 75 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.1/views.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.2.1 %S From the Editor %T A Surprise Introduction to SIGCHI %A Ayman Mukerji %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 2 %P 1 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.2/editorial.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.2.2 %T Two Significant Events %S From the Chair %A Mike Atwood %A Guy Boy %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 2 %P 2-3 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.2/chairs.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.2.3 %T HCI Education in Sweden %S Education %A Jan Gulliksen %A Lars Ostreicher %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 2 %P 3-7 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.2/education.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.2.8 %T That Visual Thing %S Visual Interaction Design %A Frank M. Marchak %A Shannon Ford %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 2 %P 8-9 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.2/vid.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.2.10 %T Challenges Facing CHI Local SIGs %S Local SIGs %A Richard I. Anderson %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 2 %P 10-11 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.2/local-sigs.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.2.12 %T Where is the Industry Going %S Computers and Kids %A Allison Druin %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 2 %P 12-13 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.2/kids.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.2.14 %T HCI in Germany -- Some Impressions and Facts from the Scene %S Worldwide CHI %A Peter Gorny %A Horst Oberquelle %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 2 %P 14-16 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.2/international.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.2.17 %T It's not Greek to Me: Terminology and the Second Language %S PAPERS %A Giorgos Lepouras %A George R. S. Weir %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 2 %P 17-24 %K Human-computer interaction, Standardisation, Internationalisation, Localisation, Terminology, User support %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.2/lepouras2.pdf %X The localisation of software applications is a common way of avoiding 'second-language' difficulties but can lead to new problems in user interaction. One determinant of this condition is the selection of appropriate terminology for local language use. The present paper reports on a comparison of terminology from three leading word processor packages, in their English and Greek language varieties. Diversity in terminology, the resort to transliteration, and scope for neologism are characteristic results of localisation that underline the risks of confusion in the target user population. This paper discusses the possibility of preventative measures and offers a remedial approach to this problem for use in the considered applications. %M J.SIGCHI.31.2.25 %T User Centered Design -- Problems and Possibilities: A Summary of the 1998 PDC and CSCW Workshop %S REPORTS %A Jan Gulliksen %A Ann Lantz %A Inger Boivie %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 2 %P 25-35 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.2/gulliksen.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.2.26 %T "Web Site Usability: A Designer's Guide," by Jared M. Spool, Tara Scanlon, Will Schroeder, Carolyn Snyder, Terri DeAngelo %S Book Review %A Karen L. McGraw %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 2 %P 26-37 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.2/pubs.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.2.38 %T SIGCHI News %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 2 %P 38-47 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.2/chairs2.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.2.48 %T Pointing %S The Real World %A Lon Barfield %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 2 %P 48 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.2/real-world.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.3.1 %S From the Editor %T Off to India %A Ayman Mukerji %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 3 %P 1 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.3/editorial.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.3.2 %T A New Vision for SIGCHI %S From the Chair %A Marilyn Tremaine %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 3 %P 2-3 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.3/chair.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.3.4 %T Instilling Interdisciplinarity -- HCI from the Perspective of Cognitive Sciences %S Education %A Yvonne Rogers %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 3 %P 4-5 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.3/education.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.3.6 %T Collaboration and Design from a Distance: University of Pennsylvania Law School Case Study %S Visual Interaction Design %A Jodi Forlizzi %A Laura Franz %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 3 %P 6-8 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.3/vid.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.3.9 %T CHI Local SIGs in the Americas Outside of the U.S. %S Local SIGs %A Richard I. Anderson %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 3 %P 9-11 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.3/local-sigs.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.3.12 %T What Happens when There is Research Funding for New Technologies for Children? %S Computers and Kids %A Allison Druin %A Kristian Simsarian %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 3 %P 12-14 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.3/kids.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.3.15 %T CSCW'98 Workshop Report: Collaborative and Co-Operative Information Seeking %S REPORTS %A Elizabeth Churchill %A Dave Snowdon %A Joseph W. Sullivan %A Gene Golovchinsky %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 3 %P 15-18 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.3/cscwfinal.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.3.19 %T "User and Task Analysis for Interface Design," by JoAnne T. Hackos and Janice C. Redish %S Book Review %A Larry E. Wood %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 3 %P 19-20 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.3/pubs.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.3.21 %T Strategies for a Better User Interface %S PAPERS %A Leonel Morales Diaz %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 3 %P 21-23 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.3/morales.pdf %X Even though it has not been formally defined what a user-computer interface is; it is possible to describe the challenges and compromises a system designer must confront to approach that definition. The way those challenges and compromises are solved represents, more than a simple formalism, an strategy, which means, an ingenious solution not necessarily according to the traditional methods for problem solving. The challenges in the user interface design process may be a lot, so the strategies are also a lot, but, it is possible to organize that set of decisions into five principal groups: 1. Challenges and strategies for representation 2. Challenges and strategies for localization 3. Challenges and strategies for acquisition and actualization 4. Challenges and strategies for creation, change and destruction 5. Challenges and strategies for action and response Confronting those five challenges and defining the corresponding strategies the complete design of a user-computer interface is achieved. %M J.SIGCHI.31.3.24 %T Events %S NEWS %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 3 %P 24-26 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.3/eventsJul99.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.3.27 %T The Right Length %S The Real World %A Lon Barfield %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 3 %P 27 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.3/real-world.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.1 %T New Beginnings %S From the Editor %A Joseph A. Konstan %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 1-2 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/editor.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.3 %T Web Weaving %S From the Chair %A Marilyn Tremaine %A Wendy Mackay %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 3 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/chair.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.5 %T HCI Education -- People and Stories, Diversity and Intolerance %S Education %A Alan Dix %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 5-6 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/education.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.7 %T CHI Local SIGs: Easy to Find at CHI 99 and, Increasingly, Throughout the World %S Local SIGs %A Richard I. Anderson %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 7-9 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/local%20sigs2.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.11 %T Four Years of CHIkids from a CHIkid! %S Computers and Kids %A Allison Druin %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 11-12 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/kids.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.13 %T A Research Agenda for Highly Effective Human-Computer Interaction: Useful, Usable, and Universal %S WORKSHOPS & PRE-CONFERENCE EVENTS %A Jean Scholtz %A Michael Muller %A David Novick %A Dan R. Olsen, Jr. %A Ben Shneiderman %A Cathleen Wharton %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 13-16 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/scholtz.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.17 %T End User Programming / Informal Programming %S WORKSHOPS & PRE-CONFERENCE EVENTS %A Howie Goodell %A Sarah Kuhn %A David Maulsby %A Carol Traynor %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 17-21 %K End user programming (EUP), End user, Informal programming, Programming By Example (PBE), Programming By Demonstration (PBD), Domain-specific programming languages, Artificial intelligence (AI), Agents, Natural programming, Software user communities, Teaching programming, Learning programming, Open source, XML, Participatory Design (PD) %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/scholtz.pdf %X The phenomenon we call "programming" is not limited to regular professional programmers. Farthest away are end user programmers, who program just as a means to an end in their own professions. In between are people with very diverse backgrounds, general education, and programming knowledge. Like professional programmers, they write programs for others as their major job activity. Yet they also share characteristics of end user programmers, such as a strong specialization in one application area. All these "informal programmers" need more study and support to help them maximize their contributions. %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.23 %T Research Issues in the Design of Online Communities: Report on the CHI 99 Workshop %S WORKSHOPS & PRE-CONFERENCE EVENTS %A Amy Bruckman %A Judith Donath %A Thomas Erickson %A Wendy Kellogg %A Barry Wellman %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 23-25 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/bruckman.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.27 %T Tool Support for Task-Based User Interface Design -- A CHI 99 Workshop %S WORKSHOPS & PRE-CONFERENCE EVENTS %A Birgit Bomsdorf %A Gerd Szwillus %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 27-29 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/bomsdorf.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.31 %T Interacting with Statistics -- A CHI 99 Workshop %S WORKSHOPS & PRE-CONFERENCE EVENTS %A Michael Levi %A Frederick Conrad %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 31-35 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/levi.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.37 %T Senior CHI -- The CHI 99 Development Consortium %S WORKSHOPS & PRE-CONFERENCE EVENTS %A Jason B. Ellis %A Sandra Kogan %A Jim Rowan %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 37-42 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/ellis.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.43 %T SIGCHI's Role in Influencing Technology Policy %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS %A Jeff Johnson %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 43-46 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/johnson.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.47 %T SIGCHI User Interfaces for Electronic Product Catalogs %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS %A Jurgen Koenemann %A Markus Stolze %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 47-48 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/koenemann.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.49 %T Automated Data Collection for Evaluating Collaborative Systems %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS %A Jill Drury %A Tari Fanderclai %A Frank Linton %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 49-51 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/fanderclai.pdf %X The purpose of this CHI 99 Special Interest Group (SIG) session was to share lessons learned about using automated logging techniques to collect data for evaluating collaborative (multi-user) systems. Automated logging techniques are frequently used in evaluating the human-computer interaction of single-user systems. There has been much less experience in using logging techniques for evaluating collaborative systems, thus prompting the SIG proposal. We discussed issues surrounding using logging systems, methods, and metrics to collect data that are useful for evaluating collaborative systems. %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.53 %T Universal Web Access: Delivering Services to Everyone %S SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS %A Gary Perlman %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 53-54 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/perlman2.pdf %X The following made brief presentations on their work and/or views on universal accessibility. No topic encompassed all possible dimensions of accessibility, but the diversity of topics highlights the potential to broaden markets to include more users. One goal of the session was to to consider how to broaden these and other projects, while another was to determine how a community of people interested in accessibility can share resources. Part of the discussion attempted to answer what to do next. An online repository is being maintained at: http://www.acm.org/~perlman/access/. %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.55 %T The Active Web %S CONFERENCE & PROGRAM REPORTS %A Alan Dix %A David Clarke %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 55-60 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/clarke.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.61 %T "Proceedings Sharing Program" at CHI 99 %S CONFERENCE & PROGRAM REPORTS %A Gary Perlman %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 61 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/perlman.pdf %M J.SIGCHI.31.4.64 %T Telephones %S The Real World %A Lon Barfield %J SIGCHI %D 1999 %V 31 %N 4 %P 64 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/bulletin/1999.4a/real-world.pdf fpack:!@#$%^&*(): INTER03.BA %M J.INTER.3.1.11 %T Amulet User Interface Development Environment %A Chris Law %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 1 %P 11-13 %K EXPERIMENTATION, PERFORMANCE I.3.0 Computing Methodologies, COMPUTER GRAPHICS, General. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %M J.INTER.3.1.15 %T Designing for People with Disabilities %A Michael G. Paciello %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 1 %P 15-16 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS K.4.2 Computing Milieux, COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY, Social Issues, Handicapped persons/special needs. H.5.1 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Multimedia Information Systems. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-1/p15-paciello/p15-paciello.pdf %M J.INTER.3.1.17 %T A Place Called Childhood %A Allison Druin %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 1 %P 17-22 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, PERFORMANCE K.8.0 Computing Milieux, PERSONAL COMPUTING, General, Games. H.5.1 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Multimedia Information Systems. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-1/p17-druin/p17-druin.pdf %M J.INTER.3.1.23 %T Getting to Know Your Users: Usability Roundtables at Lotus Development %A Mary Beth Butler %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 1 %P 23-30 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces, Interaction styles. H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces, Evaluation/methodology. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-1/p23-butler/p23-butler.pdf %M J.INTER.3.1.31 %T Complex? Yes! Adaptive? Well, Maybe... %A Glenda H. Eoyang %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 1 %P 31-37 %K MANAGEMENT K.6.1 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Project and People Management. F.1.3 Theory of Computation, COMPUTATION BY ABSTRACT DEVICES, Complexity Measures and Classes. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces, User interface management systems (UIMS). J.1 Computer Applications, ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING, Business. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-1/p31-eoyang/p31-eoyang.pdf %M J.INTER.3.1.39 acmdl4 missing PDF link %T Graphic Designers in Transition: From Print Communications to Interactive Media Design %A Brenda Smith Faison %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 1 %P 39-57 %K DESIGN, EXPERIMENTATION H.5.1 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Multimedia Information Systems. I.3.4 Computing Methodologies, COMPUTER GRAPHICS, Graphics Utilities, Graphics editors. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-1/p39-faison/p39-faison.pdf %M J.INTER.3.1.59 %T Usability Engineering Turns 10 %A Keith A. Butler %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 1 %P 59-75 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, PERFORMANCE, RELIABILITY H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. C.3 Computer Systems Organization, SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces, User interface management systems (UIMS). D.2.6 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Programming Environments, Interactive environments. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-1/p59-butler/p59-butler.pdf %M J.INTER.3.1.76 %T Low vs. High-Fidelity Prototyping Debate %A Jim Rudd %A Ken Stern %A Scott Isensee %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 1 %P 76-85 %K DESIGN, MANAGEMENT, PERFORMANCE D.2.m Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Miscellaneous, Rapid prototyping. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. D.2.6 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Programming Environments, Interactive environments. K.6.3 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Software Management, Software development. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-1/p76-rudd/p76-rudd.pdf %M J.INTER.3.2.11 %T Software Design Teams at Iomega %A Max Murdock %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 2 %P 11-14 %K DESIGN, EXPERIMENTATION, HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT D.2.10 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design, Methodologies. D.2.9 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Management, Programming teams. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-2/p11-murdock/p11-murdock.pdf %M J.INTER.3.2.15 %T Designing for the Rest of the World: A Consultant's Observation %A Susan Dray %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 2 %P 15-18 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-2/p15-dray/p15-dray.pdf %M J.INTER.3.2.19 %T So You Wanna Design for the Web %A Hagan Heller %A David Rivers %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 2 %P 19-23 %K DESIGN, MANAGEMENT H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. C.2.1 Computer Systems Organization, COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, Network Architecture and Design, Internet. K.4.3 Computing Milieux, COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY, Organizational Impacts. K.6.1 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Project and People Management. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-2/p19-heller/p19-heller.pdf %M J.INTER.3.2.25 %T Exploratory Sequential Data Analysis: Exploring Continuous Observational Data %A Carolanne Fisher %A Penelope Sanderson %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 2 %P 25-34 %K DESIGN, EXPERIMENTATION, HUMAN FACTORS, MEASUREMENT H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-2/p25-fisher/p25-fisher.pdf %M J.INTER.3.2.35 %T As We May Think %A Vannevar Bush %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 2 %P 35-46 %K DESIGN, MANAGEMENT H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF COMPUTING. K.1 Computing Milieux, THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-2/p35-bush/p35-bush.pdf %M J.INTER.3.2.47 %T 50 Years After "As We May Think": The Brown/MIT Vannevar Bush Symposium %A Rosemary Simpson %A Allen Renear %A Elli Mylonas %A Andries van Dam %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 2 %P 47-67 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF COMPUTING. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. C.2.1 Computer Systems Organization, COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, Network Architecture and Design, Internet. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-2/p47-simpson/p47-simpson.pdf %M J.INTER.3.2.68 %T Time and Space %A Pamela Mead %A Chris Pacione %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 2 %P 68-77 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces, Evaluation/methodology. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-2/p68-mead/p68-mead.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.5 %T Preamble %A Marc Rettig %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 5-8 %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p5-rettig/p5-rettig.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.9 %T Reflections on the Judging Process %A Beth Lange %A Mark Jones %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 9-10 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS A.0 General Literature, GENERAL. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p9-lange/p9-lange.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.11 %T Quality of Experience: Defining the Criteria for Effective Interaction Design %A Lauralee Alben %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 11-15 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p11-alben/p11-alben.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.18 %T New York Stock Exchange Hand-Held Device %A Charles Mauro %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 18-25 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, PERFORMANCE H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human information processing. C.5.3 Computer Systems Organization, COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION, Microcomputers, Personal computers. J.1 Computer Applications, ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING, Business. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p18-mauro/p18-mauro.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.26 %T Muse: A Digital Music Stand for Symphony Musicians %A Christopher Graefe %A Derek Wahila %A Justin Maguire %A Orya Dasna %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 26-35 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS J.5 Computer Applications, ARTS AND HUMANITIES, Music. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. A.1 General Literature, INTRODUCTORY AND SURVEY. C.5.0 Computer Systems Organization, COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION, General. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p26-graefe/p26-graefe.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.36 %T AppleGuide %A Jose Esteban %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 36-37 %K DESIGN, DOCUMENTATION, HUMAN FACTORS H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces, Training, help, and documentation. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. K.3.1 Computing Milieux, COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION, Computer Uses in Education, Computer-assisted instruction (CAI). %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p36-esteban/p36-esteban.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.38 %T Graphing Calculator %A Ron Avitzur %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 38-39 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS J.2 Computer Applications, PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING, Mathematics and statistics. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces, Screen design. G.4 Mathematics of Computing, MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p38-avitzur/p38-avitzur.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.40 %T Nokia Feature Stereo TV %A Oliver Bayley %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 40-41 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS J.7 Computer Applications, COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interface %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p40-bayley/p40-bayley.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.42 %T Meeting Manager %A John Baker %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 42-43 %K DESIGN, MANAGEMENT H.4.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS, Types of Systems. J.1 Computer Applications, ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING, Business. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p42-baker/p42-baker.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.45 %T Seeing the Light Go On: The Apple Design Project %A Harry Saddler %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 45-52 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS K.3.1 Computing Milieux, COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION, Computer Uses in Education. K.3.2 Computing Milieux, COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION, Computer and Information Science Education, Curriculum. H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p45-saddler/p45-saddler.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.53 %T The Qualiteque: Systems at an Exhibition %A Pelle Ehn %A Jonas Lowgren %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 53-55 %K HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT, PERFORMANCE H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. J.0 Computer Applications, GENERAL. H.3.4 Information Systems, INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL, Systems and Software, Information networks. K.6.4 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, System Management, Management audit. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p53-ehn/p53-ehn.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.56 %T What's Next? -- Growing the Notion of Quality %A Austin Henderson %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 56-59 %K HUMAN FACTORS A.1 General Literature, INTRODUCTORY AND SURVEY. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p56-henderson/p56-henderson.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.60 %T The Andersen Commitment to Interaction Design %A Donald A. Chartier %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 60-61 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. J.1 Computer Applications, ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING, Business. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p60-chartier/p60-chartier.pdf %M J.INTER.3.3.64 %T Reflections on Awards Criteria %A Marc Rettig %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 3 %P 64 %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-3/p64-rettig/p64-rettig.pdf %M J.INTER.3.4.6 %T Letters and Updates %E Jennifer Bruer %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 4 %P 6-10 %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-4/p6-bruer/p6-bruer.pdf %M J.INTER.3.4.18 %T User Centered Design: Quality or Quackery? %A John Karat %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 4 %P 18-20 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques, User interfaces. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-4/p18-karat/p18-karat.pdf %M J.INTER.3.4.21 %T Common Ground: Hypermedia, Human Augmentation, and the Web %A Rosemary M. Simpson %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 4 %P 21-23 %K DOCUMENTATION, HUMAN FACTORS A.1 General Literature, INTRODUCTORY AND SURVEY. H.3.0 Information Systems, INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL, General. H.5.1 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Multimedia Information Systems. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-4/p21-simpson/p21-simpson.pdf %M J.INTER.3.4.24 %T Whose Metaphor? %A John F. Brock %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 4 %P 24-29 %K K.4.3 Computing Milieux, COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY, Organizational Impacts. C.5.3 Computer Systems Organization, COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION, Microcomputers. J.1 Computer Applications, ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING, Business. H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-4/p24-brock/p24-brock.pdf %M J.INTER.3.4.30 %T Design as Storytelling %A Thomas Erickson %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 4 %P 30-35 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS D.2.10 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design. D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques. H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces, Evaluation/methodology. K.6.3 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Software Management. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-4/p30-erickson/p30-erickson.pdf %M J.INTER.3.4.36 %T Exploring Color in Interface Design %A Hal Shubin %A Deborah Falck %A Ati Gropius Johansen %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 4 %P 36-48 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces, Screen design. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-4/p36-shubin/p36-shubin.pdf %M J.INTER.3.4.50 %T A Heuristic Evaluation of a World Wide Web Prototype %A Michael D. Levi %A Frederick G. Conrad %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 4 %P 50-61 %K DOCUMENTATION, HUMAN FACTORS H.1.1 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, Systems and Information Theory, Value of information. K.1 Computing Milieux, THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY. H.3.4 Information Systems, INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL, Systems and Software, World Wide Web (WWW). A.1 General Literature, INTRODUCTORY AND SURVEY. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-4/p50-levi/p50-levi.pdf %M J.INTER.3.4.62 %T Teaching Human Computer Interaction to Programmers %A Saul Greenberg %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 4 %P 62-76 %K HUMAN FACTORS H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. K.3.2 Computing Milieux, COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION, Computer and Information Science Education, Computer science education. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces, Training, help, and documentation. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-4/p62-greenberg/p62-greenberg.pdf %M J.INTER.3.5.10 %T CHIkid Voices: It's Too Bad They Don't Let You be a Kid! %A Allison Druin %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 5 %P 10-20 %K DOCUMENTATION, HUMAN FACTORS A.0 General Literature, GENERAL %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-5/p10-druin/p10-druin.pdf %M J.INTER.3.5.21 %T Design Guidelines for Software Products: A Common Look and Feel or a Fantasy? %A Elizabeth Rosenzweig %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 5 %P 21-26 %K MANAGEMENT, STANDARDIZATION D.2.0 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, General, Standards. K.6.3 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Software Management. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-5/p21-rosenzweig/p21-rosenzweig.pdf %M J.INTER.3.5.27 %T Inhabited Virtual Worlds: A New Frontier for Interaction Design %A Bruce Damer %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 5 %P 27-34 %K DESIGN, EXPERIMENTATION, HUMAN FACTORS, VERIFICATION H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. H.5.1 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Multimedia Information Systems, Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-5/p27-damer/p27-damer.pdf %M J.INTER.3.5.35 %T CUTA: A Simple, Practical, Low-Cost Approach to Task Analysis %A Daniel Lafreniere %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 5 %P 35-39 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-5/p35-lafreniere/p35-lafreniere.pdf %M J.INTER.3.5.40 %T Pianos Not Stereos: Creating Computational Construction Kits %A Mitchel Resnick %A Amy Bruckman %A Fred Martin %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 5 %P 40-50 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS K.3.1 Computing Milieux, COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION, Computer Uses in Education. I.2.1 Computing Methodologies, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, Applications and Expert Systems. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. I.2.0 Computing Methodologies, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, General, Cognitive simulation. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-5/p40-resnick/p40-resnick.pdf %M J.INTER.3.5.51 %T Testing with Kids & Teens at IOMEGA %A Carolyn Milligan %A Max Murdock %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 5 %P 51-57 %K EXPERIMENTATION, HUMAN FACTORS, VERIFICATION H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques, User interfaces. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-5/p51-milligan/p51-milligan.pdf %M J.INTER.3.5.58 %T Making Programming Easier for Children %A David Canfield Smith %A Allen Cypher %A Kurt Schmucker %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 5 %P 58-67 %K HUMAN FACTORS I.2.6 Computing Methodologies, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, Learning, Analogies. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human information processing. K.3.2 Computing Milieux, COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION, Computer and Information Science Education. K.1 Computing Milieux, THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY, Markets. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-5/p58-smith/p58-smith.pdf %M J.INTER.3.5.68 %T Children and Information Visualization Technologies %A Karen G. Schneider %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 5 %P 68-73 %K HUMAN FACTORS, THEORY I.2.0 Computing Methodologies, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, General, Cognitive simulation. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-5/p68-schneider/p68-schneider.pdf %M J.INTER.3.6.7 %T Apple Computer's Design Project '96 Showcases Virtual Communities %Q Apple Computer %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 6 %P 7-9 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT K.8 Computing Milieux, PERSONAL COMPUTING, Apple. H.5.0 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, General. K.6.1 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Project and People Management, Systems analysis and design. K.1 Computing Milieux, THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY, Suppliers. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %M J.INTER.3.6.16 %T Value-Sensitive Design %A Batya Friedman %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 6 %P 16-23 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, PERFORMANCE, THEORY H.5.0 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, General. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-6/p16-friedman/p16-friedman.pdf %M J.INTER.3.6.24 %T Are We Having Fun Yet? %A Arnold M. Lund %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 6 %P 24-30 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, THEORY H.5.0 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, General. J.1 Computer Applications, ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING, Business. K.6.1 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Project and People Management, Staffing. K.7.0 Computing Milieux, THE COMPUTING PROFESSION, General. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-6/p24-lund/p24-lund.pdf %M J.INTER.3.6.32 %T How do Users Know What to Say? %A Nicole Yankelovich %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 6 %P 32-43 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, LANGUAGES, THEORY I.2.7 Computing Methodologies, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, Natural Language Processing. I.2.1 Computing Methodologies, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, Applications and Expert Systems, Natural language interfaces. H.5.1 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Multimedia Information Systems, Audio input/output. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-6/p32-yankelovich/p32-yankelovich.pdf %M J.INTER.3.6.44 %T Contextual Techniques Starter Kit %A Hugh R. Beyer %A Karen Holtzblatt %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 6 %P 44-50 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, PERFORMANCE, THEORY K.6.1 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Project and People Management, Systems analysis and design. K.7.0 Computing Milieux, THE COMPUTING PROFESSION, General. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-6/p44-beyer/p44-beyer.pdf %M J.INTER.3.6.52 %T Ethnographic Data for Product Development: A Collaborative Process %A Scott Lewis %A Michael Mateas %A Susan Palmiter %A Gene Lynch %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 6 %P 52-69 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, THEORY K.6.1 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Project and People Management, Systems analysis and design. H.5.0 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, General. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-6/p52-lewis/p52-lewis.pdf %M J.INTER.3.6.70 %T Wanted for Crimes Against the Interface: Thoughts on an HCI Poster %A Jef Raskin %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 6 %P 70-76 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, PERFORMANCE, THEORY H.5.0 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, General. K.1 Computing Milieux, THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY, Suppliers. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-6/p70-raskin/p70-raskin.pdf %M J.INTER.3.6.78 %T The Design of Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Groupware Systems %S Book Preview %A D. Shapiro %A M. Tauber %A R. Traunmuller %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 6 %P 78-85 %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-6/p78-shapiro/p78-shapiro.pdf %M J.INTER.3.6.92 %T Fractal Landscapes in Context %A F. Kenton Musgrave %J INTER %D 1996 %V 3 %N 6 %P 92-95 %K DESIGN I.3.7 Computing Methodologies, COMPUTER GRAPHICS, Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism, Fractals. I.3.5 Computing Methodologies, COMPUTER GRAPHICS, Computational Geometry and Object Modeling, Curve, surface, solid, and object representations. %* (c) Copyright 1996 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1996-3-6/p92-musgrave/p92-musgrave.pdf fpack:!@#$%^&*(): HCII95-1b.BA %M C.HCII.95.1.615 %T User Participation in the Early Phases of Developing Decision Support for Operators in Advanced Manufacturing Systems %S II.1 Decision Making Support System %A A. Johansson %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 615-620 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper describes a Tasks Evaluation and Analysis Method (TEAM) seen as a framework for user participation. It focuses on the selection of tasks that need support and on giving the users a positive attitude towards their new tool, thereby increasing the chance for the tool to be accepted and effectively used. TEAM has been used for case studies in advanced manufacturing systems. %M C.HCII.95.1.621 %T Trade-Off Decision Making: Choosing between Alternatives in User Interface Design %S II.1 Decision Making Support System %A S. Howard %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 621-626 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X User interface design (UID) is a complex task, any account of which is likely to be multi-faceted. This paper focuses on one part of UID, the choice between design alternatives, termed Trade-off Decision Making (ToDM). Firstly, ToDM is defined and exemplified. Secondly, a model of ToDM, based on extensive verbal protocol studies of real world UID, is presented discussed. %M C.HCII.95.1.627 %T The Development of a Decision Support System in Marketing Promotion Systems %S II.1 Decision Making Support System %A Cheng-Wen Neu %A Sheue-Ling Hwang %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 627-632 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X A decision support system (DSS) for unstructured decision problem is presented in this study. The major part of this system is the knowledge base which is created by means of system analysis and expertise, and the working system of the DSS is the promotion system which is a part of marketing system. Moreover, an experiment was conducted with two group (with/without a DSS), and each group was asked to solve some decision problems. The result revealed that the performance of the group with a DSS was significantly better than the group without a DSS. %M C.HCII.95.1.633 %T An Approach on Developing an Advice System for Starting a New Business: The Case of a Supermarket %S II.1 Decision Making Support System %A Yumiko Taguchi %A Tsutomu Tabe %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 633-638 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper gives preliminary information on the methodology for developing an advice system based on a knowledge-based system for planners that want to start new businesses such as supermarkets. %M C.HCII.95.1.641 %T Display-Based Skills in a Complex Domain: The Use of External Information Sources in Computer Programming %S II.2 Human Factors in Software Engineering %A Simon P. Davies %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 641-646 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper presents evidence for differences in the nature of programmers' information externalisation strategies. Two experiments are reported which suggest that experts rely much more upon the use of external memory sources in situations where the device they use to construct the program hinders the utilisation of a display. Experts tend to externalise low level information, mainly to aid simulation, whereas novice's develop higher level representations which might be characterised as transformations or re-representations of the program. Moreover, in the case of experts the nature of externalised information appears to depend upon whether they are generating a program or comprehending it. These results provide support for a display-based view of problem solving and address strategic differences in the externalisation of information. %M C.HCII.95.1.647 %T Focal Structures in Program Comprehension: Implications for the Design of Programming Support Tools, Debugging Aids and Tutorial Environments %S II.2 Human Factors in Software Engineering %A Simon P. Davies %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 647-652 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper explores the relationship between knowledge structure and organisation and the development of expertise in programming. A study is reported which provides support for a model of knowledge organisation in programming that stresses the importance of knowledge restructuring processes in the development of expertise. This is contrasted with existing models which have tended to place emphasis on schemata acquisition as the fundamental mode of learning associated with skill development in programming. In particular, this paper emphasizes the interaction between a programmer's knowledge structure and salient syntactic elements contained within the code. It is suggested that previous models of programming have tended to consider one or other of these factors in isolation without examining their interaction. Finally, the implications of this model for theories of debugging and for the design of programming environments are briefly discussed. %M C.HCII.95.1.653 %T Factors Influencing the Classification of Object-Oriented Code: Supporting Program Reuse and Comprehension %S II.2 Human Factors in Software Engineering %A Simon P. Davies %A David J. Gilmore %A Thomas R. G. Green %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 653-658 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper reports a study of the use of card sorts in the categorisation of fragments of object-oriented programs. We are interested in the way in which programmer's think about code so that we might attempt to provide support for browsing and reuse within object-oriented environments. Hence, we have been exploring the use of knowledge acquisition techniques in order to elicit programmer's knowledge about code. Our results showed that experts tended to focus upon the functional relationships between the code fragments, and that the novice group were much more concerned with objects and inheritance. We discuss these results in terms of claims that have been made about the naturalness of conceiving the world in terms of objects and their relationships. %M C.HCII.95.1.659 %T An Editor for Specifications in a Software Development Support System %S II.2 Human Factors in Software Engineering %A Tomoo Ikeda %A Katsumi Tanaka %A Tetsuro Chino %A Yutaka Deguchi %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 659-664 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X We have developed an editor for specifications, which enables a user to facilitate natural and efficient interactions with the software development support system. In this paper, we describe two functions required in the editor. First, we describe a function for preserving the document structure of the specification, enabling the system to maintain consistency of document structure with the user's edit operations. We have developed a document structure editor to implement this function. Second, we describe a function for preserving the correspondence between a specification document and the result of analysis that enables a user to create documents more efficiently. We propose a method, in which we introduce an identifier that is assigned to each sentence in the document, and the editor calculates minimal structural changes made by the operation as the range for analysis. Then, we implemented an editor for specifications, and we describe the result of experiments on our editor. Our editor enables the user to cut character input by 13% and analysis time by 86%. %M C.HCII.95.1.665 %T Behavioral Factors in Software Development %S II.2 Human Factors in Software Engineering %A Elif Demirors %A Frank Coyle %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 665-670 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Software development is essentially a human activity. As a result, factors affecting the behavior of those involved in the development process are of great importance to the software community. We identify three levels at which behavioral factors associated with software development can be investigated: individual behavior, team behavior and organizational behavior. Analysis of studies on individual and team behavior in software development environments reveals the failure of existing tools in supporting team-based software development. Our survey on team practices among software professionals also confirms this fact. To address this situation we propose a software development environment based on a blackboard architecture that supports multi-agent, opportunistic problem-solving. We expect that this architecture holds promise for the next generation software tools by providing a kernel for team-based software development. %M C.HCII.95.1.671 %T An Interactive Specification Acquisition Method for Software Design %S II.2 Human Factors in Software Engineering %A Kouichi Sasaki %A Kazuyuki Gotoh %A Yasuko Nakayama %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 671-676 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper describes a specification acquisition method used in PlantBASE, an automatic software design system for plant control. In this method, a plant model is first provided with the knowledge about behaviors and functions of each machine composing a target plant. By referring to this knowledge, PlantBASE recognizes the physical structure of the target plant from the specifications given in the form of tables and diagrams and generates a flowchart of machine operations, thereby reducing the cost of describing the control sequence for the plant. %M C.HCII.95.1.679 %T A Basic Framework of Narrative Generation System as Creative Interface %S II.3 Support for Creativity %A Takashi Ogata %A Koichi Hori %A Setsuo Ohsuga %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 679-684 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X In this paper, we describe a basic framework of the narrative generation system that we have developed and its use as a creative interface tool. Actually, because narrative has the useful characteristics for supporting human creative tasks, for example, the function generates a new meaning from fragmentary information, aesthetic representation function, virtual reality function and the function comprehensively represents various knowledge, we can utilize the narrative generation system as a kind of creative interface tool by realizing in the system these functions. Based on this basic idea, we explain the methodology our general narrative generation system and we describe our approach to the idea of creative interface through an experimental attempt, namely, an application of above narrative generation system to marketing/advertising activities, especially scenario generation of TV commercial message. %M C.HCII.95.1.685 %T A System for Assisting Creative Research Activity %S II.3 Support for Creativity %A Masanori Sugimoto %A Koichi Hori %A Setsuo Ohsuga %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 685-690 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X We have built a system for assisting creative research activity. Its main function is to visualize the semantic relation between viewpoints of information. The system is applied to assisting researchers in the field of science and technology in their creative activities, communication / group work and information retrieval (IR). We have carried out several experiments and confirmed that the system is effective for these applications. %M C.HCII.95.1.691 %T A Card-Handling Tool which Supports Multimedia Data and Resource Accessing on the Internet %S II.3 Support for Creativity %A Yoshihiro Ohmi %A Katsutoshi Nakamura %A Naohiko Takeda %A Kazuhisa Kawai %A Hajime Ohiwa %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 691-696 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X The multimedia application system based on the card-handling and its extension which makes us be able to access information resources on the Internet are described. We considered the multimedia utility and its suitability for card-handling, and developed a card-handling tool KJ-Editor which supports the multimedia data and Internet resource accessing. %M C.HCII.95.1.697 %T Evaluation of a Thinking Support System from Operational Points of View %S II.3 Support for Creativity %A Kazuo Misue %A Kozo Sugiyama %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 697-702 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X A thinking support system D-ABDUCTOR is evaluated from operational points of view. A novel, well-designed and rigorous method, called LCRM is developed to design tasks for evaluation experiments. An experiment using LCRM was made by five subjects, and 245 tasks were performed in total. Results of the experiment show efficiency of D-ABDUCTOR. %M C.HCII.95.1.703 %T Toward Augmented Creativity: Intelligent Support for Discovering Latent Relationships among Ideas %S II.3 Support for Creativity %A Yosuke Kinoe %A Hirohiko Mori %A Yoshio Hayashi %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 703-708 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Augmentation of creativity has recently become an important aspect in the design of computer-supported work. In this paper, we propose a methodology for stimulating analysts to formulate new ideas. In particular, we shed light on a process for discovering previously unknown relationships among existing ideas. To support the methodology, we have developed an experimental system that is intended to provide an intelligent support environment. This system is based on the Genetic Algorithm. This methodology was effective for stimulating analysts to expand their perspectives on the central issues. Analysts tried to formulate new ideas by discovering previously unknown combinations of ideas. One unique feature of the methodology is a process whereby analysts and a computer system can develop new ideas collaboratively. %M C.HCII.95.1.711 %T Sustaining Interaction in Database Query %S II.4 Interaction in Database Query %A R. Inder %A J. Stader %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 711-716 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Current research on database systems breaks the problem into two halves -- formulating a query and presenting the results. This paper suggests that there is a third "half" which deserves attention in its own right: sustaining the interaction. %M C.HCII.95.1.717 %T Query Assistance: The Query Interface of the CORE Shell System %S II.4 Interaction in Database Query %A C. Stephanidis %A D. Akoumianakis %A D. Grammenos %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 717-722 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper presents the user interface of the CORE shell system and reports on the effort to build a Query Interface Assistant (QIA) to a formal database query language such as SQL. The CORE shell system addresses the domain of Assistive Technology and aims to provide a useful tool for information seeking actors who may not be particularly aware of the organisation or structure of data residing on existing information sources. To this end, a cooperative QIA to the SQL formal database query language has been developed, which guides the user's query formulation, both conceptually and syntactically. At present, a prototypical implementation of the QIA is used to provide access to a selected number of databases, which hold data relevant to the Assistive Technology domain. %M C.HCII.95.1.723 %T Human Interface for an Ambiguous Image Retrieval System %S II.4 Interaction in Database Query %A Masaomi Oda %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 723-728 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X The conventional image retrieval system has assumed that the retriever has pre-conceived image before retrieval. Therefore, the retriever has great difficulty when he or she has no clear target image. We propose a new image retrieval system where the user can retrieve an ambiguous target image through an interactive process. The system displays candidates according to the image in the user's brain. The usability and efficiency of the system were confirmed by experiments. %M C.HCII.95.1.729 %T Calculating Word Similarity Based on Common Attributes, Total Semantic Distance and Concept Frequency %S II.4 Interaction in Database Query %A Jin Cui %A Hiroshi Yasuhara %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 729-734 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Recently, the technique of Case-Based Reasoning [1,2] has attracted considerable attention in the field of Artificial Intelligence. One of the most important concerns when using Case-Based Reasoning is the identification of a basic similarity between sample data and input data. A calculation of the similarities between words is usually necessary. In previously published work, word distance has been calculated using a word thesaurus [3]. However, such challenges as how to treat words that have more than one meaning or concept, and how to calculate the similarities between two words that belong to two different languages remain largely unsolved. The approach utilizing syntactic features to correct the distortion contained in semantic hierarchies [4] may serve in solving some problems, but it is limited to cases where the syntactic features of words are definite and different. The calculation of the proximity scores by the overlap or intersection of actual examples for two words [5] is also a useful approach because the co-occurrence relation roughly includes various factors related to similarity. However, this approach requires a very large text database and is unwieldy to use in a real application situation, because the entire body of data needs to be searched to answer every query. In this paper, we will introduce an approach to calculate the similarities between two words based on the concepts of the words; each word concept is treated not only as one of word sense, but also as an element of a concept set. Our method will be introduced in the latter part of this paper with an experiment using the EDR Electronic Dictionary [6]. %M C.HCII.95.1.735 %T Development of a GOMS Model of Database Retrieval %S II.4 Interaction in Database Query %A H. C. Chan %A C. G. Koh %A K. K. Wei %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 735-740 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Human-computer interaction models are integrated and enhanced to model the process of query writing, where users write queries to retrieve data from databases. A GOMS model detailing goals and operations is developed for the process of query writing using the query language SQL. Through protocol analysis, the model is compared with subjects' actual query retrieval processes. %M C.HCII.95.1.743 %T Designing Interfaces for Dynamic System: A Simulated Bus Traffic Task Testing Anticipatory Behavior %S II.5 Vehicle System & Aircraft %A S. Mailles %A C. Marine %A J. M. Cellier %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 743-748 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Codes used to design interfaces in bus traffic control tasks may influence anticipatory behavior. Former studies showed that there is a very wide variety of interfaces in work situations. In order to study anticipatory behavior under different coding conditions, a bus traffic simulator was developed. The experiment conducted used four different interfaces. Results found for three different tasks performed with these interfaces were analyzed in terms of reaction time, nature of responses and precision in drawing future situations. They revealed significant differences between the interface types. %M C.HCII.95.1.749 %T Psychological Assessment of Car Navigation System %S II.5 Vehicle System & Aircraft %A Kazuaki Namba %A Fumio Mizoguchi %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 749-754 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Now, Car Navigation System that is becoming widespread in Japan is not so usable. In this study three experiments examined how Car Navigation System support the human cognition or not. We investigated the reason of a person lost his way (experiment 1), whether Car Navigation System and voice guide function had a effect for supporting the human cognition (experiment 2), what was the reason of difficulty of operating Car Navigation System (experiment 3). In this study, we pointed out the reason that a person lost his way was that he had a wrong present position caused by failure of finding a landmark or a node, and he got out the situation by U-turn not by detour, Car Navigation System was quite effective for detecting to lose his way, the interface of Car Navigation System was opened for improvement. %M C.HCII.95.1.755 %T Technology Transfer in Air Traffic Control System: A Brazilian Study of Case %S II.5 Vehicle System & Aircraft %A Luiza Helena %A Boueri Rebello %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 755-758 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Air traffic controlling has always been, and will always be, the key to flight protection. So the goal of this work is to study the implementation of a new air traffic control system in order to improve work conditions. The flight controllers are the main element of decision, even with the complete automation. With the implementation of a new system, there is the impact of the technological change: the controllers have to work with computers all the time. %M C.HCII.95.1.759 %T The Cockpit Assistant System CASSY -- Design and In-Flight Evaluation %S II.5 Vehicle System & Aircraft %A Marc Gerlach %A Reiner Onken %A Thomas Prevot %A Wilhelm Ruckdeschel %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 759-764 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper focuses on the design principles and the realization of an intelligent, knowledge-based, on-board pilot assistant system for aircraft operation under instrument flight rules. The system has undergone a flight test campaign in summer 94. The tests and the results of the campaign are presented. %M C.HCII.95.1.765 %T Cognitive Engineering Approach to the Evaluation of Human-Computer Interaction: The Case of Air Traffic Control %S II.5 Vehicle System & Aircraft %A I. Gaillard %A P. Amaldi %A M. Leroux %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 765-771 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Cognitive engineering modeling provides guidelines for designing aiding tools that are "users" driven rather than "technology" driven. Following a cognitive task analysis of the air traffic controller's, an integrated decision support system has been designed. ERATO (En Route Air Traffic Organizer) includes a series of functions to assist controllers during the management of air traffic scenarios. The most important is the information filtering function. It is the basic support of the expert system in that it "highlights" those aircraft that need to be considered when dealing with a selected traffic problem. For a number of predetermined portions of air traffic scenarios controllers were asked to indicate all of the aircraft relevant to the flight of selected airplanes. The differences between ERATO and the controllers' output were taken into account to modify the working principles of the algorithm. Furthermore, the controllers' answers provided further understanding of the knowledge brought into bear to identify traffic problems. Finally, a taxonomy of the knowledge revealed by the controllers is being validated and used to further define the scope of the decision support system. %M C.HCII.95.1.775 %T Simulating Group Work in Mechanical Engineering Design Departments %S II.6 Computer Supported Cooperation in Product Design %A Friedhelm Steidel %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 775-780 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Technical changes like the introduction of CA-techniques are an opportunity to change work organization. However, in general, the introduction of CA-techniques does not go hand in hand with such a restructuring. Empirical case studies in mechanical design departments showed the following problems: the staff was not well qualified to use CAD-systems, CAD was used as an electronic drawing board and the work organization within the design departments had not changed at all. Neither was there a change towards cooperation with other departments like the production planning department [1,2,3]. A lack of efficiency and a suboptimal task distribution to individuals were results of this kind of CAD practice. No positive impact on the length of the run of these projects was achieved. %M C.HCII.95.1.781 %T Imagery and the Design Process. Suggestions for the Development of CAD-Systems %S II.6 Computer Supported Cooperation in Product Design %A Renate Eisentraut %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 781-786 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X It is only through understanding how designers think and how they act that user-friendly computer-aided design tools can be developed. If they are linked to research in engineering design, psychological research and its findings on human thought and action thus can contribute to a better understanding of the design process and help improving it. Asked to describe their ways of having dealt with an engineering design problem, designers often report the use of mental images. Scientists also emphasize the importance of mental imagery ability for the design process. Frieling & Hilbig [1] as well as Frick & Muller [2] state that, in this point, the invention of new technologies like CAD-systems will not cause any substantial changes. This paper purports a characterization of mental images. Secondly, their importance for problem solving and especially for engineering design will be outlined. Finally, suggestions for the development of CAD-systems will be developed. %M C.HCII.95.1.787 %T Introducing a Telecooperative CAD-System -- The Concept of Integrated Organization and Technology Development %S II.6 Computer Supported Cooperation in Product Design %A M. Rohde %A V. Wulf %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 787-792 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X To cope with dynamics of a changing environment, organizations have to be able to react flexibly. To support organizational change we present the concept of integrated organization and technology development. This approach offers a framework to deal with organizational and technological change jointly in an evolutionary and participative way. We will apply this approach to the introduction of a shared CAD-system which supports users in discussing design problems bridging spatial barriers. %M C.HCII.95.1.793 %T Personal Communication and Telecooperation in Product Design -- Requirements for Telecooperative CAD-Systems %S II.6 Computer Supported Cooperation in Product Design %A J. Springer %A D. Herbst %A C. Schlick %A J. Stahl %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 793-798 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X N/A %M C.HCII.95.1.799 %T Human-Computer Cooperative Problem Solving in R & D by Supporting Users' Changing Viewpoints and by Using Tacit Knowledge %S II.6 Computer Supported Cooperation in Product Design %A Kazuhiro Ueda %A Kiyoshi Niwa %A Masashi Shirabe %A Sakae Okuda %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 799-804 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper proposes a human-computer cooperative method of supporting and facilitating expert researchers' problem solving in R & D, which has been scarcely proposed. The proposed method consists of the following two sub-methods; the one is for providing the guides which enable users to create new target concepts by changing users' viewpoints and by making much use of tacit knowledge (CCCV method), and the other is for retrieving concrete methods of realizing the new target concepts from a case-base on the basis of analogical knowledge association by utilizing Multi-Dimensional Scaling (KADS method). The CCCV method is designed based on the analysis of the interview protocols on changing viewpoints in actual scientific problem solving, which approach is important for constructing a useful supporting method in R & D. %M C.HCII.95.1.807 %T Advanced Services Experiments on a Broadband Communication Network: The Tuscany MAN %S II.7 Communication Services %A V. Cappellini %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 807-811 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X A broadband communication network (Tuscany MAN) is described. Advanced services experiments are presented regarding telemedicine, teleenvironment, teleeducation, remote access to Museum and communication aids for disabled people. %M C.HCII.95.1.813 %T JULIA: An Intelligent System Allowing Local and Remote Access for Information Requests into Office Communication Terminals %S II.7 Communication Services %A V. Cappellini %A L. Lastrucci %A A. Mecocci %A A. Raggioli %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 813-818 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Julia is an intelligent system to reduce user frustration and improve personal communications. It allows an human machine interaction by voice while the speech understanding system is based on a set of keywords. The system is able to draw inference from a known domain and execute some reasoning and answering tasks in response to the user requests. A large collection of sentences is used to address questions to the user when the reasoning process cannot go on. The sentences are selected in order to obtain a natural, not repetitive dialog between the user and the machine. An intelligent graphical interface learns the user skill degree and matches its help level to the user needs. %M C.HCII.95.1.819 %T HCI Methods and Tools in Computer-Supported Interpersonal Communication: Towards Error-Free Information Exchange in Human-to-Human Interaction %S II.7 Communication Services %A L. Balint %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 819-824 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Computer-supported human-to-human interaction as a means of advanced interpersonal communication is investigated. General aspects and basic concepts are outlined and a straightforward method of using specific computerized tools in the support of human-to-human communication is suggested. The primary goal of the contribution is to motivate and inspire future research into the challenging area of how machines may aid in one of the most subjective human activities, interpersonal communication. It is shown that the introduction of specific and intentional computer-based processing of human messages highly enhances the probability of error-free and adequate human-to-human message transfer. By introducing an intelligent machine into the interpersonal discourse, distortion of the factual content in the messages is eliminated or at least drastically reduced. %M C.HCII.95.1.827 %T Analogy-Based Learning Support Environment for Novice %S II.8 Learning Environments 1 %A Yoshio Nakatani %A Toyoo Fukuda %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 827-832 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Technology makes remarkable progress and people are asked to learn their unfamiliar domain knowledge in a short period. We propose a computer environment which supports learning processes of novice workers who try to learn their unfamiliar domain knowledge, especially abstract knowledge systems, such as computer operating (OS) systems. In this paper, we first review the psychological studies about the learning process of the novices in section 2. We propose a learning support environment which considers the learning process in section 3. In section 4, our analogy-based learning environment is explained. We show the software architecture of our system which realizes our framework on the engineering workstation in section 5. %M C.HCII.95.1.833 %T A Learning Environment for Knowledge-Structuring in History %S II.8 Learning Environments 1 %A Tomoya Horiguchi %A Tsukasa Hirashima %A Akihiro Kashihara %A Jun'ichi Toyoda %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 833-838 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X In this paper, we present a system which explicitly helps a student structurize his/her knowledge in history, a subject in most cases learned by rote. In this system, we use two strategies to help the student: Knowledge-Structuring by Visualization (KSV) and Knowledge-Structuring by Reasoning (KSR). The former enables a student to communicate with the system smoothly by using a visualization tool. The latter enables him/her to firmly grasp knowledge by acquiring it through his/her own reasoning. We have implemented our system on a Sun SPARCstation10, and asked ten subjects to learn history with the system. With the result that seven of them reporting that the system contributed to a deeper understanding of history on his/ her part. %M C.HCII.95.1.839 %T How to Make Fill-in-Blank Program Problems %S II.8 Learning Environments 1 %A Masato Soga %A Akihiro Kashihara %A Jun'ichi Toyoda %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 839-844 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X We expect that students can reinforce their understanding and that they can stabilize knowledge of algorithm, by solving fill-in-blank program problems. In this paper, we propose how to make fill-in-blank problems. We confirm that the relation between blanks affects student's cognitive load heaviness by an experiment. Also, a prototype system to produce fill-in-blank problems and an interactive tutoring system are developed based on the result of the experiment. %M C.HCII.95.1.845 %T ICAI System for Japanese Students to Learn Korean Writing %S II.8 Learning Environments 1 %A Kyu-Keon Lee %A Katsuhiko Shirai %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 845-850 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X It is important to find variable cause of composition errors in the composition training for the beginner of Korean language. This paper describes a new intelligent computer assisted instruction (ICAI) system for Japanese beginners to learn Korean composition. Our system supports to clarify the problems caused from the grammatical differences and makes effective learning based on the grammatical similarities. Experimental test was performed to evaluate the practical learning effects and educational effectiveness by this ICAI system, the results of evaluation experiments show the effectiveness of this system. %M C.HCII.95.1.851 %T Designing a System for Cooperative Learning through Social Interaction -- 'AlgoArena': A Learning Tool for Programming -- %S II.8 Learning Environments 1 %A Akiko Ide %A Hiroshi Kato %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 851-856 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X AlgoArena is a simulation game of sumo wrestling which provides an effective environment for facilitating the cooperative learning of software programming skills. Its design principles are based on a theory of situated learning which claims that learning is accomplished by participation in a practice community. AlgoArena allows students to form a practice community. The authors have developed a prototype version and implemented it in a pilot experiment with junior high school students. Results indicate the system to be a productive environment in which shared goals and active social interaction among students contributed to the effectiveness of their cooperative learning. %M C.HCII.95.1.857 %T Building Hypermedia for Learning: A Framework Based on the Design of User Interface %S II.8 Learning Environments 1 %A S. Mangiaracina %A C. Maioli %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 857-862 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Research in hypermedia electronic books is a relatively new field that addresses the problem of creating new effective learning environments. However, the lack of well-defined criteria for evaluation and the somewhat marginal effort devoted to the design of multimedia interfaces, has often resulted in the development of a set of multimedia/hypermedia applications which are of dubious value. Studies in HCI and user-centred design can help in the design of hypermedia systems in education. A well-defined set of guidelines, derived from user-interface evaluation principles, can support and guide the design phase and show how to implement the didactic functions effectively. The knowledge domain and tutoring strategy components are then integrated within this framework. The effectiveness of this approach has been successfully tested in the design of our hypermedia system SIDI. %M C.HCII.95.1.865 %T Interfaces for Learning %S II.9 Learning Environments 2 %A J. Sanchez %A M. Lumbreras %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 865-870 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X The current literature emphasizes critical aspects of learning and cognition involved in human-computer interaction. We present a conceptualization for designing interfaces for learning and thinking through the use of modern ideas for building educational software. We address the construction of Hyperstories as a metaphor for enhancing thought and reasoning skills. The advantages of using multimedia for building this type of software, as well as the complexities involved are analyzed and discussed. %M C.HCII.95.1.871 %T Learning Agents: Interface to the Knowledge of a Community %S II.9 Learning Environments 2 %A Akira Namatame %A Yoshiaki Tsukamoto %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 871-876 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper presents a model of learning agent and demonstrates how this model will provide a foundation of building the knowledge of a community. The knowledge of a community serves as the repositories for all the accumulated knowledge, and provides a knowledge world for users to explore, to work with, and to discover new knowledge. By learning the structure of knowledge resource distribution patterns as well as users' interests and preferences during system usage, the learning agent customizes knowledge resource retrievals for each user. We also discuss a methodology of building personalized working environments on the knowledge of a community, where, people at physically distributed location, can work together sharing the common knowledge resources. %M C.HCII.95.1.877 %T A Conceptual Framework for the Implementation of MUGICLE System %S II.9 Learning Environments 2 %A Hee Jin Cho %A Gerardo Ayala %A Yoneo Yano %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 877-882 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X The purpose of this paper is to describe a conceptual framework, called MUGICLE (Collaboration Learning Environment through Multi-Group Interaction), for learning the inflection of a declinable-word and expression of Hangul (Korean language) sentences for Japanese. In this paper we focus primarily on the construction of the system and processing of behavior, the structure of the knowledge base, the knowledge representation, and domain knowledge generation processes. A word class vocabulary for the system has been extracted from standard word sets presented in primary school and the national language textbook of junior high school. This concurrent constructed vocabulary is a set of dictionary of verbs, adjectives, nouns, and so on, all composing 4,000 words. The knowledge base is of a lower rank category of a semantic classification into a word class vocabulary of each, composed of a combination of relations between a semantic network and the semantic categories. Our framework is composed of four components: instructional strategy module, student module, domain knowledge module, and collaborative learning module. %M C.HCII.95.1.883 %T Exploring Self-Developing Models in Interactive, Virtual Learning Environments %S II.9 Learning Environments 2 %A David A. Smith %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 883-888 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X N/A %M C.HCII.95.1.889 %T An Instructional System for Constructing Algorithms in Recursive Programming %S II.9 Learning Environments 2 %A Noriyuki Matsuda %A Akihiro Kashihara %A Tsukasa Hirashima %A Jun'ichi Toyoda %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 889-894 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper aims at designing an instructional system that teaches recursive programming to a novice programmer. In order to reduce a cognitive load which the novice bears in constructing algorithms in recursive programming, we propose the algorithm and solution for constructing the algorithm. The algorithm represents simple recursion as two iterations. We had an experiment to confirm if the instruction based on the solution is more effective than a programming textbook. As a result, the instruction had a significant effect. We have also designed an instructional system which helps the novice adaptively acquire the solution. %M C.HCII.95.1.895 %T Interacting with a Mediator Agent in Collaborative Learning Environments %S II.9 Learning Environments 2 %A Gerardo Ayala %A Yoneo Yano %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 895-900 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X In this paper we present the basic issues in the modelling of a mediator agent in a computer-supported collaborative learning environment. The mediator agent is an intelligent software agent that has been designed based on ideas from agent modelling in distributed artificial intelligence [1] and social learning [2]. Mediator agents in collaborative environments support user interaction based on the communication of the learners' capabilities, goals and commitments. Mediator agents cooperate in the search of learning possibilities for the learners, in order to enhance the relevant collaboration and progress of a networked community of practice. %M C.HCII.95.1.901 %T User Modelling and System Adaptation in the Interactive Anatomy Tutoring System Anatom-Tutor %S II.9 Learning Environments 2 %A Ian H. Beaumont %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 901-906 %K Adaptive hypermedia, Intelligent tutoring systems, ITS, User modelling, Computer aided instruction, CAI %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X ANATOM-TUTOR is an anatomy tutoring system for use at university level, combining ITS (intelligent tutoring system) and hypermedia technology. The aim has been to produce a tutoring system which can a) reduce the workload on university staff by automating the presentation of basic knowledge, and b) improve the effectiveness of student study by allowing the system to respond in an individual way to problems encountered by the learner, a feature lacking in the currently widely used drill-and-practice teaching programs. ANATOM-TUTOR is suitable for use both as a reference work and as an active hypertext-based teaching aid, and its self correcting modelling productions enable it to adapt rapidly to the individual user. Its knowledge domain is a section of brain anatomy including the visual system, the pupillary light reflex system and the accommodation reflex system. %M C.HCII.95.1.909 %T Remote Control for Annotated Video %S II.10 Control System for Special Application %A Jeremy Jones %A Colin Harris %A Ronan Geraghty %A Neville Harris %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 909-914 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X The subject of this paper is the remote control of multimedia applications, using a personal digital assistant (PDA) as a hand held remote control device. Application specific, context dependent user interfaces are transmitted to the PDA for display on its LCD screen. The user interacts with the touch sensitive screen and the input commands are transmitted back to the application. This approach results in a sophisticated and flexible interface which is at the same time easy to use. %M C.HCII.95.1.915 %T Designing a Natural Language Interface for Supervisory Control of Mining Teleoperation %S II.10 Control System for Special Application %A Celestine A. Ntuen %A Eui H. Park %A Arun A. Setty %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 915-918 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X In this paper we describe the design of a command language software using expert database. The language structure is contextual and is implemented using a GURU expert system shell. The expert database that drives the operability of the command language utilizes knowledge of mining tasks; and the dialog properties are designed around user intentions and task behaviors. %M C.HCII.95.1.919 %T Expert Inventory Control System for C.I.M: Modelling and its Applications %S II.10 Control System for Special Application %A A. Ajmal %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 919-924 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X The paper outlines the methodology and knowledge engineering approach to the development of an interactive inventory management system for use in a manufacturing company in the U.K. The prototype system developed with an artificial intelligent (AI) language provides a linkage between management and computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM), and is comprised of four major modules and has a feed back loop which can be used for comparing the actual and estimated values, and automatically updating the inventory records. To test the industrial applicability of the system, data from manufacturing industries have been used. The interactive system which uses a hierarchical decision rules for inventory control domain and uses goal oriented interaction and backtracking interface procedures, has the potential benefits of: better resources planning and management, reduced inventory levels and production lead times, and consistency in maintaining record integrity. %M C.HCII.95.1.925 %T Worm-Type Agents for Intelligent Operation of Large-Scale Man-Machine Systems %S II.10 Control System for Special Application %A Takashi Washio %A Masaharu Kitamura %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 925-930 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X The replacement of conventional analog control and instrumentation systems by digital communication networks is in progress in various industrial large scale systems. The rapid spread of Internet is another trend of public digital communication networks. One of significant features of these communication networks is that each console terminal, network router, sensor, actuator and component in the networks has its own information processing node in form of distributed systems. Each node can perform highly intelligent functions, e.g., self-diagnosis and operation logging, not only its original functions [1]. This architecture has become economically feasible due to the drastic cost reduction of reliable hardware and software of the nodes, and is expected to provide a fundamental structure of future large scale systems. The mutual interactions and interferences among parallel operations of the nodes frequently induce complicated situations in the distributed architecture, while they provide efficient and flexible information processing. The conventional centralized and heavily loaded method to control the entire system may not be suitable to manage those situations efficiently. Recently, autonomous software robots (softbot) staying within a node [2] and worm programs able to move among different nodes [3,4] have been proposed for the achievement of efficient and flexible management of the network. These architectures enable detailed network management without load concentration, efficient use of distributed computation resources, and reduction of communication load. However, the generic and efficient architecture to support their high autonomies, adaptability and flexibility has not been established yet, and the studies on the architectures have been limited in some specific applications, e.g., e-mail agents [2,5], diagnostic agents [3,4] and database agents [6]. The primary objective of this paper is to propose a generic and practical architecture of agents and their network to provide the various types of highly autonomous softbots and worms in terms of man-machine systems. It supports rational operations of agents and their appropriate self-organization under resource bounded conditions. The second objective is to demonstrate the efficient performance of this architecture in some practical applications of control, diagnosis and message exchange providing a new environment of large scale systems for human operators. %M C.HCII.95.1.933 %T Development of Operator Cognitive Model in Analysis Support System for Man-Machine System Design Information %S II.11 Cognitive Model in Process Systems %A Takashi Nakagawa %A Kazunori Sasaki %A Toru Itoh %A Hidekazu Yoshikawa %A Makoto Takahashi %A Kazuhiro Kiyokawa %A Akira Hasegawa %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 933-938 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X An integrated software system has been under development with aims at analyzing and evaluating the effectiveness of man-machine system design, by computer simulations from various viewpoints of human-factors. In this paper, the configuration of a distributed simulation system is first introduced, followed by an explanation of how the operator simulator model is organized by a Petri net model. Also presented is an example simulation of a plant anomaly diagnoses procedure using the Petri net model in its current state of development in the initial phase of software development. %M C.HCII.95.1.939 %T Computer Simulation System of Cognitive Man-Machine Interaction in Accidental Situation of Nuclear Power Plant %S II.11 Cognitive Model in Process Systems %A K. Yoshida %A M. Yokobayashi %A K. Kawase %A F. Tanabe %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 939-944 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X A prototype version of computer simulation system has been developed at JAERI (Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute) to provide analysts with detailed information on cognitive process of operator in accidental situation of NPP (Nuclear Power Plant). The simulation system consists of a plant model and an operator model. A model of operator cognitive behavior is based on the decision ladder model of Rasmussen, and is implemented using AI-technique of a distributed cooperative inference method with a so-called blackboard architecture. Rule-based behavior is simulated using If-Then type of rules. Knowledge-based behavior is simulated using knowledge representation with Multilevel Flow Model (MFM) and qualitative reasoning method. Some trial simulations of incident have been performed to verify the modeling of operator cognitive behavior in NPP accident. %M C.HCII.95.1.945 %T Using Simulated Human Model for Evaluating Human-Machine Interaction %S II.11 Cognitive Model in Process Systems %A Yushi Fujita %A Ichiro Yanagisawa %A Hiroshi Sakuda %A Kazuhiro Kiyokawa %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 945-950 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Human-machine system can only be understood correctly when it is treated as a joint system. Neither humans nor machine can determine its performance in isolation. It is the interplay between humans and machines that determines the performance. Hence, it is a prerequisite to look into context-driven interactions between humans and machines when attempting to evaluate human-machine systems. Because of the dynamic nature of the interactions, experimental approaches have widely been used for the analysis of the interactions. However, they tend to be associated with a number of practical constraints that sometimes make them difficult to apply. As a supplemental means, simulated human models can be utilized as a useful tool for analyzing the interactions. Cognitive and Action Modeling of Erring Operator (CAMEO) is such a human model which features its ability to simulate some typical erroneous tendencies associated with cognitively demanding tasks such as nuclear power plant operation. This paper describes the technical foundation of CAMEO. %M C.HCII.95.1.951 %T Experimental Study on the Operators' Cognitive Activities Based on the Diverse Information %S II.11 Cognitive Model in Process Systems %A Makoto Takahashi %A Osamu Kubo %A Akira Yasuta %A Hidekazu Yoshikawa %A Kazunori Sasaki %A Toru Itoh %A Masayuki Matsumiya %A Takeharu Sakaue %A Kazuhiro Kiyokawa %A Akira Hasegawa %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 951-956 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Experimental study on the operators' cognitive activities had been performed using nuclear power plant simulator. The specific feature of the present study is that the state of the operator during the interaction through the man-machine interface is analyzed based on the diverse information; 1) Estimated cognitive state, 2) Estimated mental work load, 3) Operational sequence history, 4) Questionnaire and 5) Video record. These informations are integrated and graphically represented on the form of Chronological Diagram, by which the operators' dynamic cognitive behavior can be analyzed. Results of the simulator experiments, in which three expert operator participated, demonstrated that the present method can provide the valuable information concerning the operators' cognitive behavior during the task of anomaly diagnosis. %M C.HCII.95.1.957 %T Analysis of Operator's Diagnostic Behavior using Computer Simulation %S II.11 Cognitive Model in Process Systems %A K. Furuta %A M. Takahashi %A H. Yoshikawa %A K. Sasaki %A T. Itoh %A M. Matsumiya %A T. Sakaue %A K. Kiyokawa %A A. Hasegawa %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 957-962 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Computer simulation was performed on a cognitive experiment of abnormal event identification in a nuclear power plant. The process of identification has been modeled as similarity matching of symptomatic patterns and hypothesis validation by symptom observation. As a result of comparison, the simulation could explain behaviors of the subjects generally well, and some characteristics of operator's cognitive processes have been revealed. %M C.HCII.95.1.965 %T An Object Oriented Methodology for Man-Machine Systems Analysis and Design %S II.12 Interface Design and Evaluation in Process System %A A. Mahfoudhi %A M. Abed %A J-C. Angue %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 965-970 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Despite the recent progress in the domain of Man-Machine Interface engineering, several problems concerning the incompatibility between the information presentation to the user and his cognitive representation are still present. This paper presents a new Task Object Oriented Description methodology (TOOD), specially adapted to the taking into account of the human factors for the specification of the Man-Machine Interfaces (MMI). A concrete application of this methodology was presented in the air traffic control context. %M C.HCII.95.1.971 %T Cognitive Functions and Automation: Principles of Human-Centred Automation %S II.12 Interface Design and Evaluation in Process System %A Erik Hollnagel %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 971-976 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper describes the principles of human-centred automation from the point of view of cognitive systems engineering. Five main aspects of automation are identified: level of automation, interface, computer support, training, and task allocation. A matrix is proposed which describes the dependencies between these five aspects, thus maintaining the joint systems perspective. %M C.HCII.95.1.977 %T Evaluation of Ecological Interface Design %S II.12 Interface Design and Evaluation in Process System %A Osami Watanabe %A Katsuhisa Takaura %A Yushi Fujita %A Yoshio Hayashi %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 977-982 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X It has increasingly been recognized that operators working in a highly automated large-scale human-machine system may be exposed to cognitively demanding situations in unanticipated emergency. A new display design called ecological interface design (EID) is proposed by several researchers, which they claim is supportive especially in such difficult situations. The EID features model-based parameter selection and graphic presentation, which fit the cognitive characteristics of operators. This paper presents the results of a comparative evaluation of an EID display. %M C.HCII.95.1.983 %T Task Modelling Using Object Petri Nets %S II.12 Interface Design and Evaluation in Process System %A S. A. Kaddouri %A H. Ezzedine %A J. C. Angue %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 983-988 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This study aims at developing a methodology for interfaces specification which is most concerned with different working situations that the operator could deal with. For each situation, a task model is constructed. We distinguish two parts: one draws up the goals that the operator tends to reach as a response to a specific situation, the other, draws up the different actions that the operator has to trigger in order to satisfy the former requirement. The description of these two parts is done using object oriented Petri nets (OPN). %M C.HCII.95.1.989 %T Simulation Study of an Ecological Interface for Nuclear Power Plants %S II.12 Interface Design and Evaluation in Process System %A A. Sakuma %A J. Itoh %A E. Yoshikawa %A K. Monta %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 989-994 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Application of the ecological interface design to nuclear power plants is presented and the method for its evaluation is discussed. Starting from a concept for intelligent man-machine systems, the ecological interface is introduced as the concept's major ingredient and application to the plant shutdown is described. It is desirable for the evaluation of complex man-machine systems to be concurrent with the design of such systems. A hybrid evaluation, i.e., a combination of an analytic and an empirical evaluation seems promising. The taxonomy for work analysis by Rasmussen provides a good framework for this evaluation. %M C.HCII.95.1.995 %T The "Bird's Foot" Integrated Graphical Interface for NPP Operation %S II.12 Interface Design and Evaluation in Process System %A N. Moray %A B. G. Jones %A P. M. Sanderson %A D. V. Reising %A S. Shaheen %A J. Rasmussen %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 995-998 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X The traditional single-sensor-single indicator display is poorly matched to the cognitive abilities of operators, especially for large and complex systems. Our research aims to provide direct perception displays which will greatly reduce the cognitive load on the operator and allow the use of perceptual rather than cognitive mechanisms to support start-up, state diagnosis and fault management. In particular we describe a system of displays which supports movement by the operator up the abstraction hierarchy as the plant is brought on line. The aim is to minimise the cognitive load on the operator by providing information only at the level at which the operator is currently thinking, while at the same time showing how close the system is to operational limits. %M C.HCII.95.1.1001 %T Development of a Research Simulator for Human Factors (1) -- An Outline of Development of the Research Simulator -- %S II.13 Human Factors in Nuclear Power Plants %A Ryutaro Kawano %A Shinya Shibuya %A Katsumi Nagata %A Masahiro Yamamoto %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1001-1006 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X N/A %M C.HCII.95.1.1007 %T Development of a Research Simulator for Human Factors (2) -- Hardware and Software of the Research Simulator -- %S II.13 Human Factors in Nuclear Power Plants %A Shinya Shibuya %A Ryutaro Kawano %A Katsumi Nagata %A Masahiro Yamamoto %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1007-1012 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X N/A %M C.HCII.95.1.1013 %T An Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction System for Plant Operators to Study Emergency Procedures %S II.13 Human Factors in Nuclear Power Plants %A Hiroshi Ujita %A Takeshi Yokota %A Naoshi Tanikawa %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1013-1018 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Intelligent CAI system has been developed which makes it possible to provide consistent education in plant operation and also plant behavior for professionals like shift supervisors. Satisfaction of intrinsic motivation was tried by representing instruction according to the learners' level. The student model, which is common to teaching course for presenting text knowledge of emergency procedures and the indicating course for actual plant behavior and procedures using the plant simulator, was derived from a hierarchical function model which is a goal oriented mental model of a plant operator. The understanding level of each node (element of a function) in the model is evaluated by personal history conditions calculated from both the tutoring record of the node and the understanding level of the connecting nodes. %M C.HCII.95.1.1019 %T An Interactive Support System for Incident Analysis in Nuclear Power Plants %S II.13 Human Factors in Nuclear Power Plants %A Wan C. Yoon %A Yong H. Lee %A Young S. Kim %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1019-1024 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X HPES, a managerial error analysis system to investigate the types and causes of human errors in nuclear power plants (NPP), has been widely adopted in U.S. and many other countries. To make the reporting more effective, the chronological description of the incident has to include the cognitive activities of the operators, and the analysis of human errors needs to be explicitly related to the human cognitive process. This paper presents a computerized support system for the analysis of human errors in NPP based on a cognitive model. The most intelligent part of the support system interactively aids the analyst in composition of event sequences by checking possible omissions of important facts and logical deficiencies against a decision making model. It also helps the analyst to relate error classification and factor analysis parts directly to the event description. As a result, the analyst not only can conduct the analysis more easily but also can develop a report of a better quality that reveals cognitive causations among human activities and system states. %M C.HCII.95.1.1025 %T Development of an Operator Training Support System for Nuclear Power Plants %S II.13 Human Factors in Nuclear Power Plants %A Tsutomu Ohtsuka %A Katsuji Yaguchi %A Sadanori Yoshimura %A Yoshinori Takada %A Kunio Noji %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1025-1030 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X An operator training support system (OTSS) for nuclear power plants is developed based on the analysis of operator performance under simulated plant abnormal and accidental conditions at the BWR Operator Training Center. This system automatically evaluates the operation performed by trainees and provides information on the problems in trainees' operation in real-time by using evaluation logic stored in a knowledge base. The operator training support system improves the accuracy and efficiency of evaluation in training. %M C.HCII.95.1.1033 %T Interactive Plant Management with Real Time Conformity Checking: The ImagIn Project %S II.14 Operation Aids Plant Diagnosis %A David Haubensack %A Pierre Malvache %A Philippe Valleix %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1033-1038 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper describes a research project of the French CEA, addressing to the evolutions in plant operation apt to bring perceptible and assessable improvement in the operational safety [1]. Many mistakes in plant operations are due to a discrepancy between the "mental representation" of the plant by the operators and the actual plant state: this is often due to lack of information provided to operators, particularly on the modifications of the plant, either temporary or definitive. This can also originate in an inconsistency between the operational procedures and the actual state of the plant, due to these modifications. The maintenance of a coherent and unique representation of the plant for all the actors (human or computerized) of plant operations is the objective of the ImagIn project [2]. %M C.HCII.95.1.1039 %T Development of an Attractive Computer Assisted Instruction System for Plant Operators %S II.14 Operation Aids Plant Diagnosis %A Keiko Mutoh %A Ryutaro Kawano %A Hiroshi Ujita %A Takeshi Yokota %A Ryuji Kubota %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1039-1044 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X A new concept CAI system for nuclear power plant operators has been developed. The main focus of the development was on operator's motivation. The system was accepted considering attractiveness with some requirements of operators extracted to improve the system. The need for voluntary learning is growing ever greater for operators to maintain their skills. We will add some functions to improve the CAI system to help elicit the operator's voluntary learning. %M C.HCII.95.1.1045 %T The Design of Computerized Procedure Presentation for Nuclear Power Plants %S II.14 Operation Aids Plant Diagnosis %A Yuji Niwa %A Erik Hollnagel %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1045-1049 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X New methods of information presentation and interface design are changing the conditions for work in the modern nuclear power plant (NPP) control room. One area receiving considerable attention is that of Emergency Operating Procedures (EOP), which play an essential role in NPPs. This paper presents the results of a project which made consistent use of cognitive engineering and cognitive ergonomics principles to specify a prototype system for computerized procedure presentation in a NPP. The system is scheduled for completion and field evaluation in the summer of 1995. %M C.HCII.95.1.1051 %T Development of the On-Line Operator Aid SYStem (OASYS) using Rule Based Expert System and Fuzzy Logic for Nuclear Power Plants %S II.14 Operation Aids Plant Diagnosis %A S. H. Chang %A H. G. Kim %A S. S. Choi %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1051-1056 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X In this paper, the On-line Operator Aid SYStem (OASYS) has been developed to support operator's decision making process and to ensure the safety of a nuclear power plant by timely providing operators with proper guidelines according to plant states. The OASYS consists of four systems such as signal validation and management system (SVMS), plant monitoring system (PMS), alarm filtering and diagnostic system (AFDS) and dynamic emergency procedure tracking system (DEPTS), and is based on a rule based expert system and fuzzy logic. The rule based expert system is used to classify the pre-defined events and track the EOPs through data processing and the fuzzy logic is used to perform the prognostic diagnosis and to evaluate the qualitative fuzzy criteria used in the EOPs. Evaluation results show that the OASYS is capable of diagnosing plant abnormal conditions and providing operators appropriate guidelines with fast response time and consistency. Currently the OASYS is installed in the real time full scope simulator for validation. %M C.HCII.95.1.1057 %T Development of Abnormal Signal Separation Method in Nuclear Power Plant %S II.14 Operation Aids Plant Diagnosis %A Yoshikazu Umeda %A Hiroshi Inujima %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1057-1062 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X In an nuclear power plant various data are periodically collected from the installed sensors. These data are used as criteria for the safety confirmation of the plant and the replacement of machines. However, in actual practice these data are operated by the standard based on the threshold values given in the "Operation Manual," etc. On the other hand, when noise gets mixed up with these data, the control value for plant operation apparently gets increased, and is likely to cause misjudgement. Moreover, the increase in control value for operation may be giving some information regarding the plant. It has long been considered that it is possible to obtain some new information about the plant; the information not included in the "Operation Manual" by putting these collected and stored data to appropriate analysis. This information refers to the deterioration, change in condition, etc. of the machine, and is expected to contribute to higher maintenance support. However, expert as the data controller of an atomic power plant may be regarding the "Operation Manual," he is not a specialist of data analysis, so that the enormous amount of data are left almost unanalyzed. Under such background, research has been made to upgrade the maintenance support level of the atomic power plant. This report describes the concept of "maintenance support high-grade expert system," on the basis of the data analysis made by using a computer, and deals with the results obtained through application of the examples after trial-manufacture of the prototype. %M C.HCII.95.1.1065 %T Visual Object Recognition System with Selective Attention Mechanism %S II.15 Intelligent and Adaptive Systems %A Keiko Ishihara %A Shigekazu Ishihara %A Mitsuo Nagamachi %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1065-1070 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X We can identify just interested objects quickly even in the scene that has many objects. Selective attention is the powerful function of human visual processing for adapting changing environment. The 3-D object recognition system presented in this article has attentional mechanism that is suggested from psychological findings. Preattentive peripheral vision receives a gray-scale image low resolution, then it marks small regions to attend that have significantly larger luminance than neighbor. Attentional foveal process detects edges in the small attended area and then specifies features for retrieving object models. The object models are described by geons (Biederman, 1990) for fast flexible recognition. %M C.HCII.95.1.1071 %T User Modelling for Adaptable Interface Design %S II.15 Intelligent and Adaptive Systems %A D. Akoumianakis %A C. Stephanidis %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1071-1076 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X A prototype user modelling module (UMM) has been designed and implemented which supports the automatic derivation of lexical level user interface adaptability rules. UMM is part of a new high level user interface development environment, currently under development, which facilitates the construction of unified interaces for interactive applications, accessible by different user groups, including people with disabilities. UMM supports the acquisition and storage of information about target users and produces a set of rules for adapting the user interface at the lexical level; this comes as a result of a three-phase process, namely reasoning about, selection of, and decision on the optimal interaction techniques and devices. %M C.HCII.95.1.1077 %T Adaptive Human Computer Interfaces for Supervision Systems %S II.15 Intelligent and Adaptive Systems %A E. Furtado %A Ch. Santoni %A Ph. Francois %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1077-1082 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X In this paper the authors show both the adaptation and the generation processes of supervision system interfaces. For the adaptation process, they take into account the operator, the task and the interaction models. For the generation process, they show how to generate interfaces automatically from the task model into a formal multi-agent representation. %M C.HCII.95.1.1083 %T Hybrid Machine Learning: Myth and Reality %S II.15 Intelligent and Adaptive Systems %A Vassilis S. Moustakis %A Gavriel Salvendy %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1083-1088 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X An important issue to consider when applying Machine Learning (ML) in a real world task is the selection of a system, algorithm or approach which should be used. In this context coupling of the right ML approach with the task at hand is not trivial. This paper reports the preliminary results of a research which targeted to coupling ML approaches with generic intelligent tasks. Preliminary analysis makes it clear that in most of tasks application of a single ML approach is not satisfactory and that hybrid formations are necessary. %M C.HCII.95.1.1089 %T An Interactive Modeling Technique for Hair Styles %S II.15 Intelligent and Adaptive Systems %A Yoshiaki Kawase %A Takeshi Maeda %A Yoshio Ohno %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1089-1094 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X The display of human image is important for improving the user interface. It is still difficult, however, to generate realistic human images even for the advanced computer graphics of today. One of the reasons is the difficulty in shaping the specification and rendering of human hair. The specification of the shape of the object to be handled in the computer is called (geometric) modeling. The modeling of hair has relied mainly on handwork, and is very time-consuming. Here, we propose an interactive modeling technique using a 3D digitizer and an interpolation method for the generation of large amounts of hair. These methods drastically reduce the work for hair style modeling. %M C.HCII.95.1.1097 %T Managing Machine Learning Application Development %S II.16 Machine Learning %A Vassilis S. Moustakis %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1097-1102 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Machine Learning (ML) represents an advanced technology and its effective implementation in the workplace is not a trivial task. This paper overviews areas of applications for ML and discusses management issues that are relevant to ML application development. %M C.HCII.95.1.1103 %T Automated User Modeling for Intelligent Interface %S II.16 Machine Learning %A Kenichi Yoshida %A Hiroshi Motoda %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1103-1108 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X The analysis of the user behavior is one important function of the intelligent, user interface because, by analyzing the user behavior, it becomes possible to understand the user intention and release the user from tedious tasks which are often required to use a fast hut low-level interface. The acquisition of the user behavior model is crucial. Most studies meant to realize an intelligent interface system only analyze superficial user behaviors, from which to automate the repetitions. Their user models tend to be simple and do not reproduce the behavior well enough. This paper presents a new framework that analyzes the computational processes activated by the user commands to build the user behavior model. An important, feature of the proposed framework is the analysis of data dependency between the user commands. A user adaptive interface system, Clipboard, was developed to show the adequacy of this framework. It analyzes the I/O relationship between applications in the past, task history, selects the next application, and creates scripts which enable complex task execution by a single command. %M C.HCII.95.1.1109 %T Predicting Pilot Bid Behavior with Genetic Algorithms %S II.16 Machine Learning %A Pieter Adriaans %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1109-1113 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X We describe our experiences in building CAPTAINS (Crew Availability Planning and Training System) for the Royal Dutch airline company KLM. CAPTAINS is a complex application that enables a planner to maintain strategic, tactic and operational models of pilot populations. A major problem in building the short-term planning algorithms for CAPTAINS was prediction of pilot bid behavior. Twice a year pilots may express their preference for new seats (functions) and KLM is obliged to give a new seat to the most senior officer who is qualified. However in some cases the bids are not yet known for the season for which one is planning. If a pilot changes his bid, this can influence the planning substantially, so that a correct prediction of pilot bid behavior has vital importance for a good plan. Using genetic algorithms, we were able to produce rules that predict pilot bid behavior with an acceptable level of accuracy. Experience with CAPTAINS shows that information technology can realize a substantial reduction in overall manpower costs and improve the service level of the planning department. To realize planning applications of this kind, a number of heterogeneous techniques are required, including operations research, relational database management, rule-based reasoning, machine learning, graphical user interfaces and constraint handling. The development of applications of this complexity demands new project management techniques and new design tools. Here we will focus on the machine learning aspects of the CAPTAINS project. %M C.HCII.95.1.1115 %T Knowledge Acquisitions from Large Databases using Machine Learning Techniques %S II.16 Machine Learning %A Yasubumi Sakakibara %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1115-1120 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X The rapid growth of data in large databases such as text database, scientific database requires efficient computer methods for automating analyses of the data with the goal of acquiring knowledges or making discoveries. Since the analyses of data are generally so expensive, most parts in databases remains as raw, unanalyzed, primary data. Technology from machine learning theory will offer efficient tools for the intelligent analysis using "generalization" ability. Generalization is an important ability specific to inductive learning which will predict unseen data with high accuracy based on learned concepts from training examples. We will demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach where generalization ability is applied to predicting and analyzing primary data and extracting knowledges from database by presenting some our results on text database analysis and biological sequence analysis. %M C.HCII.95.1.1121 %T Machine Learning Methods for Intelligent Assistant Systems %S II.16 Machine Learning %A Jurgen Herrmann %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1121-1126 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Intelligent assistant systems provide an adequate organization of human computer interaction for complex problem solving. Machine learning methods can provide significant support for assistant systems. The learning apprentice system COSIMA is presented that acquires knowledge about single problem solving steps. %M C.HCII.95.1.1127 %T Machine Learning in Human-Robot Interaction %S II.16 Machine Learning %A Kazuo Hiraki %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1127-1132 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper discusses a possible learning architecture for human-robot interaction. Intelligent robots need to share knowledge with human beings for flexible interaction. However, the gap between low-level sensory data and abstract human knowledge makes it difficult to pre-encode the robot behavior against the human's various complex demands. To avoid this problem, robots should have a learning mechanism which is applicable to sensory/perceptual information. In order to overcome the gap between the low-level sensory data and higher-level concept description, we developed a learning system, called ACORN-II. ACORN-II uses a method called feature abstraction, which dynamically defines abstract sensors from primitive sensory devices and makes it possible to learn appropriate sensory-motor constraints. The paper demonstrates ACORN-II with some experimental results and discusses the future direction of human-robot interaction. %M C.HCII.95.1.1135 %T User Interface Design using Mental Model Transfer %S II.17 Intelligent Interface Design %A Yasufumi Kume %A Hyun Seok Jung %A Nozomi Sato %A Eiichi Bamba %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1135-1140 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X In this paper, the concept of mental model transfer is introduced to overcome the problem of accurate transfer from system developers to end users and that of reducing the software developing time. In addition, mental model will be classified into "model in mental world" and "model of mental world". The former model is introduced to design user interface of a shell for diagnostic system. This paper describes how to transfer designer's mental to maintenance engineer. The effect of this method is discussed. %M C.HCII.95.1.1141 %T Usability Testing for a Tele-Radiology Workstation %S II.17 Intelligent Interface Design %A Nahm Sik Lee %A Jae Hee Park %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1141-1146 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X An empirical study was conducted to provide design guidelines for the user interface (UI) of a computer-based tele-radiology workstation, MIDAS (Medical Image Display and Archiving System). Under eight task-scenarios, subject performances such as completion time, error and user interactions were recorded by auto-logging method. After the each test session, subjective satisfactions were also asked using a questionnaire. Considering the collected data, current design defects on screen layouts, wordings, operational procedures were analyzed. Also, distinctive types of errors were classified and the causation of error was analyzed with regard to the UI attributes. The performance metrics showed that the doctors (novice in computers) require twice as much time as the college students (expert in computers) to acquainted with the new workstation. Finally, UI design guidelines for a tele-radiology workstation were suggested for the better design of a future system. %M C.HCII.95.1.1147 %T Adaptive Intelligent On-Line Help System %S II.17 Intelligent Interface Design %A Chau-Hung Wang %A Chung-I Lee %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1147-1152 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper introduces the architecture of an Adaptive Intelligent On line Help System (AIOHS). Five constructive components are needed to create such system: (1) interface manager; (2) knowledge base; (3) inference engine; (4) knowledge checker; and (5) help information base. An AIOHS to be applied to some portion of text editor is constructed in this research. This proposed help system is designed to provide help to different classes of users. One strength of the system is the knowledge base and inference engine which can detect errors and identify the object user want to get. Another strength is the knowledge checker which generates different help strategies determined by the level of the user's operating performance. An experiment is conducted to verify the AIOHS, the results indicates that AIOHS has good efficiency in problem solving. %M C.HCII.95.1.1153 %T User-Friendly Interface Development for CAD-Based Engineering Data Management Systems %S II.17 Intelligent Interface Design %A Ting-Kou Peng %A Amy J. C. Trappey %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1153-1158 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X A system designed to help engineers define and manage product engineering data is called an Engineering Data Management system (EDMS). Although a lot of CAD tools for 3-D design applications are capable of modeling objects using personal computers, there are still obstacles to manage huge existing product engineering data or define a new product comprehensively and efficiently. Further, these CAD systems often have functional limitation for specialized applications. This paper will develop an EDMS to manage existing products data and define new products. We focus on the development of a user-friendly interface for EDMS in order to achieve the objective of a user-oriented design and engineering environment. %M C.HCII.95.1.1159 %T Interfaces for Synthetic Speech Creation %S II.17 Intelligent Interface Design %A Hiroshi Hamada %A Ikutoshi Mizumoto %A Jin'ichi Chiba %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1159-1164 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X Text-to-speech synthesis is widely used in the interfaces of phone-based services such as telephone ordering systems and computer interfaces such as read-out and collate systems for text edited by word-processors [1]. However, since synthetic speech is generated automatically by fixed acoustic and linguistic processes with average values, it is monotonous and not sufficiently intelligible. Although some speech synthesis systems can control the speaking speed and fundamental frequency, it is difficult for users who are unfamiliar with speech technology to synthesize the desired speech quality. In some applications, information providers using text-to-speech synthesis want to change the speech style to match their intention. For example, they may want to emphasize specific words that are important to the listener. This indicates the necessity of developing a simple user-interface that makes it unnecessary for the user to directly control the physical speech parameters; the interface mediates between the user and the control of the parameters. The purpose of our research is to develop simple interfaces that allow the user to create synthetic speech using terms clear to the user such as "strong emphasis" and "more slowly". This paper introduces an enhanced graphical user interface (GUI) for altering the prosodic features of synthetic speech. We also describe the design procedure used and the design results of simple interfaces for modifying speech style in terms of users intensive direction. %M C.HCII.95.1.1165 %T Sensitive Screen HCIs in Recent Siemens Telecommunication Products %S II.17 Intelligent Interface Design %A R. Schoeffel %B HCII95 %D 1995 %V II. Human Centered System Design %P 1165-1170 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Elsevier Science %X This paper presents recent HCI research at Siemens for an intelligent Home Assistant. It presents an example for product development emphasizing man machine communication with more intelligence. Goals and strategies of Siemens research towards intelligent human computer interfaces are outlined. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): BCSHCI97.BA %M C.BCSHCI.97.1 %T Making Passwords Secure and Usable %A Anne Adams %A Martina Angela Sasse %A Peter Lunt %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 1-19 %K Security, Passwords, Grounded theory, Organisational factors %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X To date, system research has focused on designing security mechanisms to protect systems access although their usability has rarely been investigated. This paper reports a study in which users' perceptions of password mechanisms were investigated through questionnaires and interviews. Analysis of the questionnaires shows that many users report problems, linked to the number of passwords and frequency of password use. In-depth analysis of the interview data revealed that the degree to which users conform to security mechanisms depends on their perception of security levels, information sensitivity and compatibility with work practices. Security mechanisms incompatible with these perceptions may be circumvented by users and thereby undermine system security overall. %M C.BCSHCI.97.21 %T Strategies for Organising Email %A Olle Balter %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 21-38 %K Electronic mail, Email, Organisation, Archiving, Folder, Cleaning, Strategy %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X With the increasing flow of email, strategies for organising email messages become more important. Research describes various strategies used for archiving and retrieving messages. Categorising these strategies is important to identify special needs, problems and solutions for users of each strategy. This study extends earlier categories by grouping users after folder usage and cleaning frequency. Conclusions are that the strategies are affected by the choice of mail tool and number of incoming messages, but no influence by the work task or position could be found. Some advice on interface design to support the different strategies is given. %M C.BCSHCI.97.39 %T Navigating Telephone-Based Interfaces with Earcons %A Stephen Brewster %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 39-56 %K Earcons, Telephone-based interfaces, Auditory interfaces, Non-speech audio, Navigation %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X Non-speech audio messages called earcons can provide powerful navigation cues in menu hierarchies. However, previous research on earcons has not addressed the particular problems of menus in telephone-based interfaces (TBI's) such as: Does the lower quality of sound in TBI's lower recall rates, can users remember earcons over a period of time and what effect does training type have on recall. An experiment was conducted and results showed that sound quality did lower the recall of earcons. However, redesign of the earcons overcame this problem with 73% recalled correctly. Participants could still recall earcons at this level after a week had passed. Training type also affected recall. With 'personal training' participants recalled 73% of the earcons but with purely textual training results were significantly lower. These results show that earcons can provide excellent navigation cues for telephone-based interfaces. %M C.BCSHCI.97.57 %T Do Users Always Benefit When User Interfaces Are Consistent? %A David A. Caulton %A Ken Dye %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 57-66 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X Do users always learn a new program faster if its UI is consistent with a previously learned user interface? Most UI style guides claim they do. A study is described that refutes this claim by demonstrating a case where a version of Microsoft Project that is less consistent with Microsoft Office is more usable to expert Office users than one that is more consistent with Office. It is proposed that the inconsistent version is more usable because Microsoft Project is a different class of application -- more vertical -- and thus different UI techniques are appropriate. It is argued that users benefit from consistent interfaces where programs perform similar functions over a wide range of user goals, but in more vertical applications and where the user's goals are different, appropriateness to purpose is more important than consistency. %M C.BCSHCI.97.67 %T Conceptual Design Reconsidered: The Case of the Internet Session Directory Tool %A Louise Clark %A M. Angela Sasse %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 67-84 %K Conceptual design, Mental models, Users' models, Internet conferencing %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X We report a case study in which conceptual design was applied to create a user interface of an innovative software tool. The Session Directory Tool (sdr) allows users to set up and participate in real-time interactive multimedia events on the Internet. To make this functionality available to users who are not familiar with the underlying network technology and videoconferencing, we identified a metaphor which could be extended into a design model (Electronic TV Listings Guide), and communicated this model through linguistic and structural features of the user interface. Evaluation results indicate that this effort was largely successful: new users handled sdr competently after a short training session and 5 days' practise, and articulated their knowledge of the tool in terms related to the design model. The case study demonstrates the potential of conceptual design, integrated with tangible HCI design techniques, for developing user interfaces to innovative technology. %M C.BCSHCI.97.85 %T Computer Anxiety and the Human-Computer Interface %A Donald Day %A Paivi Makirinne-Crofts %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 85-100 %K Computer anxiety, Interface quality, Self-efficacy %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X Despite widespread PC use in recent decades, many users remain anxious about their ability to cope with computers. This paper reports a study evaluating how interface features contribute to computer anxiety. Key constructs include cultural and individual differences, interface quality, self-efficacy, ease of use, user attitudes and intended usage behaviour. Findings indicate that anxious users prefer innovative I/O devices, experience low self-efficacy, and dislike inconsistent status messages and blocked-option menus. Intended usage behaviour appears to be inversely related to levels of computer anxiety. These findings provide moderate support for a modified Technology Acceptance Model proposed by the study. %M C.BCSHCI.97.101 %T Towards a Situated Action Calculus for Modelling Interactions %A Alberto Faro %A Daniela Giordano %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 101-116 %K Situated action calculus, Formal specification, Requirements engineering, Information systems design %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X Formal modelling of situated actions and context is a worthwhile endeavor if it provides a framework for verifying requirements correctness and generates principles for building interfaces for fluid interactions. The paper argues that action sequences, rather than states, are a suitable representation for this problem, and proposes a situated action calculus based on a new material implication relation among contexts. The situated action calculus extends in two respects a story-telling theory for embedding the user requirements in meaningful contexts. First, it provides a formalism and a set of operators that allow the designer to verify that stories told by different actors generate a safe and live representation; and second, it allows partitioning such representation in a succession of scenes which can be aggregated to define for each actor an interface that unfolds with the task and the context. %M C.BCSHCI.97.117 %T Explorations in Sonic Browsing %A M. Fernstrom %A L. Bannon %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 117-131 %K Browsing, Multimedia, Visualisation, Sonification, Spatial audio %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X This paper describes a novel browser prototype that has been designed and implemented on PC's and soundcards. Our focus has been on the development of a usable and engaging interface which exploits both visual and aural features of the data space. The project involves state-of-the-art work in human-computer interaction and multimedia development. We are working on a data set of musical compositions, and are designing and testing the prototype with a group of musicians. This paper provides some detail on the development process, the current architecture of the system, and describes some of the problems encountered. %M C.BCSHCI.97.133 %T Remote Homeplace Communication: What is It Like and How Might We Support It? %A David M. Frohlich %A Kathy Chilton %A Paul Drew %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 133-153 %K Home, Homeplace, Communication, Interaction, Telephone, Call, Relationship, User needs, Requirements, Technology %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X We introduce the study of homeplace communication as being relevant to the design of new communication technology for the home market. After reviewing current approaches to the field, we go on to describe the nature of remote homeplace communication over the telephone, based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of 315 household telephone calls. The findings are contrasted with aspects of workplace communication and used to identify 7 user requirements for support. We conclude with recommendations for future basic and applied research in the area. %M C.BCSHCI.97.155 %T A Making-Movies Metaphor for Structuring Software Components in Highly Interactive Applications %A Michelle Jacomi %A Stephane Chatty %A Philippe Palanque %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 155-173 %K Software architecture, User interface design, Metaphors %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X Structuring full scale, highly interactive applications still involve complex design choices for programmers. This is because current techniques do not cover the issue of structuring applications at all scales. Programmers thus have to make choices without a good understanding of their consequences. We consider that this is similar to the problem encountered by a user who explores a user-driven application and has little guidance on actions that can be performed. In the same way as metaphors have been used to help users anticipate the consequences of their actions, we propose to use metaphors to help programmers make their choices. This article describes a making-movies metaphor that provides guidance for organising the interface of an application, but also its links with the objects of the functional core. We show how this approach can be merged with current software engineering techniques to specify and build full scale applications. This is exemplified with a graphical editor acting as an interface to optimisation algorithms, and used for splitting air space into air traffic control sectors. %M C.BCSHCI.97.175 %T The Impact of Time and Place on the Operation of Mobile Computing Devices %A Chris Johnson %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 175-190 %K Mobile computing, Interface design, Satellite communications, Cellular networks %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X Recent improvements in the quality and reliability of wireless communications has led to the development of a range of mobile computing devices. Many portable computers now offer modem connections through cellular and satellite telephone networks. Taxi services, emergency vehicles, domestic repair teams all now rely upon mobile links to central computing systems. In spite of these advances, a number of technical problems still affect the quality of interaction with mobile applications. Electromagnetic interference blocks radio signals. Obstacles in the line of sight can interrupt microwave and infra-red transmissions. Tracking problems frustrate the use of low-level satellites. Transmission delays affect the service provided by higher, geostationary satellites. From the users' point of view, these problems manifest themselves as geographical constraints upon the usability of their 'mobile' device. This lead to delays in the transmission of critical information. These, in turn, lead to the frustration and error that often complicates the operation of mobile computer systems. In the short term, it seems unlikely that the technical limitations will be resolved. The following pages, therefore, argue that interface designers must consider means of reducing the impact of geographic allocation upon the operation of mobile computing devices. %M C.BCSHCI.97.191 %T The Impact of Marginal Utility and Time on Distributed Information Retrieval %A Chris Johnson %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 191-204 %K Electronic gridlock, Information saturation, Marginal utility %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X This paper argues that marginal utility can be extended from the domain of Micro-economics to explain some of the problems that frustrate interaction with distributed systems. In particular, it is argued that concave utility curves can be used to analyse the electronic gridlock that occurs when remote systems cannot satisfy the number of demands which users make upon their services. Convex utility curves represent the information saturation that occurs when users cannot extract important documents from amass of irrelevant information. The paper goes on to argue that marginal utility can also be used to identify a range of interface techniques that reduce the problems associated with electronic gridlock and information saturation. %M C.BCSHCI.97.205 %T Computer-Assisted Remote Control for the User with Motor Impairment %A Peter E. Jones %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 205-221 %K Assistive technology, Motor impaired, Cerebral palsy, Remote control, Novel input-output %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X Two projects are described for children with Cerebral Palsy. The first one is a computer controlled radio car, CAR. This provided the inspiration for the solution needed in the second project -- a remote control for a user with motor impairment. This resulted in a prototype controller box that we named Rico. It is a low cost device attached via the parallel port to any PC. It is capable of adapting to the infrared signals of most remote controls for domestic devices such as CD players, TVs and VCRs. Users with severe motor impairment can interact with a computer and through Rico have it mimic the action of the domestic remote controls. In first learning to use both CAR and Rico, we found it necessary to allow simultaneous interaction by the user and the teacher or occupational therapist. Therefore we have two humans in the HCI! The user who is motor impaired interacts via any one of a number of simple selection devices whilst the teacher uses the keyboard. In our case the users were teenagers severely disabled by Cerebral Palsy, who are confined to wheelchairs and are at the stage of just learning to read. The adaptability of the hardware and software would allow the use of Rico for a wide range of users suffering motor impairment through other causes. %M C.BCSHCI.97.223 %T Research and the Design of Human-Computer Interactions or 'What Happened to Validation?' %A John Long %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 223-243 %K Research, Design, Human-computer interactions, Effectiveness %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X This paper argues the need for more effective: human-computer interactions; design of such interactions; and research to support such design. More effective research would result in more effective interactions. One contribution to more effective research would be the specification of relations between research and the design of human-computer interactions in support of the validation of new knowledge. The aim of this paper is to propose such a specification both for HCI and Cognitive Science research and the relations between them. Meeting the HCI specification renders HCI knowledge coherent, complete and 'fit-for-design-purpose'. The paper concludes that specification of relations is required for more effective research support for the design of human-computer interactions. %M C.BCSHCI.97.245 %T Using Diagrams to Support the Analysis of System 'Failure' and Operator 'Error' %A Lorna Love %A Chris Johnson %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 245-261 %K Accident analysis, Fault trees, Operator 'error', System 'failure' %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X Computers are increasingly being embedded within safety systems. As a result, a number of accidents have been caused by complex interactions between operator 'error' and system 'failure'. Accident reports help to ensure that these 'failures' do not threaten other applications. Unfortunately, a number of usability problems limit the effectiveness of these documents. Each section is, typically, drafted by a different expert; forensic scientists follow metallurgists, human factors experts follow meteorologists. In consequence, it can be difficult for readers to form a coherent account of an accident. This paper argues that fault trees can be used to present a clear and concise overview of major failures. Unfortunately, fault trees have a number of limitations. For instance, they do not represent time. This is significant because temporal properties have a profound impact upon the course of human-computer interaction. Similarly, they do not represent the criticality or severity of a failure. We have, therefore, extended the fault tree notation to represent traces of interaction during major failures. The resulting Accident Fault Tree (AFT) diagrams can be used in conjunction with an official accident report to better visualise the course of an accident. The Clapham Junction railway disaster is used to illustrate our argument. %M C.BCSHCI.97.263 %T The Interactional Affordances of Technology: An Ethnography of Human-Computer Interaction in an Ambulance Control Centre %A David Martin %A John Bowers %A David Wastell %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 263-281 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X This paper reports an ethnography of ambulance dispatch work in a large UK metropolitan region. The interplay between control centre ecology, usage of a computerised dispatch system, and cooperative work of control personnel is analysed. The methods by which a 'working division of labour' is sustained to effectively manage dispatch in the face of high workload and manifold contingency are explicated, and contrasted with methods employed by workers in other control room settings known from the literature. The implications of the study for system improvement and for several emphases in HCI research (including discussions of 'affordances') are explored. %M C.BCSHCI.97.283 %T Why, What, Where, When: Architectures for Cooperative Work on the World Wide Web %A Devina Ramduny %A Alan Dix %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 283-301 %K Software architecture, CSCW, Internet, Caching, Replication, Applets, Feedback, Feedthrough, Temporal problems, Delays %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X The software architecture of a cooperative user interface determines what component is placed where. This paper examines some reasons determining why a particular placement should be chosen. Temporal interface behaviour is a key issue: when users receive feedback from their own actions and feedthrough about the actions of others. In a distributed system, data and code may be moved to achieve the desired behaviour -- in particular, Java applets can be downloaded to give rapid local semantic feedback. Thus we must choose not only the physical location for each functional component but also when that component should reside in different places. %M C.BCSHCI.97.303 %T BUILD-IT: A Computer Vision-Based Interaction Technique for a Planning Tool %A M. Rauterberg %A M. Fjeld %A H. Krueger %A M. Bichsel %A U. Leonhardt %A M. Meier %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 303-314 %K Augmented reality, Natural user interface, Video based interaction, Computer aided design %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X In this article we wish to show a method that goes beyond the established approaches of human-computer interaction. We first bring a serious critique of traditional interface types, showing their major drawbacks and limitations. Promising alternatives are offered by Virtual (or: immersive) Reality (VR) and by Augmented Reality (AR). The AR design strategy enables humans to behave in a nearly natural way. Natural interaction means human actions in the real world with other humans and/or with real world objects. Guided by the basic constraints of natural interaction, we derive a set of recommendations for the next generation of user interfaces: the Natural User Interface (NUI). Our approach to NUIs is discussed in the form of a general framework followed by a prototype. The prototype tool builds on video-based interaction, and supports construction and plant layout. A first empirical evaluation is briefly presented. %M C.BCSHCI.97.315 %T Formally Comparing and Informing Notation Design %A C. R. Roast %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 315-336 %K Cognitive dimensions, Formal methods, Notations, programming %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X This paper uses the analytic framework of cognitive dimensions to provide formal interpretations of dimensions for appraising the suitability of interactive systems for particular tasks. The framework also provides an effective terminology to support a wide range of assessments including interface evaluation, and the resistance of notations to modification. We propose that interface design can benefit from interpreting cognitive dimensions as tools for assessing software characteristics such as usability and modifiability. Our interpretation of these dimensions has the benefits of being formal and at the same time yielding practical measures and guidelines for assessment. In this paper our formalisation of cognitive dimensions examines and illustrates the dimensions of 'viscosity' -- resistance to change. We demonstrate the appropriateness of the measures developed as a means of assessing notational resistance to change and the general results that their formalization enables. %M C.BCSHCI.97.337 %T Direct Object Manipulation vs. Direct Concept Manipulation: Effect of Interface Style on Reflection and Domain Learning %A Kamran Sedighian %A Marv Westrom %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 337-357 %K Interface, Direct manipulation, Reflection, Children, Education, Learning, Motivation, Mathematics, Problem solving, Human-computer interaction, Transformation geometry %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X This paper investigates the effects of interface style on children's domain learning and reflective thought. It argues that the educational deficiencies of Direct Manipulation (DM) interfaces are not necessarily caused by their "directness", but by their directness towards objects rather than embedded educational concepts. This paper furthers our understanding of the DM metaphor in educational software by proposing a shift of approach from Direct Object Manipulation (DOM) to Direct Concept Manipulation (DCM). A number of pedagogical strategies for supporting the DCM metaphor are offered. Results reported from a study using three variations of an educational software application are used to support these points. %M C.BCSHCI.97.359 %T HyperAT: HCI and Web Authoring %A Yin Leng Theng %A Cecile Rigny %A Harold Thimbleby %A Matthew Jones %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 359-378 %K "Lost in hyperspace", Authoring tool, World Wide Web, Multi-disciplinary approach %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X We review HCI problems with hypertext, and for authoring World Wide Web documents in particular. We suggest that a framework is required to understand the usability issues, and that these issues cannot be seen as psychological or computing: they are multi-disciplinary. We discuss HyperAT, a prototype authoring tool, being implemented to test these ideas. %M C.BCSHCI.97.379 %T Separating User Knowledge of Domain and Device: A Framework %A Peter Timmer %A John Long %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 379-395 %K Mental representation, Domain, Problem diagnosis, Air traffic management %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X A framework for modelling user-device interaction is presented. Models constructed with the framework explicitly separate 1) what the operator knows about the work (domain) being carried out, from 2) what the operator knows about the state of the devices used to carry out that work. Using an illustration from Air Traffic Management (ATM), the value of such separation is shown, for the diagnosis of operator behaviour that leads to system ineffectiveness. The design implications of using such worksystem models, in conjunction with domain models, are discussed. %M C.BCSHCI.97.397 %T Eliciting Information Portrayal Requirements: Experiences with the Critical Decision Method %A William B. L. Wong %A Philip J. Sallis %A David O'Hare %B BCSHCI97 %D 1997 %P 397-415 %K Display design, Cognitive task analysis, Critical Decision Method, Ambulance dispatch management %* (c) Copyright 1997 Springer Verlag %X This study is part of research that is investigating the notion that human performance in dynamic and intentional decision making environments, such as ambulance dispatch management, can be improved if information is portrayed in a manner that supports the decision strategies invoked to achieve the goal states of the process being controlled. Hence, in designing interfaces to support real-time dispatch management decisions, it is suggested that it would be necessary to first discover the goal states and the decision strategies invoked during the process, and then portray the required information in a manner that supports such a user group's decision making goals and strategies. The purpose of this paper is to report on the experiences gleaned from the use of a cognitive task analysis technique called Critical Decision Method as an elicitation technique for determining information portrayal requirements. This paper firstly describes how the technique was used in a study to identify the goal states and decision strategies invoked during the dispatch of ambulances at the Sydney Ambulance Coordination Centre. The paper then describes how the interview data was analysed within and between cases in order to reveal the goal states of the ambulance dispatchers. A brief description of the resulting goal states follows, although a more detailed description of the goals states and their resulting display concepts has been reported elsewhere (Wong et al., 1996b). Finally, the paper concludes with a set of observations and lessons learnt from the use of the Critical Decision Method for developing display design concepts in dynamic intentional environments. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): ESP93.BA %T What is Software Interaction Design? %S Keynote %A Terry Winograd %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.- %D 1993 %P -- %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %T End-User Programming %S Panels %A Wayne D. Gray %A Bonnie E. John %A Bonnie A. Nardi %A Marian Petre %A James C. Spohrer %A Althea A. Turner %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.1 %D 1993 %P 1-2 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X End-user programming involves the end user building new tools, not simply using an application. Hence, word processing is not an example of end-user programming while building style sheets for a word processor would be. Using communication software is not, writing a script for the communication software is. Using someone else's spreadsheet is not, building your own spreadsheet is. Using someone else's HyperCard stack is not, building your own is. Running someone else's cognitive model is not, building a cognitive model that fits your theory is. This definition includes both specialized software for experts (for example, Edmonds, O'Brien, & Bayley, 1993), semi-domain specialized software such as spreadsheets, as well as intendedly general purpose (but specialized anyway) software such as HyperCard. The two defining characteristics are: building software tools (what the end-user programming language, EPL, is used for) and characteristics of the user (whose main interest is in building a tool for which they, among possible others, will be a user). Hence, LISP could be considered an EPL for C programmers who use EMACS. %T Has of ESP Research Improved Programming Instruction? %S Panels %A Marcia C. Linn %A Michael J. Clancy %A Lydia Mann %A Philip Miller %A Elliot Soloway %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.3 %D 1993 %P 3-5 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X This panel discussion will address: (a) how instructors use current research on programming and (b) how future research might contribute to better teaching. We hope to help participants at the ESP V conference synthesize current studies and identify future directions for empirical work. In addition, we hope to alert researchers to unanticipated consequences of current empirical studies for programming courses. %T Beyond Program Understanding: A Look at Programming Expertise in Industry %S Papers %A Lucy M. Berlin %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.6 %D 1993 %P 6-25 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X In the computer industry, expert programmers must often relearn parts of their craft as they retool themselves to new computer languages, programming environments, software frameworks and systems. Our study of consulting interactions between these apprentices and experts has given insights into this collaborative work practice and into the knowledge gaps of programmers in a new environment. In this paper we characterize the apprenticeship interactions we observed, the skills experts use in collaborative problem solving, the hard-to-find information they emphasize, and the tutoring skills they exhibit. The observations also indirectly suggest the multi-faceted knowledge required for real-life programming expertise, and the knowledge and skills that make experts so much more effective in their daily work. %T The Collaboration Thread: A Formative Evaluation of Object-Oriented Education %S Papers %A John M. Carroll %A Mary Beth Rosson %A Mark K. Singley %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.26 %D 1993 %P 26-41 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X We are exploring a type of critical incident analysis that groups together sets of causally related user episodes; we refer to these as "critical threads." The episodes of a critical thread are sometimes less-than-critical when viewed in isolation, which can be a problem in formative evaluation, since when taken together, these same episodes can expose major underlying usability issues. We use psychological design rationale to construct a unifying description of the set of user episodes comprising a critical thread (i.e., as a sort of abstract and distributed user scenario). Such a description guides the recognition of pieces of a critical thread in data and the articulation of underlying usability themes embodied across the various constituent episodes. %T Externalising Information During Coding Activities: Effects of Expertise, Environment and Task %S Papers %A Simon P. Davies %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.42 %D 1993 %P 42-61 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X This paper presents empirical evidence for differences in the nature of problem solver's information externalisation strategies. Two experiments concerned with programming behaviour are reported which suggest that experts tend to rely much more upon the use of external memory sources in situations where the device they use to construct the program hinders the utilisation of a display in the service of performance. Experts and novices also appear to externalise different kinds of information during problem solving. Hence, experts tend to externalise low level information, mainly to aid simulation, whereas novices develop higher level representations which might be characterised as transformations or re-representations of the problem state. Moreover in the case of experts, the nature of externalised information appears to depend upon whether they are generating a program as opposed to comprehending it. These results provide support for a display-based view of problem solving. Moreover these studies address strategic differences in the externalisation of information, which until now have remained unexplored in accounts of display-based behaviour. Finally, the paper suggests a number of implications for the design of tools intended to support the programming process and for systems aimed at teaching programming skills. %T Mind Your Ps and Qs: Using Parentheses and Quotes in LISP %S Papers %A Elizabeth A. Davis %A Marcia C. Linn %A Lydia M. Mann %A Michael J. Clancy %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.62 %D 1993 %P 62-85 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X Learning the Ps and Qs of LISP turns out to be more challenging than most textbooks and many instructors anticipate. By "minding your Ps and Qs" we refer to appropriate use of parentheses and quotes. We investigate (a) the aspects of Ps and Qs that are most likely to confuse novice programmers, and (b) the course of knowledge development that novice programmers follow in making sense of Ps and Qs in LISP. We devised a 23-problem LISP Ps and Qs assessment and administered it to 36 students in individual interviews. We identified seven rules that accounted for most of the inappropriate conjectures made by students about Ps and Qs. Students applied each conjecture or "rule" either consistently or intermittently. Based on their patterns of rule use, students could be categorized as rule refiners, rule users, or rule seekers. These results suggest that students struggle to make sense of information about LISP syntax and about the nature of rules in programming. In making sense of programming rules, for example, students might draw on their knowledge of rules for English grammar or rules for algebra symbol manipulation. It is tempting to conclude that students need more explicit instruction in LISP but our observations suggest, instead, that students need encouragement and support as they construct personal views of programming. Learning the Ps and Qs of LISP requires the same process of knowledge integration and refinement characteristic of more complex learning. %T Tales of Debugging From the Front Lines %S Papers %A Marc Eisenstadt %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.86 %D 1993 %P 86-112 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X A world-wide trawl for debugging anecdotes elicited replies from 78 respondents, including a number of implementors of well-known commercial software. The stories included descriptions of bugs, bug-fixing strategies, discourses on the philosophy of programming, and several highly amusing and informative reminiscences. Experiences included using a steel ruler to debug a COBOL line printer listing, browsing through a punched card deck to debug an early FORTRAN compiler, and struggling in vain to find intermittent bugs on popular commercial products. An analysis of the anecdotes reveals three primary dimensions of interest: why the bugs were difficult to find, how the bugs were found, and root causes of bugs. Half of the difficulties arose from just two sources: (i) large temporal or spatial chasms between the root cause and the symptom, and (ii) bugs that rendered debugging tools inapplicable. Techniques for bug-finding were dominated by reports of data-gathering (e.g. print statements) and hand-simulation, which together accounted for almost 80% of the reported techniques. The two biggest causes of bugs were (i) memory overwrites and (ii) vendor-supplied hardware or software faults, which together accounted for more than 40% of the reported bugs. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for the design of program debuggers, and explores the possible role of a large repository/data base of debugging anecdotes. %T Learning Computer Programming: A Route to General Reasoning Skills? %S Papers %A Adrienne Y. Lee %A Nancy Pennington %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.113 %D 1993 %P 113-136 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X The learning of computer programming in schools has often been promoted as a basis for the learning of general thinking skills. Thus, a fundamental question about computer programming skill is whether it "transfers" to reasoning in other domains. Our research investigates whether expert diagnostic strategies will transfer spontaneously from established programming skill to another, unfamiliar domain. We then examine whether diagnostic reasoning can be taught to novices, in the context of learning to program, in a way that liberates the strategy from its content. The first experiment examined experienced subjects (extensive programming but no electronics) and inexperienced subjects (no programming or electronics) performances in two domains (programming and electronics) when domain specific information was provided. Results suggest that practicing a component of programming skill (debugging) will produce a general diagnostic skill that can transfer spontaneously across domains. The second experiment examined the training of inexperienced subjects for transfer. Experimental subjects learned more than controls, but did not show more transfer. More training may be necessary for subjects to reach advanced levels of the skill and thereby show transfer. %T Comparing the Comprehensibility of Textual and Graphical Programs: The Case of Petri Nets %S Papers %A Thomas G. Moher %A David C. Mak %A Brad Blumenthal %A Laura M. Leventhal %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.137 %D 1993 %P 137-161 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X In an experiment inspired by Green, Petre, and Bellamy (1991), three forms of Petri net representations were tested against two textual program representations for comprehensibility. Two tasks were employed: question-answering and matching. The results reaffirmed the textual match-mismatch phenomenon frequently reported for circumstantial vs. sequential programs, but failed to find a match-mismatch for alternative net representations. Petri nets appeared to be more well-suited in general to backwards questions, but performance was strongly dependent to the layout of the Petri nets. In general, the results indicate that the efficacy of a graphical program representation is not only task-specific, but also highly sensitive to seemingly ancillary issues such as layout and the degree of factoring. %T Does Programming Knowledge or Design Strategy Determine Shifts of Focus in Prolog Programming? %S Papers %A Thomas C. Ormerod %A Linden J. Ball %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.162 %D 1993 %P 162-186 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X In this paper we examine the nature of expertise in program writing, in particular the factors which underlie the order in which code is generated by Prolog programmers. Verbal and keystroke recordings were taken from five expert subjects coding solutions to a problem requiring a recursive list-processing solution. A quantitative analysis of transcripts revealed a wide variation between subjects in the presence of non-linearities in code generation, with one subject demonstrating almost perfect linear development of code whilst others showed varying degrees of non-linearity. On the other hand, there was little evidence of deviation from a structured approach to code development even by experts producing code in a non-linear fashion. Qualitative analysis of verbal protocols revealed two key factors which determined the sequence of code generation: these were 1) switches between different views of the programming problem during solution development; and 2) the operation of problem scheduling strategies which created agenda for tackling coding sub-problems We discuss our findings in terms of current theories of programming expertise, and propose that the notion of programming 'plans' is neither necessary nor sufficient to account for the shifts of focus in the coding of our expert subjects. Plans may be a component of programming expertise, but they cannot alone account for the different coding orders observed in the construction of similar programs. Instead, we argue that a theory of programming expertise must account for the role of design strategies such as structured problem decomposition and problem scheduling that are employed by experts in developing code. %T An Analysis of Novice Programmers Learning a Second Language %S Papers %A Jean Scholtz %A Susan Wiedenbeck %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.187 %D 1993 %P 187-205 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X This research studied novice programmers with some Pascal knowledge during their initial attempts at learning another programming language. We wanted to identify the programming knowledge they had previously acquired and determine if they were able to use this knowledge in learning a second language. We found that plan structure differences could be used to predict problems programmers encountered. Additionally, we discovered that novices were hampered in transferring to a new language, not only by features of the new language, but by inadequate or missing knowledge of both programming constructs from their first language and programming concepts in general. %T Positive Test Bias in Software Testing by Professionals: What's Right and What's Wrong %S Papers %A Barbee Teasley %A Laura Marie Leventhal %A Diane S. Rohlman %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.206 %D 1993 %P 206-221 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X Software testing, which consumes substantial effort in software development, is a virtually unexplored area in human-computer interaction. At Bowling Green State University, we have a program of research which is looking at the application of judgment and decision-making theory to software testing, focusing on the role of positive test bias in software testing. Studies of naturalistic testing tasks, as well as ones which follow common laboratory models in this area, have found ample evidence that testers have a positive test bias. This bias is manifest as a tendency to execute about four times as many positive tests, designed to show that "the program works" (i.e., valid data), as tests which challenge the program (i.e., use invalid data). While positive tests do uncover errors in a program and need to be done, failure to do negative tests leaves much of the program invalidated. Our studies have also shown that the expertise of the subjects, the completeness of the software specifications, and the presence / absence of program errors may reduce positive test bias. Talk-aloud data suggests that advanced computer science students and professional programmers do invent specifications to test in the absence of actual specifications, but still exhibit positive test bias. %T Program Comprehension of Literate Programs by Novice Programmers %S Posters %A Christopher F. Bertholf %A Jeanne Scholtz %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.222 %D 1993 %P 222 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X This study compares comprehension of Lit style literate programs with that of traditional modular programs with both internal and external documentation. Literate programming (Knuth, 1984)* enhances a computer program by incorporating program text into a comprehensive design document. Although not previously well defined, we believe Knuth's concept has great intuitive appeal, fits in well with a multi-disciplinary approach to automating portions of the software engineering process, and can be adapted easily to the incorporation of empirically derived principles of program comprehension. The Lit system developed by Chris Bertholf employs many of Knuth's principles for literate style programs as well as several others; the program text is incorporated into a comprehensive design document which uses typographic cues and a book style presentation paradigm. A program description and information about design history, the task domain, and implementation are included in the program document. The table of contents provides information about the overall structure of the program. In addition, algorithms are documented in pseudo-code and documentation of anticipated modifications is included. Extensive documentation of the usage of variables, procedures, and functions is also included. Does this increased amount of documentation and the unique presentation format hinder or facilitate program comprehension? This study compared the comprehension results of 20 novice programmers randomly divided into two groups and given either a traditional modular FORTRAN program or an equivalent Lit style literate program to modify. Subjects performed the task of completing an incomplete program; all program modifications were made on paper, thus syntax errors were expected. The elapsed time to produce a solution was recorded, and several measures of comprehension were collected and analyzed. Completed programs were judged as completely correct, functionally correct with syntax errors, or incorrect. The overall result was that subjects given the literate programs found a solution more often than did subjects using the traditional modular programs. None of the subjects given the modular programs were able to produce even functionally correct solutions. In addition, none of the subjects given Lit style literate programs modified sections of code that were unrelated to the modification specification while all of the subjects given traditional modular programs modified sections of code which were unrelated to the modification specification. Similar results have also been obtained with advanced programmers in another related study. Although this study did not attempt to isolate the factors which aided in comprehension, it did show that the Lit style programs are useful for program maintenance tasks. Future research in this area should concentrate on isolating the factors that produced such a marked distinction in performance between the Lit style literate program group and the traditional program group. * Knuth, D. (1984). Literate Programming. The Computer Journal, 27(2), 97-112. %T The Dynamic Construction of Work Organizations During Team Programming: Elements of a Process of Dynamic Organization %S Posters %A Nick V. Flor %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.223 %D 1993 %P 223 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X The complexity and enormity of most computer programming tasks suggests that their successful completion by software teams requires not only careful design but also careful planning of both the work organizations and the coordination of results for the various programming subtasks. The goal of this paper is to show that useful work can be accomplished by individual-centered work organizations acting in the best interests of their own tasks and reacting opportunistically to useful information in other work organizations. The activities of a pair of programmers working on a software maintenance task will be analyzed in detail. It will be argued that what looks on the surface like planned collaboration between the programmers is actually the consequence of a dynamic organizational process. Concurrent with the analysis conducted, the elements of this process will be identified and their potential role in shaping the construction of new work organizations will be discussed. %T How Programmers Visualize Programs %S Posters %A Lindsey Ford %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.224 %D 1993 %P 224 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X How does a programmer visualize a computer language? How does a programmer visualize the execution of a program? We have explored these questions with learners of object-oriented programming. We provided them with a set of graphic and animation creation tools and assigned them a practical project to design and implement programs that would animate features of the language C++. They developed programs that interfaced with the tools and thus produced animations of their own design of features of C++ of their own choosing. So, for example, some learners provided animations that visualized how loop, choice, assignment constructs worked; other animations focused on visualizing class hierarchy, inheritance and overloading; yet others visualized dynamic memory operations. At stages through their designs and implementations we interviewed the learners to determine what aspects of C++ they wanted to visualize and why they wanted to visualize it in a certain way. Finally, we examined their animations and the programs they had developed to generate the animations. From these results we conclude that: (1) learners use various abstractions when visualizing; (2) a study of programmers' visualizations provides a complementary view to textual-based empirical studies of programmers; (3) programmers frequently represent the same textual programming construct in different visual forms; (4) visualization provides a framework for studying learners' misconceptions; and (5) visualization exercises for learners appear to foster programming skills. %T Analysis of Experiences with Modifying Computer Programs %S Posters %A Arun Lakhotia %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.225 %D 1993 %P 225 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X The paper analyzes the author's experience with modifying large, real-world programs written by other programmers. It finds that Brooks' domain and programming knowledge based hypothesis-test-refine paradigm explains the author's approach to understanding programs and the differences in performance in comparison with his students. Zvegintov's 9-step process of change is found to be a good first level decomposition of the (physical) tasks performed when making corrective changes to a software system. The paper also makes some new observations. Besides modularity and levels of abstractions, the organization of source code in hierarchy of directories also influence on the ease of locating code segments relevant to a change request. The functionality of a program is not only understood from its documentation but also by executing it and inferring relations between its inputs and outputs; an approach analogous to concept identification. When introducing a new function in an existing program, a programmer attempts to find subproblems that have been solved by other parts of the program so as to mimic their solutions. Quite often this means copying large code segments. However, when deleting a function, the code implementing it is not destroyed, only execution paths leading to it are disconnected; leaving behind dead-code. The replicated and dead code segments are major contributors to the difficulty in understanding and modifying programs. %T Very High-Level Debugging: How Novice Ada Concurrent Programmers Respond to ADAT %S Posters %A Arthur V. Lopes %A Rachelle S. Heller %A Michael B. Feldman %A Dianne C. Martin %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.226 %D 1993 %P 226 %K Software testing, Intelligent computer aided training, CLIPS, Ada, Expert systems, Debugging, Programming training, Concurrent programming %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X This paper describes the study that was carried out to evaluate how novice concurrent Ada programmers respond to an Automated Debugger for Ada Tasks (ADAT). ADAT is a programming tool that implements a debugging concept in which non-syntactic errors are detected and the user is guided to correct the errors. The process of identifying and correcting a non-syntactic error is named Very High-Level Debugging. The traditional static analysis was extended through the use of a rule-based system (CLIPS). The source code of a SmallAda (student compiler for an Ada subset) program is searched for likely execution-time anomalies in task activation and communication. Some race conditions and deadlocks are among the anomalies dealt by ADAT. Each anomaly is associated with a corrective procedure. ADAT was implemented to test the idea of Very High-Level Debugging. An experiment was performed using two groups of 20 subjects each. An experimental group and a control group were used in a two stage experiment. In stage one, the subjects in the experimental group used the SmallAda system with the ADAT tool available, and the subjects in the control group used the SmallAda system without the ADAT tool. Subjects from both groups were asked to find and correct one bug in each of two Small-Ada programs. The SAPM (SmallAda Parallel Monitoring) tool was available in both groups. In Stage Two, both groups were asked to use the SmallAda system to extend a SmallAda concurrent program. At this stage of this experiment, the conditions under which the subjects worked were identical. The goal of the experiment was to test the following two hypothesis: a) The use of the ADAT improves the performance of the debugging activity; b) The use of the ADAT provides an improvement in the understanding of concurrency. Analysis of the experimental results showed that ADAT improves the performance of the debugging activity as well as the learning process. ADAT also shows promise as an intelligent trainer. %T Programmer Managed Using Lean Techniques %S Posters %A Peter Middleton %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.227 %D 1993 %P 227 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X This paper is concerned with the dynamics of how programmers interact with other team members. It examines the management of the tasks of design, coding and maintenance. It also contributes to the area of learning and knowledge transfer. This research describes how lessons learned in lean, as opposed to mass production, might be applied to software construction. Attempts to raise the productivity of information systems development often involve adding more technology, for example -- CASE tools, 4th Generation Languages and Relational Databases. The evidence from other industries suggests that higher quality and productivity can be obtained with less technology. This paper reports initial observations from an empirical pilot study of 2 small teams of programmers managed using lean or Just-In-Time (JIT) techniques for constructing software. It concludes that JIT approaches do significantly alter the dynamics of the groups. The work is of higher quality and learning happens more quickly. The problem is that it clearly exposes people with weak performance, and therefore an organisation needs to be particularly willing and able to assist these members of staff. %T A Scoring System for Software Designs %S Posters %A Bob Rehder %A Nancy Pennington %A Adrienne Y. Lee %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.228 %D 1993 %P 228 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X A system for scoring software designs produced in experimental settings is proposed and described. The system allows for a complete and multifaceted expression of a software design, making it ideal for comparing designs generated in different languages, paradigms, and methodologies. The system is able to characterize the different strengths (and weaknesses) that each design possess, and do so in a way that is "paradigm neutral", that is, is not unfairly biased towards one language, paradigm, or methodology. As a result of the thoroughness of this scoring system, a completeness score for a design may be computed which reflects the completeness of the design in an absolute sense. In addition, the scoring system characterizes each design component as being specified at a certain level of abstraction. Two different notions of level of abstraction, "level of refinement" and "level of decomposition", are compared. The scoring system allows for the representation of design alternatives and optional features, recognizing that software design problems are not sufficiently constrained to identify a unique solution. Techniques for scoring designs and generating dependent measures are described. %T The Recognition of Concurrent Programming Plans by Novice and Expert Programmers: Implications for the Parsimony of the Plan Theory of Programming Expertise %S Posters %A Vincent Shah %A Ray Waddington %A Tom Carey %A Peter Buhr %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.229 %D 1993 %P 229 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X The concept of programming plans has generated much discussion as to whether it adequately explains behavioural differences between novice and expert programmers. Experimental tools, such as PROUST, Bridge and UNIVERSE, have applied programming plans in different roles. However, most of the research in this area has been centered in the sequential programming paradigm. As a result, one can only speculate the extent of plan theory across different paradigms. This study provides some insight into this matter by examining plans in concurrent programming. Rist's (1986) methodology was adapted to confirm the existence of a well-established set of plans that expert concurrent programmers had accumulated from their wealth of experience. The novice subjects were expected to slowly acquire these plans as they gained expertise over time. No evidence could be found to support these tendencies but a significant correlation was observed between concurrent plan recognition and academic performance. The findings from this study raise a number of questions about the extent and completeness of plan theory. It also provides a starting point for further research on concurrent programming behaviour that is aimed towards designing and developing effective concurrent programming tools and environments. %T Essential Competencies of Software Engineers Derived from Critical Incident Interviews %S Posters %A Richard T. Turley %A James M. Bieman %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.230 %D 1993 %P 230 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X We present the results of a two phase study designed to determine the competencies that separate exceptional from non-exceptional performance of professional software engineers. In Phase 1, we use the Critical Incident Interview technique in an in-depth review of 20 professional software engineers employed by a major computer firm. The Critical Incident Interview technique is a rigorous method for determining critical job requirements from structured interviews with workers. We find that one biographical factor, Years at Company in Software, is significantly related to exceptional performance. We also analyze competencies identified by software managers. By combining the data obtained through the interviews and by the managers, we identify 38 essential competencies of software engineers. In Phase 2 of the study, we perform a quantitative study to differentially relate these competencies to the performance of the engineers. Phase 2 uses a "Q-Sort" survey instrument on a sample of 129 software engineers including 41 exceptional and 88 non-exceptional engineers. Five competencies have a significantly higher mean for exceptional engineers -- Helps Others, Proactively Attempts to Influence Project Direction by Influencing Management, Exhibits and Articulates Strong Beliefs and Convictions, Mastery of Skills and Techniques, Maintains "Big Picture" View, while four competencies have significantly higher mean for non-exceptional engineers -- Seeks Help From Others, Responds to Schedule Pressure by Sacrificing Parts of Design Process, Driven by Desire to Contribute, Willingness to Confront Others. In addition to identifying essential competencies, our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Critical Incident Interview technique and the Q-Sort instrument for collecting software engineering process data. %T Concurrent Microlanguages: Demonstration of an Experimental Method for the Empirical Study of Concurrent Programming %S Posters %A Ray Waddington %B ESP93 %M C.ESP.93.231 %D 1993 %P 231 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Ablex Publishing %X Empirical studies of computer programming help our understanding one of the most complex human cognitive skills. That understanding contributes to the design of software tools. The long-term hopes of the latest Computer Aided Software Engineering tools include the automation of coding. However, even if this hope is ever realized, it is likely to be some time before programmers become obsolete. For the foreseeable future, then, we can usefully apply our understanding of programming to assist human programmers. Currently there is a significant gap in the empirical study of programming: no work has been done in the domain of concurrent programming. This poster discusses the design and application of microlanguages as an experimental method in the empirical study of concurrent programming. Two concurrent microlanguages are presented. These were designed to support a program of empirical research in the domain of concurrent programming. One microlanguage uses semaphores, the other uses rendezvous as the inter-process communication primitive. (Although the method could be applied to any inter-process communication primitive.) The results of one experiment are presented, which evaluates the use of these primitives in a program comprehension task using expert programmers. The result favors the rendezvous construct at a reduced level of significance. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): IJHCS51.BA %M J.IJHCS.51.1.1 %T Editorial: Electronic Submission of Papers to IJHCS %E B. R. Gaines %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 1 %P 1 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %M J.IJHCS.51.1.3 %T Introduction to the Special Issue "Best of Empirical Studies of Programmers 7" %A Susan Wiedenbeck %A Jean Scholtz %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 1 %P 3-5 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %M J.IJHCS.51.1.7 %T Mental Imagery in Program Design and Visual Programming %A Marian Petre %A Alan F. Blackwell %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 1 %P 7-30 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X There is widespread anecdotal evidence that expert programmers make use of visual mental images when they are designing programs. This evidence is used to justify the use of diagrams and visual programming languages during software design. This paper reports the results of two studies. In the first, expert programmers were directly questioned regarding the nature of their mental representations while they were engaged in a design task. This investigative technique was used with the explicit intention of eliciting introspective reports of mental imagery. In the second, users of a visual programming language responded to a questionnaire in which they were asked about cognitive processes. The resulting transcripts displayed a considerable number of common elements. These suggests that software design shares many characteristics of more concrete design disciplines. The reports from participants in the two studies, together with previous research into imagery use, indicate potential techniques for further investigation of software development support tools and design strategies. %M J.IJHCS.51.1.31 %T Program Understanding Behavior During Corrective Maintenance of Large-Scale Software %A A. Marie Vans %A Anneliese Von Mayrhauser %A Gabriel Somlo %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 1 %P 31-70 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X This paper reports on a software understanding field study of corrective maintenance of large-scale software. Participants were professional software maintenance engineers. The paper reports on the general understanding process, the types of actions programmers preferred during the debugging task, the level of abstraction at which they were working and the role of hypotheses in the debugging strategies they used. The results of the observation are also interpreted in terms of the information needs of these software engineers. We found that programmers work at all levels of abstraction (code, algorithm, application domain) about equally. They frequently switch between levels of abstraction. The programmers' main concerns are with what software does and how this is accomplished, not why software was built a certain way. These questions guide the work process. Information is sought and cross-referenced from a variety of sources from application domain concepts to code-related information, outpacing current maintenance environments' capabilities which are mostly stratified by information source, making cross-referencing difficult. %M J.IJHCS.51.1.71 %T Novice Comprehension of Small Programs Written in the Procedural and Object-Oriented Styles %A Susan Wiedenbeck %A Vennila Ramalingam %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 1 %P 71-87 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X This research studied the comprehension of small procedural and object-oriented programs by novice programmers. The objective was to find out what kinds of information novice programmers extract from small programs and to infer from this the mental representation formed during program comprehension. In particular, the question was whether novices' mental representations focus more on domain-level or program-level knowledge and whether the mental representation of object-oriented program differ from procedural programs. The experiment indicated that novices tend to develop a mental representation of small object-oriented programs strong in function-related knowledge, but weaker in data flow and program-related knowledge. By contrast, novices' mental representations of small procedural programs were stronger in program-related knowledge. The results are discussed in terms of theories of program comprehension and programming pedagogy. %M J.IJHCS.51.1.89 %T Comparison of Visual and Textual Languages Via Task Modeling %A Marian G. Williams %A J. Nicholas Buehler %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 1 %P 89-115 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X In order for comparative studies of programming languages to be meaningful, differences between the languages need to be carefully studied and well understood. Languages that appear to differ only in syntax (for example, visual vs. textual syntax) may in fact differ greatly in usability. Such differences can confound comparative studies unless they are controlled for. In this paper, we examine the usefulness of fine-grained task modeling for studying the usability of programming languages. We focus on program entry, and demonstrate how to create models of program entry tasks for both visual and textual languages. We also demonstrate how to derive performance time estimates from the models using keystroke-level analysis. A by-product of the model building is a collection of functional-level models that can serve as building blocks for modeling higher-level visual programming tasks. We then report on a comparative study of languages with the same semantics but different syntax (visual and textual). Model-based time predictions of program entry tasks were compared to observed times from an empirical study. The time estimates for the visual condition greatly overestimated the observed times. The primary source of the overestimates appeared to be the time estimate for pointing with the mouse. We then look at three different approaches to improving program entry models. We report on a separate study to calibrate the mouse-pointing time estimate, and demonstrate improved correlation between predicted and observed times with the new estimate. We also apply task modeling to program editing activities, in order to model error recovery behavior during program entry. Finally, we discuss language-specific customization of the keystroke-level operator for mental preparation. We conclude that task modeling is a useful technique for studying differences in the usability of programming languages at the keystroke level. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.119 %T Editorial: 30th Anniversary Issue %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 119-124 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %M J.IJHCS.51.2.125 %T Psychological Evaluation of Two Conditional Constructions Used in Computer Languages %A M. E. Sime %A T. R. G. Green %A D. J. Guest %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 125-133 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %O Received August 17, 1972 %X There is a need for empirical evaluation of programming languages for unskilled users, but it is more effective to compare specific features common to many languages than to compare complete languages. This can be done by devising micro-languages stressing the feature of interest, together with a suitable subject matter for the programs. To illustrate the power of this approach two conditional constructions are compared: a nestable construction, like that of Algol 60, and a branch-to-label construction, as used in many simpler languages. The former is easier for unskilled subjects. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.135 %T An Experiment in Linguistic Synthesis with a Fuzzy Logic Controller %A E. H. Mamdani %A S. Assilian %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 135-147 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %O Received November 2, 1973 %X This paper describes an experiment on the "linguistic" synthesis of a controller for a model industrial plant (a steam engine). Fuzzy logic is used to convert heuristic control rules stated by a human operator into an automatic control strategy. The experiment was initiated to investigate the possibility of human interaction with a learning controller. However, the control strategy set up linguistically proved to be far better than expected in its own right, and the basic experiment of linguistic control synthesis in a non-learning controller is reported here. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.149 %T The Organization of the Living: A Theory of the Living Organization %A Humberto R. Maturana %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 149-168 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %O Received October 2, 1974 %X The fundamental feature that characterizes living systems is autonomy, and any account of their organization as systems that can exist as individual unities must show what autonomy is as a phenomenon proper to them, and how it arises in their operation as such unities. Accordingly the following is proposed. * That autonomy in living systems is a feature of self-production (autopoiesis), and that a living system is properly characterized only as a network of processes of production of components that is continuously, and recursively, generated and realized as a concrete entity (unity) in the physical space, by the interactions of the same components that it produces as such a network. This organization I call the autopoietic organization, and any system that exhibits it is an autopoietic system in the space in which its components exist; in this sense living systems are autopoietic systems in the physical space. * That the basic consequence of the autopoietic organization is that every-thing that takes place in an autopoietic system is subordinated to the realization of its autopoiesis, otherwise it disintegrates. * That the fundamental feature that characterizes the nervous system is that it is a closed network of interacting neurons in which every state of neuronal activity generates other states of neuronal activity. Since the nervous system is a component subsystem in an autopoietic unity, it operates by generating states of relative neuronal activity that participate in the realization of the autopoiesis of the organism which it integrates. * That the autopoietic states that an organism adopts are determined by its structure (the structure of the nervous system included), and that the structure of the organism (including its nervous system) is at any instant the result of its evolutionary and ontogenic structural coupling with the medium in which it is autopoietic, obtained while the autopoiesis is realized. * That language arises as phenomenon proper to living systems from the reciprocal structural coupling of at least two organisms with nervous systems, and that self-consciousness arises as an individual phenomenon from the recursive structural coupling of an organism with language with its own structure through recursive self-description. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.169 %T Behavioral Issues in the Use of Interactive Systems %A Lance A. Miller %A John C. Thomas, Jr. %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 169-196 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %O Received March 10, 1977 %X This paper identifies behavioral issues related to the use of interactive computers primarily by persons who are not computer professionals, so-called "general users". This is not an exhaustive literature survey but instead provides: (1) a structure for discussing issues of interactive computing, and (2) the authors' best estimate of important behavioral problems, with suggestions for solutions. The discussion is limited in this paper to general issues which do not take into account the user's particular task. The two major topics are System Characteristics (performance, facilities and on-line information), and Interface Characteristics (dialogue style, displays and graphics, other input/output media). %M J.IJHCS.51.2.197 %T Towards a Theory of the Cognitive Processes in Computer Programming %A Ruven Brooks %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 197-211 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %O Received April 5, 1977 %X While only in the past ten years have large numbers of people been engaged in computer programming, a small body of studies on this activity have already been accumulated. These studies are, however, largely atheoretical. The work described here has as its goal the creation of an information processing theory sufficient to describe the findings of these studies. The theory postulates understanding, method-finding, and coding processes in writing programs, and presents an explicit model for the coding process. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.213 %T Verbal Reports as Evidence of the Process Operator's Knowledge %A Lisanne Bainbridge %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 213-238 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X Verbal reports are usually collected with the aim of understanding mental behaviour. As it is not possible to observe mental behaviour directly we cannot test for a correlation between report and behaviour, and cannot assume one. Verbal data cannot therefore be used to test theories of mental behaviour. Verbal data may be produced by a separate report generating process which may give a distorted account. The data can be useful for practical purposes if these distortions are minimal. This paper attempts to assess the conditions in which this is the case. Several methods of obtaining verbal reports are surveyed: system state/action state diagram, questionnaire, interview, static simulation and verbal protocol. Techniques for collecting and analysing the data are described. In each case the small amount of data available on the correlation between reports and observed behaviour are reviewed. The results are not clear. Some verbal data are evidently misleading. Others, however, are sufficiently good to encourage the search for more information about factors affecting their validity. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.239 %T Knowledge Acquisition by Encoding Expert Rules Versus Computer Induction from Examples: A Case Study Involving Soybean Pathology %A R. S. Michalski %A R. L. Chilausky %O Received June 15, 1979 %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 239-263 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X In view of growing interest in the development of knowledge-based computer consulting systems for various problem domains, the problems of knowledge acquisition have special significance. Current methods of knowledge acquisition rely entirely on the direct representation of knowledge of experts, which usually is a very time and effort consuming task. The paper presents results from an experiment to compare the above method of knowledge acquisition with a method based on inductive learning from examples. The comparison was done in the context of developing rules for soybean disease diagnosis and has demonstrated an advantage of the inductively derived rules in performing a testing task (which involved diagnosing a few hundred cases of soybean diseases). %M J.IJHCS.51.2.265 %T The Black Box Inside the Glass Box: Presenting Computing Concepts to Novices %A Benedict du Boulay %A Tim O'Shea %A John Monk %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 265-277 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X Simplicity and visibility are two important characteristics of programming languages for novices. Novices start programming with very little idea of the properties of the notional machine implied by the language they are learning. To help them learn these properties, the notional machine should be simple. That is, it should consist of a small number of parts that interact in ways that can be easily understood, possibly by analogy to other mechanisms with which the novice is more familiar. A notional machine is the idealized model of the computer implied by the constructs of the programming language. Visibility is concerned with methods for viewing selected parts and processes of this notional machine in action. We introduce the term "commentary" which is the system's dynamic characterization of the notional machine, expressed in either text or pictures on the user's terminal. We examine the simplicity and visibility of three systems, each designed to provide programming experience to different populations of novices. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.279 %T The ZOG Approach to Man-Machine Communication %A G. Robertson %A D. McCracken %A A. Newell %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 279-306 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %O Received August 6, 1980 %X ZOG is a rapid response, large network, menu selection system used for man-machine communication. The philosophy behind this style of communication was first developed by the PROMIS (Problem Oriented Medical Information System) Laboratory of the University of Vermont. ZOG has been used in a number of task domains to help explore the limits and potential benefits of the communication philosophy. This paper discusses the basic ideas in ZOG, describes the architecture of a system implemented to carry out that exploration, and discusses our initial experience. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.307 %T Why Interactive Computer Systems are Sometimes Not Used by People Who Might Benefit from Them %A Raymond S. Nickerson %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 307-321 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %O Received February 10, 1981 %X Several reasons are considered why some people who might benefit from using computer systems do not use them. The discussion is organized around examples of several classes of complaints that abstainers and dissatisfied users have been known to make regarding various aspects of the design and operation of specific computer-based systems. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.323 %T Users are Individuals: Individualizing User Models %A Elaine Rich %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 323-338 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %O Received May 13, 1981 %X It has long been recognized that in order to build a good system in which a person and a machine cooperate to perform a task it is important to take into account some significant characteristics of people. These characteristics are used to build some kind of a "user model". Traditionally, the model that is built is a model of a canonical (or typical) user. But often individual users vary so much that a model of a canonical user is insufficient. Instead, models of individual users are necessary. This article presents some examples of situations in which individual user models are important. It also presents some techniques that make the construction and use of such models possible. These techniques all reflect a desire to place most of the burden of constructing the models on the system, rather than on the user. This leads to the development of models that are collections of good guesses about the user. Thus some kind of probabilistic reasoning is necessary. And as the models are being used to guide the underlying system, they must also be monitored and updated as suggested by the interactions between the user and the system. The performance of one system that uses some of these techniques is discussed. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.339 %T Cognitive Systems Engineering: New Wine in New Bottles %A Erik Hollnagel %A David D. Woods %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 339-356 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %O Received March 26, 1982 %X This paper presents an approach to the description and analysis of complex Man-Machine Systems (MMSs) called Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE). In contrast to traditional approaches to the study of man-machine systems which mainly operate on the physical and physiological level, CSE operates on the level of cognitive functions. Instead of viewing an MMS as decomposable by mechanistic principles, CSE introduces the concept of a cognitive system: an adaptive system which functions using knowledge about itself and the environment in the planning and modification of actions. Operators are generally acknowledged to use a model of the system (machine) with which they work. Similarly, the machine has an image of the operator. The designer of an MMS must recognize this, and strive to obtain a match between the machine's image and the user characteristics on a cognitive level, rather than just on the level of physical functions. This article gives a presentation of what cognitive systems are, and of how CSE can contribute to the design of an MMS, from cognitive task analysis to final evaluation. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.357 %T Deep Versus Compiled Knowledge Approaches to Diagnostic Problem-Solving %A B. Chandrasekaran %A Sanjay Mittal %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 357-368 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X Most of the current generation expert systems use knowledge which does not represent a deep understanding of the domain, but is instead a collection of "pattern action" rules, which correspond to the problem-solving heuristics of the expert in the domain. There has thus been some debate in the field about the need for and role of "deep" knowledge in the design of expert systems. It is often argued that this underlying deep knowledge will enable an expert system to solve hard problems. In this paper we consider diagnostic expert systems and argue that given a body of underlying knowledge that is relevant to diagnostic reasoning in a medical domain, it is possible to create a diagnostic problem-solving structure which has all the aspects of the underlying knowledge needed for diagnostic reasoning "compiled" into it. It is argued this compiled structure can solve all the diagnostic problems in its scope efficiently, without any need to access the underlying structures. We illustrate such a diagnostic structure by reference to our medical system MDX. We also analyze the use of these knowledge structures in providing explanations of diagnostic reasoning. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.369 %T Rough Classification %A Zdzislaw Pawlak %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 369-383 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %O Received May 6, 1983 %X This article contains a new concept of approximate analysis of data, based on the idea of a "rough" set. The notion of approximate (rough) description of a set is introduced and investigated. The application to medical data analysis is shown as an example. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.385 %T Metaphor, Computing Systems, and Active Learning %A John M. Carroll %A Robert L. Mack %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 385-403 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %O Received January 17, 1984 %X Recent discussion has resolved the question of how prior knowledge organizes new learning into the technical definition and study of "metaphor". Some theorists have adopted an "operational" approach, focusing on the manifest effects of suggesting metaphoric comparisons to learners. Some have resolved the question formally into a "structural" definition of metaphor. However, structural and operation approaches typically ignore the goal-directed learner-initiated learning process through which metaphors become relevant and effective in learning. Taking this process seriously affords an analysis of metaphor that explains why metaphors are intrinsically open-ended and how their open-endedness stimulates the construction of mental models. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.405 %T An Approach to the Formal Analysis of User Complexity %A David Kieras %A Peter G. Polson %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 405-434 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %O Received February 5, 1983 %X A formal approach to analysing the user complexity of interactive systems or devices is described, based on theoretical results from cognitive psychology. The user's knowledge of how to use a system to accomplish the various tasks is represented in a procedural notation that permits quantification of the amount and complexity of the knowledge required and the cognitive processing load involved in using a system. Making a system more usable can be accomplished by altering its design until the knowledge is adequately simplified. By representing the device behaviour formally as well, it is possible to simulate the user-device interaction to obtain rigorous measures of user complexity. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.435 %T The User's Mental Model of an Information Retrieval System: An Experiment on a Prototype Online Catalog %A Christine L. Borgman %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 435-452 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %O Received March 6, 1985 %X An empirical study was performed to train naive subjects in the use of a prototype Boolean logic-based information retrieval system on a database of bibliographic records. The research was based on the mental models theory which proposes that people can be trained to develop a 'mental model' or a qualitative simulation of a system which will aid in generating methods for interacting with the system, debugging errors, and keeping track of one's place in the system. It follows that conceptual training based on a system model will be superior to procedural training based on the mechanics of the system. We performed a laboratory experiment with two training conditions (model and procedural), and with each condition split by sex. Forty-three subjects participated in the experiment, but only 32 were able to reach the minimum competency level required to complete the experiment. The data analysis incorporated time-stamped monitoring data, personal characteristics variables, affective variables, and interview data in which subjects described how they thought the system worked (an articulation of the model). As predicted, the model-based training had no effect on the ability to perform simple, procedural tasks, but subjects trained with a model performed better on complex tasks that required extrapolation from the basic operations of the system. A stochastic process analysis of search-state transitions reinforced this conclusion. Subjects had difficulty articulating a model of the system, and we found no differences in articulation by condition. The high number of subjects (26%) who were unable to pass the benchmark test indicates that the retrieval tasks were inherently difficult. More interestingly, those who dropped out were significantly more likely to be humanities or social science majors than science or engineering majors, suggesting important individual differences and equity issues. The sex-related differences were slight, although significant, and suggest future research questions. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.453 %T Expertise Transfer and Complex Problems: Using AQUINAS as a Knowledge-Acquisition Workbench for Knowledge-Based Systems %A John H. Boose %A Jeffrey M. Bradshaw %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 453-478 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X Acquiring knowledge from a human expert is a major problem when building a knowledge-based system. Aquinas, an expanded version of the Expertise Transfer System (ETS), is a knowledge-acquisition workbench that combines ideas from psychology and knowledge-based systems research to support knowledge-acquisition tasks. These tasks include eliciting distinctions, decomposing problems, combining uncertain information, incremental testing, integration of data types, automatic expansion and refinement of the knowledge base, use of multiple sources of knowledge and providing process guidance. Aquinas interviews experts and helps them analyse, test, and refine the knowledge base. Expertise from multiple experts or other knowledge sources can be represented and used separately or combined. Results from user consultations are derived from information propagated through hierarchies. Aquinas delivers knowledge by creating knowledge bases for several different expert-system shells. Help is given to the expert by a dialog manager that embodies knowledge-acquisition heuristics. Aquinas contains many techniques and tools for knowledge acquisition; the techniques combine to make it a powerful testbed for rapidly prototyping portions of many kinds of complex knowledge-based systems. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.479 %T Use of a Domain Model to Drive an Interactive Knowledge-Editing Tool %A Mark A. Musen %A Lawrence M. Fagan %A David M. Combs %A Edward H. Shortliffe %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 479-495 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X The manner in which a knowledge-acquisition tool displays the contents of a knowledge base affects the way users interact with the system. Previous tools have incorporated semantics that allow knowledge to be edited in terms of either the structural representation of the knowledge or the problem-solving method in which that knowledge is ultimately used. A more effective paradigm may be to use the semantics of the application domain itself to govern access to an expert system's knowledge base. This approach has been explored in a program called OPAL, which allows medical specialists working alone to enter and review cancer treatment plans for use by an expert system called ONCOCIN. Knowledge-acquisition tools based on strong domain models should be useful in application areas whose structure is well understood and for which there is a need for repetitive knowledge entry. %M J.IJHCS.51.2.497 %T Simplifying Decision Trees %A J. R. Quinlan %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 2 %P 497-510 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X Many systems have been developed for constructing decision trees from collections of examples. Although the decision trees generated by these methods are accurate and efficient, they often suffer the disadvantage of excessive complexity and are therefore incomprehensible to experts. It is questionable whether opaque structures of this kind can be described as knowledge, no matter how well they function. This paper discusses techniques for simplifying decision trees while retaining their accuracy. Four methods are described, illustrated, and compared on a test-bed of decision trees from a variety of domains. %M J.IJHCS.51.3.511 %T Editorial: Organizational Memory and Knowledge Management %A Stefan Decker %A Frank Maurer %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 3 %P 511-516 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %M J.IJHCS.51.3.517 %T Organizational Aspects of Knowledge Lifecycle Management in Manufacturing %A C. E. Siemieniuch %A M. A. Sinclair %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 3 %P 517-547 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X This paper takes as its starting point that knowledge is not a unitary thing, and that in a competitive environment it has a lifecycle. In other words, if a company is to remain competitive, it must address the issues of new knowledge generation, its propagation across the organization, and its subsequent retirement. Some examples from manufacturing industry are outlined. The paper then discusses some classifications of knowledge, points out some management issues and then discusses what appears to be emerging "best practice" in this field. Implications for organizational configurations are then outlined. Finally, a list of outstanding issues is given. This discussion is based on interviews and findings from a number of collaborative projects in the European automotive industry over the past decade. %M J.IJHCS.51.3.549 %T Knowledge Management Techniques: Teaching and Dissemination Concepts %A Ann MacIntosh %A Ian Filby %A John Kingston %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 3 %P 549-566 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute %X This paper describes knowledge management teaching and dissemination concepts to support the training of professionals in an organization to manage their knowledge assets. They are based on AIAI's experience of working with large organizations to establish a technical knowledge management framework and to support their personnel in implementing the framework. The concepts support organizations who embark on a knowledge management programme. They promote the importance of knowledge management and the awareness of how knowledge management can be accomplished within, and across, operational divisions: create an awareness of a framework to achieve knowledge management; and establish a group of personnel who have skills in knowledge management techniques to enable them to facilitate the development, maintenance, use and sharing of the organization's knowledge assets. The main objective is to ensure that knowledge management techniques are rolled out across the organization. Importantly, these concepts provide the organization with the necessary training in the use of techniques to identify, analyse and manage knowledge assets. %M J.IJHCS.51.3.567 %T Methods and Tools for Corporate Knowledge Management %A Rose Dieng %A Olivier Corby %A Alain Giboin %A Myriam Ribiere %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 3 %P 567-598 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X This article is a survey of some methods, techniques and tools aimed at managing corporate knowledge from a corporate memory designer's perspective. In particular, it analyses problems and solutions related to the following steps: detection of needs of corporate memory, construction of the corporate memory, its diffusion (specially using the Internet technologies), use, evaluation and evolution %M J.IJHCS.51.3.599 %T When Email Meets Organizational Memories: Addressing Threats to Communication in a Learning Organization %A David G. Schwartz %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 3 %P 599-614 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X The communicative act in a learning organization is subject to a number of threats to its validity (Habermas, 1981), in particular the comprehensibility, truth, trustworthiness and appropriateness of a given message. Organizational memories (OMs) can be used to address these threats. Our focus is on email communication, which suffers from the same threats identified by Habermas. The integration of email with on OM can improve the quality of communication by applying meta-knowledge to appropriately link a given message to the OM. In this paper, we expand upon the direction taken by earlier work of Abecker et al. (1997) with respect to the importance of the object-meta relationship and the use of meta-knowledge to manage (or rather to complete) an OM. We suggest that the focus of the meta-knowledge in an email application, should be on the roles, perspectives, and characteristics of the people in an organization rather than on knowledge description. This, we argue, will effectively ensure that knowledge will not be disassociated from the people and the situation (Sierhuis & Clancey, 1997). We present the HyperMail architecture and sample application to illustrate how formal meta-knowledge is used to re-associate informal email communications to an OM. %M J.IJHCS.51.3.615 %T Towards a Knowledge Technology for Knowledge Management %A Nick Milton %A Nigel Shadbolt %A Hugh Cottam %A Mark Hammersley %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 3 %P 615-641 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X Knowledge Management (KM) is crucial to organizational survival, yet is a difficult task requiring large expenditure of resources. Information Technology solutions, such as email, document management and intranets, are proving very useful in certain areas. However, many important problems still exist, providing opportunities for new techniques and tools more oriented towards knowledge. We refer to this as Knowledge Technology. A framework has been developed which has allowed opportunities for Knowledge Technology to be identified in support of five key KM activities: personalization, creation/innovation, codification, discovery and capture/monitor. In developing Knowledge Technology for these areas, methods from knowledge engineering are being explored. Our main work in this area has involved the application and evaluation of existing knowledge for a large intranet system. This, and other case studies, have provided important lessons and insights which have led to ongoing research in ontologies, generic models and process modelling methods. We believe that the evidence presented here shows that knowledge engineering has much to offer KM and can be the basis on which to move towards a Knowledge Technology. %M J.IJHCS.51.3.643 %T Organizational Learning and Experience Documentation in Industrial Software Projects %A Dieter Landes %A Kurt Schneider %A Frank Houdek %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 3 %P 643-661 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X Learning from experiences in the software domain is an important issue for the DaimlerChrysler Corporation. Unfortunately, there are no textbook recipes on how a process of organizational learning can be established. In particular, those types of experiences must be identified that are potentially valuable for reuse. Furthermore, the organization and representation of such experiences must be defined in such a way that they can easily be retrieved and used for the solving of new problems. In this paper, we provide some insights that we gained during the examination of these issues in projects aiming at establishing a so-called experience factory. %M J.IJHCS.51.3.663 %T A Virtual Library for Building Community and Sharing Knowledge %A Scott Robertson %A Kathy Reese %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 3 %P 663-685 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X Libraries are hubs for social and intellectual interactions in communities and organizations. Virtual libraries should serve the same purpose, yet virtual libraries often focus simply on making their holdings available. In this article an on-line corporate library is described that places knowledge sharing and community building at the core of its design. The library system supports personal websites that are visible to the entire organization. Personal topic profiles for library research services, information services choice and collaborative research requests provide employees with views of each others' activities and interests. In particular, information about research questions being asked across all parts of the organization provides a unique window on the company's goals and activities. Collaboration and interest-matching tools help employees to share knowledge across the organization and to form special interest communities. %M J.IJHCS.51.3.687 %T (KA){sup:2}: Building Ontologies for the Internet: A Mid-Term Report %A V. Richard Benjamins %A Dieter Fensel %A Stefan Decker %A Asuncion Gomez Perez %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 3 %P 687-712 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X Ontologies are becoming increasingly more important in many different areas, including the knowledge management area. In knowledge management, ontologies can be used as an instrument to make knowledge assets intelligently accessible to people in organizations through an Intranet or the Internet. Most enterprises agree that knowledge is an essential asset for success and survival on an increasingly competitive and global market. In this paper, we present an ontology-based approach through a large-scale initiative involving knowledge management for the knowledge-acquisition research community. %M J.IJHCS.51.4.715 %T Editorial: Evaluating Knowledge Engineering Techniques %A Tim Menzies %A Frank Van Harmelen %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 4 %P 715-727 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %M J.IJHCS.51.4.729 %T The Experimental Evaluation of Knowledge Acquisition Techniques and Methods: History, Problems and New Directions %A Nigel Shadbolt %A Kieron O'Hara %A Louise Crow %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 4 %P 729-755 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X The special problems of experimentally evaluating knowledge acquisition and knowledge engineering tools, techniques and methods are outlined, and illustrated in detail with reference to two series of studies. The first is a series of experiments undertaken at Nottingham University under the aegis of the UK Alvey initiative and the ESPRIT project ACKnowledge. The second is the series of Sisyphus benchmark studies. A suggested programme of experimental evaluation is outlined which is informed by the problems with using Sisyphus for evaluation. %M J.IJHCS.51.4.757 %T Knowledge-Based Systems' Validation: When to Stop Running Test Cases %A Juan P. Caraca-Valente %A Jose L. Morant %A Luis Gonzalez %A J. Pazos %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 4 %P 757-781 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X One of the unsettled problems in knowledge engineering and, particularly, in the field of validation is to determine when the validation process of a knowledge-based system is complete. Some hints are given in the literature, but little, if any, work has been done on how to address this problem from an analytical viewpoint. In this paper, the validation field is briefly surveyed, and we take a look at what the validation process should consist of. Then, an analytical model is proposed for obtaining the optimum number of test cases for validating the knowledge-based system under study. This mathematical model takes into account the v-type (knowledge-based system classed according to the validation process) defined in this paper, the expected degree of confidence in the validation process and previous results from similar knowledge-based system validation processes. It should be mentioned here that a theoretical result is given to solve eminently practical problem, a rare occurrence in the field of artificial intelligence as a whole and especially in knowledge engineering. %M J.IJHCS.51.4.783 %T Critical Success Metrics: Evaluation at the Business Level %A Tim Menzies %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 4 %P 783-799 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X If we lack an objective human expert oracle who can assess a system, and if we lack a library of known or desired behavior, how can we assess an expert system? One method for doing so is a critical success metric (CSM). A CSM is an assessment of a running program which reflects the business concerns that prompted the creation of that program. Given Pre-disaster knowledge, a CSM can be used while the expert system is in routine use, without compromising the operation of the system. A general CSM experiment is defined using pre-disaster points which can compare (e.g.) human to expert system performance. Examples of using CSMs are given from the domains of farm management and process control. %M J.IJHCS.51.4.801 %T Empirical Evaluation of a Domain-Oriented Component Library Based on an Embedded Case Study Design %A Masahiro Hori %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 4 %P 801-823 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X This paper presents an empirical evaluation of the real-life reuse of a domain-oriented library of problem-solving methods, in which top-level methods are related with respect to a domain model in an application area. First, the author clarifies research questions and the assumptions underlying this study, in accordance with a framework of case study research design. The organization of the library and its deployment processes are then briefly introduced. Taking account of the recurring modification of the library, the stability and productivity are investigated with respect to the code-size changes and the number of person-hours spent on the maintenance. Finally, it is concluded that the stability of a domain model is ensured by module dependency, and facilitates productive reuse of the domain-oriented library. %M J.IJHCS.51.4.825 %T Evaluating PSMs in Evolutionary Design: The A UTOGNOSTIC Experiments %A Eleni Stroulia %A Ashok K. Goel %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 4 %P 825-847 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X The specification of generic Problem-Solving Methods has been a fertile research area. A lot of work has been devoted to developing languages for describing PSMs, identifying PSMs, and using their specifications for requirements capture, design and development of knowledge based systems. In our work, we have been investigating another potential use for PSMs, namely, supporting the redesign of systems that fail to exhibit the behaviours desired of them, that is, behaviours similar to, but slightly different from, the ones they were originally designed to exhibit. To this end, we have defined a PSM modeling language and a failure-driven redesign process based on this language, both of which were implemented in the A UTOGNOSTIC system. In this paper, we report on a sequence of experiments performed with A UTOGNOSTIC. Some of them were exploratory and their goal was to enable the precise characterization of issues relating to the problem of system redesign, while others were designed to evaluate the PSM language and the redesign process implemented in A UTOGNOSTIC. %M J.IJHCS.51.5.851 %T The Relationship between User Query Accuracy and Lines of Code %A Hock C. Chan %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 5 %P 851-864 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X In experimental studies on query languages, subjects are required to write queries using different query languages. User query performance is usually measured by query accuracy. There is no clearly defined objective method of applying findings to other queries. This study examines the suitability of using a software metric based on lines of code to estimate user query accuracy. Lines of code have been measured in various ways, such as physical source code lines, logical source code lines or compiled bytes. A method of counting lines of code for database queries is proposed and applied to two query languages. The new method counts Boolean conditions as well as other statements. The relationship between lines of code and user query accuracy was examined with regression models. The results show that lines of code can explain a high percentage of the variance in accuracy, with R2>0.8 for the standard relational model query language SQL, and R2>0.9 for the entity relationship model query language KQL. The common assumption that more lines of code will lead to lower accuracy is only partly validated. The findings show a nonlinear relationship, with a possible recovery in accuracy for queries with many lines of code. The results indicate that lines of code can be usefully applied in the study of query languages. %M J.IJHCS.51.5.865 %T Case-Based Design Browser to Support Software Reuse: Theoretical Structure and Empirical Evaluation %A Jennifer J. Ockerman %A Christine M. Mitchell %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 5 %P 865-893 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X With the proliferation of large, complex software systems, reuse of previous software designs and software artifacts, such as operation concepts, requirements, specifications and source code, is an important issue for both industry and government. Reuse has long been expected to result in substantial productivity and quality gains. To date, this expectation has been largely unmet. One reason may be the lack of tools to support software reuse. This research proposes the development of one such tool, the Design Browser. The Design Browser is a software architecture intended to support designers of large software systems in the early stages of software design, specifically conceptual design. The Design Browser is based on principles derived from cognitive engineering (e.g. Woods & Roth, 1988a); naturalistic decision-making, particularly Klein's (1989) recognition-primed decision making model; and Kolodner's (1993) approach to case-based reasoning. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, the Design Browser was implemented for a NASA satellite control sub-system-the command management system (CMS). An empirical evaluation was conducted. It used the CMS Design Browser and participants who were part of the three user groups often involved in large-scale commercial software development. These groups are the software design team, the users and management. The results of the evaluation show that all three groups found the CMS Design Browser quite useful as demonstrated by actual performance and subjective rating. %M J.IJHCS.51.5.895 %T Three Important Determinants of User Performance for Database Retrieval %A Hock C. Chan %A Bernard C. Y. Tan %A Kwok-Kee Wei %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 5 %P 895-918 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X Three important factors that determine user performance during database retrieval are representation realism, expressive ease, and task complexity. Representation realism is the level of abstraction used when formulating queries. Expressive ease is the syntactic flexibility permitted when formulating queries. Task complexity is the level of difficulty of queries. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the effects of these three factors on user productivity during database retrieval. The independent variables were representation realism (high versus low), expressive ease (high versus low), and query complexity (simple versus complex). The dependent variables were query accuracy and query time. Results show that all these three factors significantly affected user performance during database retrieval. However, their relative impact on query accuracy and query time differed. Moreover, these factors interacted in unique ways to moderate query accuracy and query time. Besides verifying prior empirical findings, these results offer several suggestions for future research and development work in the area of database retrieval. %M J.IJHCS.51.5.919 %T A Framework for Navigation %A Robert Spence %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 5 %P 919-945 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X A new schematic framework for navigation is presented which is relevant to physical, abstract and social environments. Navigation is defined as the creation and interpretation of an internal (mental) model, and its component activities are browsing, modelling, interpretation and the formulation of browsing strategy. The design of externalizations and interactions to support these activities, and navigation as a whole, is discussed. %M J.IJHCS.51.5.947 %T Why Machines Should Analyse Intention in Natural Language Dialogue %A Paul Mckevitt %A Derek Partridge %A Yorick Wilks %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 5 %P 947-989 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X One of the most difficult problems in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is to construct a natural language processing system which can interact with users through a natural language dialogue. The problem is difficult because there are so many ways by which a user can phrase his/her utterances to such a system. An added problem is that different types of users have different types of intentions and will conduct different exchanges with the system. While many have proposed theories and models of the processing of intentions in dialogue, few of these have been incorporated within working systems and tested empirically. Here, an experiment is conducted to test what we call the Intention-Computer Hypothesis: that the analysis of intention in natural-language dialogue facilitates effective natural-language dialogue between different types of people and a computer. The experiment provides evidence to support the hypothesis. In turn, the hypothesis provides evidence for a theory of intention analysis for natural-language dialogue processing. A central principle of the theory is that coherence of natural-language dialogue can be modelled by analysing sequences of intention. A computational model, called Operating System CONsultant (OSCON), implemented in Quintus Prolog, makes use of the theory and hypothesis to understand, and answer in English, English questions about computer operating system. %M J.IJHCS.51.5.991 %T Does Automation Bias Decision-Making? %A Linda J. Skitka %A Kathleen L. Mosier %A Mark Burdick %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 5 %P 991-1006 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X Computerized system monitors and decision aids are increasingly common additions to critical decision-making contexts such as intensive care units, nuclear power plants and aircraft cockpits. These aids are introduced with the ubiquitous goal of "reducing human error". The present study compared error rates in a simulated flight task with and without a computer that monitored system states and made decision recommendations. Participants in non-automated settings out-performed their counterparts with a very but not perfectly reliable automated aid on a monitoring task. Participants with an aid made errors of omission (missed events when not explicitly prompted about them by the aid) and commission (did what an automated aid recommended, even when it contradicted their training and other 100% valid and available indicators). Possible causes and consequences of automation bias are discussed. %M J.IJHCS.51.5.1007 %T A System Architecture for Knowledge-Based Hypermedia %A Anneli Edman %A Andreas Hamfelt %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 5 %P 1007-1036 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X Hypermedia systems and knowledge systems can be viewed as flip-sides of the same coin. The former are designed to convey information and the latter to solve problems; developments beyond the basic techniques of each system type requires techniques from the other type. In this paper, we introduce the concept of knowledge-based or intelligent hypermedia and analyse various constellations of merged hypermedia and knowledge systems. A hypermedia system deals with informal and formalized theories and the relations between and within these. Therefore, the corner stones of our analysis are the very basic notions involved in formalizing domain knowledge: an informal domain theory, a formal object theory axiomatizing the informal theory and a metatheory analysing the properties and interrelations between and within these. We integrate these notions into a system architecture which is to serve as a programmable system schema for supporting the composition of actual intelligent hypermedia systems. Programming in the large is supported by the schema which defines the overall system structure whereas programming in the small is supported by knowledge modelling techniques. The application of the system architecture is illustrated by the construction of an interactive diagnosis system which involves knowledge-based reasoning both for navigation in hyperspace and problem-solving within the domain. %M J.IJHCS.51.6.1037 %T Editorial: Model-Based Legal Knowledge Engineering %A Nienke Den Haan %A Giovanni Sartor %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 6 %P 1037-1042 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %M J.IJHCS.51.6.1043 %T The Law as a Dynamic Interconnected System of States of Affairs: A Legal Top Ontology %A Jaap Hage %A Bart Verheij %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 6 %P 1043-1077 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X In this paper, an abstract model of the law is presented that has three primitives: states of affairs, events and rules. The starting point of the abstract model is that the law is a dynamic system of states of affairs which are connected by means of rules and events. The abstract model can be regarded as a top ontology of the law, that can be applied to legal knowledge representation. After an elaboration of the three primitives, the uses of the abstract model are illustrated by the analysis of central topics of law. Then we discuss heuristic guidelines for legal knowledge representation that are suggested by the abstract model. The paper concludes with a comparison with related work. The appendix contains a formalism for the abstract model. %M J.IJHCS.51.6.1079 %T Legal Modeling and Automated Reasoning with ON-LINE %A Andre Valente %A Joost Breuker %A Bob Brouwer %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 6 %P 1079-1125 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X In this paper we present a modeling approach to legal knowledge systems and its computational realization in the ON-LINE architecture. ON-LINE has modules for modeling legal sources, for storing and retrieving legal information and for reasoning with legal knowledge. The approach takes two perspectives: domain and task. In the domain perspective, a core ontology divides legal knowledge into five major categories: normative, world, responsibility, reactive and creative. For the normative knowledge, which is most typical of legal domains, we developed a new representation and inference formalisms which are an alternative to deontic logic. For the world knowledge, we argue for using a terminological knowledge representation language. The structure of the ontology is not a taxonomy, but a network of dependencies between the categories. These dependencies reflect the global structure of arguments in legal reasoning. In the task perspective, we followed a top-down approach using the CommonKADS modeling library. Design, planning and assessment were identified as typical tasks in the legal domain. For assessment, a model was specified and implemented. %M J.IJHCS.51.6.1127 %T A Principled Approach to Developing Legal Knowledge Systems %A Robert W. Van Kralingen %A Pepijn R. S. Visser %A Trevor J. M. Bench-Capon %A H. Jaap Van Den Herik %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 6 %P 1127-1154 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X In this article we present a principled, four-phased approach to the development of legal knowledge systems. We set out from the well-studied CommonKADS method for the development of knowledge systems and tailor this method to the legal domain. In particular, we propose a generic legal ontology, and describe the creation of statute-specific ontologies to adopt the method for building legal systems. In the construction of these ontologies, we start from a theoretical analysis of the legal domain. The well-known example of the Imperial College Library Regulations (ICLR) is used to illustrate the method. %M J.IJHCS.51.6.1155 %T Information Extraction from Legal Texts: The Potential of Discourse Analysis %A Marie-Francine Moens %A Caroline Uyttendaele %A Jos Dumortier %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 6 %P 1155-1171 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X There is an urgent need to automatically identify information in legal texts. In this paper, we argue that discourse analysis yields valuable knowledge to be incorporated in text processing systems. Knowledge about discourse patterns has already been applied in legal text generation systems. But, it is equally important to incorporate this kind of knowledge in legal information extraction systems. This knowledge is helpful for locating information in texts. Also, we demonstrate the need for adequate, maintainable, and possibly sharable knowledge representations of discourse patterns. The findings are illustrated by explicating the role discourse analysis played when building the SALOMON system, a system that automatically abstracts Belgian criminal cases. %M J.IJHCS.51.6.1173 %T Modelling Rhetorical Legal "Logic" -- A Double Syllogism %A John S. Edwards %A Robert I. Akroyd %J IJHCS %D 1999 %V 51 %N 6 %P 1173-1188 %* (c) Copyright 1999 Academic Press %X This paper looks at legal reasoning from the point of view of the work of the lawyer, rather than the law itself. In the case of Common Law systems, this means a more flexible view of how tasks are divided between the humans and the computer system, with an emphasis on decision support rather than complete automation. A process-based model of the lawyer's work is proposed in the form of a double syllogism, which displays an aesthetically pleasing symmetry, but also a significant asymmetry in the role played by perceived precedents. This arises from the use of inductive, rather than deductive, reasoning. The potential complications arising from the issue of the perception of precedents are discussed in depth. The double-syllogism model is then considered in the light of CommonKADS terminology and models. It is suggested that decision support systems using knowledge-based techniques, as required to support lawyers working under Common Law jurisdiction, raise a stronger form of the interaction problem that is well known in knowledge-based systems. This means that such systems are not well catered for in the existing CommonKADS Organisational, Agent, Task and Communication Models. The double-syllogism model is suggested as a supplement to CommonKADS in the development of such systems, at least until a more generic addition is available. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): INTER04.BA %M J.INTER.4.1.15 %T Interaction Design for Large Displays %A Kishore Swaminathan %A Steve Sato %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 1 %P 15-24 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS I.3.1 Computing Methodologies, COMPUTER GRAPHICS, Hardware Architecture. I.3.6 Computing Methodologies, COMPUTER GRAPHICS, Methodology and Techniques, Interaction techniques. H.5.0 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, General. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-1/p15-swaminathan/p15-swaminathan.pdf %M J.INTER.4.1.25 %T Field Work: Is It Product Work? %A Sara Bly %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 1 %P 25-30 %K HUMAN FACTORS J.1 Computer Applications, ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING, Business. H.5.0 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, General. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-1/p25-bly/p25-bly.pdf %M J.INTER.4.1.31 %T Collaborative Design Workshops: A Case Study %A Sarah Bloomer %A Rachel Croft %A Lloyd Wright %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 1 %P 31-39 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. K.6.1 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Project and People Management, Systems analysis and design. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-1/p31-bloomer/p31-bloomer.pdf %M J.INTER.4.1.40 %T Inventing the Lisa User Interface %A Roderick Perkins %A Dan Smith Keller %A Frank Ludolph %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 1 %P 40-53 %K DESIGN, PERFORMANCE H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques, User interfaces. C.5.3 Computer Systems Organization, COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION, Microcomputers. K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF COMPUTING, Software. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-1/p40-perkins/p40-perkins.pdf %M J.INTER.4.1.54 %T A Conversation with Dan Rosenberg %A John Rheinfrank %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 1 %P 54-62 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques. H.5.0 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, General. H.2.4 Information Systems, DATABASE MANAGEMENT, Systems, ORACLE. K.6.3 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Software Management, Software development. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-1/p54-rheinfrank/p54-rheinfrank.pdf %M J.INTER.4.1.78 %T Scientific Visualization in Mathematics and Physics %A J. Clint Sprott %A Clifford A. Pickover %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 1 %P 78-79 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT J.2 Computer Applications, PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING. G.0 Mathematics of Computing, GENERAL. I.4.9 Computing Methodologies, IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION, Applications. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-1/p78-sprott/p78-sprott.pdf %M J.INTER.4.2.13 %T Job Transformation in the Age of the Net %A David Millen %A Susan Dray %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 2 %P 13-18 %K EXPERIMENTATION, HUMAN FACTORS, PERFORMANCE H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. H.3.4 Information Systems, INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL, Systems and Software. J.1 Computer Applications, ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING, Business. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-2/p13-millen/p13-millen.pdf %M J.INTER.4.2.19 %T Defining and Designing the Performance-Centered Interface: Moving Beyond the User-Centered Interface %A Karen L. McGraw %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 2 %P 19-26 %K DESIGN, PERFORMANCE H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces, Organizational design. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. H.4.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS, Types of Systems. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human information processing. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-2/p19-mcgraw/p19-mcgraw.pdf %M J.INTER.4.2.27 %T The Group Elicitation Method for Participatory Design and Usability Testing %A Guy A. Boy %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 2 %P 27-33 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, VERIFICATION H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces, Evaluation/methodology. H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces, Theory and models. H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces, Organizational design. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human information processing. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-2/p27-boy/p27-boy.pdf %M J.INTER.4.2.34 %T User Interfaces for Young and Old %A Maddy D. Brouwer-Janse %A Jane Fulton Suri %A Mitchell Yawitz %A Govert de Vries %A James L. Fozard %A Roger Coleman %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 2 %P 34-46 %K DESIGN, EXPERIMENTATION, HUMAN FACTORS H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-2/p34-brouwer-janse/p34-brouwer-janse.pdf %M J.INTER.4.2.48 %T Semi-Structured Interviewing for User-Centered Design %A Larry E. Wood %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 2 %P 48-61 %K DESIGN, DOCUMENTATION, HUMAN FACTORS H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human information processing. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques, User interfaces. H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces, Organizational design. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-2/p48-wood/p48-wood.pdf %M J.INTER.4.2.74 %T InfoART: The Digital Frontier from Video to Virtual Reality %A Cynthia Goodman %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 2 %P 74-77 %K DOCUMENTATION J.5 Computer Applications, ARTS AND HUMANITIES. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-2/p74-goodman/p74-goodman.pdf %M J.INTER.4.3.12 %T What's NeXT for Apple? %A Jef Raskin %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 3 %P 12-16 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT, THEORY K.8 Computing Milieux, PERSONAL COMPUTING, Apple. K.1 Computing Milieux, THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY, Suppliers. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %M J.INTER.4.3.17 %T Women into Computing %A Janet Stack %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 3 %P 17-18 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT, THEORY K.7.1 Computing Milieux, THE COMPUTING PROFESSION, Occupations. K.6.1 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Project and People Management. K.7.2 Computing Milieux, THE COMPUTING PROFESSION, Organizations. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %M J.INTER.4.3.19 %T Ensuring Success with Usability Engineering %A Arlene F. Aucella %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 3 %P 19-22 %K HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT K.6.1 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Project and People Management, Systems analysis and design. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-3/p19-aucella/p19-aucella.pdf %M J.INTER.4.3.23 %T Expert Reviews: Design for Rapidly Changing Times %A Ron Perkins %A Matt Belge %A Kate Ehrlich %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 3 %P 23-30 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT, THEORY H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques, User interfaces. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-3/p23-perkins/p23-perkins.pdf %M J.INTER.4.3.31 %T Quick GOMS: A Visual Software Engineering Tool for Simple Rapid Time-Motion Modeling %A David V. Beard %A Scott Entrikin %A Pat Conroy %A Nathan C. Wingert %A Corey D. Schou %A Dana K. Smith %A Kevin M. Denelsbeck %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 3 %P 31-36 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT, PERFORMANCE, THEORY D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques. I.6.3 Computing Methodologies, SIMULATION AND MODELING, Applications. I.4.8 Computing Methodologies, IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION, Scene Analysis, Time-varying imagery. I.2.10 Computing Methodologies, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, Vision and Scene Understanding, Motion. I.3.4 Computing Methodologies, COMPUTER GRAPHICS, Graphics Utilities. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-3/p31-beard/p31-beard.pdf %M J.INTER.4.3.38 %T Never Mind the Ethno' Stuff, What Does All This Mean and What Do We Do Now: Ethnography in the Commercial World %A Steve Blythin %A Mark Rouncefield %A John A. Hughes %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 3 %P 38-47 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT, PERFORMANCE, THEORY H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-3/p38-blythin/p38-blythin.pdf %M J.INTER.4.3.48 %T Another Approach to Justifying the Cost of Usability %A Arnold M. Lund %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 3 %P 48-56 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, MEASUREMENT, MANAGEMENT, PERFORMANCE, THEORY K.6.2 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Installation Management. K.6.1 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Project and People Management, Management techniques. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-3/p48-lund/p48-lund.pdf %M J.INTER.4.3.58 %T Grounding Blue-Sky Research: How Can Ethnography Help? %A Yvonne Rogers %A Victoria Bellotti %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 3 %P 58-63 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS, MANAGEMENT, PERFORMANCE, THEORY H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. K.6.2 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Installation Management. K.6.1 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Project and People Management, Management techniques. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-3/p58-rogers/p58-rogers.pdf %M J.INTER.4.4.13 %T Human-Computer Interaction and Medical Software Development %A John Gosbee %A Eileen Ritchie %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 4 %P 13-18 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. J.3 Computer Applications, LIFE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES, Medical information systems. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-4/p13-gosbee/p13-gosbee.pdf %M J.INTER.4.4.19 %T Avoiding Cultural False Positives %A Deborah Mrazek %A Cynthia Baldaccini %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 4 %P 19-24 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces, Theory and models. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-4/p19-mrazek/p19-mrazek.pdf %M J.INTER.4.4.25 %T The Work Mapping Technique %A Leigh Snelling %A David Bruce-Smith %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 4 %P 25-31 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces, Theory and models. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques. D.2.m Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Miscellaneous. D.2.10 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design**, Methodologies**. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-4/p25-snelling/p25-snelling.pdf %M J.INTER.4.4.32 %T Frontiers in Electronic Media %A Kim H. Veltman %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 4 %P 32-64 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS H.5.1 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Multimedia Information Systems. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. K.1 Computing Milieux, THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-4/p32-veltman/p32-veltman.html %M J.INTER.4.4.66 %T Foreseeing the Future: ACM97 %A John L. Bennett %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 4 %P 66-74 %K HUMAN FACTORS K.1 Computing Milieux, THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY. K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF COMPUTING. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-4/p66-bennett/p66-bennett.pdf %M J.INTER.4.5.9 %T Guidelines for Usability Testing with Children %A Libby Hanna %A Kirsten Risden %A Kirstin Alexander %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 5 %P 9-14 %K DESIGN, THEORY, VERIFICATION D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques. J.7 Computer Applications, COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-5/p9-hanna/p9-hanna.pdf %M J.INTER.4.5.15 %T Icons: A Unique Form of Painting %A Russ Brami %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 5 %P 15-28 %K DESIGN, DOCUMENTATION H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces, Graphical user interfaces (GUI). K.2 Computing Milieux, HISTORY OF COMPUTING. J.5 Computer Applications, ARTS AND HUMANITIES. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-5/p15-brami/p15-brami.pdf %M J.INTER.4.5.29 %T Introducing Usability into Smaller Organizations %A Carola B. Fellenz %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 5 %P 29-33 %K HUMAN FACTORS H.5.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, Group and Organization Interfaces. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-5/p29-fellenz/p29-fellenz.pdf %M J.INTER.4.5.34 %T A Conversation with Ted Selker %A Kate Ehrlich %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 5 %P 34-47 %K DESIGN, EXPERIMENTATION, HUMAN FACTORS, PERFORMANCE H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces, Input devices and strategies. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces, Interaction styles. H.1.2 Information Systems, MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, User/Machine Systems, Human factors. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-5/p34-ehrlich/p34-ehrlich.pdf %M J.INTER.4.5.48 %T The CHI97 CHIkids Program: A Partnership between Kids, Adults and Technology %A Allison Druin %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 5 %P 48-59 %K DOCUMENTATION K.3.0 Computing Milieux, COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION, General. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-5/p48-druin/p48-druin.pdf %M J.INTER.4.6.4 %T Editorial %E Steven Cherry %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 6 %P 4 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-6/p4-cherry/p4-cherry.pdf %M J.INTER.4.6.7 %T What's Happening %E Steven Cherry %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 6 %P 7-11 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-6/p7-cherry/p7-cherry.pdf %M J.INTER.4.6.13 %T Navigation in Web Applications %A Hal Shubin %A Margaret M. Meehan %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 6 %P 13-17 %K DESIGN, DOCUMENTATION H.3.4 Information Systems, INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL, Systems and Software. I.7.0 Computing Methodologies, DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING, General. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-6/p13-shubin/p13-shubin.pdf %M J.INTER.4.6.18 %T Pitching Usability to Your Organization %A Sarah Bloomer %A Rachel Croft %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 6 %P 18-26 %K DOCUMENTATION, MANAGEMENT J.1 Computer Applications, ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING, Business. K.6.0 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, General. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-6/p18-bloomer/p18-bloomer.pdf %M J.INTER.4.6.27 %T Computer-Related Design at the Royal College of Art: 1997 Graduation Projects %A Gillian Crampton Smith %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 6 %P 27-33 %K DESIGN, DOCUMENTATION, EXPERIMENTATION D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques. J.6 Computer Applications, COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-6/p27-smith/p27-smith.pdf %M J.INTER.4.6.35 %T Application-Oriented Usage Quality: The Tools and Materials Approach %A Carola Lilienthal %A Heinz Zullighoven %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 6 %P 35-41 %K DESIGN, DOCUMENTATION, MANAGEMENT K.6.3 Computing Milieux, MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS, Software Management. D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-6/p35-lilienthal/p35-lilienthal.pdf %M J.INTER.4.6.42 %T Direct Manipulation vs Interface Agents %A Ben Shneiderman %A Pattie Maes %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 6 %P 42-61 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-6/p42-shneiderman/p42-shneiderman.pdf %M J.INTER.4.6.62 %T Cybcerone: A Kiosk Information System Based on WWW and Java %A Francois Grize %A Mehdi Aminian %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 6 %P 62-69 %K DOCUMENTATION H.4.3 Information Systems, INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS, Communications Applications, Internet. C.2.1 Computer Systems Organization, COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS, Network Architecture and Design, Internet. H.3.4 Information Systems, INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL, Systems and Software. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-6/p62-grize/p62-grize.pdf %M J.INTER.4.6.70 %T Book Preview %E Steven Cherry %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 6 %P 70-73 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-6/p70-cherry/p70-cherry.pdf %M J.INTER.4.6.74 %T About the Art in this Issue %E Steven Cherry %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 6 %P 74-75 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-6/p74-cherry/p74-cherry.pdf %M J.INTER.4.6.77 acmdl4 title has typo: Confernece %T Conference Preview: IUI '98: 1998 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces %A Loren G. Terveen %A Peter Johnson %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 6 %P 77 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-6/p77-terveen/p77-terveen.pdf %M J.INTER.4.6.80 acmdl4 missing PDF link because paper runs from 80-79 %T Reflections on User Interface Software and Technology %A George Robertson %J INTER %D 1997 %V 4 %N 6 %P 80-79 %K DESIGN, HUMAN FACTORS D.2.2 Software, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, Design Tools and Techniques, User interfaces. H.5.2 Information Systems, INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION, User Interfaces. %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/interactions/1997-4-6/p79-robertson/p79-robertson.pdf fpack:!@#$%^&*(): HCI05.BA %M J.HCI.5.1.1 %T The Acquisition and Performance of Text-Editing Skill: A Cognitive Complexity Analysis %S Articles %A Susan Bovair %A David E. Kieras %A Peter G. Polson %J HCI %V 5 %N 1 %D 1990 %P 1-48 %* (c) Copyright 1990 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X Kieras and Polson (1985) proposed an approach for making quantitative predictions on ease of learning and ease of use of a system, based on a production system version of the goals, operators, methods, and selection rules (GOMS) model of Card, Moran, and Newell (1983). This article describes the principles for constructing such models and obtaining predictions of learning and execution time. A production rule model for a simulated text editor is described in detail and is compared to experimental data on learning and performance. The model accounted well for both learning and execution time and for the details of the increase in speed with practice. The relationship between the performance model and the Keystroke-Level Model of Card et al. (1983) is discussed. The results provide strong support for the original proposal that production rule models can make quantitative predictions for both ease of learning and ease of use. %M J.HCI.5.1.49 9/26/90 gp %T Specific versus General Procedures in Instructions %S Articles %A Richard Catrambone %J HCI %V 5 %N 1 %D 1990 %P 49-93 %* (c) Copyright 1990 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X A good deal of research in cognitive psychology has demonstrated that, although learners can solve problems that are just like the ones they have been trained on, they often have great difficulty solving new types of problems. People also have difficulty trying to understand instructions or training materials that try to teach a procedure at a level that is general enough to apply to many different kinds of cases. These two findings lead to a quandary for people designing instructions for procedural tasks such as operating computer software: Instructions should be written with a good deal of specificity so that new users can understand and use them right away, but at the same time the user will have great difficulty generalizing what they have learned in novel cases. Experiment 1 seems to echo this quandary. Computer novices, in this study, were able to follow specific instructions for using a word processor more easily than general instructions. However, they had great difficulty generalizing the specific instructions to novel tasks. Experiment 2 demonstrates that when specific instructions are rewritten to help users form a more general procedure, novices can easily do new tasks and still maintain their initial quality of performance. A production rule formalism is used to represent the knowledge users obtain from instructions and to explore the conditions under which these productions can be generalized. Experiment 2 suggests that this knowledge can be used to improve the generalizability of instructions. %Y 1. Introduction 1.1 An Approach to Analyzing Instructions 1.2 Development of Learning Constraints 2. Experiment 1: Deletion and Formatting Instructions 2.1 Method 2.2 Predictions 2.3 Analysis of Deletion Production Rules 2.4 Analysis of Format Production Rules 2.5 Results and Discussion 3. Experiment 2: Modifying Specific Instructions to Support Generalization 3.1 Method 3.2 Results and Discussion 4. General Discussion 4.1 A Production Rule Approach to Designing Instructions? 4.2 Combining Specific and General Instructions and Examples Appendix A: General Deletion Instructions (Experiment 1) Appendix B: Format Instructions B1. General Format Instructions (Experiment 1) B2. Specific Format Instructions for Changing the Line Spacing of a Document (Experiment 1) %M J.HCI.5.1.95 9/26/90 gp %T Inferring User Expertise for Adaptive Interfaces %S Articles %A Kent P. Vaubel %A Charles F. Gettys %J HCI %V 5 %N 1 %D 1990 %P 95-117 %* (c) Copyright 1990 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X A technique based on two heuristic rules for inferring expertise is demonstrated by inferring user expertise in word-processing tasks. The heuristic rules were translated into practice by examining command frequencies and requests for on-line help from the 12 participants in the study who were engaged in personal word-processing tasks. These variables were found to be related to word-processing expertise. A scoring rule derived from these variables ranged from 71% to 87% correct in predicting the expertise of the user. The application of this technique to adaptive interfaces that incorporate estimates of user expertise is discussed. %M J.HCI.5.2-3.119 11/27/90 gp %T Introduction to this Special Issue on Foundations of Human-Computer Interaction %A Stuart K. Card %A Peter G. Polson %S Editorial %J HCI %V 5 %N 2-3 %D 1990 %P 119-123 %X N/A %M J.HCI.5.2-3.125 11/27/90 gp %T A Research Agenda for the Nineties in Human-Computer Interaction %S Articles %A Clayton H. Lewis %J HCI %V 5 %N 2-3 %D 1990 %P 125-143 %* (c) Copyright 1990 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X Although the practical importance of user interface technology is now well established, the proper role of research in the development of the technology and the kind of research that is appropriate remain in question. This article takes stock of some of the competing positions and proposes an agenda, identifying areas of work that might command some consensus despite the widely varying viewpoints represented in the research community. The major initiatives proposed are understanding goals and preferences, broadening applied cognitive theory, supporting innovation, and credit assignment. %M J.HCI.5.2-3.145 11/27/90 gp %T A Semantic Analysis of the Design Space of Input Devices %S Articles %A Jock Mackinlay %A Stuart K. Card %A George G. Robertson %J HCI %V 5 %N 2-3 %D 1990 %P 145-190 %* (c) Copyright 1990 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X A bewildering variety of devices for communication from humans to computers now exists on the market. In this article, we propose a descriptive framework for analyzing the design space of these input devices. We begin with Buxton's (1983) idea that input devices are transducers of physical properties into one, two, or three dimensions. Following Mackinlay's semantic analysis of the design space for graphical presentations, we extend this idea to more comprehensive descriptions of physical properties, space, and transducer mappings. In our reformulation, input devices are transducers of any combination of linear and rotary, absolute and relative, position and force, in any of the six spatial degrees of freedom. Simple input devices are described in terms of semantic mappings from the transducers of physical properties into the parameters of the applications. One of these mappings, the resolution function, allows us to describe the range of possibilities from continuous devices to discrete devices, including possibilities in between. Complex input controls are described in terms of hierarchical families of generic devices and in terms of composition operators on simpler devices. The description that emerges is used to produce a new taxonomy of input devices. The taxonomy is compared with previous taxonomies of Foley, Wallace, and Chan (1984) and of Buxton (1983) by reclassifying the devices previously analyzed by these authors. The descriptive techniques are further applied to the design of complex mouse-based virtual input controls for simulated three-dimensional (3D) egocentric motion. One result is the design of a new virtual egocentric motion control. %Y 1. Introduction 2. Input Devices 2.1 A Simple Device 2.2 Primitive Input Devices 2.3 Connections 2.4 Generic Devices 2.5 Composition Operators for Input Devices Examples of Composed Input Devices 2.6 A Taxonomy of Input Devices 2.7 Evaluating the Expressiveness of an Application's Input Devices 3. Simulated 3D Egocentric Motion Controls: Analysis and Generation 3.1 Egocentric Motion 3.2 Analysis of an Existing Egocentric Motion Design 3.3 Generation of Novel 3D Movement Controls: 3D Rooms Step 1: Application Functionality Step 2: Choosing Input Devices Step 3: Designing Composite Input Controls 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion Appendix: Detailed Description of Insect Controls Application Parameters Basic Input Devices Connections Composite Insect Device %M J.HCI.5.2-3.191 11/27/90 gp %T Theory-Based Design for Easily Learned Interfaces %S Articles %A Peter G. Polson %A Clayton H. Lewis %J HCI %V 5 %N 2-3 %D 1990 %P 191-220 %* (c) Copyright 1990 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X Many important computer applications require that users be able to use them effectively with little or no formal training. Current examples include bank teller machines and airport information kiosks. Today successful systems of this kind can only be developed by iteration using costly empirical testing. This article aims to provide a theoretical foundation for the design of such systems, a model of learning by exploration, called CE+. The theory incorporates assumptions from (a) the GOMS model and cognitive complexity theory (CCT) on the representation of procedural knowledge as productions, (b) the EXPL model on learning from examples, and (c) research on problem-solving processes for simple puzzlelike problems. Design guidelines for systems that can be learned by exploration, "design for successful guessing," are derived from the theory. These principles are compared to those developed by Norman (1988). %M J.HCI.5.2-3.221 11/27/90 gp %T The Growth of Cognitive Modeling in Human-Computer Interaction Since GOMS %S Articles %A Judith Reitman Olson %A Gary M. Olson %J HCI %V 5 %N 2-3 %D 1990 %P 221-265 %* (c) Copyright 1990 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X The purpose of this article is to review where we stand with regard to modeling the kind of cognition involved in human-computer interaction. Card, Moran, and Newell's pioneering work on cognitive engineering models and explicit analyses of the knowledge people need to perform a procedure was a significant advance from the kind of modeling cognitive psychology offered at the time. Since then, coordinated bodies of research have both confirmed the basic set of parameters and advanced the number of parameters that account for the time of certain component activities. Formal modeling in grammars and production systems has provided an account for error production in some cases, as well as a basis for calculating how long a system will take to learn and how much savings there is from previous learning. Recently, we were given a new tool for modeling nonsequential component processes, adapting the "critical path analysis" from engineering to the specification of interacting processes and their consequent durations. Though these advances have helped, there are still significant gaps in our understanding of the whole process of interacting with computers. The cumulative nature of this empirical body and its associated modeling framework has further highlighted important issues central to research in cognitive psychology: how people move smoothly between skilled performance and problem solving, how people learn, how to design for consistent user interfaces, how people produce and manage errors, how we interpret visual displays for meaning, and what processes run concurrently and which depend on the completion of prior processes. In the bigger picture, cognitive modeling is a method that is useful in both initial design (it can narrow the design space and provide early analyses of design alternatives), evaluation, and training. But it does not extend to broader aspects of the context in which people use computers, partly because there are significant gaps in contemporary cognitive theory to inform the modeling and partly because it is the wrong form of model for certain kinds of more global questions in human-computer interaction. Notably, it fails to capture the user's fatigue, individual differences, or mental workload. And it is not the type of model that will aid the designer in designing the set of functions the software ought to contain, to assess the user's judgment of the acceptability of the software, or the change that could be expected in work life and the organization in which this work and person fits. Clearly, these kinds of considerations require modeling and tools of a different granularity and form. %Y 1. GOMS as Cognitive Modeling 2. Advances in Modeling Specific Serial Components 3. Extensions of the Basic Framework 4. The Place of Cognitive Modeling in Human-Computer Interaction %M J.HCI.5.2-3.267 11/27/90 gp %T Expertise in a Computer Operating System: Conceptualization and Performance %S Articles %A Stephanie M. Doane %A James W. Pellegrino %A Roberta L. Klatzky %J HCI %V 5 %N 2-3 %D 1990 %P 267-304 %* (c) Copyright 1990 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X This article describes a three-part empirical approach to understanding the development of expertise within the UNIX operating system. We studied UNIX users with varying levels of expertise. The first part of our research attempted to ascertain the nature of their conceptualizations of the UNIX system. The second part measured users' performance in tasks requiring them to comprehend and produce UNIX commands. The third part was a longitudinal rather than cross-sectional analysis of the emergence of expertise. The conceptualization data suggest important differences in the models of UNIX structure formed by each group. Experts best represent the higher levels of the UNIX system; novices more fully represent the lower, more concrete levels of the system, including specific commands. UNIX users also differ markedly in performance, according to their history of use with the operating system. Only experts could successfully produce composite commands that required use of the distinctive features of UNIX (e.g., pipes and other redirection symbols), even though the intermediates and novices evidenced the component knowledge required for composite commands. This finding is somewhat surprising, inasmuch as there are fundamental design features in UNIX, and these features are taught in elementary classes. These data suggest, however, that these features can be used reliably only after extensive experience. The longitudinal data suggest that most subjects increased in expertise. However, expertise can decrease as a function of time, depending on system use. Those subjects who increase in expertise acquired the ability to produce the simple commands and represent the basic modules before they acquired knowledge of complex commands and advanced utilities. The nature of expertise is considered with respect to both system design and user characteristics, including users' conceptual models of system structure. %M J.HCI.5.2-3.305 11/27/90 gp %T Designing the Design Process: Exploiting Opportunistic Thoughts %S Articles %A Raymonde Guindon %J HCI %V 5 %N 2-3 %D 1990 %P 305-344 %* (c) Copyright 1990 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X This study shows that top-down decomposition is problematic in the early stages of design. Instead, an opportunistic decomposition is better suited to handle the ill-structuredness of design problems. Designers are observed interleaving decisions at various levels of abstraction in the solution decomposition. The verbal protocols of three professionals designing a software system of realistic complexity are analyzed to determine the frequency and causes of opportunistic decompositions. The sudden discovery of new requirements and partial solutions triggered by data-driven rules and associations, the immediate development of solutions for newly discovered requirements, and drifting through partial solutions are shown to be important causes of opportunistic design. A top-down decomposition appears to be a special case for well-structured problems when the designer already knows the correct decomposition. Two cognitive models are briefly discussed in relation to opportunistic design. Finally, implications for training, methods, and computational environments to support the early stages of design are outlined. %M J.HCI.5.4.345 12/21/90 gp %T The Cognitive Consequences of Object-Oriented Design %S Articles %A Mary Beth Rosson %A Sherman R. Alpert %J HCI %V 5 %N 4 %D 1990 %P 345-379 %* (c) Copyright 1990 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X The most valuable tools or methodologies supporting the design of interactive systems are those that simultaneously ease the process of design and improve the usability of the resulting system. We consider the potential of the object-oriented paradigm in providing this dual function. After briefly reviewing what is known about the design process and some important characteristics of object-oriented programming and design, we speculate on the possible cognitive consequences of this paradigm for problem understanding, problem decomposition, and design result. We conclude with research issues raised by our analyses. %Y 1. Introduction 2. The Psychology of Design 2.1 Problem Understanding 2.2 Problem Decomposition 2.3 Design Result 3. The Object-Oriented Paradigm 3.1 Communicating Objects 3.2 Abstraction 3.3 Shared Behavior 3.4 Designing with Objects 4. A Cognitive Interpretation of Object-Based Design 4.1 Object-Based Problem Understanding 4.2 Object-Based Problem Decomposition 4.3 Object-Based Design Solutions 5. Research Directions %M J.HCI.5.4.381 12/21/90 gp %T Effective Feedback Content for Tutoring Complex Skills %S Articles %A Jean M. McKendree %J HCI %V 5 %N 4 %D 1990 %P 381-413 %* (c) Copyright 1990 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X Feedback during learning is critical for evaluating new skills. Computer-based tutoring systems have the potential to detect errors and to guide students by providing informative feedback, but few studies have evaluated the real impact of different types of feedback. This article presents results of such a study using the Geometry Tutor for building geometry proofs. It was found that feedback about the goal structure of geometry problems led to better performance than feedback about the reasons for error or than simply being told that an error had occurred. This goal feedback allows students to correct the incorrect action more often than other types of feedback. Also, the goal feedback group continued to deal advantageously with problems when the feedback was subsequently removed. A simulation model, based on Anderson's (1983) ACT* theory and an analogical learning system, presents a preliminary model of the effects of these different feedback types. The model indicates that the advantage of goal-directed feedback is a reflection of its immediate application to the problem, whereas feedback about reasons for the error does not provide any direction to the correct error. According to the model, the feedback allows the student to construct a correct representation of the goal tree involved in various types of proofs more readily that feedback that is not immediately relevant to the current problem. %Y 1. Studies and Theories of Feedback 1.1 Feedback in Computer-Assisted Instruction 1.2 Feedback in ACT* Theory 2. Comparison of Feedback in the Geometry Tutor 2.1 The Geometry Tutor 2.2 Procedure 2.3 Subjects 2.4 Results and Discussion 3. Simulation of Feedback Effect 3.1 Purpose of the Model 3.2 PUPS Simulation Language 3.3 Simulation Procedures 3.4 Performance of the Model 3.5 Implications of the Model 4. Conclusions %M J.HCI.5.4.415 12/21/90 gp %T The Nature of Device Models: The Yoked State Space Hypothesis and Some Experiments with Text Editors %S Articles %A Stephen J. Payne %A Helen R. Squibb %A Andrew Howes %J HCI %V 5 %N 4 %D 1990 %P 415-444 %* (c) Copyright 1990 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates %X To construct a conceptual model of a device, the user must conceptualize the device's representation of the task domain. This knowledge can be represented by three components: a device-based problem space, which specifies the ontology of the device in terms of the objects that can be manipulated and their interrelations, plus the operators that perform the manipulations; a goal space, which represents the objects in terms of which user's goals are expressed; and a semantic mapping, which determines how goal space objects are represented in the device space. The yoked state space (YSS) model allows an important distinction concerning the mental representation of procedures. If a step in a procedure specifies a transformation of the user's device space, then it has an autonomous meaning for the user, independent of its role in the sequence or method. The device space provides a figurative account of the operator. However, some operators do not affect the minimal device space, and their only meaning for the user derives from their role in a method: The method affords an operational account of the operator. Figurative accounts can be constructed from operational accounts only by elaborating the device space with new concepts. The YSS is illustrated through a simple description of a device model for a cut-and-paste text editor. Three experiments addressed the claims of this model. The first experiment used a sorting paradigm to show that users do acquire the novel device space concept of a string of adjacent characters (including space and return). The second and third experiments asked novices to make inferences about text editor behavior on the basis of simple demonstrations. They showed that (a) the availability of the string concept is critically dependent on the details of the interface design, (b) figurative accounts of the copy operation afford more efficient methods and may be promoted by appropriate names for procedure steps, and (c) a conceptual model may transfer from one device to another. Together, the three experiments supported the YSS hypothesis. %Y 1. Introduction 2. The Yoked State Space Hypothesis 2.1 Definitions 2.2 Example: The YSS for a Cut-and-Paste Editor 2.3 Operational Accounts Versus Figurative Accounts 2.4 Alternative Models 2.5 Device Models Revisited 3. Experiment 1: Card Sorting -- Is the Minimal Device Space Available to Experienced Users? 3.1 Subjects 3.2 Procedure 3.3 Results 3.4 Discussion 4. Experiment 2: Novices On-Line Inferences About Text-Editing Operations 4.1 Subjects and Devices 4.2 Experimental Procedure 4.3 Experimental Hypothesis 4.4 Results and Discussion 4.5 Conclusions 5. Experiment 3: Discourse About the Device -- The String Concept and the Copy Buffer Revisited 5.1 Subjects and Devices 5.2 Experimental Procedure 5.3 Experimental Hypothesis 5.4 Results and Discussion 5.5 Conclusions 6. General Discussion fpack:!@#$%^&*(): ASSETS98.BA %M C.ASSETS.98.1 %T Smart Rooms, Desks, and Clothes %A Alexander Pentland %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 1-2 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %X We are working to develop smart networked environments thatcan help people in their homes, offices, cars, and when walking about. Our research is aimed at giving rooms, desks, and clothes the perceptual and cognitive intelligence needed to become active helpers. %K Wearable computers, Perceptual environments, Multimodal interfaces, Adaptive environments %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p1-pentland/p1-pentland.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p1-pentland/p1-pentland.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.3 %T Comparing Effects of Navigational Interface Modalities on Speaker Prosodics %A Julie Baca %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 3-10 %K GUI access, Displayless interfaces, Prosodics %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.wes.army.mil/ITL/baca98.html %X Displayless interface technology must address issues similar to those of GUI access technology for users with visual impairments. Both must address the issue of providing nonvisual access to spatial data. This research examined the hypothesis that strictly verbal access to spatial data places a cognitive burden on the user, which in turn impacts the prosodics, i.e., nonverbal aspects, of the user's speech. The hypothesis was tested through experiments in which subjects used speech-based, displayless interface followed by a multimodal interface to perform a series of navigational tasks. Their speech was recorded during the experiments and post-processed for prosodic content. Statistical analysis of the post-processed data showed significant differences in subjects' prosodics when using the displayless versus the multimodal interface. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p3-baca/p3-baca.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p3-baca/p3-baca.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.11 %T Computer-Based Cognitive Prosthetics: Assistive Technology for the Treatment of Cognitive Disabilities %A Elliot Cole %A Parto Dehdashti %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 11-18 %K Cognitive disabilities, Cognitive prosthetics, Usability, Testing, User interfaces, User studies, Personal productivity tools, Learning disabilities, Health care applications %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.brain-rehab.com/assets.html %X Traumatic brain injury and stroke leave many individuals with cognitive disabilities even after much therapy. For over a decade, our multidisciplinary group has been conducting a research and clinical program. The focus of our efforts has been restoration of individual's functioning through technology enabling them to perform some of their priority everyday activities. Our approach has been three-fold: 1) the application of theory and methods from computer science; 2) the design of one-of-a-kind prosthetic systems to bridge deficits, and 3) therapy integrated tightly with prosthetic technology. Research incorporated the single-subject case study approach -- widely used in brain injury rehabilitation -- with studies being partial replicates for grouping data. Results have been significant and substantial, with an increase of function being the rule rather than the exception. An important finding is that our evaluation techniques of patient abilities tends to show greater abilities than show in clinical testing. These abilities can be used in participatory design to greatly enhance the clinical outcome. Also, the impact of small deficits on behavior seems to be significantly greater than one would expect. Resolving or bridging small deficits can have considerable behavioral impact. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p11-cole/p11-cole.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p11-cole/p11-cole.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.19 %T Toward the Use of Speech and Natural Language Technology in Intervention for a Language-Disordered Population %A Jill Fain Lehman %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 19-26 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p19-lehman/p19-lehman.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p19-lehman/p19-lehman.txt %X We describe the design of Simone Says an interactive software environment for language remediation that brings together research in speech recognition, natural language processing and computer-aided instruction. The underlying technology for the implementation and the system's eventual evaluation are also discussed. %M C.ASSETS.98.27 %T Lessons from Developing Audio HTML Interfaces %A Frankie James %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 27-34 %K Audio interfaces, WWW, Blind, Human-computer interaction, HTML %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www-pcd.stanford.edu/frankie/assets/lessons.html %X In this paper, we discuss the choice of specific sounds to use in an audio HTML interface, based on our previous research into developing principles for sound choice, called the AHA framework. AHA can be used along with the consideration of issues related to the target audience such as user tasks, goals, and interests to choose specific sounds for an interface. We describe two scenarios of potential users and interfaces that would seem to be appropriate for them. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p27-james/p27-james.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p27-james/p27-james.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.35 %T The Use of Gestures in Multimodal Input %A Simeon Keates %A Peter Robinson %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 35-42 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p35-keates/p35-keates.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p35-keates/p35-keates.txt %X For users with motion impairments, the standard keyboard and mouse arrangement for computer access often presents problems. Other approaches have to be adopted to overcome this. In this paper, we will describe the development of a prototype multimodal input system based on two gestural input channels. Results from extensive user trials of this system are presented. These trials showed that the physical and cognitive loads on the user can quickly become excessive and detrimental to the interaction. Designers of multimodal input systems need to be aware of this and perform regular user trials to minimize the problem. %K Gesture recognition, Multimodal input, User trials %M C.ASSETS.98.43 %T VRML-Based Representations of ASL Fingerspelling on the World-Wide Web %A S. Augustine Su %A Richard K. Furuta %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 43-45 %K American Sign Language, Virtual Reality Modeling Language, World Wide Web, Hand gestures %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/~su/publications/assets98.html %X Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) is an effective tool to document sign language on the World-Wide Web. In this paper, we present techniques to enlarge the vocabulary of encoded ASL signs in VRML 2.0 for educational purposes. In order to prove the concept of gesture making, a Web site is presented that demonstrates application of the hand model to fingerspell the ASL manual alphabet and numbers. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p43-su/p43-su.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p43-su/p43-su.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.46 %T Programming for Usability in Nonvisual User Interfaces %A Gerhard Weber %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 46-48 %K Software engineering, Evaluation, Nonvisual user interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www-informatik.fh-harz.de/weber/Assets98/assets98.htm %X Standard software engineering methods are not directly applicable to nonvisual user interfaces due to the mismatch of user interfaces of developers and users. We have developed tools to visualize the nonvisual presentation and the nonvisual interaction. This requires to apply software technologies as used by screen readers. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p46-weber/p46-weber.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p46-weber/p46-weber.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.49 %T Expanded Interactions: Broadening Human-Centered Computing %A Richard A. Foulds %A Arthur W. Joyce, III %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 49-50 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p49-foulds/p49-foulds.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p49-foulds/p49-foulds.txt %X In this paper, we describe the preliminary results of an NSF sponsored invitational workshop entitled Expanded Interaction: Broadening Human-Centered Computing. The workshop brought together members of academia, industry and government, as well as individuals with disabilities to examine the commonalities and expansion of human-computer interaction and universal design. The underlying theme was to encourage a scientific understanding of the diversity of human performance. %K Multimodal, Universal access, Human-centered computing, Telecommunications, Intermedia, Disabilities %M C.ASSETS.98.51 %T Conversational Gestures for Direct Manipulation on the Audio Desktop %A T. V. Raman %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 51-58 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://cs.cornell.edu/home/raman/publications/assets-98/ %X We describe the speech-enabling approach to building auditory interfaces that treat speech as a first-class modality. The process of designing effective auditory interfaces is decomposed into identifying the atomic actions that make up the user interaction and the conversational gestures that enable these actions. The auditory interface is then synthesized by mapping these conversational gestures to appropriate primitives in the auditory environment. We illustrate this process with a concrete example by developing an auditory interface to the visually intensive task of playing tetris. Playing Tetris is a fun activity that has many of the same demands as day-to-day activities on the electronic desktop. Speech-enabling Tetris thus not only provides a fun way to exercise ones geometric reasoning abilities -- it provides useful lessons in speech-enabling common-place computing tasks. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p51-raman/p51-raman.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p51-raman/p51-raman.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.59 %T Automatic Babble Recognition for Early Detection of Speech Related Disorders %A Harriet J. Fell %A Joel MacAuslan %A Karen Chenausky %A Linda J. Ferrier %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 59-66 %K Infants, Pre-speech vocalization, Acoustic analysis, Early intervention %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/fell/fellAssets98.html %X We have developed a program, the Early Vocalization Analyzer (EVA), that automatically analyzes digitized recordings of infant vocalizations. The purpose of such a system is to automatically and reliably screen infants who may be at risk for later communication problems. Applying the landmark detection theory of Stevens et al., for the recognition of features in adult speech, EVA detects syllables in vocalizations produced by typically developing six to thirteen month old infants. We discuss the differences between adult-specific code and code written to analyze infant vocalizations and present the results of validity-testing. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p59-fell/p59-fell.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p59-fell/p59-fell.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.67 %T A Tool for Creating Eye-Aware Applications that Adapt to Changes in User Behavior %A Greg Edwards %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 67-74 %K Eyetracking, Eye-aware, Eye interpretation engine, User intent, Visual search, Fixations, Fixation duration, User-centered approach, Human-computer interaction %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://hypatia.stanford.edu/~gedwards/assets/assets.html %X A development tool is described that can be used to create eye-aware software applications that adapt in real-time to changes in a user's natural eye-movement behaviors and intentions. The research involved in developing this tool focuses on identifying patterns of eye-movement that describe three behaviors: Knowledgeable Movement, Searching, and Prolonged Searching. In the process of doing the research, two important features of eye-movement patterns were discovered -- Revisits and Significant Fixations. Revisits and Significant Fixations complement the recognition of saccades, fixations, and blinks, and make easier the recognition of high-level patterns in users' natural eye-movements. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p67-edwards/p67-edwards.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p67-edwards/p67-edwards.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.75 %T Designing Interfaces for an Overlooked User Group: Considering the Visual Profiles of Partially Sighted Users %A Julie A. Jacko %A Andrew Sears %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 75-77 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p75-jacko/p75-jacko.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p75-jacko/p75-jacko.txt %X In this position paper we argue the importance of research focusing on the issues involved in designing computer systems for partially sighted computer users. Currently, there is a lack of data that explores how combinations of impaired visual processes affect preferences for, and performance with, graphical user interfaces. This lack of fundamental information about how an individual's visual profile determines the strategies and behaviors exhibited while using computers limits our ability to design effective user interfaces for partially sighted computer users. The objective of this position paper is to motivate research that addresses this deficiency in our knowledge base so that researchers can design enabling technologies in a systematic fashion for this unique user group as has been done for fully sighted users and blind users. %K Partial vision, Visually impaired, Human-computer interaction, Enabling technologies %M C.ASSETS.98.78 %T Modeling and Generating Sign Language as Animated Line Drawings %A Frank Godenschweger %A Thomas Strothotte %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 78-84 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://isgwww.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/~godens/publications/asset.html %X This paper introduces an application for creating words and sentences of sign language as animated gesture sequences. A gesture is composed of the left and right hand sign, a body movement and a facial expression. We propose a technique for generating gestures as line drawings. Using line drawings allows us to run the application with simple 3D models without loss of essential information while achieving images which can be transferred very quickly over a network. Furthermore, the images resemble those used in printed teaching materials for sign language. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p78-godenschweger/p78-godenschweger.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p78-godenschweger/p78-godenschweger.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.85 %T TGuide: A Guidance System for Tactile Image Exploration %A Martin Kurze %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 85-91 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p85-kurze/p85-kurze.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p85-kurze/p85-kurze.txt %X We present a guidance system for blind people exploring tactile graphics. The system is composed of a new device using 8 vibrating elements to output directional information and a guidance software controlling the device. The evaluation of the system is also described. %K Tactile output device, Blind people, Graphics, Guidance, Evaluation %M C.ASSETS.98.92 %T Haptic Virtual Reality for Blind Computer Users %A Chetz Colwell %A Helen Petrie %A Diana Kornbrot %A Andrew Hardwick %A Stephen Furner %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 92-99 %K Haptic device, Virtual environments, Perception of virtual textures and objects, Blind users, World Wide Web %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://phoenix.herts.ac.uk/sdru/pubs/VE/colwell.html %X This paper describes a series of studies involving a haptic device which can display virtual textures and 3-D objects. The device has potential for simulating real world objects and assisting in the navigation of virtual environments. Three experiments investigated: (a) whether previous results from experiments using real textures could be replicated using virtual textures; (b) whether participants perceived virtual objects to have the intended size and angle; and (c) whether simulated real objects could be recognised. In all the experiments differences in perception by blind and sighted people were also explored. The results have implications for the future design of VEs in that it cannot be assumed that virtual textures and objects will feel to the user as the designer intends. However, they do show that a haptic interface has considerable potential for blind computer users. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p92-colwell/p92-colwell.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p92-colwell/p92-colwell.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.100 %T Auditory Navigation in Hyperspace: Design and Evaluation of a Non-Visual Hypermedia System for Blind Users %A Sarah Morley %A Helen Petrie, Anne-Marie O'Neill %A Peter McNally %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 100-107 %K Auditory navigation of hypermedia, Blind and visually impaired users, Non-visual interface design, Non-speech sounds, Evaluation methodology %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://phoenix.herts.ac.uk/sdru/pubs/access/morlpetr.htm %X This paper presents the design and evaluation of a hypermedia system for blind users, making use of a non-visual interface, non-speech sounds, three input devices, and a 37-node hypermedia module. The important components of an effective auditory interface are discussed, together with the design of the auditory interface to hypermedia material. The evaluation is described, which was conducted over several weeks, and used a range of complementary objective and subjective measures to assess usability, performance and user preferences. The findings from evaluations with 9 visually impaired student participants are presented. The results from this research can be applied to the design and evaluation of other non-visual hypermedia systems, such as auditory WWW browsers and digital talking books. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p100-morley/p100-morley.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p100-morley/p100-morley.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.108 %T SUITEKeys: A Speech Understanding Interface for the Motor-Control Challenged %A Bill Manaris %A Alan Harkreader %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 108-115 %K Accessibility, Input devices, Intelligent user interfaces, Keyboard, Mouse, Motor-disabilities, Natural language, Selectable modalities, Speech recognition %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.usl.edu/~manaris/publications/suitekeys.html %X This paper presents SUITEKeys, a continuous speech understanding interface for motor-control challenged computer users. This interface provides access to all available functionality of a computer by modeling interaction at the physical keyboard and mouse level. The paper briefly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using speech at the user interface; it outlines the user-centered approach employed in developing the system; it introduces the formal model of the user interface in terms of its conceptual, semantic, syntactic, lexical and acoustic levels; it describes the SUITEKeys system architecture which consists of symbolic, statistical, and connectionist components; it presents a pilot study for assessing the effectiveness of speech as an alternate input modality for motor-control challenged users; and closes with directions for future research. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p108-manaris/p108-manaris.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p108-manaris/p108-manaris.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.116 %T Adaptation of a Cash Dispenser to the Needs of Blind and Visually Impaired People %A Jens M. Manzke %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 116-123 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p116-manzke/p116-manzke.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p116-manzke/p116-manzke.txt %X An existing cash dispenser was implemented with speech output to give access to blind and visually impaired people. Additionally, the screen graphics and the function access were modified. The hardware was not changed. Blind and visually impaired subjects performed a usability-test, and experts in the field of human-computer-interaction evaluated the dispenser system's usability heuristically. The results showed that the modifications help blind and visually impaired people to access such machines, but adaptations of the hardware are necessary to maintain usability. The two evaluation methods did not produce consistent results. %K Automatic Teller Machine, ATM, Cash Dispenser, Blind and Visually impaired users, Application design, Usability-test, Heuristic evaluation %M C.ASSETS.98.124 %T Some Thoughts on Assistive Technology for the Blind %A Abraham Nemeth %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 124-125 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p124-nemeth/p124-nemeth.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p124-nemeth/p124-nemeth.txt %X As a youngster, the principal assistive technology I had was Braille. Braille was, and still remains, the most important assistive technology for a blind person. It is the basis of literacy. A blind person must have much more information about computers than his sighted colleague to do the same job. Not only must he know how to run the application programs that he uses daily, but he must also know how to operate all the assistive equipment he uses to run those applications. His colleagues can help him with the application programs, but they know nothing about the assistive devices he must use. And such devices are proliferating in number and in complexity all the time. Not every assistive device needs to be high tech. Some skills of daily living unrelated to a computer can be very effective. Imagination, resourcefulness, and memory skills can be regarded as assistive techniques even if they do not qualify as technology. There is also the problem of putting useful devices into the hands of those who can benefit from them. Money is one obstacle; adequate training is another. Of course, all of the above themes will be elaborated when developing the text of the full presentation. %M C.ASSETS.98.126 %T An Interactive Method for Accessing Tables in HTML %A Toshiya Oogane %A Chieko Asakawa %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 126-128 %K WWW, Blind, Visually disabled, Table, Conversion, HTML %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.tt.rim.or.jp/~bigbell/assets98/paper.htm %X Although visually impaired people can access digital information by using computers, GUIs make it difficult for them to do so. One of the main obstacles preventing them from taking advantage of the almost unlimited information resources on the Web is the use of visual representations such as tables, image maps, and classified structures. This paper proposes a method for converting these visual representations into non-visual representations in HTML. After describing a system that we developed to evaluate our method, we will discuss an interactive method for accessing tables in HTML files. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p126-oogane/p126-oogane.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p126-oogane/p126-oogane.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.129 %T Alliance for Technology Access: Making Assistive Technology Accessible to the Community %A Mary Ann Glicksman %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 129 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p129-glicksman/p129-glicksman.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p129-glicksman/p129-glicksman.txt %X The Alliance for Technology Access is a network of 40+ community-based consumer-driven centers whose mission is to redefine human potential by making assistive technology a part of the daily lives of people with disabilities. %X Disability access, Individual preferences, Choice %M C.ASSETS.98.130 %T Dual Level Intraframe Coding for Increased Video Telecommunication Bandwidth %A David M. Saxe %A Richard A. Foulds %A Arthur W. Joyce, III %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 130-135 %K Disability access, Gesture, Hearing impairments, Sign language %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.cis.udel.edu/~saxe/Research/Assets/ %X While digital video transmission and video conferencing methods have improved significantly over the last few years, the transmission of sign language for individuals who are deaf via this medium still remains a problem. Desktop video teleconferencing systems accommodate the bandwidth limitations of both analog and digital (ISDN) telephone channels by reducing the frame rate, while preserving voice quality and only minimally degrading image quality. Sign language transmission requires fidelity to movement (consistent and high frame rate), and requires reasonable image quality only in the areas around the hands and face. This paper presents a dual-level compression approach which uses a newly developed technique to identify the hands and face from the remainder of each video frame. This allows for a very lossy, high compression of most of each frame, while retaining the visual quality necessary to identify hand shapes and read facial expressions. By taking advantage of this compression, additional bandwidth is recaptured to allow an acceptable frame rate that maintains the fidelity of human movement necessary to represent sign language. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p130-saxe/p130-saxe.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p130-saxe/p130-saxe.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.136 %T Reading and Writing Mathematics: The MAVIS Project %A A. I. Karshmer %A G. Gupta %A S. Geiiger %A C. Weaver %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 136-143 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p136-karshmer/p136-karshmer.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p136-karshmer/p136-karshmer.txt %X One of the greatest challenges to the visually impaired student in science and mathematics disciplines is the reading and writing of complex mathematical equations or have convenient access to information based tools such as the world wide web. In research currently underway at New Mexico State University, tools are being built using logic programming to facilitate access to complex information in a variety of formats. On top of the logic based tools, new interfaces are being designed to permit more convenient access to information by our visually impaired students. %K Mathematics, Nemeth Code, LaTeX, Education %M C.ASSETS.98.144 %T Making VRML Accessible for People with Disabilities %A Sandy Ressler %A Qiming Wang %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 144-148 %K VRML, Virtual environments, Navigational aids, Accessibility, audio feedback, Data access, Speech input, User interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://ovrt.nist.gov/projects/VRMLaccess/assets98/vrmlsigc.htm %X This paper describes a set of techniques for improving access to Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) environments for people with disabilities. These range from simple textual additions to the VRML file to scripts which aid in the creation of more accessible worlds. We also propose an initial set of guidelines authors can use to improve VRML accessibility. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p144-ressler/p144-ressler.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p144-ressler/p144-ressler.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.149 %T User Interface of a Home Page Reader %A Chieko Asakawa %A Atakashi Itoh %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 149-156 %K WWW, Blind, Visually disabled, GUI, Numeric keypad, Home page reader %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.trl.ibm.co.jp/projects/s7260/paper.htm %X We first discuss the difficulties that blind people face in trying to live in society, because of the lack of accessible information resources, and then consider the potential of the Web as a new information resource for the blind. After describing how blind people in Japan currently access the Web, we give an overview of our system for nonvisual Web access. Our system has five special characteristics. One is the use of a numeric keypad for surfing the Net, with a key assignment designed for intuitive operation. The second is a fast-forward key for quick reading. The next two are that hyperlinks are read in a female voice and HTML tags are converted into voice data. The fifth is that the system can be synchronized with Netscape Navigator. After evaluating the system and offering some conclusions, we discuss our plans for future work. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p149-asakawa/p149-asakawa.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p149-asakawa/p149-asakawa.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.157 %T Digital Talking Books on a PC: A Usability Evaluation of the Prototype DAISY Playback Software %A Sarah Morley %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 157-164 %K Digital talking books, Blind and visually impaired readers, Auditory navigation, Structured information access, Evaluation methodology %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://phoenix.herts.ac.uk/sdru/pubs/daisy/morley.htm %X This paper describes the design and evaluation of the first system to play digital talking books on a PC: the DAISY Playback Software. The features of the software for navigating through structured digital audio are described. A detailed usability evaluation of this prototype software was designed and conducted to assess its current usability, in which 13 blind/partially sighted participants completed a series of realistic tasks and answered detailed usability questions on the system. Recommendations for improvements are presented which might inform designers of similar systems, such as other digital talking book systems or WWW browsers. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p157-morley/p157-morley.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p157-morley/p157-morley.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.165 %T A Phoneme Probability Display for Individuals with Hearing Disabilities %A Deb Roy %A Alex Pentland %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 165-168 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://dkroy.www.media.mit.edu/people/dkroy/Assets98_HTML/speechdisplay.html %X We are building an aid for individuals with hearing impairments which converts continuous speech into an animated visual display. A speech analysis system continuously estimates phoneme probabilities from the input acoustic stream. Phoneme symbols are displayed graphically with brightness in proportion to estimated phoneme probabilities. We use an automated layout algorithm to design the display to group acoustically confusable phonemes together in the graphical display. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p165-roy/p165-roy.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p165-roy/p165-roy.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.169 %T Augmenting Home and Office Environments %A Elizabeth Mynatt %A Douglas Blattner %A Meera M. Blattner %A Blair MacIntyre %A Jennifer Mankoff %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 169-172 %K Home automation, Augmented reality, Audio, Multimodal, Ubiquitous computing, See-through displays %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.parc.xerox.com/mynatt/pubs/assets.html %X In this panel, we describe different techniques and applications of augmenting home and office environments. One application of augmented environments is to provide additional information associated with the environment via visual and / or auditory cues. Other applications assist users in controlling aspects of their environment. Commercial opportunities in home automation allow people to more easily operate complex systems for temperature control, security, and maintenance. There are numerous research issues in designing augmented environments such as how multimodal input and output can be used effectively. Many of these systems need to assume some knowledge of the user's intent and context. How to capture and interpret information about users in these environments is an open question. We will describe these issues during this panel as well as discuss with the ASSETS community how these efforts can be applied to the realm of assistive technology. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p169-mynatt/p169-mynatt.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p169-mynatt/p169-mynatt.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.173 %T A Model of Keyboard Configuration Requirements %A Shari Trewin %A Helen Pain %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 173-181 %K Keyboards, Motor disabilities, Empirical studies, User modelling, Keyboard configuration, Sticky keys, Repeat keys, Bounce keys %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/daidb/people/homes/shari/assets98.html %X This paper presents a user model: a computer program which examines the behaviour of a real computer user. The model encompasses four aspects of keyboard use which can present difficulties for people with motor disabilities. Where relevant keyboard configuration options exist, the model chooses appropriate settings for these options. The model bases its recommendations on observation of users typing free English text. It is intended to form part of a dynamic configuration support tool. Empirical evaluation showed the model to be very accurate in identification of a given user's difficulties. Where recommended configuration options were tried by the participants, high levels of error reduction and user satisfaction were found. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p173-trewin/p173-trewin.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p173-trewin/p173-trewin.txt %M C.ASSETS.98.182 %T Head Pointing and Speech Control as a Hands-Free Interface to Desktop Computing %A Rainer Malkewitz %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 182-188 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p182-malkewitz/p182-malkewitz.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p182-malkewitz/p182-malkewitz.txt %X A significant number of users are not able to use today's WIMP-style (Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointers) Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). This may be for different reasons including hands-busy situations (e.g., a mechanic at work), paralysis, or bad neural control of body movements. To overcome these difficulties in the practical use of existing software applications, solutions have to consider both technical and commercial aspects. The system introduced by this work addresses both goals, i.e., develops and customises existing technical solutions and keeps an eye on the end-user's costs. %X Head gestures, Pointing device, Speech input, Disabled %M C.ASSETS.98.189 %T Factors Leading to the Successful Use of Voice Recognition Technology %A Tanya Goette %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 189-196 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p189-goette/p189-goette.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p189-goette/p189-goette.txt %X In this paper, results are presented from a field study of individuals with disabilities who used voice recognition technology (VRT). The perceived benefits of the VRT and the ability to use the VRT for a trial period were determined to be the major factors resulting in successful adoption of the technology. %K Disability access, Empirical studies, Input/output devices Motor disabilities, Speech & voice, User studies %M C.ASSETS.98.197 %T Towards an EOG-Based Eye Tracker for Computer Control %A David W. Patmore %A R. Benjamin Knapp %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 197-203 %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p197-patmore/p197-patmore.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p197-patmore/p197-patmore.txt %X The authors are developing an eye tracking system for use with personal computers. The system is intended to provide a pointing device that could be useful to some people with physical disabilities. The basis for this system is the use of Bio-Electrical signals from the user's body. In particular the authors are investigating the use of the Electrooculogram and Visual Evoked Potentials. This paper describes an experiment to compare two algorithms for processing the signals and generate an effective output control. %X Electrooculogram, EOG, Visual evoked potentials, VEP, Eye tracking %M C.ASSETS.98.204 %T A Web Navigation Tool for the Blind %A Mary Zajicek %A Chris Powell %A Chris Reeves %B ASSETS98 %D 1998 %P 204-206 %K World Wide Web, Browser, Blind, Information retrieval, HTML %* (c) Copyright 1998 ACM %W http://www.brookes.ac.uk/speech/publications/assets.htm %X The aim of our work is to make the wealth of information on the World Wide Web more readily available to blind people. They must be able to search efficiently for relevant information and make quick and effective decisions about the usefulness of pages they retrieve. We have built a prototype application called BrookesTalk which we believe addresses this need more fully than other Web browsers. Information retrieval techniques are used to provide a set of complementary options which summarise a Web page and enable rapid decisions about its usefulness. %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p204-zajicek/p204-zajicek.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/assets/274497/p204-zajicek/p204-zajicek.txt fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI01-1.BA %M C.CHI.01.1.1 %T Scale Effects in Steering Law Tasks %S Human Performance Points %A Johnny Accot %A Shumin Zhai %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 1-8 %K C-D ratio, arm, control gain, device size, elbow, finger, hand, input device, joints, limb, motor control, movement scale, steering law, wrist %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p1-accot/p1-accot.pdf %X Interaction tasks on a computer screen can technically be scaled to a much larger or much smaller sized input control area by adjusting the input device's control gain or the control-display (C-D) ratio. However, human performance as a function of movement scale is not a well concluded topic. This study introduces a new task paradigm to study the scale effect in the framework of the steering law. The results confirmed a U-shaped performance-scale function and rejected straight-line or no-effect hypotheses in the literature. We found a significant scale effect in path steering performance, although its impact was less than that of the steering law's index of difficulty. We analyzed the scale effects in two plausible causes: movement joints shift and motor precision limitation. The theoretical implications of the scale effects to the validity of the steering law, and the practical implications of input device size and zooming functions are discussed in the paper. %M C.CHI.01.1.9 %T Accuracy Measures for Evaluating Computer Pointing Devices %S Human Performance Points %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A Tatu Kauppinen %A Miika Silfverberg %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 9-16 %K computer pointing devices, cursor positioning tasks, performance evaluation, performance measurement, cursor positioning tasks %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p9-mackenzie/p9-mackenzie.pdf %X In view of the difficulties in evaluating computer pointing devices across different tasks within dynamic and complex systems, new performance measures are needed. This paper proposes seven new accuracy measures to elicit (sometimes subtle) differences among devices in precision pointing tasks. The measures are target re-entry, task axis crossing, movement direction change, orthogonal direction change, movement variability, movement error, and movement offset. Unlike movement time, error rate, and throughput, which are based on a single measurement per trial, the new measures capture aspects of movement behaviour during a trial. The theoretical basis and computational techniques for the measures are described, with examples given. An evaluation with four pointing devices was conducted to validate the measures. A causal relationship to pointing device efficiency (viz. throughput) was found, as was an ability to discriminate among devices in situations where differences did not otherwise appear. Implications for pointing device research are discussed. %M C.CHI.01.1.17 %T Laser Pointer Interaction %S Human Performance Points %A Dan R. Olsen %A Travis Nielsen %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 17-22 %K camera-based interaction, group interaction, laser pointer interaction %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p17-olsen/p17-olsen.pdf %X Group meetings and other non-desk situations require that people be able to interact at a distance from a display surface. This paper describes a technique using a laser pointer and a camera to accomplish just such interactions. Calibration techniques are given to synchronize the display and camera coordinates. A series of interactive techniques are described for navigation and entry of numbers, times, dates, text, enumerations and lists of items. The issues of hand jitter, detection error, slow sampling and latency are discussed in each of the interactive techniques. %M C.CHI.01.1.23 %T Listen Reader: An Electronically Augmented Paper-Based Book %S Designed Experiences/Experienced Designs %A Maribeth Back %A Jonathan Cohen %A Rich Gold %A Steve Harrison %A Scott Minneman %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 23-29 %K RFID tags, audio books, augmented books, augmented reality, electronic books, embedded tags, exhibits, gestural input, interactive audio, interactive books, interactive museum, multimodal i/o, new genres, page detection, smart documents, sound design %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p23-back/p23-back.pdf %X While predictions abound that electronic books will supplant traditional paper-based books, many people bemoan the coming loss of the book as cultural artifact. In this project we deliberately keep the affordances of paper books while adding electronic augmentation. The Listen Reader combines the look and feel of a real book - a beautiful binding, paper pages and printed images and text - with the rich, evocative quality of a movie soundtrack. The book's multi-layered interactive soundtrack consists of music and sound effects. Electric field sensors located in the book binding sense the proximity of the reader's hands and control audio parameters, while RFID tags embedded in each page allow fast, robust page identification. Three different Listen Readers were built as part of a six-month museum exhibit, with more than 350,000 visitors. This paper discusses design, implementation, and lessons learned through the iterative design process, observation, and visitor interviews. %M C.CHI.01.1.30 %T Exploiting Interactivity, Influence, Space and Time to Explore Non-Linear Drama in Virtual Worlds %S Designed Experiences/Experienced Designs %A Mike Craven %A Ian Taylor %A Adam Drozd %A Jim Purbrick %A Chris Greenhalgh %A Steve Benford %A Mike Fraser %A John Bowers %A Kai-Mikael Jaa-Aro %A Bernd Lintermann %A Michael Hoch %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 30-37 %K entertainment applications, virtual reality %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p30-craven/p30-craven.pdf %X We present four contrasting interfaces to allow multiple viewers to explore 3D recordings of dramas in on-line virtual worlds. The first is an on-line promenade performance to an audience of avatars. The second is a form of immersive cinema, with multiple simultaneous viewpoints. The third is a tabletop projection surface that allows viewers to select detailed views from a bird's-eye overview. The fourth is a linear television broadcast created by a director or editor. A comparison of these examples shows how a viewing audience can exploit four general resources - interactivity, influence, space, and time - to make sense of complex, non-linear virtual drama. These resources provide interaction designers with a general framework for defining the relationship between the audience and the 3D content. %M C.CHI.01.1.38 %T Orchestrating a Mixed Reality Performance %S Designed Experiences/Experienced Designs %A Boriana Koleva %A Ian Taylor %A Steve Benford %A Mike Fraser %A Chris Greenhalgh %A Holger Schnadelbach %A Dirk vom Lehn %A Christian Heath %A Ju Row-Farr %A Matt Adams %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 38-45 %K mixed reality, performance, traversable interfaces %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p38-koleva/p38-koleva.pdf %X A study of a professional touring mixed reality performance called Desert Rain yields insights into how performers orchestrate players' engagement in an interactive experience. Six players at a time journey through an extended physical and virtual set. Each sees a virtual world projected onto a screen made from a fine water spray. This acts as a traversable interface, supporting the illusion that performers physically pass between real and virtual worlds. Live and video-based observations of Desert Rain, coupled with interviews with players and the production team, have revealed how the performers create conditions for the willing suspension of disbelief, and how they monitor and intervene in the players experience without breaking their engagement. This involves carefully timed performances and "off-face" and "virtual" interventions. In turn, these are supported by the ability to monitor players' physical and virtual activity through asymmetric interfaces. %M C.CHI.01.1.46 %T Cookies and Web Browser Design: Toward Realizing Informed Consent Online %S (Trust) Worthy Web Design %A Lynette I. Millett %A Batya Friedman %A Edward Felten %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 46-52 %K Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Value-Sensitive Design, Web browsers, World Wide Web, computer ethics, cookies, e-business, e-commerce, ethics, human values, human-computer interaction, informed consent, interface design, locus of control, online interactions, personalization, privacy, security, social computing, social impact, tracking %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p46-millett/p46-millett.pdf %X We first provide criteria for assessing informed consent online. Then we examine how cookie technology and Web browser designs have responded to concerns about informed consent. Specifically, we document relevant design changes in Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer over a 5-year period, starting in 1995. Our retrospective analyses leads us to conclude that while cookie technology has improved over time regarding informed consent, some startling problems remain. We specify six of these problems and offer design remedies. This work fits within the emerging field of Value-Sensitive Design. %M C.CHI.01.1.53 %T Empirically Validated Web Page Design Metrics %S (Trust) Worthy Web Design %A Melody Y. Ivory %A Rashmi R. Sinha %A Marti A. Hearst %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 53-60 %K Web site design, World Wide Web, automated usability evaluation, empirical studies %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p53-ivory/p53-ivory.pdf %X A quantitative analysis of a large collection of expert-rated web sites reveals that page-level metrics can accurately predict if a site will be highly rated. The analysis also provides empirical evidence that important metrics, including page composition, page formatting, and overall page characteristics, differ among web site categories such as education, community, living, and finance. These results provide an empirical foundation for web site design guidelines and also suggest which metrics can be most important for evaluation via user studies. %M C.CHI.01.1.61 %T What Makes Web Sites Credible?: A Report on a Large Quantitative Study %S (Trust) Worthy Web Design %A BJ Fogg %A Jonathan Marshall %A Othman Laraki %A Alex Osipovich %A Chris Varma %A Nicholas Fang %A Jyoti Paul %A Akshay Rangnekar %A John Shon %A Preeti Swani %A Marissa Treinen %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 61-68 %K Web design, World Wide Web, captology, credibility, expertise, online research, trustworthiness, usability %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p61-fogg/p61-fogg.pdf %X The credibility of web sites is becoming an increasingly important area to understand. To expand knowledge in this domain, we conducted an online study that investigated how different elements of Web sites affect people's perception of credibility. Over 1400 people participated in this study, both from the U.S. and Europe, evaluating 51 different Web site elements. The data showed which elements boost and which elements hurt perceptions of Web credibility. Through analysis we found these elements fell into one of seven factors. In order of impact, the five types of elements that increased credibility perceptions were "real-world feel", "ease of use", "expertise", "trustworthiness", and "tailoring". The two types of elements that hurt credibility were "commercial implications and "amateurism". This large-scale study lays the groundwork for further research into the elements that affect Web credibility. The results also suggest implications for designing credible Web sites. %M C.CHI.01.1.69 %T Improving the Performance of the Cyberlink Mental Interface with "Yes / No Program" %S Motion and Emotion %A Eamon Doherty %A Gilbert Cockton %A Chris Bloor %A Dennis Benigno %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 69-76 %K assistive technology, cyberlink, locked in syndrome, mental interface, Cyberlink %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p69-doherty/p69-doherty.pdf %X We summarise the results of the first studies to investigate the Cyberlink brain body interface as an assistive technology. Three phases of studies and a contextual inquiry were performed with a range of users. A focus group was formed from brain-injured users with locked-in syndrome who have no other method of communication or control of a computer than the Cyberlink. Versions of a Yes/No program were then created to allow communication and have achieved some success with the focus group. The purpose of this paper is to discuss how this program has been improved and what steps need to be taken to create communication programs for persons with severe motor impairment. As a result of our experiences, we have been able to develop a set of design guidelines for brain-body interface operated Yes/No programs. These are presented and justified on the basis of our experiences. We also raise some general issues for assistive technologies of this nature. %M C.CHI.01.1.77 %T Responding to Subtle, Fleeting Changes in the User's Internal State %S Motion and Emotion %A Wataru Tsukahara %A Nigel Ward %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 77-84 %K Japanese, acknowledgements, ephemeral emotions, feedback, non-verbal, prosody, real-time, responsive, social interaction, spoken dialog, tutoring %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p77-tsukahara/p77-tsukahara.pdf %X In human-to-human interaction, people sometimes are able to pick up and respond sensitively to the other's internal state as it shifts moment by moment over the course of an exchange. To find out whether such an ability is worthwhile for computer human interfaces, we built a semi-automated tutoring-type spoken dialog system. The system inferred information about the user's \scare{ephemeral emotions}, such as confidence, confusion, pleasure, and dependency, from the prosody of his utterances and the context. It used this information to select the most appropriate acknowledgement form at each moment. In doing so the system was following some of the basic social conventions for real-time interaction. Users rated the system with this ability more highly than a version without. %M C.CHI.01.1.85 %T An "Independent Visual Background" Reduced Balance Disturbance Envoked by Visual Scene Motion: Implication for Alleviating Simulator Sickness %S Motion and Emotion %A Henry Been-Lirn Duh %A Donald E. Parker %A Thomas A. Furness %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 85-89 %K Computing Milieux -Computers and Society - Public Policy Issues (K.4.1): Computer-related health issues; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Computing Methodologies -Computer Graphics - Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism (I.3.7): Virtual reality; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1): Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities; Design, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; cybersickness, self-motion perception, simulator sickness, virtual environments, virtual reality %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p85-duh/p85-duh.pdf %X Simulator sickness (SS) / virtual environment (VE) sickness is expected to become increasingly troublesome as VE technology evolves [20]. Procedures to alleviate SS / VE sickness have been of limited value [12]. This paper investigated a possible procedure to reduce SS and VE sickness. Postural disturbance was evoked by visual scene motion at different frequencies. Differences in disturbance were examined as a function of simultaneous exposure to an "independent visual background" (IVB). Eight subjects were tested at two scene motion frequencies and three different IVB conditions using a within-subjects design. An expected statistically significant interaction between IVB condition and frequency was observed. For low frequency scene movements, subjects exhibited less balance disturbance when the IVB was presented. We suggest that an IVB may alleviate disturbance when conflicting visual and inertial cues are likely to result in simulator or VE sickness. %M C.CHI.01.1.90 %T Layered Participatory Analysis: New Developments in the CARD Technique %S Designing With and For Others %A Michael J. Muller %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 90-97 %K CARD, PANDA, participatory analysis, participatory design, work analysis %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p90-muller/p90-muller.pdf %X CARD (Collaborative Analysis of Requirements and Design) is an influential technique for participatory design and participatory analysis that is in use on three continents. This paper reviews three case studies that document the development of a layered CARD approach, which distinguishes among the following: (1) observable, formal components, (2) skill and craft, and (3) interpretative description. The layered approach simplifies the CARD materials, and moves the deliberately informal technique toward a more principled analysis. %M C.CHI.01.1.98 %T Building a Human Factors "Knowledge Shelf" as a Collaborative Information Tool for Designers %S Designing With and For Others %A Brian H. Philips %A Moin Rahman %A Jari Jarvinen %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 98-103 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Design, Human Factors, Management, Performance, Theory; collaborative work, engineering, industrial design, information sharing, knowledge shelf, product development %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p98-philips/p98-philips.pdf %X Human factors professionals have long been challenged with finding an effective way of communicating critical human factors design information to product designers. The authors have created a tool called a "Knowledge Shelf" for providing human factors information to designers in a very easy to use manner. The Knowledge Shelf is an interactive virtual library of information on human factors methodologies and data relevant to the specific product development needs of designers. Available through the Motorola Intranet, the Knowledge Shelf is designed to make human factors design information easily accessible. Providing these types of information to designers positively impacts the product development process, by facilitating more user-centered design practices. %M C.CHI.01.1.104 %T Global-Software Development Lifecycle: An Exploratory Study %S Designing With and For Others %A Alvin W. Yeo %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 104-111 %K Hoftede's cultural dimensions, global-software development, internationalisation, localisation, usability evaluation %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p104-yeo/p104-yeo.pdf %X This study was conducted to explore the efficacy of the global-software development lifecycle (global-SDLC), which comprises design, implementation and usability evaluation phase. A spreadsheet was adapted using the global-SDLC process to accommodate a number of cultures. The design and implementation phases were efficacious. However, in the usability evaluation phase, the usability evaluation techniques were only efficacious when participants, who were experienced computer users and participants who were familiar with the experimenter, were employed. Explanations, from cultural literature such as Hofstede, are presented and implications of these findings on the usability evaluation phase and the global-SDLC are also described. %M C.CHI.01.1.112 %T Ignoring Perfect Knowledge In-the-World for Imperfect Knowledge In-the-Head %S Heady Lessons %A Wayne D. Gray %A Wai-Tat Fu %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 112-119 %K cognitive least-effort, direct-manipulation interfaces, errors, eye movements, eye tracking, interactive behavior, interface design, rational analysis, satisficing %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p112-gray/p112-gray.pdf %X Memory can be internal or external - knowledge in-the-world or knowledge in-the-head. Making needed information available in an interface may seem the perfect alternative to relying on imperfect memory. However, the rational analysis framework (Anderson, 1990) suggests that least-effort tradeoffs may lead to imperfect performance even when perfect knowledge in-the-world is readily available. The implications of rational analysis for interactive behavior are investigated in two experiments. In experiment 1 we varied the perceptual-motor effort of accessing knowledge in-the-world as well as the cognitive effort of retrieving items from memory. In experiment 2 we replicated one of the experiment 1 conditions to collect eye movement data. The results suggest that milliseconds matter. Least-effort tradeoffs are adopted even when the absolute difference in effort between a perceptual-motor versus a memory strategy is small, and even when adopting a memory strategy results in a higher error rate and lower performance. %M C.CHI.01.1.120 %T Predicting the Effects of In-Car Interfaces on Driver Behavior using a Cognitive Architecture %S Heady Lessons %A Dario D. Salvucci %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 120-127 %K ACT-R, cellular phones, cognitive architectures, cognitive models, driving, in-car interfaces %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p120-salvucci/p120-salvucci.pdf %X When designing and evaluating in-car user interfaces for drivers, it is essential to determine what effects these interfaces may have on driver behavior and performance. This paper describes a novel approach to predicting effects of in-car interfaces by modeling behavior in a cognitive architecture. A cognitive architecture is a theoretical frame-work for building computational models of cognition and performance. The proposed approach centers on integrating a user model for the interface with an existing driver model that accounts for basic aspects of driver behavior (e.g., steering and speed control). By running the integrated model and having it interact with the interface while driving, we can generate a priori predictions of the effects of interface use on driver performance. The paper illustrates the approach by comparing four representative dialing interfaces for an in-car, hands-free cellular phone. It also presents an empirical study that validates several of the qualitative and quantitative predictions of the model. %M C.CHI.01.1.128 %T Towards Demystification of Direct Manipulation: Cognitive Modeling Charts the Gulf of Execution %S Heady Lessons %A David Kieras %A David Meyer %A James Ballas %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 128-135 %K cognitive modeling, direct manipulation %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p128-kieras/p128-kieras.pdf %X Direct manipulation involves a large number of interacting psychological mechanisms that make the performance of a given interface hard to predict on intuitive or informal grounds. This paper applies cognitive modeling to explain the subtle effects produced by using a keypad versus a touchscreen in a performance-critical laboratory task. %M C.CHI.01.1.136 %T Visualization Components for Persistent Conversations %S Visions of Work %A Marc A. Smith %A Andrew T. Fiore %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 136-143 %K Usenet, asynchronous threaded discussions, newsgroup, persistent conversation, social cybersapces, social cyberspaces, visualization %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p136-smith/p136-smith.pdf %X An appropriately designed interface to persistent, threaded conversations could reinforce socially beneficial behavior by prominently featuring how frequently and to what degree each user exhibits such behaviors. Based on the data generated by the Netscan data-mining project [9], we have developed a set of tools for illustrating the structure of discussion threads like those found in Usenet newsgroups and the patterns of participation within the discussions. We describe the benefits and challenges of integrating these tools into a multi-faceted dashboard for navigating and reading discussions in social cyberspaces like Usenet and related interaction media. Visualizations of the structure of online discussions have applications for research into the sociology of online groups as well as possible interface designs for their members. %M C.CHI.01.1.144 %T Time Aura: Interfaces for Pacing %S Visions of Work %A Lena Mamykina %A Elizabeth Mynatt %A Michael A. Terry %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 144-151 %K pacing, ubiquitous computing, visual interfaces %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p144-mamykina/p144-mamykina.pdf %X Historically one of the visions for human-computer symbiosis has been to augment human intelligence and extend people's cognitive abilities. In this paper, we present two visually-based systems to enhance a person's ability to flexibly control their pace while engaged in a cognitively demanding activity. In these investigations, we explore pacing interfaces that minimize the cognitive demands for assessing a current pace, provide ambient cues that can be quickly interpreted without incurring significant interruption from the current task, and place knowledge in the world to flexibly support different pacing strategies. Evaluation of our pacing interfaces shows that technology can successfully support pacing. %M C.CHI.01.1.152 %T Doom as an Interface for Process Management %S Visions of Work %A Dennis Chao %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 152-157 %K 3D user interfaces, Doom, Post-Modernism, cyberspace, first-person shooter, games, metaphors, operating systems, vernacular, video games, visualization %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p152-chao/p152-chao.pdf %X This paper explores a novel interface to a system administration task. Instead of creating an interface de novo for the task, the author modified a popular computer game, Doom, to perform useful work. The game was chosen for its appeal to the target audience of system administrators. The implementation described is not a mature application, but it illustrates important points about user interfaces and our relationship with computers. The applications relies on a computer game vernacular rather than the simulations of physical reality found in typical navigable virtual environments. Using a computer game vocabulary may broaden an application's audience by providing sn intuitive environment for children and non-technical users. In addition, the application highlights the adversarial relationships that exist in a computer and suggests a new resource allocation scheme. %M C.CHI.01.1.158 %T Shall we Mix Synthetic Speech and Human Speech?: Impact on Users' Performance, Perception, and Attitude %S Speech Studies %A Li Gong %A Jennifer Lai %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 158-165 %K Mixing Human Speech and Synthetic Speech, Consistency, Speech Applications, Telephone-based Solution, Virtual Assistant, Email and Calendar %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p158-gong/p158-gong.pdf %X Because it is impractical to record human voice for ever-changing dynamic content such as email messages and news, many commercial speech applications use human speech for fixed prompts and synthetic speech (TTS) for the dynamic content. However, this mixing approach may not be optimal from a consistency perspective. A 2-condition between-group experiment (N = 24) was conducted to compare two versions of a virtual-assistant interface (mixing human voice and TTS vs. TTS-only). Users interacted with the virtual assistant to manage some email and calendar tasks. Their task performance, self-perception of task performance, and attitudinal responses were measured. Users interacting with the TTS-only interface performed the task significantly better, while users interacting with the mixed-voices interface thought they did better and had more positive attitudinal responses. Explanations and design implications are suggested. %M C.CHI.01.1.166 %T Effects of Spatial Audio on Memory, Comprehension, and Preference during Desktop Conferences %S Speech Studies %A Jessica J. Baldis %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 166-173 %K 3D, audio, communication, comprehension, focal assurance, memory, perception, sound, spatial, user preference %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p166-baldis/p166-baldis.pdf %X An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of spatial audio on memory, focal assurance, perceived comprehension and listener preferences during desktop conferences. Nineteen participants listened to six, pre-recorded, desktop conferences. Each conference was presented using either non-spatial audio, co-located spatial audio, or scaled spatial audio, and during half of the conferences, static visual representations of the conferees were present. In the co-located condition, each conferees voice originated from directly above their image on the screen, and in the scaled spatial audio condition, the spatial separation between conferee voices was increased beyond the visual separation. Results showed that spatial audio improved all measures, increasing memory, focal assurance, and perceived comprehension. In addition, participants preferred spatial audio to non-spatial audio. No strong differences were found in the visual conditions, or between the co-located spatial condition and the scaled spatial conditions. %M C.CHI.01.1.174 %T Quiet Calls: Talking Silently on Mobile Phones %S Speech Studies %A Les Nelson %A Sara Bly %A Tomas Sokoler %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 174-181 %K Computer Systems Organization -Computer System Implementation - Microcomputers (C.5.3): Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital assistants); Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Communications Applications (H.4.3); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Design, Human Factors, Languages, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; computer mediated communication, hand-held devices, interaction design, mobile computing, telecommunication %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p174-bly/p174-bly.pdf %X Quiet Calls is a technology allowing mobile telephone users to respond to telephone conversations without talking aloud. QC-Hold, a Quiet Calls prototype, combines three buttons for responding to calls with a PDA/mobile phone unit to silently send pre-recorded audio directly into the phone. This permits a mixed-mode communication where callers in public settings use a quiet means of communication, and other callers experience a voice telephone call. An evaluation of QC-Hold shows that it is easily used and suggests ways in which Quiet Calls offers a new form of communication, extending the choices offered by synchronous phone calling and asynchronous voicemail. %M C.CHI.01.1.182 %T The Audio Notebook: Paper and Pen Interaction with Structured Speech %S Sensable Navigation Search %A Lisa Stifelman %A Barry Arons %A Chris Schmandt %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 182-189 %K acoustic structuring, audio, paper, pen interaction, speech, speech as data, speech interfaces, user structuring %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p182-stifelman/p182-stifelman.pdf %X This paper addresses the problem that a listener experiences when attempting to capture information presented during a lecture, meeting, or interview. Listeners must divide their attention between the talker and their notetaking activity. We propose a new device-the Audio Notebook-for taking notes and interacting with a speech recording. The Audio Notebook is a combination of a digital audio recorder and paper notebook, all in one device. Audio recordings are structured using two techniques: user structuring based on notetaking activity, and acoustic structuring based on a talker's changes in pitch, pausing, and energy. A field study showed that the interaction techniques enabled a range of usage styles, from detailed review to high speed skimming. The study motivated the addition of phrase detection and topic suggestions to improve access to the audio recordings. Through these audio interaction techniques, the Audio Notebook defines a new approach for navigation in the audio domain. %M C.CHI.01.1.190 %T Does Organisation by Similarity Assist Image Browsing? %S Sensable Navigation Search %A Kerry Rodden %A Wojciech Basalaj %A David Sinclair %A Kenneth Wood %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 190-197 %K evaluation, image retrieval, information visualisation %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p190-rodden/p190-rodden.pdf %X In current systems for browsing image collections, users are presented with sets of thumbnail images arranged in some default order on the screen. We are investigating whether it benefits users to have sets of thumbnails arranged according to their mutual similarity, so images that are alike are placed together. There are, of course, many possible definitions of similarity: so far we have explored measurements based on low-level visual features, and on the textual captions assigned to the images. Here we describe two experiments, both involving designers as the participants, examining whether similarity-based arrangements of the candidate images are helpful for a picture selection task. Firstly, the two types of similarity-based arrangement were informally compared. Then, an arrangement based on visual similarity was more formally compared with a control of a random arrangement. We believe this work should be of interest to anyone designing a system that involves presenting sets of images to users. %M C.CHI.01.1.198 %T Using Thumbnails to Search the Web %S Sensable Navigation Search %A Allison Woodruff %A Andrew Faulring %A Ruth Rosenholtz %A Julie Morrison %A Peter Pirolli %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 198-205 %K Web search task, thumbnails %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p198-woodruff/p198-woodruff.pdf %X We introduce a technique for creating novel, textually-enhanced thumbnails of Web pages. These thumbnails combine the advantages of image thumbnails and text summaries to provide consistent performance on a variety of tasks. We conducted a study in which participants used three different types of summaries (enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries) to search Web pages to find several different types of information. Participants took an average of 67, 86, and 95 seconds to find the answer with enhanced thumbnails, plain thumbnails, and text summaries, respectively. We found a strong effect of question category. For some questions, text outperformed plain thumbnails, while for other questions, plain thumbnails outperformed text. Enhanced thumbnails (which combine the features of text summaries and plain thumbnails) were more consistent than either text summaries or plain thumbnails, having for all categories the best performance or performance that was statistically indistinguishable from the best. %M C.CHI.01.1.206 %T On the Road and on the Web?: Comprehension of Synthetic and Human Speech While Driving %S On the Road %A Jennifer Lai %A Karen Cheng %A Paul Green %A Omer Tsimhoni %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 206-212 %K comprehension, driving performance, driving simulator, speech synthesis, text-to-speech %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p206-lai/p206-lai.pdf %X In this study 24 participants drove a simulator while listening to three types of messages in both synthesized speech and recorded human speech. The messages consisted of short navigation messages, medium length (approximately 100 words) email messages, and longer news stories (approximately 200 words). After each message the participant was presented with a series of multiple choice questions to measure comprehension of the message. Driving performance was recorded. Findings show that for the low driving workload conditions in the study, (cruise control, predictable two-lane road with no intersections, invariant lead car) driving performance was not affected by listening to messages. This was true for both the synthesized speech and natural speech. Comprehension of messages in synthetic speech was significantly lower than for recorded human speech for all message types. %M C.CHI.01.1.213 %T Accordion Summarization for End-Game Browsing on PDAs and Cellular Phones %S On the Road %A Orkut Buyukkokten %A Hector Garcia-Molina %A Andreas Paepcke %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 213-220 %K HTML, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), WAP, WML, WWW (World-Wide Web) %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p213-buyukkokten/p213-buyukkokten.pdf %X We demonstrate a new browsing technique for devices with small displays such as PDAs or cellular phones. We concentrate on end-game browsing, where the user is close to or on the target page. We make browsing more efficient and easier by Accordion Summarization. In this technique the Web page is first represented as a short summary. The user can then drill down to discover relevant parts of the page. If desired, keywords can be highlighted and exposed automatically. We discuss our techniques, architecture, interface facilities, and the result of user evaluations. We measured a 57% improvement in browsing speed and 75% reduction in input effort. %M C.CHI.01.1.221 %T ConNexus to Awarenex: Extending Awareness to Mobile Users %S On the Road %A John C. Tang %A Nicole Yankelovich %A James Begole %A Max Van Kleek %A Francis Li %A Janak Bhalodia %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 221-228 %K CSCW, awareness, computer-mediated communication, instant messaging, mobile devices, wireless handhelds %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p221-tang/p221-tang.pdf %X We explored the use of awareness information to facilitate communication by developing a series of prototypes. The ConNexus prototype integrates awareness information, instant messaging, and other communication channels in an interface that runs on a desktop computer. The Awarenex prototype extends that functionality to wireless handheld devices, such as a Palm. A speech interface also enables callers to make use of the awareness information over the telephone. While the prototypes offer similar functionality, the interfaces reflect the different design affordances and use context of each platform. We discuss the design implications of providing awareness information on devices with varying interface and network characteristics. %M C.CHI.01.1.229 %T Beyond Command Knowledge: Identifying and Teaching Strategic Knowledge for Using Complex Computer Applications %S Structuring Software and Systems for Learning %A Suresh K. Bhavnani %A Frederick Reif %A Bonnie E. John %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 229-236 %K GOMS, instruction, strategies, training %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p229-bhavnani/p229-bhavnani.pdf %X Despite experience, many users do not make efficient use of complex computer applications. We argue that this is caused by a lack of strategic knowledge that is difficult to acquire just by knowing how to use commands. To address this problem, we present efficient and general strategies for using computer applications, and identify the components of strategic knowledge required to use them. We propose a framework for teaching strategic knowledge, and show how we implemented it in a course for freshman students. In a controlled study, we compared our approach to the traditional approach of just teaching commands. The results show that efficient and general strategies can in fact be taught to students of diverse backgrounds in a limited time without harming command knowledge. The experiment also pinpointed those strategies that can be automatically learned just from learning commands, and those that require more practice than we provided. These results are important to universities and companies that wish to foster more efficient use of complex computer applications. %M C.CHI.01.1.237 %T Teachers as Simulation Programmers: Minimalist Learning and Reuse %S Structuring Software and Systems for Learning %A Mary Beth Rosson %A Cheryl D. Seals %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 237-244 %K simulations, teacher education, visual programming %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p237-rosson/p237-rosson.pdf %X Five public school teachers were observed during two self-study sessions where they learned to use Visual AgenTalk (VAT). The first session emphasized the basic visual programming skills, while the second introduced ways to reuse existing simulations. Two versions of the reuse tutorial were developed, one offering a concrete example world for reuse, and the second an abstract world. During their learning and reuse sessions, the teachers thought out loud as they worked, enabling a detailed analysis of their goals, reactions, problems, and successes. After each session, the teachers also completed user reaction questionnaires. Although all teachers succeeded in learning the basics of VAT, they varied considerably in their reuse of the example simulations. It appears that the simplified components of the abstract world supported reuse to a greater degree than those of the concrete example world. %M C.CHI.01.1.245 %T Locus of Feedback Control in Computer-Based Tutoring: Impact on Learning Rate, Achievement and Attitudes %S Structuring Software and Systems for Learning %A Albert T. Corbett %A John R. Anderson %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 245-252 %K feedback in problem solving, instructional interface design, intelligent tutoring systems, student modeling %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p245-corbett/p245-corbett.pdf %X Five public school teachers were observed during two self-study sessions where they learned to use Visual AgenTalk (VAT). The first session emphasized the basic visual programming skills, while the second introduced ways to reuse existing simulations. Two versions of the reuse tutorial were developed, one offering a concrete example world for reuse, and the second an abstract world. During their learning and reuse sessions, the teachers thought out loud as they worked, enabling a detailed analysis of their goals, reactions, problems, and successes. After each session, the teachers also completed user reaction questionnaires. Although all teachers succeeded in learning the basics of VAT, they varied considerably in their reuse of the example simulations. It appears that the simplified components of the abstract world supported reuse to a greater degree than those of the concrete example world. %M C.CHI.01.1.253 %T Sensetable: A Wireless Object Tracking Platform for Tangible User Interfaces %S Tangible Interfaces %A James Patten %A Hiroshi Ishii %A Jim Hines %A Gian Pangaro %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 253-260 %K augmented reality, interactive surface, object tracking, system dynamics, tangible user interface, tangible user interface, two-handed manipulation %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p253-patten/p253-patten.pdf %X In this paper we present a system that electromagnetically tracks the positions and orientations of multiple wireless objects on a tabletop display surface. The system offers two types of improvements over existing tracking approaches such as computer vision. First, the system tracks objects quickly and accurately without susceptibility to occlusion or changes in lighting conditions. Second, the tracked objects have state that can be modified by attaching physical dials and modifiers. The system can detect these changes in real-time. We present several new interaction techniques developed in the context of this system. Finally, we present two applications of the system: chemistry and system dynamics simulation. %M C.CHI.01.1.261 %T Surface Drawing: Creating Organic 3D Shapes with the Hand and Tangible Tools %S Tangible Interfaces %A Steven Schkolne %A Michael Pruett %A Peter Schroder %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 261-268 %K 3D modeling, artistic shape creation, design prototyping, fine art, hand-based interface, repeated marking, semi-immersive environment, tangible user interface %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p261-schkolne/p261-schkolne.pdf %X Surface Drawing is a system for creating organic 3D shapes in a manner which supports the needs and interests of artists. This medium facilitates the early stages of creative design which many 3D modeling programs neglect. Much like traditional media such as line drawing and painting, Surface Drawing lets users construct shapes through repeated marking. In our case, the hand is used to mark 3D space in a semi-immersive virtual environment. The interface is completed with tangible tools to edit and manipulate models. We introduce the use of tongs to move and scale 3D shapes and demonstrate a magnet tool which is comfortably held without restricting hand motion. We evaluated our system through collaboration with artists and designers, exhibition before hundreds of users, our own extensive exploration of the medium, and an informal user study. Response was especially positive from users with an artistic background. %M C.CHI.01.1.269 %T DataTiles: A Modular Platform for Mixed Physical and Graphical Interactions %S Tangible Interfaces %A Jun Rekimoto %A Brygg Ullmer %A Haruo Oba %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 269-276 %K graphical user interfaces, interaction techniques, radio-frequency identification tags, tangible user interfaces, visual language %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p269-rekimoto/p269-rekimoto.pdf %X The DataTiles system integrates the benefits of two major interaction paradigms: graphical and physical user interfaces. Tagged transparent tiles are used as modular construction units. These tiles are augmented by dynamic graphical information when they are placed on a sensor-enhanced flat panel display. They can be used independently or can be combined into more complex configurations, similar to the way language can express complex concepts through a sequence of simple words. In this paper, we discuss our design principles for mixing physical and graphical interface techniques, and describe the system architecture and example applications of the DataTiles system. %M C.CHI.01.1.277 %T Optimizing Search by Showing Results in Context %S Focus and Context %A Susan Dumais %A Edward Cutrell %A Hao Chen %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 277-284 %K World Wide Web, focus-in-context, search, text categorization, usability, user interface, user study %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p277-dumais/p277-dumais.pdf %X We developed and evaluated seven interfaces for integrating semantic category information with Web search results. List interfaces were based on the familiar ranked-listing of search results, sometimes augmented with a category name for each result. Category interfaces also showed page titles and/or category names, but re-organized the search results so that items in the same category were grouped together visually. Our user studies show that all Category interfaces were more effective than List interfaces even when lists were augmented with category names for each result. The best category performance was obtained when both category names and individual page titles were presented. Either alone is better than a list presentation, but both together provide the most effective means for allowing users to quickly examining search results. These results provide a better understanding of the perceptual and cognitive factors underlying the advantage of category groupings and provide some practical guidance to Web search interface designers. %M C.CHI.01.1.285 %T Robust Annotation Positioning in Digital Documents %S Focus and Context %A A. J. Bernheim Brush %A David Bargeron %A Anoop Gupta %A J. J. Cadiz %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 285-292 %K annotation, annotation system design, digital, documents, robust %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p285-bernheim_brush/p285-bernheim_brush.pdf %X Increasingly, documents exist primarily in digital form. System designers have recently focused on making it easier to read digital documents, with annotation as an important new feature. But supporting annotation well is difficult because digital documents are frequently modified, making it challenging to correctly reposition annotations in modified versions. Few systems have addressed this issue, and even fewer have approached the problem from the users' point of view. This paper reports the results of two studies examining user expectations for robust annotation positioning in modified documents. We explore how users react to lost annotations, the relationship between types of document modifications and user expectations, and whether users pay attention to text surrounding their annotations. Our results could contribute substantially to effective digital document annotation systems. %M C.CHI.01.1.293 %T Reading of Electronic Documents: The Usability of Linear, Fisheye, and Overview+Detail Interfaces %S Focus and Context %A Kasper Hornbaek %A Erik Frokjaer %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 293-300 %K electronic documents, information retrieval, information visualization, reading activity, usability, user study %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p293-hornbak/p293-hornbak.pdf %X Reading of electronic documents is becoming increasingly important as more information is disseminated electronically. We present an experiment that compares the usability of a linear, a fisheye, and an overview+detail interface for electronic documents. Using these interfaces, 20 subjects wrote essays and answered questions about scientific documents. Essays written using the overview+detail interface received higher grades, while subjects using the fisheye interface read documents faster. However, subjects used more time to answer questions with the overview+detail interface. All but one subject preferred the overview+detail interface. The most common interface in practical use, the linear interface, is found to be inferior to the fisheye and overview+detail interfaces regarding most aspects of usability. We recommend using overview+detail interfaces for electronic documents, while fisheye interfaces mainly should be considered for time-critical tasks. %M C.CHI.01.1.301 %T Eye Gaze Patterns in Conversations: There is More the Conversational Agents than Meets the Eyes %S Seeing and Being Seen %A Roel Vertegaal %A Robert Slagter %A Gerrit van der Veer %A Anton Nijholt %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 301-308 %K attention-based interfaces, attentive agents, conversational attention, gaze, multiparty communication, tracking %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p301-vertegaal/p301-vertegaal.pdf %X In multi-agent, multi-user environments, users as well as agents should have a means of establishing who is talking to whom. In this paper, we present an experiment aimed at evaluating whether gaze directional cues of users could be used for this purpose. Using an eye tracker, we measured subject gaze at the faces of conversational partners during four-person conversations. Results indicate that when someone is listening or speaking to individuals, there is indeed a high probability that the person looked at is the person listened (p=88%) or spoken to (p=77%). We conclude that gaze is an excellent predictor of conversational attention in multiparty conversations. As such, it may form a reliable source of input for conversational systems that need to establish whom the user is speaking or listening to. We implemented our findings in FRED, a multi-agent conversational system that uses eye input to gauge which agent the user is listening or speaking to. %M C.CHI.01.1.309 %T The Impact of Eye Gaze on Communication using Humanoid Avatars %S Seeing and Being Seen %A Maia Garau %A Mel Slater %A Simon Bee %A Martina Angela Sasse %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 309-316 %K avatars, gaze, collaborative virtual environments (CVEs), computer-mediated communication (CMC), mediated communication, nonverbal behaviours %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p309-garau/p309-garau.pdf %X In this paper we describe an experiment designed to investigate the importance of eye gaze in humanoid avatars representing people engaged in conversation. We compare responses to dyadic conversations in four mediated conditions: video, audio-only, and two avatar conditions. The avatar conditions differed only in their treatment of eye gaze. In the random-gaze condition the avatars head and eye animations were unrelated to conversational flow. In the informed-gaze condition, they were related to turn-taking during the conversation. The head animations were tracked and the eye animations were inferred from the audio stream. Our comparative analysis of 100 post-experiment questionnaires showed that the random-gaze avatar did not improve on audio-only communication. The informed-gaze avatar significantly outperformed the random-gaze model and also outperformed audio-only on several response measures. We conclude that an avatar whose gaze behaviour is related to the conversation provides a marked improvement on an avatar that merely exhibits liveliness. %M C.CHI.01.1.317 %T The Dynamics of Mass Online Marketplaces: A Case Study of an Online Auction %S Seeing and Being Seen %A Jungpil Hahn %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 317-324 %K electronic marketplaces, information overload, item display, market navigation, market technostructure, massive scale online auctions, online market design %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p317-hahn/p317-hahn.pdf %X The Internet has dramatically changed how people sell and buy goods. In recent years we have seen the emergence of electronic marketplaces that leverage information technology to create more efficient markets such as online auctions to bring together buyers and sellers with greater effectiveness at a massive scale. Despite the growing interest and importance of such marketplaces, our understanding of how the design of the marketplace affects buyer and seller behavior at the individual level and the market effectiveness at the aggregate level is still quite limited. This paper presents a detailed case study of a currently operational massive scale online auction marketplace. The main focus is to gain initial insights into the effects of the design of the marketplace. The results of the study point to several important considerations and implications not only for the design of online marketplaces but also for the design of large-scale websites where effective locating of information is key to user success. %M C.CHI.01.1.325 %T Casablanca: Designing Social Communication Devices for the Home %S Home on the Range %A Debby Hindus %A Scott D. Mainwaring %A Nicole Leduc %A Anna Elisabeth Hagstrom %A Oliver Bayley %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 325-332 %K Computer-mediated communication, CMC, domestic technologies, residential technologies, media spaces, audio spaces, shared whiteboards, awareness, ambient displays, internet appliances, design guidelines, aesthetics, consumers, homes, computer-human interaction. %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p325-hindus/p325-hindus.pdf %X The Casablanca project explored how media space concepts could be incorporated into households and family life. This effort included prototypes built for the researchers' own home use, field studies of households, and consumer testing of design concepts. A number of previously unreported consumer preferences and concerns were uncovered and incorporated into several original prototypes, most notably ScanBoard and the Intentional Presence Lamp. Casablanca also resulted in conclusions about designing household social communication devices. %M C.CHI.01.1.333 %T Digital Family Portraits: Supporting Peace of Mind for Extended Family Members %S Home on the Range %A Elizabeth D. Mynatt %A Jim Rowan %A Sarah Craighill %A Annie Jacobs %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 333-340 %K aging, awareness, home, light-weight interaction, ubiquitous computing, visualization %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p333-mynatt/p333-mynatt.pdf %X A growing social problem in the U.S., and elsewhere, is supporting older adults who want to continue living independently, as opposed to moving to an institutional care setting. One key part of this complex problem is providing awareness of senior adults day-to-day activities, promoting peace of mind for extended family members. In this paper, we introduce the concept of a digital family portrait that provides qualitative visualizations of a family members daily life. Leveraging a familiar household object, the picture frame, our design populates the frame with iconic imagery summarizing 28 days. In a final implementation, the digital family portrait would gather information from sensors in the home. %M C.CHI.01.1.341 %T Social Navigation of Food Recipes %S Home on the Range %A Martin Svensson %A Kristina Hook %A Jarmo Laaksolahti %A Annika Waern %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 341-348 %K awareness, online shopping, privacy, recommender system, social navigation %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p341-svensson/p341-svensson.pdf %X The term Social Navigation captures every-day behaviour used to find information, people, and places - namely through watching, following, and talking to people. We discuss how to design information spaces to allow for social navigation. We applied our ideas in a recipe recommendation system. In a follow-up user study, subjects state that social navigation adds value to the service: it provides for social affordance, and it helps turning a space into a social place. The study also reveals some unresolved design issues, such as the snowball effect where more and more users follow each other down the wrong path, and privacy issues. %M C.CHI.01.1.349 %T Chinese Input with Keyboard and Eye-Tracking: An Anatomical Study %S The Write Stuff %A Jingtao Wang %A Shumin Zhai %A Hui Su %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 349-356 %K Chinese text input, chinese text input, eye-tracking, gaze, gaze-tracking, gaze-tracking, multi-modal interface, performance modeling, pinyin input %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p349-wang/p349-wang.pdf %X Chinese input presents unique challenges to the field of human computer interaction. This study provides an anatomical analysis of today's standard Chinese input process, which is based on pinyin, a phonetic spelling system in Roman characters. Through a combination of human performance modeling and experimentation, our study decomposed the Chinese input process into sub-tasks and found that choice reaction time and numeric keying, two component resulted from the large number of homophones in Chinese, were the major usability bottlenecks. Choice reaction alone took 36% of the total input time in our experiment. Numeric keying for multiple candidates selection tends to take the user's attention away from the computer visual screen. We designed and implemented the EASE (Eye Assisted Selection and Entry) system to help maintaining complete touch-typing experience without diverting visual (spacebar) and implicit eye-tracking to replace the numeric keystrokes. Our experiment showed that such a system could indeed work, even with today's imperfec teye-tracking technology. %M C.CHI.01.1.357 %T Model for Unistroke Writing Time %S The Write Stuff %A Poika Isokoski %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 357-364 %K handwriting, modeling of motor performance, pen input %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p357-isokoski/p357-isokoski.pdf %X Unistrokes are a viable form of text input in pen-based user interfaces. However, they are a very heterogeneous group of gestures the only common feature being that all are drawn with a single stroke. Several unistroke alphabets have been proposed including the original Unistrokes, Gaffiti, Allegro, T-Cube and MDITIM. Comparing these methods usually requires a lengthy study with many writers and even then the results are biased by the earlier handwriting experience that the writers have. Therefore, a simple descriptive model for predicting the writing time for an expert user on any given unistroke alphabet thus enabling sounder argumentation on the properties of different writing methods. %M C.CHI.01.1.365 %T Text Input for Mobile Devices: Comparing Model Prediction to Actual Performance %S The Write Stuff %A Christina L. James %A Kelly M. Reishcel %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 365-371 %K keypad input, mobile phones, mobile systems, performance modeling, text entry %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p365-james/p365-james.pdf %X A study was conducted to obtain performance data for entering text on a mobile phone in order to compare it to performance predictions based on two different mathematical models. Speed data was obtained for two text input methods, T9 Text Input and Multi-tap. While the direction of the results was the same for both the performance data and both model predictions (with predictive text entry being faster than Multi-tap text entry), the results for all three differed in magnitude. Suggestions for this discrepancy are provided. In addition, in order to help shape future models, additional results are presented for both input methods to show how both accuracy and speed performance varies based on user experience and text subject matter. %M C.CHI.01.1.372 %T Better Home Shopping or New Democracy?: Evaluating Community Network Outcomes %S Communities and Collaboration %A John M. Carroll %A Mary Beth Rosson %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 372-379 %K community networks, evaluation, social impact %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p372-carroll/p372-carroll.pdf %X This is a perspective paper on community networks - socio-technical infrastructure supporting villages, towns, and neighborhoods. Community networking is well-established, world wide, and addresses critical societal issues, such as the "crisis of community" and the sociality of the Internet. However, community network projects have not emphasized evaluation. Relatively little is known about the economic, social, and psychological consequences of community networks for the individuals, groups, and communities served. Evaluating community networks is a momentous mutual opportunity for the development of CHI evaluation methodologies and for bringing technical CHI expertise to bear on societal issues. %M C.CHI.01.1.380 %T Identity Construction Environments: Supporting a Virtual Therapeutic Community of Pediatric Patients Undergoing Dialysis %S Communities and Collaboration %A Marina U. Bers %A Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich %A David Ray DeMaso %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 380-387 %K dialysis, identity, multi-user virtual environment, pediatric patients, storytelling, therapy, virtual communities %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p380-bers/p380-bers.pdf %X We describe a five-month pilot project conducted in the dialysis unit at Boston's Children's Hospital. Pediatric patients with renal disease used the Zora graphical multi-user environment while facing hemodialysis. Zora is an identity construction environment specifically designed to help young people explore issue of identity, while engaging in a participatory virtual community. This paper presents the experience and evaluates the feasibility and safety of using Zora in a hospital setting. It describes how Zora facilitated explorations of identity and mutual patient support and interaction. Finally it also presents design recommendations for future interventions of this kind. More generally, this paper explores the potential of technology specifically designed with therapeutic purposes to help patients cope with their illness. %M C.CHI.01.1.388 %T Geney: Designing a Collaborative Activity for the Palm Handheld Computer %S Communities and Collaboration %A Arman Danesh %A Kori Inkpen %A Felix Lau %A Keith Shu %A Kellogg Booth %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 388-395 %K CSCL, CSCW, PDAs, children %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p388-danesh/p388-danesh.pdf %X This paper describes a project to explore issues surrounding the development of a collaborative handheld educational application for children. A user-centered, iterative design process was used to develop Geney, a collaborative problem solving application to help children explore genetic concepts using Palm handheld computers. The design methodology utilized mock-ups of representative tasks and scenarios, pre-design meetings with targets users, prototype development, and feedback sessions with target users. The results of this work identify an effective way of utilizing handheld computers for collaborative learning and provide important insights into the design of handheld applications for children. This work also illustrates the necessity of user-centered design when new user groups are targeted, especially when novel user interface paradigms are employed that go beyond current windows-based interfaces. %M C.CHI.01.1.396 %T Relational Agents: A Model and Implementation of Building User Trust %S Social Interfaces %A Timothy Bickmore %A Justine Cassell %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 396-403 %K embodied conversational agent, natural language, personality, small talk, social interface, trust %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p396-bickmore/p396-bickmore.pdf %X Building trust with users is crucial in a wide range of applications, such as financial transactions, and some minimal degree of trust is required in all applications to even initiate and maintain an interaction with a user. Humans use a variety of relational conversational strategies, including small talk, to establish trusting relationships with each other. We argue that such strategies can also be used by interface agents, and that embodied conversational agents are ideally suited for this task given the myriad cues available to them for signaling trustworthiness. We describe a model of social dialogue, an implementation in an embodied conversation agent, and an experiment in which social dialogue was demonstrated to have an effect on trust, for users with a disposition to be extroverts. %M C.CHI.01.1.404 %T An Empirical Study of Human Web Assistants: Implications for User Support in Web Information Systems %S Social Interfaces %A Johan Aberg %A Nahid Shahmehri %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 404-411 %K Web information systems, attitude, design guidelines, efficiency, field study, universal usability, user support %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p404-aberg/p404-aberg.pdf %X User support is an important element in reaching the goal of universal usability for Web information systems. Recent developments indicate that human involvement in user support is a step towards this goal. However, most such efforts are currently being pursued on a purely intuitive basis. This, empirical findings about the role of human assistants are important. In this paper we present the findings from a field study of a general user support model for Web information systems. We show that integrating human assistance into Web systems is a way to provide efficient user support. Further, this integration makes a Web site more fun to use and increases the user's trust in the site. The support also improves the site atmosphere. Our findings are summarised as recommendations and design guidelines for decision-makers and developers Web systems. %M C.CHI.01.1.412 %T Social Presence in Web Surveys %S Social Interfaces %A Mick P. Couper %A Roger Tourangeau %A Darby M. Steiger %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 412-417 %K Web surveys, social desirability, social interfaces %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p412-couper/p412-couper.pdf %X Social interface theory has widespread influence in the field of human-computer interaction. The basic thesis is that humanizing cues in a computer interface can engender responses from users similar to human-human interaction. In contrast, the survey interviewing literature suggests that computer administration of surveys on highly sensitive topics reduces or eliminates social desirability effect, even when such humanizing features as voice are used. In attempting to reconcile these apparently contradictory findings, we varied features of the interface in a Web survey %M C.CHI.01.1.418 %T Exploring 3D Navigation: Combining Speed-COupled Flying with Orbiting %S 3D Navigation %A Desney S. Tan %A George G. Robertson %A Mary Czerwinski %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 418-425 %K 3D virtual environments, egocentric navigation, interaction techniques, user studies %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p418-tan/p418-tan.pdf %X We present a task-based taxonomy of navigation techniques for 3D virtual environments, used to categorize existing techniques, drive exploration of the design space, and inspire new techniques. We briefly discuss several new techniques, and describe in detail one new techniques, Speed-coupled Flying with Orbiting. This technique couples control of movement speed to camera height and tilt, allowing users to seamlessly transition between local environment-views and global overviews. Users can also orbit specific objects for inspection. Results from two competitive user studies suggest users performed better with Speed-coupled Flying with Orbiting over alternatives, with performance also enhanced by a large display. %M C.CHI.01.1.426 %T Reaching Movements to Augmented and Graphic Objects in Virtual Environments %S Social Interfaces %A Andrea H. Mason %A Masuma A. Walji %A Elaine J. Lee %A Christine L. MacKenzie %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 426-433 %K Fitts' law, augmented reality, empirical data, haptic feedback, human performance, interaction, interaction, kinematic data, object manipulation, sensory information, sensory manipulation, visual feedback %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p426-mason/p426-mason.pdf %X This work explores how the availability of visual and haptic feedback affects and kinematics of reaching performance in a tabletop virtual environment. Eight subjects performed reach-to-grasp movements toward target objects of various sites in conditions where visual and haptic feedback were either present or absent. It was found that movement time was slower when visual feedback of the moving limb was not available. Further MT varied systematically with target size when haptic feedback was available (i.e. augmented targets), and thus followed Fitts' law. However, movement times were constant regardless of target size when haptic feedback was removed. In depth analysis of the reaching kinematics revealed that subjects spent longer decelerating toward smaller targets in conditions where haptic feedback was available. In contrast, deceleration time was constant when haptic feedback was absent. These results suggest that visual feedback about the moving limb and veridical haptic feedback about object contract are extremely important for humans to effectively work in virtual environments. %M C.CHI.01.1.434 %T 3D or Not 3D?: Evaluating the Effect of the Third Dimension in a Document Management System %S Social Interfaces %A Andy Cockburn %A Bruce McKenzie %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 434-441 %K 3D user interfaces, document management, information visualisation, spatial memory %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p434-cockburn/p434-cockburn.pdf %X Several recent research systems have provided interactive three-dimensional (3D) visualisations for supporting everyday work such as file and document management. But what improvements do these 3D interfaces offer over their traditional 2D counterparts? This paper describes the comparative evaluation of two document management systems that differ only in the number of dimensions used for displaying and interacting with the data. The 3D system is heavily based on Robertson et al.'s Data Mountain, which supports users in storing, organising and retrieving 'thumbnail' representations of documents such as bookmarked Web-pages. Results show that our subjects were faster at storing and retrieving pages in the display when using the 2D interface, but not significantly so. As expected, retrieval times significantly increased as the number of thumbnails increased. Despite the lack of significant differences between the 2D and 3D interfaces, subjective assessments showed a significant preference for the 3D interface. %M C.CHI.01.1.442 %T Automating Camera Management for Lecture Room Environments %S Scenes from the Office %A Qiong Liu %A Yong Rui %A Anoop Gupta %A J. J. Cadiz %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 442-449 %K automated camera management, sound source localization, speaker tracking, video production rules, virtual video director %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p442-liu/p442-liu.pdf %X Given rapid improvements in network infrastructure and streaming-media technologies, a large number of corporations and universities are recording lectures and making them available online for anytime, anywhere access. However, producing high-quality lecture videos is still labor intensive and expensive. Fortunately, recent technology advances are making it feasible to build automated camera management systems to capture lectures. In this paper we report on our design, implementation and study of such a system. Compared to previous work-which has tended to be technology centric-we started with interviews with professional video producers and used their knowledge and expertise the create video production rules. We then targeted technology components that allowed us to implement a substantial portion of these rules, including the design of a virtual video director. The system's performance was compared to that of a human operator via a user study. Results suggest that our system's quality in close to that of a human-controlled system. In fat most remote audience members could not tell if the video was produced by a computer or a person. %M C.CHI.01.1.450 %T Viewing Meeting Captured by an Omni-Directional Camera %S Scenes from the Office %A Yong Rui %A Anoop Gupta %A J. J. Cadiz %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 450-457 %K omni-directional camera systems, on-demand meeting watching %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p450-rui/p450-rui.pdf %X One vision of future technology is the ability to easily and inexpensively capture any group meeting that occurs, store it, and make it available for people to view anytime and anywhere on the network. One barrier to achieving this vision has been the design of low-cost camera systems that can capture important aspects of the meeting without needing a human camera operator. A promising solution that has emerged recently is omni-directional cameras that can capture a 360-degree video of the entire meeting. The panoramic capability provided by these cameras raises both new opportunities and new issues for the interfaces provided for post-meeting viewers -- for example, do we show all meeting participants all the time or do we just show the person who is speaking, how much control do we provide to the end-user in selecting the view, and will providing this control distract them from their task. These are not just user interface issues, they also raise tradeoffs for the client-server systems used to deliver such content. They impact how much data needs to be stored on the disk, what computation can be done on the server vs. the client, and how much bandwidth is needed. We report on a prototype system built using an omni-directional camera and results from user studies of interface preferences expressed by viewers. %M C.CHI.01.1.458 %T Partitioning Digital Worlds: Focal and Peripheral Awareness in Multiple Monitor Use %S Scenes from the Office %A Jonathan Grudin %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 458-465 %K awareness, displays, multiple monitors %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p458-grudin/p458-grudin.pdf %X Software today does not help us partition our digital worlds effectively. We must organize them ourselves. This field study of users of multiple monitors examines how people with a lot of display space arrange information. Second monitors are generally used for secondary activities related to principal tasks, for peripheral awareness of information that is not the main focus, and for easy access to resources. A second monitor improves efficiency in ways that are difficult to measure yet can have substantial subjective benefit. The study concludes with illustrations of shortcomings of today's systems and applications: the way we work could be improved at relatively low cost. %M C.CHI.01.1.466 %T Folk Computing: Revisiting Oral Tradition as a Scaffold for Co-Present Communities %S Storytelling %A Rick Borovoy %A Brian Silverman %A Tim Gorton %A Matt Notowidigdo %A Brian Knep %A Mitchel Resnick %A Jeff Klann %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 466-473 %K PDA, community, education, face-to-face, folklore, groupware, handheld, mobile computing, social computing, ubiquitous computing %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p466-borovoy/p466-borovoy.pdf %X In this paper, we introduce Folk Computing: an approach for using technology to support co-present community building inspired by the concept of folklore. We also introduce a new technology, called "i-balls," whose design helped fashion this approach. The design of the i-ball environment is explained in terms of our effort to simultaneously preserve what works about folklore while also using technology to expand its power as a medium for community building. %M C.CHI.01.1.474 %T Designing Palaver Tree Online: Supporting Social Roles in a Community of Oral History %S Storytelling %A Jason B. Ellis %A Amy S. Bruckman %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 474-481 %K CSCL, children, online community, user-centered design %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p474-ellis/p474-ellis.pdf %X As a more diverse population of users moves online, understanding how to help those groups work together and leverage their diverse skills poses a significant challenge for human-computer interaction. This paper presents a case study of the design of an online community that supports kids interviewing elders to build up a shared database of oral history. Two pilot studies with existing technology are presented, and a software design based on those studies is described, along with future work. This work shows the value of prototyping with existing technology in order to uncover user needs in an onine environment. %M C.CHI.01.1.482 %T Classroom Collaboration in the Design of Tangible Interfaces for Storytelling %S Storytelling %A Danae Stanton %A Victor Bayon %A Helen Neale %A Ahmed Ghali %A Steve Benford %A Sue Cobb %A Rob Ingram %A John Wilson %A Tony Pridmore %A Claire O'Malley %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 482-489 %K children, participatory design, storytelling, tangibles %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p482-stanton/p482-stanton.pdf %X We describe the design of tangible interfaces to the KidPad collaborative drawing tool. Our aims are to support the re-enactment of stories to audiences, and integration within real classroom environments. A six-month iterative design process, working with children and teachers in school, has produced the "magic carpet", an interface that uses pressure mats and video-tracked and barcoded physical props to navigate a story in KidPad. Reflecting on this process, we propose four guidelines for the design of tangible interfaces for the classroom. (1) Use physical size and physical props to encourage collaboration. (2) Be aware of how different interfaces emphasize different actions. (3) Be aware that superficial changes to the design can produce very different physical interactions. (4) Focus on open low-tech technologies rather than (over) polished products. %M C.CHI.01.1.490 %T Using Information Scent to Model User Information Needs and Actions and the Web %S Information Scent %A Ed H. Chi %A Peter Pirolli %A Kim Chen %A James Pitkow %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 490-497 %K World Wide Web, data mining, information foraging, information retrieval, information scent, usability %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p490-chi/p490-chi.pdf %X On the Web, users typically forage for information by navigating from page to page along Web links. Their surfing patterns or actions are guided by their information needs. Researchers need tools to explore the complex interactions between user needs, user actions, and the structures and contents of the Web. In this paper, we describe two computational methods for understanding the relationship between user needs and user actions. First, for a particular pattern of surfing, we seek to infer the associated information need. Second, given an information need, and some pages as starting pints, we attempt to predict the expected surfing patterns. The algorithms use a concept called "information scent", which is the subjective sense of value and cost of accessing a page based on perceptual cues. We present an empirical evaluation of these two algorithms, and show their effectiveness. %M C.CHI.01.1.498 %T Information Scent as a Driver of Web Behavior Graphs: Results of a Protocol Analysis Method for Web Usability %S Information Scent %A Stuart K. Card %A Peter Pirolli %A Mija Van Der Wege %A Julie B. Morrison %A Robert W. Reeder %A Pamela K. Schraedley %A Jenea Boshart %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 498-505 %K Web behavior graph, Web usability, Weblogger, behavior graph, information foraging, information scent, protocol analysis, web-eyemapper %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p498-card/p498-card.pdf %X The purpose of this paper is to introduce a replicable WWW protocol analysis methodology illustrated by application to data collected in the laboratory. The methodology uses instrumentation to obtain detailed recordings of user actions with a browser, caches Web pages encountered, and videotapes talk-aloud protocols. We apply the current form of the method to the analysis of eight Web protocols, visualizing the structure of the interaction and showing the strong effect of information scent in determining the path followed. %M C.CHI.01.1.506 %T Visual Information Foraging in a Focus + Context Visualization %S Information Scent %A Peter Pirolli %A Stuart K. Card %A Mija M. Van Der Wege %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 506-513 %K CODE theory of visual attention, focus+context, hyperbolic tree, information foraging, information scent, information visualization, visual attention, visual search %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p506-pirolli/p506-pirolli.pdf %X Eye tracking studies of the Hyperbolic Tree browser [10] suggest that visual search in focus+context displays is highly affected by information scent (i.e., local cues, such as text summaries, used to assess and navigate toward distal information sources). When users detected a strong information scent, they were able to reach their goal faster with the Hyperbolic Tree browser than with a conventional browser. When users detected a weak scent or no scent, users exhibited less efficient search of areas with a high density of visual items. In order to interpret these results we present an integration of the CODE Theory of Visual Attention (CTVA) with information foraging theory. Development of the CTVA-foraging theory could lead to deeper analysis of interaction with visual displays of content, such as the World Wide Web or information visualizations. %M C.CHI.01.1.514 %T The Notification Collage: Posting Information to Public and Personal Displays %S Public Displays %A Saul Greenberg %A Michael Rounding %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 514-521 %K awareness, informal interaction, media spaces, messaging %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p514-greenberg/p514-greenberg.pdf %X The Notification Collage (NC) is a groupware system where distributed and co-located colleagues comprising a small community post media elements onto a real-time collaborative surface that all members can see. Akin to collages of information found on public bulletin boards, NC randomly places incoming elements onto this surface. People can post assorted media: live video from desktop cameras; editable sticky notes; activity indicator; slide shows displaying a series of digital photos, snapshots of a person's digital desktop, and Web page thumbnails. User experiences show that NC becomes a rich resource for awareness and collaboration. Community members indicate their presence to others by posting live video. They regularly act on this information by engaging in text and video conversations. Because all people can overhear conversations, these become active opportunities to join in. People also post items they believe will be interesting to others, such as desktop snapshots and vacation photos. Finally, people use NC somewhat differently when it is displayed on a large public screen than when it appears on a personal computer. %M C.CHI.01.1.522 %T Single Display Privacyware: Augmenting Public Displays with Private Information %S Public Displays %A Garth B. D. Shoemaker %A Kori Inkpen %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 522-529 %K CSCW, awareness, collaboration, privacy, single display groupware, single display privacyware (SDP) %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p522-shoemaker/p522-shoemaker.pdf %X The research area of Single Display Groupware (SDG) confronts the standard model of computing interaction, one user working on one computer, by investigating how the best support groups of users interacting with a shared display. One problem that has arisen in SDG research concerns access to private information. Previously, private information could not be displayed on a shared display, it could only be accessed on external devices, such as private monitors or Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). This paper discusses Single Display Privacyware (SDP), an interaction technique that allows private information to be shown within the context of a shared display. A description of the hardware and software components of our prototype SDP system is given, as are the results of a user study performed to investigate users interacting in the environment. Conclusions concerning future research in the area of SDP are discussed. %M C.CHI.01.1.530 %T Linking Public Spaces: Technical and Social Issues %S Public Displays %A Gavin Jancke %A Gina Danielle Venolia %A Jonathan Grudin %A J. J. Cadiz %A Anoop Gupta %B CHI2001 %D 2001 %P 530-537 %K informal communication, privacy, videoconferencing %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/365024/p530-jancke/p530-jancke.pdf %X Three public spaces frequency used by members of a single organization who are distributed across different floors of two buildings were linked by constantly-running video and audio connections. We discuss the design of the system, including issues in providing low-latency, full-duplex audio-video connectivity, ways to increase possibilities for interaction while addressing privacy concerns, and the introduction of the system to the community. We report on responses to the system and lessons learned, including unexpected issues, such as creative decorations of the spaces and assertions by a vocal minority of employees about the private nature of "public space." fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI01-2.BA %M C.CHI.01.2.1 %T User benefits of connecting automobiles to the internet %S Demonstrations: the way to work %A David Curbow %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 1-2 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634069 %X Commuters spend a lot of time in their cars, Americans average 80 minutes per day -- much of it stuck in traffic jams. Surveys tell us that most users are interested in services and information that makes their drive safer, shorter and more enjoyable -- not reading email. Jupiter Communications[1] surveyed 2100 consumers in 1998 regarding services they would like to see in the auto. Their answers (in order of preference): directions and maps, traffic reports, weather, e-mail and arranging travel. This matches our smaller scale studies. We have been investigating how to deliver these services to drivers and have initial information to report. %M C.CHI.01.2.3 %T Hubbub: a wireless instant messenger that uses earcons for awareness and for "sound instant messages" %S Demonstrations: the way to work %A Ellen Isaacs %A Alan Walendowski %A Dipti Ranganathan %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 3-4 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634070 %X There is a need for lightweight communication tools that give people awareness of colleagues, friends, and family and that let them initiate and retrieve messages with trivial effort. Existing instant messenger applications are a good step, but most provide minimal awareness and are not easily accessible from the road. Hubbub is an instant messenger that runs on a wireless Palm and a PC, enabling people to maintain background awareness of others and send them quick messages. It uses a novel concept of "sound instant messages," i.e., earcons that have meaning, such "Hi" or "Thanks." Each user has a Sound ID that announces their sound messages and their changes in availability. Users can protect their privacy and control sound overload. %M C.CHI.01.2.5 %T The "Authoring on the Fly" system for automatic presentation recording %S Demonstrations: anywhere %A Wolfgang Hurst %A Gabriela Maass %A Rainer Muller %A Thomas Ottmann %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 5-6 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634072 %X In the presentation recording scenario there are two aspects regarding the user interface: How the recording is done (i.e., how the presenter or his/her assistants have to interact with the recording tools (hardware and software)), and how users can access the produced multimedia documents (i.e., how replay, as well as search and navigation in the files can be done comfortably and efficiently). In this demonstration, we will illustrate Authoring on the Fly (AOF), a system for presentation recording which provides new approaches and solutions for both of these issues. %M C.CHI.01.2.7 %T MobiLearn: competence development for Nomads %S Demonstrations: anywhere %A Johan Lundin %A Urban Nulden %A Lars M. Persson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 7-8 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634073 %X Organizations in the new economy are dependent on organizational knowledge and competence. Workers in these organizations are to a large extent mobile. They need new competence development opportunities unrestrained by time and space. We have developed and successfully tested models, applications and activities (e.g. multimedia scenarios) supporting competence development. We are transferring this competence development activity to mobile settings to achieve successful competence development for nomads. The goal is identifying applications and services in the competence development realm suitable for 3G (third generation cellular networks). Combining our models and activities with the new technology we rethink how competence development can be conducted and managed. %M C.CHI.01.2.9 %T Richer graphical interaction using interactive pixel rewrite systems %S Demonstrations: bleeding edge %A George W. Furnas %A Yan Qu %A Sanjeev Shrivastava %A Gregory Peters %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 9-10 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634075 %X Current computer systems are dominated by forms, behaviors and interactions most easily described in the textual languages of the underlying software. In this demo we enrich the space of interactive visual forms and behaviors by using an alternate underlying, non-sentential computational paradigm, Pixel Rewrite Systems. We show fundamental algorithms, interaction elements and application fragments that might be possible with this approach. %M C.CHI.01.2.11 %T CPN/tools: revisiting the desktop metaphor with post-WIMP interaction techniques %S Demonstrations: bleeding edge %A Michel Beaudouin-Lafon %A Wendy E. Mackay %A Peter Andersen %A Paul Janecek %A Mads Jensen %A Michael Lassen %A Kasper Lund %A Kjeld Mortensen %A Stephanie Munck %A Katrine Ravn %A Anne Ratzer %A Soren Christensen %A Kurt Jensen %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 11-12 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634076 %X CPN/Tools is an editor and simulator of Coloured Petri Nets that uses post-WIMP interaction techniques, including bi-manual interaction, toolglasses and marking menus and a new metaphor for managing the workspace. It challenges traditional ideas about user interfaces, getting rid of pull-down menus, scrollbars, and even selection, while providing the same or greater functionality than current GUIs. This demo presents the first version of CPN/Tools. %M C.CHI.01.2.13 %T The total access system %S Demonstrations: anyone %A Neil G. Scott %A Isabelle Gingras %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 13-14 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634078 %X In this paper, we describe the Total Access System (TAS) developed by the Archimedes Project at Stanford University's Center for the Study of Language and Information. The purpose of the TAS is to ensure everybody is able to access information regardless of individual needs, abilities, preferences and culture. Rather than modifying the computer that is to be accessed, the TAS provides individuals with a personal information appliance, called an accessor, that provides alternative ways to perform all of the necessary keyboard, mouse and/or monitor functions. With this approach, disabled users can transparently use the full capabilities of any system without penalty and with whatever performance augmentation they may require to be competitive. %M C.CHI.01.2.15 %T What I need is what I get: downloadable user interfaces via Jini and Java %S Demonstrations: anyone %A Marney Beard %A Peter Korn %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 15-16 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634079 %X In this demonstration, we show how technology can improve the lives of people with disabilities, specifically by increasing their independence by giving them control over a few appliances in the home. The technical approach demonstrated here is based on Jini[tm] connection technology, which allows devices and "services" to become known to each other, and allows the "service" to be delivered through a variety of user interfaces. This approach can be applied in any number of situations, both throughout the home and in public spaces, illustrating the power of universal design, which benefits all people, whether they happen to have a disability or not. %M C.CHI.01.2.17 %T Usability testing software for the internet %S Demonstrations: web usability %A Mike Lister %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 17-18 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634081 %X This paper describes a software method of producing an in-depth examination of the user experience of a website. Using Internet technology, multiple tests can be aggregated to produce average patterns of behavior. The visual data from the tests can be copied to removable media such as CD-ROM and replayed on any Windows equipped computer to show the development team the difficulties experienced by target customers. The website customer testing phase can be accelerated by the use of this software because the individuals may be tested via the Internet and so there are no geographic considerations. As testing takes place the target customer is in isolation so that accumulated data is not distorted by other individuals. %M C.CHI.01.2.19 %T WebEyeMapper and WebLogger: tools for analyzing eye tracking data collected in web-use studies %S Demonstrations: web usability %A Robert W. Reeder %A Peter Pirolli %A Stuart K. Card %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 19-20 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634082 %X Eye trackers output a stream of points at which the eye was looking. To give these points meaning, researchers analyzing eye tracking data need to map the points onto the meaningful objects at which the eye was looking. Performing this mapping has proven to be a tedious, time-consuming task. We present a software system that automates this task for Web usability studies that incorporate eye tracking. %M C.CHI.01.2.21 %T CTTE: an environment for analysis and development of task models of cooperative applications %S Demonstrations: design tools %A Fabio Paterno %A Giulio Mori %A Riccardo Galiberti %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 21-22 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634084 %X Tool-support is strongly required in order to ease the use of task models and make them acceptable to a large number of designers. CTTE is an automatic environment that has been developed for this purpose. This tool can be useful to better develop and analyse task models and their dynamic behaviour including those for cooperative applications. %M C.CHI.01.2.23 %T A user input and analysis tool for information architecture %S Demonstrations: design tools %A Jianming Dong %A Shirley Martin %A Paul Waldo %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 23-24 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634085 %X The EZSort tool helps interface designers organize information for Web sites based on users' expectations gathered from card sorting exercises. It includes two packages: Usort and EZCalc. Usort provides a simple user interface for the card sort study participants to group cards by direct manipulation within a Graphical User Interface. EZCalc analyzes the card sort data gathered from Usort using cluster analysis statistical tool and generates tree diagrams that present clearly the page groupings suggested by the data. The output diagrams from EZCalc feature directly adjustable criteria bars and dynamic feedback on the resulting groupings. This tool is available for download from the IBM Ease of Use Web site. %M C.CHI.01.2.25 %T MagicBook: transitioning between reality and virtuality %S Demonstrations: technology play %A Mark Billinghurst %A Hirokazu Kato %A Ivan Poupyrev %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 25-26 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634087 %X The MagicBook explores how interfaces can be developed that allow for seamless transition between Physical Reality, Augmented Reality (AR), and immersive Virtual Reality (VR) in a collaborative setting. The MagicBook is a normal book and can be read without any additional technology. However, when book pages are viewed through a handheld display three-dimensional virtual images appear overlaid on them. Readers can view these AR scenes from any perspective and can also fly into the scenes and experience them as an immersive VR world. VR users can see other VR users represented as life-sized virtual avatars, while AR users will see VR users as miniature avatars in the scene. %M C.CHI.01.2.27 %T Therapeutic play with a storytelling robot %S Demonstrations: technology play %A Corinna Lathan %A Jack Maxwell Vice %A Michael Tracey %A Catherine Plaisant %A Allison Druin %A Kris Edward %A Jaime Montemayor %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 27-28 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634088 %X We are developing a prototype storytelling robot for use with children in rehabilitation. Children can remotely control a furry robot by using a variety of body sensors adapted to their disability or rehabilitation goal. We believe this robot can motivate children and help them reach their therapy goals through therapeutic play, either by exercising muscles or joints (e.g. for physically challenged children) or by reflecting on the stories (e.g. for children with developmental disabilities). To develop this technology we use an innovative design methodology involving children as design partners. %M C.CHI.01.2.29 %T Personal digital historian: user interface design %S Design expo %A Chia Shen %A Neal Lesh %A Baback Moghaddam %A Paul Beardsley %A Ryan Scott Bardsley %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 29-30 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634090 %X Desktop computers are not designed for multi-person face-to-face conversation in a social setting. We describe the design of a novel user interface for multi-user interactive informal storytelling. Our design is guided by principles of experience sharing, the disappearing computer, visual navigation, and implicit query formulation. %M C.CHI.01.2.31 %T PatternMagix construction kit software %S Design expo %A Edith Ackermann %A Carol Strohecker %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 31-32 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634091 %X PatternMagix is a game-like software construction kit. Its constructive-dialogic style of interaction supports learning through playful exploration. In the course of creating colorful tiles and patterns, learners explore geometric operations, like rotation and symmetry. Their moves alternate with automatic moves of the computational device so that the interactions resemble turn-taking in a dialog. %M C.CHI.01.2.33 %T VisualFlow a media browser %S Design expo %A Eduardo Sciammarella %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 33-34 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634092 %X This paper covers the development and design of a media browsing application, VisualFlow, for Sony's MemoryStick and VAIO Computers. VisualFlow has been an attempt to establish a new consumer oriented user interface. This new interface provides an enjoyable yet powerful framework for consumers to manage an increasing multitude of media files. %M C.CHI.01.2.35 %T GeoSCAPE: designing a reconstructive tool for field archaeological excavation %S Design expo %A Jay Lee %A Hiroshi Ishii %A Blair Duun %A Victor Su %A Sandia Ren %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 35-36 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634093 %X We introduce GeoSCAPE, a "reconstructive" tool for capturing measurement data in field archaeology and facilitating a 3D visualization of an excavation rendered in computer graphics. This project is carried out by extending a recently developed an orientation-aware digital measuring tape, called HandSCAPE that has been examined to address the efficiency of bridging measuring and modeling for on-site application areas [2]. In this paper, we present the GeoSCAPE system using the same digital tape measure interacting with an enhancing archaeological-specific 3D visualizations the goal is to provide visual reconstruction methods by acquiring accurate field measurements and visualizing the complex work of an archaeologist during the course of on-site excavation. %M C.CHI.01.2.37 %T Poly-vectoral reverse navigation: simplifying traversal to and from shared nodes %S Design expo %A Mark Freeman %A Eric Gould Bear %A Barbee Teasley %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 37-38 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634094 %X A shared node is a packet of information accessible from more than one context. A few techniques exist for displaying and navigating shared nodes, but they are either not optimal for web environments, or are lacking in richness and ease-of-use. Poly-vectoral reverse navigation (PVRN) is a technique we developed to provide information within a context about other contexts that share a node. From within a shared node, PVRN provides ready navigation to other contexts that share the node. The technique was successfully used in a commercial web site. %M C.CHI.01.2.39 %T The gas pump as information appliance: a design case %S Design expo %A Rachel Garb %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 39-40 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634095 %X Advertisers, content providers, and media companies are continually seeking novel ways to reach consumers in everyday places. One company, Ten Square, is launching a network that delivers interactive content and services to consumers at gas pumps. This paper discusses the primary design challenges and constraints Ten Square faced in developing its first application: a coupon-on-demand service. Design approaches and considerations leading up to the solution are presented, along with recommendations for gracefully integrating interactive experiences into time-limited retail transactions. %M C.CHI.01.2.41 %T Building international web sites for the financial market %S Design expo %A Erik Rutten %A David Ziedman %A Doris Pelger %A Bill McCarthy %A Duncan Prior %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 41-42 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634096 %X Launching a financial web site is already a difficult enough prospect. The EUBOS.nl web site wants to offer financial services to people throughout Europe using a bank that is both foreign to their country and whose presence is only a cyberpresence. Such a proposition will sink or swim based on its international sensitivity, its convincing brand identity and user support. International sensitivity means that the web site must have an interface that can take into mutli-cultural considerations (i.e. cultural values, language, legal systems). The proposed web site should radiate a recognizable brand identity (or at least a brand identity the users think they recognize). Task support on the web site must allow for many simultaneous levels of users each needing their own level of support. %M C.CHI.01.2.43 %T GeoNotes: social enhancement of physical space %S Design expo %A Per Persson %A Fredrik Espinoza %A Elenor Cacciatore %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 43-44 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634097 %X The GeoNotes system allows users to annotate physical locations with virtual 'notes', which are then pushed to or accessed by other users when in the vicinity. GeoNotes employs a number of social filtering techniques, which all rely on logging of usage rather than content. %M C.CHI.01.2.45 %T Digital jewelry: wearable technology for everyday life %S Design expo %A Cameron S. Miner %A Denise M. Chan %A Christopher Campbell %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 45-46 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634098 %X Pervasive technology devices that intend to be worn must not only meet our functional requirements but also our social, emotional, and aesthetic needs. Current pervasive devices such as the PDA or cell phone are more portable than wearable, yet still they elicit strong consumer demand for intuitive interfaces and well-designed forms. Looking to the future of wearable pervasive devices, we can imagine an even greater demand for meaningful forms for objects nestled so close to our bodies. They will need to reflect our tastes and moods, and allow us to express our personalities, cultural beliefs, and values. Digital Jewelry explores a new wearable technology form that is based in jewelry design, not in technology. Through prototypes and meaningful scenarios, digital jewelry offers new ideas to consider in the design of wearable devices. %M C.CHI.01.2.47 %T Interfaces for groupware %S Development consortium participants %A Marcos R. S. Borges %A Jose A. Pino %A Carla Valle %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 47-48 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634100 %X Groupware applications require a different set of interface metaphors to appropriately deal with synchronous and asynchronous interactions. In this paper we describe some interface artifacts developed for two groupware applications %M C.CHI.01.2.49 %T Research and development of speech technology & applications for Mexican Spanish at the Tlatoa group %S Development consortium participants %A Ingrid Kirschning %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 49-50 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634101 %X Thanks to the advances in today's technology in terms of processing speed of computers, storage space and the management of sound and video devices, speech technology is a reality in almost any kind of computerized system. Speech applications are being used in personal computers, cellular phones, etc. This makes this interesting technology accessible to almost anyone. Among it's most useful applications we can find telephone-based information services, banking and computer assisted language learning systems. There exist already a large number of commercial products that use speech interfaces, developed mainly for English, German and Japanese. That is why we at TLATOA have focused our efforts on making this technology available in the Spanish spoken in Mexico. To this effect we perform basic research in the different speech processing techniques, trying to improve the performance of speech recognition and synthesis (artificial neural networks, hidden Markov Models (HMM's), Unit Selection, etc.), as well as, the Spanish language, dialogue structure, perception and human-computer interaction approaches, for the development of speech applications. %M C.CHI.01.2.51 %T Structured user interface design methodology %S Development consortium participants %A Leonel Morales %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 51-52 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634102 %X This extended abstract describes the research in progress to develop a methodology to deploy user interface designs based on a layer-conformed structure. Final descriptive designs are achieved when all layers are specified. %M C.CHI.01.2.53 %T Adding human computer interaction studies into the informatics and computing engineering bachelor degrees in Latin America %S Development consortium participants %A Mario Alberto Moreno Rocha %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 53-54 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634103 %X The fast paced evolution of computing disciplines forces educators to a constant reviewing and actualisation of both content and syllabus of professional studies. However, the studies within the area of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) had been traditionally left aside, being the interface design a primordial necessity in the job market. This proposal offers a vision, along with advantages, which would come with the incorporation of HCI studies to the syllabus of careers like the Bachelor in Informatics and Computing Engineering. %M C.CHI.01.2.55 %T A semiotic engineering approach to HCI %S Development consortium participants %A Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza %A Simone Diniz Junqueira Barbosa %A Raquel Oliveira Prates %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 55-56 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634104 %X Designing software involves good perception, good reasoning, and a talent to express oneself effectively through programming and interactive languages. Semiotic theories can help HCI designers increase their power to perceive, reason and communicate. In this paper we present the semiotic engineering approach to HCI and some of the results that have been reached at the Semiotic Engineering Research Group (SERG) at the Informatics Department at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio). %M C.CHI.01.2.57 %T Work environments in electronic meeting systems %S Development consortium participants %A Josefina Rodriquez %A Jesus Favela %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 57-58 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634105 %X In this paper, we describe different work environments for the Electronic Meeting System designed at CICESE Research Center. %M C.CHI.01.2.59 %T Human-computer interaction through computer vision %S Development consortium participants %A Homero V. Rios %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 59-60 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634106 %X In this paper, we describe the work of our group on the use of computer vision to complement existing modes of human-interaction. Our main achievements have been the development of an iris tracker and a hand tracker for HCI similar to a "visual mouse", and a deformable model of a generic face for facial feature extraction, for emotion recognition. %M C.CHI.01.2.61 %T Supporting group awareness in alliance %S Development consortium participants %A Manuel Romero Salcedo %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 61-62 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634107 %X An important problem in several scientific and technical fields, and in general in the whole human knowledge, is the development and maintenance of common documents. Alliance is a collaborative writing system which allow co-authors, spread out across different locations, to work together sharing common documents. In order for collaboration to succeed and to be efficient, co-authors need to be aware of each other's activities (actions, intentions, presence, etc.). This position paper focus on describing the protocol developed for supporting group awareness in Alliance. A discussion of how well this protocol works in a real operational context is included. %M C.CHI.01.2.63 %T HCI and CSCW in the context of digital libraries %S Development consortium participants %A J. Alfredo Sanchez %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 63-64 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634108 %X We describe work conducted to explore issues related to human-computer interaction (HCI) and computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) in the development of digital libraries. In this context, we have designed and prototyped environments that facilitate collaboration among distributed users while still responding to their specific individual needs and preferences. The results of the work include operational interfaces for large information spaces and collaborative environments for an actual digital library which is part of a large federation of digital collections. %M C.CHI.01.2.65 %T Interactive virtual acoustic environments for blind children: computing, usability, and cognition %S Development consortium participants %A Jaime Sanchez %A Mauricio Lumbreras %A Luca Cernuzzi %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 65-66 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634109 %X Blind children tend to represent spatial environments with cognitive difficulty. The absence of visual stimuli processing impedes the construction of rich representations of the surrounding space. This can be decreased if they are exposed to interactive experiences with acoustic stimuli delivered through spatialized sound software complemented with cognitive tasks tailored to accomplish richer representations. A few studies have approached this issue by using interactive applications that integrate virtual reality and cognitive tasks to enhance spatial orientation skills. The aim of this research has been to design interactive software based on spatialized sound to help blind learners to construct cognitive spatial structures. %M C.CHI.01.2.67 %T Social affordances of computer-mediated communication technology: understanding adoption %S Doctoral consortium %A Erin Bradner %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 67-68 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634111 %X Computer-mediated communication (CMC) technology includes messaging systems, such as e-mail, and conferencing technologies designed to facilitate group work. Technology researchers argue that CMC adoption fails when it interferes with subtle and complex social dynamics of groups. Yet, empirical studies of CMC use which explicitly associate social behavior with design features are largely absent from the literature. Also absent are conceptual tools for detecting and describing such behavior. This research addresses these absences by closely examining how CMC design supports social interaction among distributed work groups and thus, stimulates or suppresses adoption. Contributions of this work are a principled understanding of sociotechnical issues surrounding CMC use and recommendations for design. %M C.CHI.01.2.69 %T Flamenco image browser: using metadata to improve image search during architectural design %S Doctoral consortium %A Ame Elliott %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 69-70 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634112 %X Current user interfaces for image search are not successful at supporting architects' information access needs because they 1) do not recognize the context of architectural design, and 2) require complex textual queries that often result in either too many or too few images. This paper describes a new approach: using metadata about the images to aid search by generating dynamic query previews. Previews will help users visualize the contents of the collection, aid in making queries both more general and more specific, and help them to follow an information scent through a collection by giving them hints about where to go next. This paper describes a prototype system and plans for evaluation. %M C.CHI.01.2.71 %T Presence awareness: multiple sources, multiple roles %S Doctoral consortium %A Mark Handel %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 71-72 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634113 %X Intelligent, networked devices are increasingly common, and most of these devices are capable of reporting presence information about users or sets of users. One serious limitation is that most existing presence awareness systems are unable handle multiple presence sources at once, nor are they able to handle the situation where a user is also enacting multiple roles. This work looks at some of the possible problems with multiple sources, such as when a single device could report about multiple people, or devices have conflicting data. %M C.CHI.01.2.73 %T Exploratory user study of haptic and auditory display for multimodal geographical information systems %S Doctoral consortium %A Woo-seob Jeong %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 73-74 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634114 %X In this paper, the result of haptic and auditory display experiments is reported as an exploratory user test for augmenting visually dominant geographical information systems (GIS). The test results showed the haptic display to be the best in performance, the auditory display to be the worst, and the combination of the two modes to lie in the middle. It was found that the musical experience and haptic device experience affected the performance of the auditory tasks and the haptic tasks respectively. The results also show that there is interference between two modes in the combined situation. The plans for future work are described, including the tests with different kinds of geographical information tasks. %M C.CHI.01.2.75 %T Effect of neck range of motion limitations on the use of head controls %S Doctoral consortium %A Edmund F. LoPresti %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 75-76 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634115 %X Computer head controls provide an alternative means of computer access for people with disabilities. Reduced neck range of motion due to disability was found to be correlated with reduced accuracy and speed in icon selection using head controls. Five alternative interfaces were developed and evaluated to determine their potential to compensate for a user's reduced neck range of motion. Based on the final results of this evaluation, one interface method will be selected. The parameters of this interface will be automatically tuned to an individual user's limitations and abilities. The interface will be further evaluated in order to determine its effectiveness in helping people operate a computer using head controls. %M C.CHI.01.2.77 %T Sensory information for collaborative interaction in augmented environments %S Doctoral consortium %A Andrea H. Mason %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 77-78 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634116 %X To effectively design computer simulations for interactive shared environments, we first need to understand what basic sensory information is required by people collaborating in these environments. Experiments have been proposed to investigate how sensory information is used in the generation of simple collaborative movements in both natural and desktop augmented environments. Results from this work will be used to determine how and when to present sensory information to users of a virtual collaborative system, and to suggest methods for optimizing the hardware and software requirements when designing such environments. %M C.CHI.01.2.79 %T How do people manage interruptions in complex decision making tasks? %S Doctoral consortium %A Sheryl L. Miller %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 79-80 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634117 %X Interruption is a non-trivial part of complex work, in that interruptions frequently contain useful information. When choosing how to manage an interruption, this potential usefulness must be considered along with potential disruption to the ongoing task. This paper proposes two experiments that investigate the strategies that people use to manage interruptions in a computer-based, team decision making task. %M C.CHI.01.2.81 %T Physical programming: software you can touch %S Doctoral consortium %A Jaime Montemayor %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 81-82 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634118 %X Tangible computer-human interfaces is an important and active research area. But, few people are working on ways to easily program these systems. My work addresses this need by developing a physical programming language. This research comes out of our work in developing tools for children to build room-sized storytelling environments. In this extended abstract, I will describe the motivation for my research, my proposed work and design methods. %M C.CHI.01.2.83 %T Paradigm shift? the implications of web-based notetaking %S Doctoral consortium %A Yolanda Jacobs Reimer %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 83-84 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634119 %X This paper explores the transition from traditional paper-based notetaking to the process of information assimilation (IA) on the Web. IA is introduced and defined, and the implications for Web-based notebook tools needed to support this process are explained. A preliminary electronic notebook prototype is described, followed by planned future work in the area of IA and Web-based notetaking. %M C.CHI.01.2.85 %T Towards a semio-cognitive theory of Human-Computer Interaction %S Doctoral consortium %A Carlos A. Scolari %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 85-86 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634120 %X The research here presented is theoretical and introduces a critical analysis of instrumental approaches in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). From a semiotic point of view interfaces are not "natural" or "neutral" instruments, but rather complex sense production devices. Interaction, in other words, is far from being a "transparent" process. In this abstract we present the fundaments of a theoretical model that combines Semiotics with Cognitive Science approaches. %M C.CHI.01.2.87 %T Electronic discussion group moderators' experiences with flame messages and implications for the design of a multi-modal adaptive content-sensitive filtering tool %S Doctoral consortium %A Richard H. C. Seabrook %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 87-88 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634121 %X Flame messages pose a persistent and growing problem for discussion groups who rely on the Internet for their primary means of communication. Online communities maintaining public bulletin boards are especially susceptible to undesirable posts which can have a considerable effect on the membership and continuing discussion. Most such groups rely on a moderator or host to take appropriate action when flame messages appear. Filters applied to email headers have been partially successful identifying unwanted messages in electronic mailing lists. While message content provides a consistent determiner of what a message is about, not being able to predict the content of unwanted messages makes filtering on content difficult. The current study interviews list moderators to gain an understanding of current practices with respect to handling flame messages and their effect on continuing discussion. A filtering tool is proposed using a multi-modal filter technique and a prototype tested in the field. A panel of experts is used to evaluate the tool's interface. %M C.CHI.01.2.89 %T Interfaces for understanding: improving access to consumer health information %S Doctoral consortium %A Laura Slaughter %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 89-90 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634122 %X This research will examine how health care consumers use a prototype interface that supports understanding and defining information problems through visual exploration of the medical domain (relationships among medical concepts and functional relationships in the human body). %M C.CHI.01.2.91 %T Adaptive interaction methods in speech user interfaces %S Doctoral consortium %A Markku Turunen %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 91-92 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634123 %X The aim of this research is to build adaptive interaction techniques and methods for speech user interfaces. The focus is on interaction methods which can adapt to the different users and interaction situations. This includes multilinguality, different communication strategies, robust error handling methods and complex structural elements. The research is done in the context of the Jaspis framework, which is a general architecture for speech application development. Jaspis is based on an adaptive interaction model, which includes input agents, dialogue agents and presentation agents. Using these it is possible to construct highly adaptive, modular and reusable interaction techniques for speech applications. %M C.CHI.01.2.93 %T Dynamic viewpoint tethering: controlling a virtual camera for effective navigation in virtual environments %S Doctoral consortium %A Wenbi Wang %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 93-94 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634124 %X Dynamic viewpoint tethering is an innovative display technique, which has been proposed to support effective navigation in large-scale virtual environments by integrating information from different frames of reference. The dynamic tether incorporates principles which are known from the older technique of frequency separation, and in many ways resembles a mass-spring-damper system. This study examines the effect of dynamic viewpoint tethering on human users' performance on both local guidance and global awareness tasks. The research results support the design of display systems in improving human-computer interaction in teleoperation tasks. %M C.CHI.01.2.95 %T Psychophysiological indicators of the impact of media quality on users %S Doctoral consortium %A Gillian M. Wilson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 95-96 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634125 %X The number of networked multimedia applications is increasing, therefore users' quality requirements need to be clearly specified. At present, subjective assessment is used to do this, however it has drawbacks when used in isolation. Therefore, this research approach is utilising physiological indicators of stress to measure the impact of media quality on users -- this is defined as user cost. Four studies using this technique have shown that physiological responses to audio and video degradations can be detected and that they do not always correlate with subjective results. Subsequently, a three-tier approach to multimedia quality evaluation is proposed, which incorporates task performance, user satisfaction and user cost. %M C.CHI.01.2.97 %T On the reliability of usability testing %S Interactive posters: user centered design %A Martin Kessner %A Jo Wood %A Richard F. Dillon %A Robert L. West %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 97-98 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634127 %X Six professional usability testing teams conducted a usability test on an early prototype of a dialog box. Altogether, they identified 36 usability problems. No problem was detected by every team, 2 were found by five teams, 4 by four teams, 7 by three teams, 7 by two teams, and 18 problems were identified by one team only. There was more agreement among teams in this study compared to a previous study [1] and there was more agreement among the teams on severe vs. minor problems. Implications for the cooperation between usability testers and their clients are discussed. %M C.CHI.01.2.99 %T A participatory poster of participatory methods %S Interactive posters: user centered design %A Michael Muller %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 99-100 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634128 %X It has been four years since the last systematic survey of participatory methods for participatory analysis, design, and evaluation. This poster will present the 61 methods (and seven lifecycle models) that were collected from the previous survey, and will solicit new methods and practices from CHI conference participants. The poster is "participatory" in the sense that it will not be complete until conference participants have contributed to it. %M C.CHI.01.2.101 %T What makes a representative user representative? a participatory poster %S Interactive posters: user centered design %A Michael Muller %A David R. Millen %A Carol Strohecker %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 101-102 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634129 %X We compare six definitions of the concept of "representative user," including interpretations based in statistics, grounded theory, political theory and design practice. This participatory poster invites conference participants to contribute their own interpretations. %M C.CHI.01.2.103 %T Design methodology of an online greek language course %S Interactive posters: user centered design %A Panayiotis Zaphiris %A Giorgos Zacharia %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 103-104 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634130 %X We present a participatory design methodology for developing an online community supported Modern Greek language course. The students of the classes collaborate in transcribing real audio lessons, publish and peer review shared notes. Participatory design was implemented as a four step process (a) Building bridges with the intended users (b) Map user needs and suggestions to the system (c) Develop a prototype (d) Integrate feedback and continue the iteration. %M C.CHI.01.2.105 %T GUP: graphical presentation of user profile %S Interactive posters: user centered design %A Tomi Kankainen %A Jarmo Parkkinen %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 105-106 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634131 %X In this paper, we present a quick and easy technique to present user profiles graphically. The technique is believed to be specially suitable for communicating user data in multidisciplinary design teams. It was invented in a explorative design project focusing on future telecommunications services in department store contexts. %M C.CHI.01.2.107 %T Social navigation research agenda %S Interactive posters: user centered design %A Andreas Dieberger %A Kristina Hook %A Martin Svensson %A Peter Lonnqvist %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 107-108 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634132 %X Social navigation (SN) emerged as a marriage between one-user-one-system scenarios and CSCW. It is a design approach based on either visualizing traces of other users' activities or on direct or indirect communication between users, with the goal to facilitate locating and evaluating information. Social Navigation has wide-ranging benefits, from social filtering over improving trust in eCommerce all the way to improving the user experience in general. However, as it is a new field many design issues are not properly researched yet. In this paper we outline a possible research agenda for the social navigation field, pointing out areas of social navigation in need of research initiatives. %M C.CHI.01.2.109 %T Wherehoo and Periscope: a time & place server and tangible browser for the real world %S Interactive posters: visualizing %A Jim Youll %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 109-110 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634134 %X Periscope is a browsing device for exploring Internet-based representations of the physical world along time and location axes. By manipulating a digitally-augmented view camera, users find media and web pages "located" at the real places they represent, relative to the current time, the real-world location of the Periscope device, and the on-camera controls for range, search radius and time window. Periscope's world view comes from queries of the Wherehoo server, a time-and-place storage system. Wherehoo supports embedded systems, human-exploration-assisting software agents, and other time- and location-based systems that query the physical world or record temporally- and spatially-situated data for use by others. %M C.CHI.01.2.111 %T Pinwheels: visualizing information flow in an architectural space %S Interactive posters: visualizing %A Hiroshi Ishii %A Sandia Ren %A Phil Frei %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 111-112 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634135 %X We envision that the architectural spaces we inhabit will become an interface between humans and online digital information. We have been designing ambient information displays to explore the use of kinetic physical objects to present information at the periphery of human perception. This paper reports the design of a large-scale Pinwheels installation made of 40 computer-controlled pinwheel units in a museum context. The Pinwheels spin in a "wind of bits" that blows from cyberspace. The array of spinning pinwheels presents information within an architectural space through subtle changes in movement and sound. We describe the iterative design and implementation of the Pinwheels, and discuss design issues. %M C.CHI.01.2.113 %T Time-ART: a tool for segmenting and annotating multimedia data in early stages of exploratory analysis %S Interactive posters: visualizing %A Yasuhiro Yamamoto %A Atsushi Aoki %A Kumiyo Nakakoji %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 113-114 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634136 %X Time-ART is a tool that helps a user in conducting empirical multimedia (video/sound) data analysis as an exploratory iterative process. Time-ART helps a user in (1) identifying seemingly interesting parts, (2) annotating them both textually and visually by positioning them in a 2D space, and (3) producing a summary report. The system consists of Movie/SoundEditor to segment a part of a movie/sound, ElementSpace, which is a free 2D space where a user can position segmented parts as objects, a TrackListController that synchronously plays multiple sound/video data, AnnotationEditor with which a user can textually annotate each positioned object, DocumentViewer that automatically compiles positioned parts and their annotations in the space, ViewFinder that provides a 3D view of ElementSpace allowing a user to use different "depth" as layers to classify positioned objects, and TimeChart that is another 3D view of ElementSpace helping a user understand the location of each segmented part in terms of the original movie/sound. %M C.CHI.01.2.115 %T Examining edge congestion %S Interactive posters: visualizing %A M. S. T. Carpendale %A X. Rong %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 115-116 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634137 %X Many applications have emerged that attempt to visualize various aspects of web structure, links, and usage history. These visualizations often rely on graphs to provide a general view and reveal individual relationships. However, these relationships which are explicit in the graph structure are often not visually accessible due to edge congestion problems. In this paper we discuss edge congestion issues and present an interactive approach to handling them. Our edge-displacement algorithm temporarily adjusts the graph layout without distorting the user's mental map. Our algorithm opens up sufficient space to clarify relationship details without moving nodes at all; only edges are shifted. %M C.CHI.01.2.117 %T A dialogue agent for navigation support in virtual reality %S Interactive posters: visualizing %A Jeroen van Luin %A Rieks op den Akker %A Anton Nijholt %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 117-118 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634138 %X We describe our work on designing a natural language accessible navigation agent for a virtual reality (VR) environment. The agent is part of an agent framework, which means that it can communicate with other agents. Its navigation task consists of guiding the visitors in the environment and to answer questions about this environment (a theatre building). Visitors are invited to explore this building, see what is there, ask questions and get advice from the navigation agent. A 2D map has been added to the environment so that visitors can make references to the locations and objects on this map, both in natural language and by clicking with the mouse, making it a multimodal system with cross-modality references. %M C.CHI.01.2.119 %T Pirates: proximity-triggered interaction in a multi-player game %S Interactive posters: mobility %A Jennica Falk %A Peter Ljungstrand %A Staffan Bjork %A Rebecca Hansson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 119-120 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634140 %X We show how proximity-sensing technology can be integrated into computer game design to provide richer game experiences in social settings. To explore the theme of proximity-triggered interaction, we have constructed Pirates! -- a multi-player, wireless computer game for handheld computers, played throughout a physical environment. The players' physical locations in the environment trigger game events. %M C.CHI.01.2.121 %T Active click: tactile feedback for touch panels %S Interactive posters: mobility %A Masaaki Fukumoto %A Toshiaki Sugimura %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 121-122 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634141 %X "Active Click" is a new interface mechanism for addling tactile feedback to touch panels. A small actuator is attached to a body of PDA or the backside of a touch panel. The tactile feedback, created by driving the actuator with a short pulse, is perceived by the grasping hand or tapping finger-tip when the panel is tapped. Active Click is effective in improving the input speed of touch panel operation especially in noisy situations. Active click is also useful for large touch panel devices such as public information terminals or ATMs. %M C.CHI.01.2.123 %T A multi-scaled display technique for PDAs %S Interactive posters: mobility %A Meurig Sage %A Martin Gardner %A Philip Gray %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 123-124 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634142 %X The proliferation of small mobile devices with different-sized displays presents a challenge to user interface designers. How can the different display sizes and layouts be accommodated while maintaining a consistent display strategy for users and minimizing the complexity of the interface implementation? We present a multi-scaled display technique developed for use with a palmtop-sized medical clinical assistant. %M C.CHI.01.2.125 %T 2-D pointing while walking %S Interactive posters: mobility %A Lisa Louise Davis %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 125-126 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634143 %X A frequent assertion in wearable computer discussions is that WIMP (windows/icons/mouse/pointer) interfaces are inappropriate for wearable computers, in part because 2-D (two-dimensional) pointing is difficult while walking. This paper summarizes findings from user studies conducted by Tangis Corporation on the usability of pointing devices for wearable computers. The author finds that, with changes, 2-D pointing could be an adequate interim solution. %M C.CHI.01.2.127 %T LifeMinder: an evidence-based wearable healthcare assistant %S Interactive posters: mobility %A Takuji Suzuki %A Miwako Doi %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 127-128 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634144 %X Recent needs for evidence-based healthcare systems are increasing. We have been developing a wearable healthcare assistant system LifeMinder that synchronously records physiological information and contextual information. LifeMinder is a long-term monitoring and easy retrieval system for an evidence-based healthcare. This paper discusses a prototype of LifeMinder. This prototype can sense pulse waves and user's actions / postures and capture contextual photos and continuous voices. These collected data are automatically synchronized, sent to a healthcare PC, stored in organized XML formats and can be easily retrieved on Web pages. %M C.CHI.01.2.129 %T Evaluating commercial touch-tone and speech-enabled telephone voice user interfaces using a single measure %S Interactive posters: telecommunications %A Bernhard Suhm %A Pat Peterson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 129-130 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634146 %X This paper describes a method to quantify both cost-effectiveness and (objective) usability of telephone voice user interfaces in a single measure, based on end-to-end recordings of thousands of calls. This method is a valuable tool for usability engineering of commercially deployed, touch-tone and speech-enabled telephone voice user interfaces. %M C.CHI.01.2.131 %T Curing the menu blues in touch-tone voice interfaces %S Interactive posters: telecommunications %A Bernhard Suhm %A Barbara Freeman %A David Getty %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 131-132 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634147 %X This paper presents a study on touch-tone menu design. In particular, we investigated whether short or long menus route callers more efficiently to the destination that can handle the call. A short menu offers a small number of broad selections, while a long menu offers a larger number of more specific choices. Results obtained from thousands of live calls to a commercial customer service center, show that callers route themselves more effectively using the long menu. In addition, in complex voice interfaces, using long menus reduces the number of menu layers required, thus reducing the need to navigate through multiple menu layers, one of the most severe usability problems of existing touch-tone interfaces. %M C.CHI.01.2.133 %T Just (all) the facts, ma'am %S Interactive posters: telecommunications %A Dawn Dutton %A Selina Chu %A James Hubbell %A Marilyn Walker %A Shrikanth Narayanan %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 133-134 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634148 %X AT&T Communicator is a speech-enabled telephony-based application that allows the end-user to select and reserve airline itineraries. We report the results of an experiment exploring how the amount and structure of information presented in complex lists influences the user experience and the ability of subjects to complete an itinerary selection task. Presenting all the relevant information needed for a decision at once was the factor that most positively influenced successful task completion and the user experience. %M C.CHI.01.2.135 %T Supporting prospective information in email %S Interactive posters: working in offices %A Jacek Gwizdka %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 135-136 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634150 %X Email usage frequently involves management of future actions and events. We believe that understanding the requirements of prospective memory should lead to the design of email tools that better support this functionality. In a recent study, we examined prospective email use and explored processes involved in managing time-sensitive email messages. The study results indicated areas that lack appropriate support for handling future actions in email. The study also found relationships between prospective email usage and users' organization habits. We draw on research in prospective memory to guide the design of email tools that will provide better support for handling future actions. %M C.CHI.01.2.137 %T Supporting narrative flow in presentation software %S Interactive posters: working in offices %A Andreas Dieberger %A Cameron Miner %A Dulce Ponceleon %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 137-138 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634151 %X Commercial presentation software focuses on authoring, rather than on supporting the presentation process itself. Typical slide navigation tools are disruptive to the presentational flow and could disclose slides early. We present a navigation tool for slide presentations based on design principles such as "never hide the current slide." We kept the tool simple and easy to use to decrease the presenter's stress during a presentation. %M C.CHI.01.2.139 %T Persuasive password security %S Interactive posters: working in offices %A Dirk Weirich %A Martina Angela Sasse %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 139-140 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634152 %X Users of password-protected systems have to be persuaded to follow certain regulations to keep systems secure. This paper describes the results of a first study of the mental models, metaphors, attitudes and skills users hold with respect to password mechanisms. It shows that users are currently not motivated to adopt proper password practices. They do not believe that they ultimately can stop somebody from getting into the system, or that somebody getting in could cause them any serious personal harm. We recommend a novel approach to the design of training and online support, which is based on an appropriate use of fear appeals. %M C.CHI.01.2.141 %T Case study: localization of an accessibility evaluation %S Interactive posters: universality %A Michael Cooper %A Piotr Rejmer %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 141-142 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634154 %X During the localization process of Bobby [1], a Web tool analyzing accessibility, we have encountered technical and human issues due to major cultural and language differences affecting the user interface: Bobby could not handle multiple byte encoding, in order to understand differences and in the design of the GUI for a global audience we had to account for cultural issues such as uncertainty avoidance. Successful localization of this product has required attention to novel technical and human issues. %M C.CHI.01.2.143 %T Multiliteracies and Tumi's web search: a case study %S Interactive posters: universality %A Marion Walton %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 143-144 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634155 %X The productive use of the World Wide Web for academic purposes requires a complex combination of advanced literacies, referred to as 'multiliteracies' (New London Group 1996). This case study analyses one South African undergraduate university student's web search process using theoretical concepts from the New Literacy Studies. %M C.CHI.01.2.145 %T The HomeBox: a web content creation tool for the developing world %S Interactive posters: universality %A Ben Piper %A Rebeca Eun Young Hwang %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 145-146 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634156 %X This paper describes the implementation and testing of the HomeBox, a prototype that seeks to provide a cost effective and scalable means for allowing users in the developing world to publish on the Web. It identifies the key requirements for such a design by drawing lessons from a variety of sources including two studies of networked community projects in Africa and South America. It. It ends with a discussion of possible design developments and plans for field trails in the Dominican Republic. %M C.CHI.01.2.147 %T Using children as expert web evaluators %S Interactive posters: universality %A Lorna Gibson %A David Sloan %A Peter Gregor %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 147-148 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634157 %X This paper discusses the role of children as expert evaluators in the assessment of accessibility and usability of a number of websites primarily aimed at children. It also discusses how children's awareness of accessibility issues can be raised through such a process. %M C.CHI.01.2.149 %T Multimodal mediated communication: an experience %S Interactive posters: multimodal interaction %A Yacine Bellik %A Jeremmie Pescator %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 149-150 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634159 %X This paper concerns the Human-Human mediated communication field and more precisely the architecture of multimodal mediated systems. We describe the new problems revealed by this type of communication and propose a solution, which has been tested through a medical application. The architecture model we adopted is based on the use of symbolic information instead of rough data to ensure correct performances even through a low bandwidth communication (modem). %M C.CHI.01.2.151 %T Creating visceral personal and social interactions in mediated spaces %S Interactive posters: multimodal interaction %A Kelly Dobson %A danah boyd %A Wendy Ju %A Judith Donath %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 151-152 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634160 %X We introduce vibration and temperature as visceral modes to aid intuitive social perception in networked interaction. We describe two implementations of these ideas for mediated systems -- VibroBod for interpersonal communication and What's Shaking for newsgroup navigation. %M C.CHI.01.2.153 %T Dupliances: physical and virtual activity encompassed %S Interactive posters: multimodal interaction %A Niklas Andersson %A Daniel Fallman %A Lars Johansson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 153-154 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634161 %X This paper makes a case for dupliances, which are defined as devices that encompass both physical and virtual activity, as an alternative to information appliances that are only intended to support a specific virtual purpose. Besides putting the uninteresting physical containers of information appliances to use, potential benefits of the notion of dupliances include fewer devices to carry; novel synergy effects arising from creative embodiment of virtual and physical functionalities; and an expectantly higher degree of acceptance from particular user groups. To exemplify the notion of dupliances further, two design concepts are presented and discussed. %M C.CHI.01.2.155 %T Haptic perception of virtual roughness %S Interactive posters: multimodal interaction %A Marilyn Rose McGee %A Philip Gray %A Stephen Brewster %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 155-156 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634162 %X The texture of a virtual surface can both increase the sense of realism of an object as well as convey information about object identity, type, location, function, and so on. It is crucial therefore that interface designers know the range of textural information available through the haptic modality in virtual environments. The current study involves participants making roughness judgments on pairs of haptic textures experienced through a force-feedback device. The effect of texture frequency on roughness perception is analysed. The potential range and resolution of textural information available through force-feedback interaction are discussed. %M C.CHI.01.2.157 %T Pan-zoom coordination in multi-scale pointing %S Interactive posters: multimodal interaction %A Frederic Bourgeois %A Yves Guiard %A Michel Beaudouin-Lafon %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 157-158 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634163 %X We report some data from an experiment on multi-scale pointing with right-hand panning and left-hand zooming. We use a new metric derived from Zhai and Milgram [6] to quantify pan-zoom coordination, and we show that two-handed input allows parallelism. %M C.CHI.01.2.159 %T Attending to web pages %S Interactive posters: internet %A Pete Faraday %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 159-160 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634165 %X The paper explores how visual information is organized in a web page based on an eye tracking study. %M C.CHI.01.2.161 %T Do we visit, call, or email?: media matter in close relationships %S Interactive posters: internet %A Jonathon N. Cummings %A Robert Kraut %A Sara Kiesler %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 161-162 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634166 %X People use a variety of media to communicate with family and friends, though the evidence is sparse regarding whether differences in the quality of social relationships can be explained, in part, by differences in the media they use. Participants (N=446) in a longitudinal study of household technology use were asked to generate the names of up to 5 family or friends who lived nearby and up to 5 family and friends who lived far away. For each relationship at three points during the course of one year, respondents reported the frequency of face-to-face, phone, and email communication as well as how close they felt toward them. Analyses indicated that an increase in phone communication was most strongly associated with an increase in feelings of closeness, regardless of whether family and friends were nearby or far away. %M C.CHI.01.2.163 %T A taxonomic analysis of what world wide web activities significantly impact people's decisions and actions %S Interactive posters: internet %A Julie B. Morrison %A Peter Pirolli %A Stuart K. Card %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 163-164 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634167 %X In this paper, we present three taxonomic classification schemes based on Web users' responses to what Web activities significantly impacted their decisions and actions. The taxonomic classifications focus on three variables: the Purpose of people's search on the Web, the Method people use to find information, and the Content of the information for which they are searching. These taxonomies are useful for understanding people's activity on the Web and for developing ecologically-valid tasks to be used when studying Web behavior. %M C.CHI.01.2.165 %T Search and the subjective web %S Interactive posters: internet %A Diane J. Schiano %A Maria Stone %A Regis Bectarte %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 165-166 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634168 %X This paper describes a research project on people's subjective models of the World Wide Web, and the strategies they commonly use to retrieve Web information. Initial results suggest that Web use may be far more flexible and adaptive than most HCI workers realize. These findings directly inform Web navigation and search tool design. %M C.CHI.01.2.167 %T Analysis of web sites with the repertory grid technique %S Interactive posters: internet %A Marc Hassenzahl %A Tibor Trautmann %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 167-168 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634169 %X The Repertory Grid Technique (RGT) is presented as an approach to analyse and evaluate the user-perceived "character" of web site designs. The RGT reveals the participants' personal perceptions and preferences. This information supports the design of an appealing user experience. %M C.CHI.01.2.169 %T Designing an internet radio interface prototype %S Interactive posters: internet %A Kelly Kruse %A Rob Mori %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 169-170 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634170 %X In this paper, we describe designing a prototype car radio interface used for playing streaming audio downloaded from the Internet. Combining compelling features from broadcast radio, audio players, and audio mining technology can produce a new user experience. This radio is on display at the ACM CHI 2001 Demonstrations [1]. %M C.CHI.01.2.171 %T User expectations for the location of web objects %S Interactive posters: internet %A Michael Bernard %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 171-172 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634171 %X This study examined where individuals expect specific web-related objects to be located on a typical web page. The web objects examined were: web page title, internal and external grouping of links, a link to the homepage, internal search engine, and advertisement banner(s). The results suggest that users do have definable expectations concerning the location of these web objects. %M C.CHI.01.2.173 %T A structural equation modeling of internet bookmark organizations %S Interactive posters: internet %A Sri Hastuti Kurniawan %A R. Darin Ellis %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 173-174 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634172 %X The current study examined the impact of age, Web experience and Web ability across the adult's life span on the ways users managed their Internet bookmarks. It was hypothesized that Web ability would mediate the effect of age and Web experience on how the users managed their bookmarks. Six hundred surveys, sampled from the Project 2000 data, were used to examine this model. Using structural equation modeling technique, it was found that the effect of age on bookmark organization was fully mediated by Web ability. However, the effect of Web experience was not fully mitigated by Web experience. %M C.CHI.01.2.175 %T The effects of font type and size on the legibility and reading time of online text by older adults %S Interactive posters: internet %A Michael Bernard %A Chia Hui Liao %A Melissa Mills %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 175-176 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634173 %X This study examined passages containing two serif and sans serif fonts at 12 and 14-point sizes for differences in legibility, reading time, and general preference when read by an older population. A significant main effect of size was found for font legibility in that 14-point fonts were more legible to read than 12-point fonts. A marginal interaction was also found for reading time in that participants read 12-point serif fonts significantly slower than 14-point serif or sans serif fonts. Moreover, participants significantly preferred the 14-point to the 12-point font size. Font recommendations are discussed. %M C.CHI.01.2.177 %T Empirical evidence for information overload in mass interaction %S Interactive posters: internet %A Quentin Jones %A Gilad Ravid %A Sheizaf Rafaeli %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 177-178 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634174 %X 'Virtual publics' are computer-mediated discourse spaces created by using various technologies including email, the USENET, web based bulletin boards, IRC, MUDS, etc. [3]. This paper outlines ongoing field research into the stress zones or boundaries to interactive virtual public discourse produced by information overload. It describes initial findings, based on an examination of 2.65 million USENET messages, which suggest that information overload impacts on discourse structure. Findings include a higher proportional user turnover, and shorter messages in relation to group size. The research in progress addresses issues associated with group level usability of communication technologies. %M C.CHI.01.2.179 %T Eye-R, a glasses-mounted eye motion detection interface %S Interactive posters: novel interaction techniques %A Ted Selker %A Andrea Lockerd %A Jorge Martinez %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 179-180 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634176 %X Eye-R is a system designed to detect and communicates the intentional information conveyed in eye movement. This glasses-mounted, wireless device stores and transfers information based on user eye motion and external IR devices thus promoting an enriched experience with their environment. This paper describes how the system measures eye motion and utilizes this as an implicit input channel to a sensor system and computer. In the primary scenario, eye motion detection is used to recognize a users gaze. When the person's eyes are fixated the system infers that they are paying attention to something in their environment and then tries to facilitate an exchange of information in either direction on the user's behalf. %M C.CHI.01.2.181 %T Sound through bone conduction in public interfaces %S Interactive posters: novel interaction techniques %A Mariano Belinky %A Natalie Jeremijenko %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 181-182 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634177 %X Noise level in public spaces sometimes makes impossible to focus on particular sound information. In other cases, such focus is needed even when environmental sound information is also important. In this paper, we describe the use of bone vibration as an applicable technology in both public and private interfaces, when environment sound information or environmental sound contamination are regarded as important factors. %M C.CHI.01.2.183 %T Compact, configurable inertial gesture recognition %S Interactive posters: novel interaction techniques %A Ari Y. Benbasat %A Joseph A. Paradiso %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 183-184 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634178 %X We describe an inertial gesture recognition framework composed of three parts. The first is a compact, six-axis inertial measurement unit to fully measure human motion. The data from this unit is then analyzed by a gesture recognition algorithm which considers data on an axis-by-axis basis and categorizes them as simple motions (line, twist, etc.) with magnitude and duration. An application designer can then combine these atoms together both concurrently and consecutively to create composite gestures which can be tied to output routines. The framework was implemented on a Palm III to demonstrate its light-weight nature and to evoke devices which possess both a sense of their own motion and the ability to respond to it. %M C.CHI.01.2.185 %T Problems with save %S Interactive posters: novel interaction techniques %A Sari A. Laakso %A Karri-Pekka Laakso %A Panu Vartiainen %A Asko Saura %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 185-186 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634179 %X Saving documents, i.e. moving data manually between main memory and disk storage, is a difficult concept for novice users and causes unnecessary work and data loss both for novices and experienced users. Use scenarios show that the problem cannot be solved simply by re-designing the save feature or adding an autosave, because the save problem is entangled in a broader complex of document management problems. Based on the analysis of use scenarios, we have designed and implemented a prototype that solves a set of the most essential problems relating to the save problem in the context of word processing. %M C.CHI.01.2.187 %T Bottles as a minimal interface to access digital information %S Interactive posters: novel interaction techniques %A Hiroshi Ishii %A Ali Mazalek %A Jay Lee %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 187-188 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634180 %X We present the design of a minimal interface to access digital information using glass bottles as "containers" and "controls". The project illustrates our attempt to explore the transparency of an interface that weaves itself into the fabric of everyday life, and exploits the emotional aspects of glass bottles that are both tangible and visual. This paper describes the design of the bottle interface, and the implementation of the musicBottles installation, in which the opening of each bottle releases the sound of a specific instrument. %M C.CHI.01.2.189 %T Affective expressions of machines %S Interactive posters: novel interaction techniques %A Christoph Bartneck %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 189-190 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634181 %X Emotions should play an important role in the design of interfaces because people interact with machines as if they were social actors [4]. We developed and tested a model for the convincingness of affective expressions, based on Fogg and Hsiang Tseng [3]. The empirical data did not support our original model. Furthermore, the experiment investigated if the type of emotion (happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear and disgust), knowledge about the source (human or machine), the level of abstraction (natural face, computer rendered face and matrix face) and medium of presentation (visual, audio/visual, audio) of an affective expression influences its convincingness and distinctness. Only the type of emotion and multimedia presentations had an effect on convincingness. The distinctness of an expression depends on the abstraction and the media through which it is presented. %M C.CHI.01.2.191 %T AgentSalon: supporting new encounters and knowledge exchanges by chats of personal agents %S Interactive posters: novel interaction techniques %A Yasuyuki Sumi %A Kenji Mase %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 191-192 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634182 %X AgentSalon is a part of a body of research on personal guidance system for exhibition tours. AgentSalon is a system that facilitates face-to-face knowledge exchange and discussion between users by tempting them to a chat via prompting by their personal agents, which maintain their personal interests and experiences. We prototyped AgentSalon as a kind of information kiosk assumed to be located in a meeting place of an exhibition site, with a large touch panel screen for use by two to five users simultaneously. %M C.CHI.01.2.193 %T Media matrix: self-organizing distributed physical database %S Interactive posters: novel interaction techniques %A Joshua Lifton %A Jay Lee %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 193-194 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634183 %X We introduce Media Matrix, a system applying distributed, embedded computing techniques to the creation and maintenance of a queriable database of physical objects such as compact discs, video cassettes, books, and component bins. This paper provides theory, design, and implementation details as well as future work and potential applications. %M C.CHI.01.2.195 %T Designing collaboration in consumer products %S Interactive posters: novel interaction techniques %A Elyon DeKoven %A David V. Keyson %A Adinda Freudenthal %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 195-196 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634184 %X Designers of consumer products usually try to address as wide a range of user needs as possible. Due to various design constraints, such as product size and limited interface mechanisms, typically only a portion of those needs can be supported. This paper discusses efforts to design everyday consumer products that can support a broad range of user goals and approaches to the tasks in a collaborative manner. %M C.CHI.01.2.197 %T StoryKit: tools for children to build room-sized interactive experiences %S Interactive video posters %A Lisa Sherman %A Allison Druin %A Jaime Montemayor %A Allison Farber %A Michele Platner %A Sante Simms %A Jessica Porteous %A Houman Alborzi %A Jack Best %A Joe Hammer %A Alex Kruskal %A Jade Matthews %A Emily Rhodes %A Cassandra Cosans %A Abby Lal %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 197-198 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634186 %X Children enjoy interactive museum experiences, fun houses, and amusement parks, but children are not the authors of these immersive storytelling experiences. They are merely the audience or participants in an environment built by adults. We believe an important educational opportunity is being overlooked. Therefore, we have developed what we call a StoryKit that enables children to be authors, builders, and artists of their own StoryRooms, room-sized immersive experiences. Funware, hardware, and physical software are the three components that make up the StoryKit. In this paper and accompanying video, we describe the StoryKit technologies, our most recent advances in the technology, and how children create a StoryRoom by using the StoryKit. %M C.CHI.01.2.199 %T ideas: a vision of a designer's sketching-tool %S Interactive video posters %A Aldo Hoeben %A Pieter Jan Stappers %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 199-200 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634187 %X In the conceptual phase of a project, industrial designers do a lot of sketching. In this early phase the immediacy and flexibility of traditional media are preferred over the possibilities that computer tools offer. This video presents ways in which a computer-supported sketching tool can improve support for a designer at those stages. Three scenarios each depict part of a designer's activities: discussing the brief with a client, travelling home in a train, and working in the designer's office. For each scenario, the video shows the strong points and limitations of traditional media, and indicates how current or near-future technology can improve the situation. %M C.CHI.01.2.201 %T Component-based, user-constructed, multiple-view visualization %S Interactive video posters %A Chris North %A Ben Shneiderman %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 201-202 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634188 %X A major hindrance to the usage of information visualization in common tasks is that typically a new visualization interface must be custom programmed to suit each task. This video demonstrates a system and user interface that attempts to solve this problem by enabling end users to construct their own multiple-view visualization interfaces that are appropriate for their tasks and data. Users accomplish this by snapping together component visualizations and specifying tight couplings between them. Then they can use their newly constructed visualization interfaces to perform their tasks. %M C.CHI.01.2.203 %T SUEDE: iterative, informal prototyping for speech interfaces %S Interactive video posters %A Anoop K. Sinha %A Scott R. Klemmer %A Jack Chen %A James A. Landay %A Cindy Chen %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 203-204 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634189 %X SUEDE is a speech interface prototyping tool that enables rapid, iterative creation of prompt-response speech interfaces. It explicitly supports iterative design, allowing a designer to quickly create an interface prototype, conduct user studies, and analyze the test data in a single tool. SUEDE offers an electronically supported Wizard of Oz (WOz) technique that captures user test data. Before building the tool that we present here, we built a paper and an interactive prototype and tested the prototypes with a total of fifteen users. We also interviewed six professional speech UI designers at their workplace about their current design practice. These designers encouraged us to build a tool that lets them start with examples when designing and simulate recognition error during testing. Our current tool is a culmination of this iterative design. %M C.CHI.01.2.205 %T DENIM: an informal tool for early stage web site design %S Interactive video posters %A James Lin %A Mark W. Newman %A Jason I. Hong %A James A. Landay %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 205-206 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634190 %X DENIM is a system that helps web site designers in the early stages of design. DENIM supports sketching input; allows design at different refinement levels -- site map, storyboard, and individual page; and unifies the levels through zooming. The design of DENIM was informed by a study of web site design practice, in which we observed that web site designers design sites at the levels of refinement mentioned above and that designers sketch at all levels during the early stages of design. %M C.CHI.01.2.207 %T FRIDGE: exploring intuitive interaction styles for home information appliances %S Interactive video posters %A Marina Vroubel %A Panos Markopoulos %A Mathilde Bekker %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 207-208 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634191 %X This paper describes FRIDGE, an experimental prototype of a simple home messaging appliance, which combines a graspable user interface and pen input. FRIDGE is designed to be used without explanation and to enable basic e-mail and announcement-board facilities between family members. We describe the concept, the rationale for its design, the interaction with the prototype system and early results from its evaluation. %M C.CHI.01.2.209 %T Movement in the web %S Interactive video posters %A Oscar de Bruijn %A Robert Spence %A Chieh Hao Tong %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 209-210 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634192 %X In this paper we illustrate the use of space-time trade-offs for information presentation on small screens. We propose the use of Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) to provide a rich set of navigational information for Web browsing. %M C.CHI.01.2.211 %T Exploding wireless myths: exploring the UI issues underlying the marketing hype %S Panels %A Scott Jenson %A Annette Wagner %A Avril Hodges %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 211-212 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634194 %X In this panel, the panelists will take a serious look at the "myths" that are part of the hype surrounding the wireless market and explode those myths to expose the underlying more serious human interface issues that exist. %M C.CHI.01.2.213 %T Methods and modeling: fiction or useful reality? %S Panels %A Hermann Kaindl %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 213-214 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634195 %X In this panel, the key issue is whether methods and modeling are useful for HCI design practice and, in particular, user-interface design. More precisely, can scenarios, essential use cases, GOMS and Cognitive Walkthrough really help practitioners? It seems that mainstream practice only rudimentarily applies such methods. Why is it so difficult to introduce them into the work done in the trenches? %M C.CHI.01.2.215 %T Is ignorance bliss?: informed consent online %S Panels %A Batya Friedman %A John C. Thomas %A Mark Lucente %A Mark Ackerman %A Nancy Willard %A Ulrike Lechner %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 215-216 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634196 %X In this panel, we explore: (1) the impacts of electronic media on informed consent; (2) how electronic media can be designed and used to preserve informed consent; (3) the relationship between protecting privacy and informed consent; (4) the relationship between cultivating trust online and informed consent; and (5) proposed relevant standards and brokering systems. This panel fits within the emerging field of Value-Sensitive Design. %M C.CHI.01.2.217 %T Ethics in HCI %S Panels %A Rolf Molich %A Brenda Laurel %A Carolyn Snyder %A Whitney Quesenbery %A Chauncey E. Wilson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 217-218 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634197 %X Users are human. As HCI professionals we must be sure that our fellow humans perceive their encounter with usability and design professionals as pleasant without sacrificing the accuracy of our results. There are guidelines produced by professional organizations like the APA and the ACM about how HCI professionals should behave. However, there are few examples from real life about how to translate this information into everyday behavior. This panel will discuss specific examples of HCI dilemmas that the panelists have faced in their daily work. %M C.CHI.01.2.219 %T Measuring information architecture quality: prove it (or not)! %S Panels %A Louis Rosenfeld %A Keith Instone %A Shiraz Cupala %A Jesse James Garrett %A Marti Hearst %A Gary Marchionini %A Nick Ragouzis %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 219-220 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634198 %X This panel debates a topic that has been popping up recently as a consequence of different disciplines rubbing up against each other in a new field: can the quality of an information architecture be measured quantitatively? And if so, how can this analysis be verified? Information architects and HCI professionals already are discussing this issue regularly and at times heatedly. The need for guidance is especially pressing because information architecture is an emerging field. As in other areas of HCI, information architects are regularly confronted by clients and employers alike with the need to justify the cost of their efforts in quantitative ways. Information architects come from a variety of disciplines including HCI, library and information science, visual design, technical communications, and computer science. These fields have widely varying opinions on the validity of and techniques for quantifying information system performance. While some dispute the validity of quantification, others tend to believe that it is not only possible but the only valid means for assessing information architecture. Members of both camps may resort to traditional means of assessing information systems performance, while others feel that the new medium of the Web requires new tools, techniques, and approaches for such assessment. %M C.CHI.01.2.221 %T Interactionary 2: is that your final answer? %S Panels %A Sarah Zuberec %A Scott Berkun %A Debbie Cargile %A Christopher Konrad %A Alex Little %A Linda Carlin %A Heather Crombie %A Barbee Teasley %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 221-222 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634199 %X This modification of an experimental panel is an attempt to demonstrate the dynamic and impromptu parts of the interaction design process. Teams of designers, usability engineers and project managers will design solutions to interaction problems live on stage, in front of an audience. %M C.CHI.01.2.223 %T Identifying "target cultures": to what extent is that possible? %S Panels %A Paula Bourges Waldegg %A Daniel Lafreniere %A Manfred Tscheligi %A Guy Boy %A Raquel O. Prates %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 223-224 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634200 %X This panel aims to discuss existing approaches for identifying and defining target cultures during the design process from the perspective of non US people who might be the receivers instead of the makers of the products. %M C.CHI.01.2.225 %T Patterns: what's in it for HCI? %S Panels %A Jan O. Borchers %A John C. Thomas %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 225-226 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634201 %X Design patterns and pattern languages have proven a useful tool to model design experience, in architecture where they were originally conceived as well as in software engineering. In Human-Computer Interaction, the interest in pattern languages has only recently gained momentum. This panel will explore how pattern languages can be of use to HCI researchers, practitioners, and possibly anyone involved in the design and use of interactive systems. %M C.CHI.01.2.227 %T The impact of mobile technologies on everyday life %S Panels %A Wendy A. Castleman %A Richard Harper %A Steven Herbst %A Jonathan Kies %A Sean Lane %A Jens Nagel %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 227-228 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634202 %X Mobile technologies are rapidly redefining the lives of people around the world. As designers of mobile devices and mobile applications, we should consider the implication of the impact of these technologies on everyday life. This panel will be a discussion of some of the hot topics relating to the issue, and will generate a set of design implications to be considered when designing mobile technologies. %M C.CHI.01.2.229 %T Ph.D. vs. startup %S Panels %A Alan Wexelblat %A Quentin (Gad) Jones %A Howard Abrams %A Joseph A. Konstan %A Michael Vernick %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 229-230 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634203 %X How should we decide between the conflicting demands and resource drains of startups and Ph.D. programs? This panel discusses some of the current issues facing students, professors and employers, from the panelists' varied perspectives. We do not advocate any one single solution but rather seek to illuminate important issues that affect the CHI community now and will likely continue to do so in the future, both in the US and in other countries promoting high-tech startups as major parts of their economies. %M C.CHI.01.2.231 %T Collectively defining context in a mobile, networked computing environment %S Short talks: anywhere: staying in touch in motion (anywhere: mobility) %A Jenna Burrell %A Geri K. Gay %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 231-232 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634205 %X Mobile and wireless computers are rapidly becoming popular with the general public. In our research we design and evaluate new types of applications that take advantage of the unique characteristics of these devices in novel ways. One of these applications is Graffiti, a context-aware device designed using ideas from social navigation research. This system allows users to collectively define what's relevant and interesting about a location by posting electronic notes. Users encountered a variety of benefits and problems in using Graffiti primarily related to the reliance of the system on user contributions. %M C.CHI.01.2.233 %T RoamWare: towards an integrated environment for PDA use and seamless ongoing interaction in mobile CSCW %S Short talks: anywhere: staying in touch in motion (anywhere: mobility) %A Mikael Wiberg %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 233-234 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634206 %X This paper reports the final step of a research project that has aimed at developing novel in between meeting support for mobile CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work). The underlying idea was to integrate spontaneous meetings with in between meeting support and split the use between different situations rather than users attention. We propose a novel system called RoamWare that illustrates the concept of split use and invisible computer support. We then report on some initial use results and relate it to other research attempts near us before concluding the paper. %M C.CHI.01.2.235 %T Calls.calm: enabling caller and callee to collaborate %S Short talks: anywhere: staying in touch in motion (anywhere: mobility) %A Elin Ronby Pedersen %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 235-236 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634207 %X Calls.calm facilitates the ongoing interaction between two people; it works by enabling callers to make a reasonable choice of time and means for communication, by providing them with key information about the callee's situation. Calls.calm is a web-based application, supporting mini-browsers on web-enabled mobile phones and desktop browsers. Calls.calm was deployed for a month within two small work teams. Results from the deployment points to future direction for research and design. %M C.CHI.01.2.237 %T Tap tips: lightweight discovery of touchscreen targets %S Short talks: anywhere: staying in touch in motion (anywhere: mobility) %A Paul M. Aoki %A Amy Hurst %A Allison Woodruff %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 237-238 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634208 %X We describe tap tips, a technique for providing touchscreen target location hints. Tap tips are lightweight in that they are non-modal, appear only when needed, require a minimal number of user gestures, and do not add to the standard touchscreen gesture vocabulary. We discuss our implementation of tap tips in an electronic guidebook system and some usability test results. %M C.CHI.01.2.239 %T Roomotes: ubiquitous room-based remote control over web phones %S Short talks: anywhere: staying in touch in motion (anywhere: mobility) %A Ryuji Wakikawa %A Jonathan Trevor %A Bill Schilit %A John Boreczky %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 239-240 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634209 %X Roomotes gives people remote control of their physical surroundings through Web phones. The system manages virtual rooms that mirror physical rooms. Roomotes presents not only the devices present in a room, but also the people. Using Roomotes' real world navigator we can control the lighting and audio-video equipment in our conference room from any Web phone. An unusual aspect of Roomotes is notification: users can request text messages be sent to their phone whenever the contents (e.g., people) or "state" of a room's devices change. %M C.CHI.01.2.241 %T Using Quake III Arena to simulate sensors and actuators when evaluating and testing mobile services %S Short talks: anywhere: staying in touch in motion (anywhere: mobility) %A Markus Bylund %A Fredrik Espinoza %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 241-242 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634210 %X We describe QuakeSim, a system that uses Quake III Arena to evaluate, test, and demonstrate context aware services. Context, such as users position or activity, is simulated in Quake and provided to real-world services as real data. The simulation is made more realistic by modeling real physical environments and calibrating the models to correspond to reality. QuakeSim allows simulated and actual context information to be used interchangeably in real services. %M C.CHI.01.2.243 %T The use of labeling to communicate detailed graphics in a non-visual environment %S Short talks: any one: universal design %A Hesham M. Kamel %A James A. Landay %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 243-244 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634212 %X The inherently visual nature of Graphical User Interfaces often makes it difficult for visually impaired computer users to access graphical information. We introduce a labeling method that can be used to communicate graphical information between blind and sighted people. Our early pilot study showed that our labeling method enabled visually impaired participants to comprehend meaningful drawings. This labeling method is an extension of the Integrated Communication 2 Draw (IC2D), a drawing program for the visually impaired that uses keyboard and audio feedback. %M C.CHI.01.2.245 %T Using haptics in computer interfaces for blind people %S Short talks: any one: universal design %A Calle Sjostrom %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 245-246 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634213 %X This paper has its roots in Certec's efforts to find a way to use haptic technology (i.e. touch based interfaces) to provide new computer interaction techniques for visually impaired people and those with physical disabilities. The paper presents a set of recommendations that we have formulated during our research and development work. These rules of thumb are grouped under the headlines Navigation, Finding objects, Understanding objects, Haptic widgets and Physical interaction. %M C.CHI.01.2.247 %T A unified design for human-machine voice interaction %S Short talks: any one: universal design %A Stefanie Shriver %A Arthur Toth %A Xiaojin Zhu %A Alex Rudnicky %A Roni Rosenfeld %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 247-248 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634214 %X We describe a unified design for voice interaction with simple machines; discuss the motivation for and main features of the approach, include a short sample interaction, and report the results of two preliminary experiments. %M C.CHI.01.2.249 %T Strategies for concatenating recordings in a voice user interface: what we can learn from prosody %S Short talks: any one: universal design %A Jennifer Balogh %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 249-250 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634215 %X Findings from the present study show that different strategies for concatenating voice recordings significantly affect subjective preferences and memory of aurally presented information. Specifically, two different automatic telephone number announcement strategies were compared, one that concatenated individual digits and another that grouped digits by prosodic units. The results show that when natural prosodic units are preserved, the phone numbers are remembered better and the style of delivery is preferred over the strategy that uses more concatenation and does not respect natural spoken intonation. The results underscore the importance of modeling natural prosody when designing user-centric voice interfaces. %M C.CHI.01.2.251 %T The AirBook: force-free interaction with dynamic text in an assistive reading device %S Short talks: any one: universal design %A Maribeth Back %A Margaret H. Szymanski %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 251-252 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634216 %X We describe a prototype of the AirBook, an assistive reading device that combines dynamic text (especially RSVP, that is, rapid serial visual presentation) with force-free capacitive field sensors to create a simple, easily controlled assistive reading device. This reader is designed to assist people with visual disabilities (like dyslexia, loss of fine motor control or loss of contrast sensitivity) by giving them more control over font size and contrast. It's also for people with upper-body disabilities, lack of fine muscle control, or severe arthritis, all of which can make the reading of standard paper books difficult. The force-free sensor system can be adjusted for large-scale motion or for tiny ranges of movement, and requires no pressure or fiddling with physical objects. The sensors read the proximity of a human limb, and adjust parameters on the text accordingly. For example, the reading device can be controlled with the motion of one finger if necessary, or adjusted to read the motion of an entire arm or leg. %M C.CHI.01.2.253 %T The use of digital pictures for people with cognitive disabilities %S Short talks: any one: universal design %A Henrik Danielsson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 253-254 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634217 %X Pictures taken with digital cameras have become an alternative and complement to symbols in communication for persons with cognitive disabilities. I have started a discussion forum on digital pictures on the internet. The postings from the discussion forum were analyzed to see what kind of use of digital pictures that professionals and parents are interested in. To validate the results, an e-mail survey was sent to those who had visited the discussion forum and they were asked how they actually used their pictures. The findings indicate some interesting differences between what was discussed and what was actually done. %M C.CHI.01.2.255 %T Supporting children's collaboration across handheld computers %S Short talks: fun with learning %A Regan L. Mandryk %A Kori M. Inkpen %A Mark Bilezikjian %A Scott R. Klemmer %A James A. Landay %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 255-256 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634219 %X This paper describes the use of multiple interconnected handheld devices to support children's collocated collaboration. Handhelds are a relatively inexpensive, highly mobile platform, making them potentially useful in educational settings [3]. Two shortcomings of students' use of handhelds are: 1) achieving the benefits of collaborative learning may be difficult given the personal nature of these devices, and 2) the small size of a PDA constrains the amount of information that can be meaningfully displayed. We address these shortcomings by utilizing multiple devices to form a larger surface that can display more information than any individual handheld. This interaction technique encourages collaboration and helps engage all students in the activity. To explore this style of collaboration, we extended an educational application with a shared screen information view that we call WHAT-IF1. %M C.CHI.01.2.257 %T Experiments in using tangible interfaces to enhance collaborative learning experiences %S Short talks: fun with learning %A Lori L. Scarlatos %A Shalva S. Landy %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 257-258 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634220 %X TICLE (Tangible Interfaces for Collaborative Learning Environments) is a project that explores new ways that a computer can enhance learning without dominating the educational experience. We have developed a prototype system that "watches" as students play with Tangram pieces on a physical tabletop, and acts as a "guide on the side" by offering help at appropriate times. This system is currently installed at the Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science. Our paper describes the implementation of our prototype and results of a usability study conducted at the museum. We also discuss ongoing enhancements and plans for further testing. Although this work focuses on learning with mathematical puzzles, it has implications for other physical learning activities. %M C.CHI.01.2.259 %T AquaMOOSE 3D: math learning in a 3D multi-user virtual world %S Short talks: fun with learning %A Elizabeth Edwards %A Jason Elliott %A Amy Bruckman %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 259-260 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634221 %X AquaMOOSE 3D is a multi-user, graphical, constructionist environment to help children learn about mathematics and computer programming. In this paper, we present the system design, and results from our first round of formative evaluation. %M C.CHI.01.2.261 %T First-person science inquiry in virtual ambient environments %S Short talks: fun with learning %A Tom Moher %A Andrew Johnson %A Yongjoo Cho %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 261-262 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634222 %X Virtual ambients are a class of restricted simulations designed to support science inquiry learning among elementary school students. Virtual ambients employ large multi-user displays to support "first-person" collaborative exploration, data collection, and the construction of support for hypotheses in simulated environments. In order to reduce the cognitive load on learners, navigation -- in space, time, and scale -- is used instead of traditional learning simulations' direct control of independent model variables. Early experience with elementary school students at three grade levels is reported, employing a configurable virtual ambient named the Field. %M C.CHI.01.2.263 %T Effects of CMC on student participation patterns in a foreign language learning environment %S Short talks: fun with learning %A James M. Hudson %A Amy Bruckman %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 263-264 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634223 %X In this paper, we describe a study examining how communication patterns compare between a traditional foreign language learning classroom and a synchronous, text-based CMC environment. We present suggesting that conversation patterns change significantly when discussions move online. The slight time delay in composing replies and the development of a sense of community seem to be important mechanisms leading to this change. %M C.CHI.01.2.265 %T Does tutoring really have to be intelligent? %S Short talks: fun with learning %A Wendy E. Mackay %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 265-266 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634224 %X This experiment was designed to determine whether or not tutoring is more effective if it is relevant to the user's current problems. The experimental design presented identical tutoring advice to pairs of subjects: advice was directly relevant to one subject (as determined by a human researcher monitoring a pre-specified task) and effectively random to the other. The quantitative and qualitative results were strikingly different. On one hand, subjects learned almost all tutored commands, regardless of their relevance to their immediate activities, and rarely learned commands that had not been tutored. On the other hand, subjects were very enthusiastic about relevant tutoring and were frustrated when it seemed random: they felt it was an irritating interruption. An intelligent rule-based tutor may be unnecessary for effective learning if users can control the tutoring environment. %M C.CHI.01.2.267 %T Smart headphones %S Short talks: HCI in everyday life %A Sumit Basu %A Alex Pentland %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 267-268 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634226 %X In this paper, we describe the "smart headphones" system, which detects and relays speech sounds in the environment through the user's headphones. This allows the user to be aware of speech events and remain involved in conversations while using headphones. %M C.CHI.01.2.269 %T CounterActive: an interactive cookbook for the kitchen counter %S Short talks: HCI in everyday life %A Wendy Ju %A Rebecca Hurwitz %A Tilke Judd %A Bonny Lee %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 269-270 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634227 %X We introduce CounterActive, an interactive kitchen cookbook that teaches people to cook. After describing the interactive system and the multimedia recipe schema, we discuss results of early user test and evaluation. %M C.CHI.01.2.271 %T The familiar: a living diary and companion %S Short talks: HCI in everyday life %A Brian Clarkson %A Kenji Mase %A Alex Pentland %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 271-272 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634228 %X We present a perceptual system, called the Familiar, that could allow a user to collect his/her memories over their lifetime into a continually growing and adapting multimedia diary. The Familiar uses the natural patterns in sensor readings from a camera, microphone, and accelerometers, to find the recurring patterns of similarity and dissimilarity in the user's activities and uses this information to intelligently structure the user's sensor data and associated memorabilia. %M C.CHI.01.2.273 %T The guidebook, the friend, and the room: visitor experience in a historic house %S Short talks: HCI in everyday life %A Allison Woodruff %A Paul M. Aoki %A Amy Hurst %A Margaret H. Szymanski %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 273-274 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634229 %X In this paper, we describe an electronic guidebook prototype and report on a study of its use in a historic house. Supported by mechanisms in the guidebook, visitors constructed experiences that had a high degree of interaction with three entities: the guidebook, their companions, and the house and its contents. For example, we found that most visitors played audio descriptions through speakers (rather than using headphones or reading textual descriptions) to facilitate communication with their companions. %M C.CHI.01.2.275 %T Conductive ink based page detection for linking digital and physical pages %S Short talks: HCI in everyday life %A Kim W. May %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 275-276 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634230 %X This paper describes a working prototype of a page detection system for paper stacks, the kind that would be used in digital paper applications. Polymer conductive ink is applied and embossed on the back of each page in a way that causes the resistance of the ink to change when the paper is bent, making a resistive strain guage. In use, a detector circuit identifies the active page by noting the highest page in the stack not exhibiting a resistance change. In volume, this method provides an inexpensive, simple solution to page detection. The person uses the paper pad naturally, not needing to tell the system when a new page is being viewed. With this technology the physical world meets the digital domain in a smooth and transparent manner for the user. %M C.CHI.01.2.277 %T RobotPHONE: RUI for interpersonal communication %S Short talks: HCI in everyday life %A Dairoku Sekiguchi %A Masahiko Inami %A Susumu Tachi %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 277-278 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634231 %X RobotPHONE is a Robotic User Interface (RUI) that uses robots as physical avatars for interpersonal communication. Using RobotPHONE, users in remote locations can communicate shapes and motion with each other. In this paper we present the concept of RobotPHONE, and describe implementations of two prototypes. %M C.CHI.01.2.279 %T Cheese: tracking mouse movement activity on websites, a tool for user modeling %S Short talks: of mice and measures %A Florian Mueller %A Andrea Lockerd %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 279-280 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634233 %X Conventional web interfaces respond to and consider only mouse clicks when defining a user model. We have extended this and take into account all mouse movements on a page as an additional layer of information for inferring user interest. We have developed a straightforward way to record all mouse movements on a page, and conducted a user study to analyze and investigate mouse behavior trends. We found certain mouse behaviors, common across many users, which are useful for content providers in increasing the effectiveness of their interface design. %M C.CHI.01.2.281 %T What can a mouse cursor tell us more?: correlation of eye/mouse movements on web browsing %S Short talks: of mice and measures %A Mon Chu Chen %A John R. Anderson %A Myeong Ho Sohn %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 281-282 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634234 %X In this paper, we describe a study on the relationship between gaze position and cursor position on a computer screen during web browsing. Users were asked to browse several web sites while their eye/mouse movements were recorded. The data suggest that there is a strong relationship between gaze position and cursor position. The data also show that there are regular patterns of eye/mouse movements. Based on these findings, we argue that a mouse could provide us more information than just the x, y position where a user is pointing. This implies that we can use an inexpensive and extremely popular tool as an alternative of eye-tracking systems, especially in web usability evaluation. Moreover, by understanding the intent of every mouse movement, we may be able to achieve a better interface for human computer interaction. %M C.CHI.01.2.283 %T Remote automatic evaluation of web sites based on task models and browser monitoring %S Short talks: of mice and measures %A Fabio Paterno %A Laila Paganelli %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 283-284 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634235 %X There is an increasing need for tools to support cheaper and faster usability evaluation of Web applications. In this paper, we describe an approach to remote automatic evaluation of web sites. The novelty lies in automatic analysis based on a combination of web browser monitoring and task models which aims to capture and analyse users actual behaviour. %M C.CHI.01.2.285 %T Testing web sites: five users is nowhere near enough %S Short talks: of mice and measures %A Jared Spool %A Will Schroeder %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 285-286 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634236 %X We observed the same task executed by 49 users on four production web sites. We tracked the rates of discovery of new usability problems on each site and, using that data, estimated the total number of usability problems on each site and the number of tests we would need to discover every problem. Our findings differ sharply from rules-of-thumb derived from earlier work by Virzi[1] and Nielsen[2,3] commonly viewed as "industry standards." We found that the four sites we studied would need considerably more than five users to find 85% of the problems. %M C.CHI.01.2.287 %T An integrated method for evaluating interfaces %S Short talks: of mice and measures %A Heather L. McQuaid %A David Bishop %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 287-288 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634237 %X To take advantage of the interdisciplinary experience of our colleagues, we decided several years ago to add heuristic evaluation to our expert analysis method. Although heuristic evaluation is a cost-effective method for evaluating interfaces, we found that the recommended prioritization strategy -- ranking the problems according to severity -- has several limitations. Specifically, it does not address how much it will cost the developers to fix the problems, nor does it adequately capture the distinction between high-level (global) and low-level (specific, screen-level) problems. To address these limitations, we developed a method which retains the richness of heuristic evaluation, but communicates the results in such a way that project managers, developers, and designers can form a clear and immediately executable plan for addressing the problems. Our method integrates user research, heuristic evaluation, affinity diagramming, cost-benefit charts, and recommendations into a report that others can use to plan both short and long-term improvements. %M C.CHI.01.2.289 %T Concurrent vs. post-task usability test ratings %S Short talks: of mice and measures %A Ross Teague %A Katherine De Jesus %A Marcos Nunes Ueno %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 289-290 %K concurrent, post-task ratings, questionnaires, rating scales, retrospective, subjective ratings, usability testing %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634238 %X This test of rating scale use showed that there were significant differences between questionnaire ratings when users were asked to rate task ease and enjoyment during task execution (Concurrent) vs. after task completion (Post-Task). Results suggest that users' Post-Task ratings may not accurately reflect their actual task experience. Results also suggested that there are qualitative differences between user verbal protocols between the Concurrent and Post-Task groups. Implications for use of test ratings scales are discussed. %M C.CHI.01.2.291 %T Being there versus seeing there: trust via video %S Short talks: trust, credibility, community %A Nathan Bos %A Darren Gergle %A Judith S. Olson %A Gary M. Olson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 291-292 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634240 %X We studied the emergence of trust in a social dilemma game in four different communication situations: face-to-face, video, audio, and text chat. Three-person groups did 30 rounds of a social dilemma game and we measured trust by the extent to which they cooperated vs. competed. The face-to-face groups quickly achieved cooperative behavior, while the text chat groups continued to compete throughout. The video groups achieved the same levels of trust as the face-to-face groups, although perhaps a bit more slowly. The audio group was intermediate. These results show that trust can emerge through mediated communication. %M C.CHI.01.2.293 %T Trust without touch: jump-start trust with social chat %S Short talks: trust, credibility, community %A Jun Zheng %A Nathan Bos %A Judith S. Olson %A Gary M. Olson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 293-294 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634241 %X Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is thought to be inadequate when one needs to establish trust. Rocco [4] found, for example, that discussions about agreements conducted over email were far less successful in engendering trust than those conducted face-to-face. But, if the participants met and did a team building exercise before the real task, trust was shown in spite of only having email to talk during the task. Here we show that if participants do not meet beforehand but rather engage in a text chat where they are told to "get to know each other" for a brief period, they show the same kinds of trust that you find when they meet beforehand face-to-face. %M C.CHI.01.2.295 %T Web credibility research: a method for online experiments and early study results %S Short talks: trust, credibility, community %A BJ Fogg %A Jonathan Marshall %A Tami Kameda %A Joshua Solomon %A Akshay Rangnekar %A John Boyd %A Bonny Brown %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 295-296 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634242 %X Through iterative design and testing, we developed a procedure for conducting online experiments. Using this research method, we conducted two recent studies on Web credibility. The data from the first study suggest that Web banner ads reduce the perceived credibility of a Web page's content. The data from the second study show that attribution elements -- in this case, author photographs -- can also affect the credibility of Web content. This research method and our early results have implications for both HCI researchers and Web site designers. %M C.CHI.01.2.297 %T Is seeing believing?: detecting deception in technologically mediated communication %S Short talks: trust, credibility, community %A Daniel B. Horn %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 297-298 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634243 %X Despite increases in bandwidth, most video conferencing equipment delivers a sub-optimal quality signal. Artifacts caused by video compression and other technological constraints lead to the distortion of subtle communicative cues. This study explores the effects of such video degradation on individuals' ability to detect whether others are lying or telling the truth. Forty-two participants observed mock job interviews presented in High-Quality Audio, High-Quality Audio + High-Quality Video, and High-Quality Audio + Reduced Frame Rate (3 fps) Video. The interviews contained a mix of truthful and deceptive responses, and participants attempted to distinguish the two. Performance in the Reduced Frame Rate condition was significantly worse than in the High Quality Video condition. These findings have implications for both the development and implementation of video-conferencing technology. %M C.CHI.01.2.299 %T Categorical perception of facial affect: an illusion %S Short talks: trust, credibility, community %A Diane J. Schiano %A Sheryl M. Ehrlich %A Kyle Sheridan %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 299-300 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634244 %X Facial affect is central to many VMC & affective computing applications, which often compress motion or frame-rate to reduce video bandwidth. Our studies show that claims that "categorical perception" effects protect facial affect from temporal degradation are illusory. Preserving motion is essential, even at the cost of image compression. %M C.CHI.01.2.301 %T Broadband neighborhoods: connected communities %S Short talks: trust, credibility, community %A Keith Hampton %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 301-302 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634245 %X This paper addresses concerns that home-computing and Internet use damage social capital and contribute to a loss of community. Based on survey and ethnographic data from "Netville", a wired neighborhood equipped with a broadband local network, this paper concludes that the Internet can be used to increase neighborhood social capital and the connectivity of local social networks. %M C.CHI.01.2.303 %T In tent, in touch: beings in seclusion and in transit %S Short talks: expressing emotion through art, music, and technology (expressing emotions) %A John A. Waterworth %A Eva L. Waterworth %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 303-304 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634247 %X We describe The Tent, an immersive environment designed to stimulate creativity and to support non-symbolic communication. In a tent we are secluded but also in touch, with nature and with ourselves. We are experimenting with the Tent as a meditative, relaxing environment, but also as a stimulating one, and as a medium for non-symbolic communication. %M C.CHI.01.2.305 %T The InfoCanvas: information conveyance through personalized, expressive art %S Short talks: expressing emotion through art, music, and technology (expressing emotions) %A Todd Miller %A John Stasko %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 305-306 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634248 %X This paper describes the design of a highly versatile ambient display, the InfoCanvas. Through a novel interface, people identify information of interest and then "paint" an appealing and meaningful representation of it on a virtual canvas for later communication back to them. This new form of interaction with information allows people to keep tabs on useful, but peripheral, information in a calm, unobtrusive manner. %M C.CHI.01.2.307 %T Context-aware sensor-doll as a music expression device %S Short talks: expressing emotion through art, music, and technology (expressing emotions) %A Tomoko Yonezawa %A Brian Clarkson %A Michiaki Yasumura %A Kenji Mase %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 307-308 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634249 %X We present a sensor-doll capable of music expression as a sympathetic communication device. The doll is equipped with a computer and various sensors such as a camera, microphone, accelerometer, and touch-sensitive sensors to recognize its own situation and the activities of the user. The doll has its own internal "mind" states reflecting different situated contexts. The user's multi-modal interaction with the passive doll is translated into musical expressions that depend on the state of mind of the doll. %M C.CHI.01.2.309 %T Facing the music: a facial action controlled musical interface %S Short talks: expressing emotion through art, music, and technology (expressing emotions) %A Michael J. Lyons %A Nobuji Tetsutani %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 309-310 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634250 %X We describe a novel musical controller which acquires live video input from the user's face, extracts facial feature parameters using a computer vision algorithm, and converts these to expressive musical effects. The controller allows the user to modify synthesized or audio-filtered musical sound in real time by moving the face. %M C.CHI.01.2.311 %T Tangible bits and malleable atoms in the design of a computer music instrument %S Short talks: expressing emotion through art, music, and technology (expressing emotions) %A Roel Vertegaal %A Tamas Ungvary %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 311-312 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634251 %X We present SensOrg, a computer music instrument designed as a modular assembly of input/output devices and musical software, mapped and arranged according to functional characteristics of the musician-instrument system. Using tangible bits and malleable atoms, we externally represented the musical software functionality in a physical interface which is freezable yet totally flexible. %M C.CHI.01.2.313 %T LumiTouch: an emotional communication device %S Short talks: expressing emotion through art, music, and technology (expressing emotions) %A Angela Chang %A Ben Resner %A Brad Koerner %A XingChen Wang %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 313-314 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634252 %X We present the Lumitouch system consisting of a pair of interactive picture frames. When one user touches her picture frame, the other picture frame lights up. This touch is translated to light over an Internet connection. We introduce a semi-ambient display that can transition seamlessly from periphery to foreground in addition to communicating emotional content. In addition to enhancing the communication between loved ones, people can use LumiTouch to develop a personal emotional language. Based upon prior work on telepresence and tangible interfaces, LumiTouch explores emotional communication in tangible form. This paper describes the components, interactions, implementation and design approach of the LumiTouch system. %M C.CHI.01.2.315 %T Disentangling relative from absolute amplitude in Fitts' law experiments %S Short talks: interaction techniques %A Yves Guiard %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 315-316 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634254 %X Target distance (D) and target width (W), traditionally treated as independent variables in Fitts' target acquisition paradigm, are shown to suffer inextricable confounds with task difficulty. Through a simple geometrical analogy, it is shown that relative movement amplitude D/W (which determines difficulty) and absolute movement amplitude D (or scale) are the only two variables that can be manipulated independently in a Fitts' task experiment. Disentangling relative amplitude from absolute amplitude with an appropriate experimental design should help to study target acquisition in graphical user interfaces. %M C.CHI.01.2.317 %T Is 100 Milliseconds Too Fast? %S Short talks: interaction techniques %A James R. Dabrowski %A Ethan V. Munson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 317-318 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634255 %X For years, software engineers have been told that applications must respond to user events within 100 milliseconds to seem instantaneous, yet this assumption has never been systematically tested. In this research, we attempt to establish thresholds of detection for changes in a graphical user interface using adaptive tracking. For keyboard interactions, subjects did not notice delays of approximately 150 milliseconds. In contrast, for mouse interactions, subjects did not notice delays of up to 195 milliseconds. Given these findings, further research is clearly needed to firmly establish lower bounds on application responsiveness so that software and operating system engineers can more precisely tune the interactive real-time responsiveness of their systems. %M C.CHI.01.2.319 %T Measuring errors in text entry tasks: an application of the Levenshtein string distance statistic %S Short talks: interaction techniques %A R. William Soukoreff %A I. Scott MacKenzie %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 319-320 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634256 %X We propose a new technique based on the Levenshtein minimum string distance statistic for measuring error rates in text entry research. The technique obviates the need to artificially constrain subjects to maintain synchronization with the presented text, thus affording a more natural interaction style in the evaluation. Methodological implications are discussed, including the additional need to use keystrokes per characters (KSPC) as a dependent measure to capture the overhead in correcting errors. %M C.CHI.01.2.321 %T Alphabetically biased virtual keyboards are easier to use: layout does matter %S Short talks: interaction techniques %A Shumin Zhai %A Barton A. Smith %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 321-322 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634257 %X Virtual keyboard layouts have been optimized for expert users with no consideration of novice users' ease of locating individual keys. This paper presents a new layout produced by means of a Metropolis algorithm with an added alphabetical bias term to the previous Fitts-digraph energy function. At a small cost of expert's performance, the new layout with alphabetical tendency offered 9% improvement to novice user's performance. %M C.CHI.01.2.323 %T Visual interference with a transparent head mounted display %S Short talks: interaction techniques %A Robert S. Laramee %A Colin Ware %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 323-324 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634258 %X Potential perceptual problems that may occur with monocular wearable displays are binocular rivalry and visual interference. We report the results from an experiment with a monocular wearable showing that text becomes increasingly difficult to read as the background becomes more complex. Indeed subjects adopted strategies to avoid the visually complex backgrounds and thereby minimize the interference. %M C.CHI.01.2.325 %T Design rationale of a video explorer %S Short talks: interaction techniques %A Marc Nanard %A Jocelyne Nanard %A Denis Payet %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 325-326 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634259 %X This paper describes an interaction scheme based on gesture analysis of the pointer motion to jointly control three parameters in a Video Explorer: the bounds of a video segment to summarize, and the position of the current frame to display. This strategy drastically reduces the Norman's distances, improves engagement during interaction and provides both wide range and very high precision selection. %M C.CHI.01.2.327 %T ChatScape: a visual informal communication tool in communities %S Short talks: virtual collaboration tools %A Yuji Ayatsuka %A Nobuyuki Matsushita %A Jun Rekimoto %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 327-328 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634261 %X Informal communication in a community is as important as formal meetings. We propose to support on-line informal communication by a visual communication tool, named ChatScape. A message on ChatScape is made of short text and still images. Short text messages are suitable for informal communication, and snapshots of users adds presence and hints of contexts. %M C.CHI.01.2.329 %T The design of the 'Babble' timeline: a social proxy for visualizing group activity over time %S Short talks: virtual collaboration tools %A Thomas Erickson %A Mark R. Laff %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 329-330 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634262 %X We describe the design and implementation of the Timeline social proxy, a visualization widget that provides cues about the presence and activity of participants in an online conversation system. Unlike most awareness indicators (but see [4] for an exception), the Timeline shows the history of participants' presence and activities, thus providing cues about who has been 'listening' in asynchronous conversations. We discuss our experience with the Timeline, describing some of the ways in which it is used, as well as its design flaws and potential remedies. %M C.CHI.01.2.331 %T Collaborative tele-directing %S Short talks: virtual collaboration tools %A Judith Donath %A Dana Spiegel %A Matt Lee %A Kelly Dobson %A Ken Goldberg %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 331-332 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634263 %X The Tele-Direction interface allows a physically remote and geographically distributed audience to collaboratively control a shared remote resource. It features contextualized user-driven goal setting and voting, an economy, and chat. In this paper we discuss the design considerations that led to this interface and describe our initial implementation. %M C.CHI.01.2.333 %T UI for a videoconference camera %S Short talks: virtual collaboration tools %A Hugo Strubbe %A Mi Suen Lee %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 333-334 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634264 %X We present the human factors of a (boardroom or home) group videoconference in which a camera is operated via a remote control. We describe a system that automates this camera operation, the rules it uses, and its effect on the quality of a conference as observed at informal user tests. %M C.CHI.01.2.335 %T Dynamic world design and social navigation in a theatre of work %S Short talks: virtual collaboration tools %A Leonie Schafer %A Stefan Kuppers %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 335-336 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634265 %X We describe a novel approach for collaborative work, in which a three-dimensional theatre of work visualizes the work process and enables social encounters. This type of system has potential applications for co-located virtual teams which, though geographically dispersed, work together by the use of modern information technology. We introduce TOWER, the Theatre of Work, which allows project members to be aware of project relevant activities as well as to establish social relationships to intensify team coherence. In this paper we focus on the design of dynamic virtual environments and social navigation. %M C.CHI.01.2.337 %T Patterns of innovation: a web-based MATLAB programming contest %S Short talks: virtual collaboration tools %A Ned Gulley %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 337-338 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634266 %X In this paper, we describe an innovative web-based MATLAB programming contest and point out some interesting connections between the contest and open source software development. %M C.CHI.01.2.339 %T A visual preference-modeling and decision-support technique for buyers of multi-attribute products %S Short talks: eCommerce and eLearning %A Gaurav Tewari %A Pattie Maes %A Dan Ariely %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 339-340 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634268 %X We describe an intuitive, visual technique by which buyers of multi-attribute goods and services in electronic marketplaces can express their preferences, and receive real-time feedback about which transaction partners can most suitably meet their needs. Our work embodies a novel approach towards the visualization and conceptualization of multi-attribute spaces. Our system gives users the option of being able to iteratively refine their preferences based upon dynamically generated decision-support feedback. %M C.CHI.01.2.341 %T One-to-one e-commerce: who's the one? %S Short talks: eCommerce and eLearning %A Jan Blom %A Andrew Monk %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 341-342 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634269 %X Personalization, the system knowing about you, can be distinguished from personification, the degree to which the system projects itself as being human. In this experiment personalization is crossed with personification to create four interfaces to a fictional e-commerce system. The effect of personalization on subjective ratings of workload and engagement depended on whether the system projected itself as human or machine. %M C.CHI.01.2.343 %T When buying on-line, does price really matter? %S Short talks: eCommerce and eLearning %A Joan Morris %A Paul P. Maglio %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 343-344 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634270 %X We studied how consumers make decisions about purchasing airline tickets on-line. The results suggest trends in how decisions are made to purchase products with multiple decision parameters. We found that price matters in that parameters ranked as more important than price are hard requirements whereas parameters ranked as less important than price are only preferences. These results have implications for the design of on-line shopping agents. %M C.CHI.01.2.345 %T Shopping anytime anywhere %S Short talks: eCommerce and eLearning %A Kenton O'Hara %A Mark Perry %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 345-346 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634271 %X As people walk around in the world, many impulses to make a transaction are generated by objects in the environment. For many reasons these transaction impulses are deferred. A study of consumer behaviour is presented focussing on why these transaction impulses are deferred. By looking at the reasons for deferral we aim to inform the design of new user centred mobile ecommerce solutions based on overcoming some of these deferral reasons. %M C.CHI.01.2.347 %T "Less clicking, more watching": an option for entertainment on the web? %S Short talks: eCommerce and eLearning %A Claudio Pinhanez %A Clare Marie Karat %A John Karat %A John Vergo %A Renee Arora %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 347-348 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634272 %X How can entertainment be provided on the web? Contrary to the common wisdom that sees the web as an inherently interactive medium, this experimental study has found evidence that people may want watchable entertaining experiences on the web, i.e., "less clicking, more watching." This hypothesis was tested in two prototypes of documentary-style streaming web narratives, yielding preliminary evidence that entertainment on the web can be less interactive than currently thought. %M C.CHI.01.2.349 %T A generic presentation modeling system for adaptive web-based instructional applications %S Short talks: eCommerce and eLearning %A Jose A. Macias %A Pablo Castells %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 349-350 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634273 %X We propose a generic presentation system for adaptive educational hypermedia that is highly independent from domain knowledge representation and application state management. Generality is achieved by providing a framework for the definition of ontologies that best fit specific domains and/or authors. Presentations are described in terms of ontology object classes and relations. An explicit presentation model, separate from course contents, is used to provide course designers with extensive control over the generation of all aspects of presentation, at a moderate development cost. %M C.CHI.01.2.351 %T The two-handed desktop interface: are we there yet? %S Short talks: input by hand, eye, and brain %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A Yves Guiard %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 351-352 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634275 %X We argue that today's desktop systems poorly engage the hands of users, and reveal a left-hand bias. Arguments are supported by examples and theory -- by juxtaposing the affordances of keyboard/mouse technology with theories of bimanual skill. Scrolling is cited as a task in particularly bad repair. A design improvement is suggested. %M C.CHI.01.2.353 %T Natural hand writing in unstable 3D space with artificial surface %S Short talks: input by hand, eye, and brain %A Shun'ichi Tano %A Toshihiko Sugimoto %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 353-354 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634276 %X Conventional 3D design systems enable us to make a primitive geometrical figure. That system is useful for structural design. But they are not useful for conceptual design. This paper proposes new and natural design system that fits for conceptual design in 3D space. This system always represents the "hand-writing sketch" in midair by the crystal shutter glasses, and produces the virtual tactile plain in 3D space such as real paper surface by a force feedback device. %M C.CHI.01.2.355 %T Real-time 3D interaction with ActiveCube %S Short talks: input by hand, eye, and brain %A Yoshifumi Kitamura %A Yuichi Itoh %A Fumio Kishino %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 355-356 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634277 %X ActiveCube is a novel device that allows a user to construct and interact with a 3D environment by using cubes with a bi-directional user interface. A computer recognizes the 3D structure of connected cubes in real time by utilizing the real-time communication network among cubes. Also, ActiveCube is equipped with both input and output devices, at where the user expects to be, and this makes the interface intuitive and helps to clarify the causal relationship between the input of the user's operational intention and the output of simulated results. Consistency is always maintained between the real object and its corresponding representation in the computer in terms of object shape and functionalities. %M C.CHI.01.2.357 %T Solving multi-target haptic problems in menu interaction %S Short talks: input by hand, eye, and brain %A Ian Oakley %A Stephen Brewster %A Philip Gray %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 357-358 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634278 %X While haptic feedback has been shown to enhance user performance and satisfaction in single target interactions in desktop user interfaces, it is not clear whether this will hold for more realistic, multi-target interactions. Here we present an experimental study of haptically enhanced menus. We evaluate a visual condition, a haptic condition and an adjusted haptic condition designed to support menu interactions. We conclude that thoughtful design can create multi-target haptic augmentations that provide performance benefits. %M C.CHI.01.2.359 %T Vision-based face tracking system for window interface: prototype application and empirical studies %S Short talks: input by hand, eye, and brain %A Kotaro Kitajima %A Yoichi Sato %A Hideki Koike %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 359-360 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634279 %X In this paper, we study the effective use of gaze information for human-computer interaction based on a stereo-based vision system which can track the 3D position and orientation of a user in real-time. We have integrated our face-tracking system into the X Window interface system, and conducted experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed framework for using gaze information for window interfaces. %M C.CHI.01.2.361 %T Nudge and shove: frequency thresholding for navigation in direct brain-computer interfaces %S Short talks: input by hand, eye, and brain %A Melody Moore %A Philip Kennedy %A Elizabeth Mynatt %A Jennifer Mankoff %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 361-362 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634280 %X Direct control of a computer from the human brain has been made possible by the development of an implanted electrode. This paper describes new paradigms of computer screen navigation adapted for neural signal control. %M C.CHI.01.2.363 %T Who's in control?: exploring human-agent interaction in the McPie interactive theater project %S Short talks: displaying beyond desktop %A Wendy E. Mackay %A Ernest Holm Svendsen %A Bjarne Horn %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 363-364 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634282 %X The McPie Interactive Theater project explores an unusual style of interaction between human users and visual software agents. Unlike direct manipulation or intelligent agents, McPie explicitly creates a co-adaptive interaction, in which both the human user and the agent modify their behavior according to a changing set of criteria with respect to the other's behavior. The final implementation was tested at an Interactive Theater exhibition in front of a live audience over three days. Volunteers wearing motion detection equipment, interacted with McPie, an animated 3d character back-projected on a wall-sized screen. The setting offered a rich environment for trying out otherwise-controversial interaction styles and suggests new directions for human-agent interaction. %M C.CHI.01.2.365 %T Social and informational proxies in a fishtank %S Short talks: displaying beyond desktop %A Stephen Farrell %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 365-366 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634283 %X This paper describes an interactive fishtank that displays on a large screen in a shared space in our research lab. Fish represent people and informational resources. People can interact with fish by tapping on the tank or typing. Fish can be personalized or extended to reveal whatever a particular person wants to reveal about his or herself. Through this calm, pleasing interface, group awareness can be conveyed. %M C.CHI.01.2.367 %T Barehands: implement-free interaction with a wall-mounted display %S Short talks: displaying beyond desktop %A Meredith Ringel %A Henry Berg %A Yuhui Jin %A Terry Winograd %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 367-368 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634284 %X We describe Barehands, a free-handed interaction technique, in which the user can control the invocation of system commands and tools on a touch screen by touching it with distinct hand postures. Using behind-screen infrared (IR) illumination and a video camera with an IR filter, we enable a back-projected SMARTBoard (a commercially available, 61 3/8" x 47" touch-sensing display) to identify and respond to several distinct hand postures. Barehands provides a natural, quick, implement-free method of interacting with large, wall-mounted interactive surfaces. %M C.CHI.01.2.369 %T Using a steerable projector and a camera to transform surfaces into interactive displays %S Short talks: displaying beyond desktop %A Claudio Pinhanez %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 369-370 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634285 %X The multi-surface interactive display projector (MSIDP) is a steerable projection system that transforms non-tethered surfaces into interactive displays. In an MSIDP, the display image is directed onto a surface by a rotating mirror. Oblique projection distortions are removed by a computer-graphics reverse-distortion process and user interaction (pointing and clicking) is achieved by detecting hand movements with a video camera. The MSIDP is a generic input/output device to be used in applications that require computer access from different locations of a space or computer action in the real world (such as locating objects). In particular, it can also be used to provide computer access in public spaces and to people with locomotive disabilities. %M C.CHI.01.2.371 %T Interactive object registration and recognition for augmented desk interface %S Short talks: displaying beyond desktop %A Takahiro Nishi %A Yoichi Sato %A Hideki Koike %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 371-372 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634286 %X Identification of objects in a real world plays a key role for human-computer interaction in a computer-augmented environment using augmented reality techniques. For providing natural interaction in such environments, it is necessary for an interface system to know which objects a user is using. In the previously developed interface systems, real objects are identified by using specially designed tags attached to objects. In this work, we propose a new method for interactive object recognition and registration for more natural and intuitive interaction without using any tags. In particular, we introduce interactive object registration and recognition by combining direct manipulation with user's hands and a color-based object recognition algorithm. %M C.CHI.01.2.373 %T Strata/ICC: physical models as computational interfaces %S Short talks: displaying beyond desktop %A Brygg Ullmer %A Elizabeth Kim %A Axel Kilian %A Steve Gray %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 373-374 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634287 %X We present Strata/ICC: a computationally-augmented physical model of a 54-story skyscraper that serves as an interactive display of electricity consumption, water consumption, network utilization, and other kinds of infrastructure. Our approach pushes information visualizations into the physical world, with a vision of transforming large-scale physical models into new kinds of interaction workspaces. %M C.CHI.01.2.375 %T Avoiding interference through translucent interface components in single display groupware %S Short talks: understanding interfaces %A Ana Zanella %A Saul Greenberg %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 375-376 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634289 %X Our research concerns the design of interface components tailored for single display groupware (SDG) where multiple co-located people, each with their own input device, interact over a single shared display. In particular, we are concerned with 'interference' effects, where one person's raising of an interface component (e.g., a menu) can impede another's view and interaction on the shared screen. Our solution uses translucent interface components, where others can see through the obstructing component and continue their work underneath it. Our in-progress evaluation suggests this design lessens interference effects. %M C.CHI.01.2.377 %T The (in)effectiveness of animation in instruction %S Short talks: understanding interfaces %A Julie B. Morrison %A Barbara Tversky %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 377-378 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634290 %X Animated graphics have been increasingly adopted to teach complex systems, encouraged by the preconception that realism is effective. Nevertheless, the evidence has been discouraging as to their effectiveness. By the Conceptual Congruence Hypothesis, graphics should be effective in conveying concepts that are literally or metaphorically spatial. By extension, animated graphics should be effective in conveying change in time. This hypothesis was investigated by comparing three interfaces that presented text, text plus static graphics, or text plus animated graphics. Evidence was obtained for the static version of the Conceptual Congruence Hypothesis. Graphics were more effective than text in some cases, especially for participants with low spatial ability, but animation did not further increase effectiveness. %M C.CHI.01.2.379 %T Integrating back, history and bookmarks in web browsers %S Short talks: understanding interfaces %A Shaun Kaasten %A Saul Greenberg %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 379-380 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634291 %X Most Web browsers include Back, History and Bookmark facilities that simplify how people return to previously seen pages. While useful, these three facilities all operate on quite different underlying models, which undermines their usability. Our alternative revisitation system uses a single model of a recency-ordered history list to integrate Back, History and Bookmarks. Enhancements include: Back as a way to step through this list; implicit and explicit 'dog-ears' to mark pages on the list (replacing Bookmarks); searching/filtering the list through dynamic queries; and visual thumbnails to promote page recognition. %M C.CHI.01.2.381 %T Sketching a graph to query a time-series database %S Short talks: understanding interfaces %A Martin Wattenberg %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 381-382 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634292 %X Sequential data is easily understood through a simple line graph, yet systems to search such data typically rely on complex interfaces or query languages. This paper presents QuerySketch, a financial database application in which graphs are used for query input as well as output. QuerySketch allows users to sketch a graph freehand, then view stocks whose price histories match the sketch. Using the same graphical format for both input and output results in an interface that is powerful, flexible, yet easy to use. %M C.CHI.01.2.383 %T An analysis of the influence of need for cognition on dynamic queries usage %S Short talks: understanding interfaces %A Giuseppe Carenini %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 383-384 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634293 %X We report preliminary results about a positive correlation between the personality trait of need for cognition (a construct developed in social psychology) and the usage of dynamic queries (an interactive technique for database querying). %M C.CHI.01.2.385 %T End-user perceptions of formal and informal representations of web sites %S Short talks: understanding interfaces %A Jason I. Hong %A Francis C. Li %A James Lin %A James A. Landay %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 385-386 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634294 %X Web site designers have expressed concerns that formal, cleaned-up representations of early ideas cause end-users to focus on inappropriate details. It is believed that the high-fidelity of formal representations cause end-users to believe a design is more complete and therefore not amenable to high-level changes and suggestions. In this paper we present an experiment comparing end-user perceptions of formal and informal electronic representations of web site designs. We found that end-users do in fact believe formal representations are finished and unchanging, but that this does not seem to influence the level of detail in their suggestions. However, it appears that informal designs presented in an electronic medium raises user expectations such that lower-level suggestions about the visual aspects were made. %M C.CHI.01.2.387 %T The effects of time delay in electronic commerce %S Student posters %A Danny SL Chow %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 387-388 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634296 %X An experiment is conducted to ascertain the effects of time delay on consumer behaviour in the context of electronic commerce (e-commerce). Our experiment has found that sequences of delays cause annoyance amongst the subjects. There is little to suggest that psychological adaptation to the time delay may exist. Patterns of delay -- such as increasing and decreasing downloading speeds -- also matters when a subject evaluates an e-commerce shopping experience. %M C.CHI.01.2.389 %T Is banner ads totally blind for us? %S Student posters %A Chui Yin Wong %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 389-390 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634297 %X The emergence of Internet has provided an alternative channel for companies to promote their services and products online besides the traditional medium. An overview of Internet advertising diagram is also outlined in the paper. Banner ads, as the first form of Internet ads model, is a form of passive exposure in which the consumer does not consciously decide to view [4]. "Banner blindness" was coined [3] to identify users usually overlook banner ads on the Web. A pilot test was conducted to examine whether users do notice the banner ads on the Web. The results showed that graphics, content, and interactivity are the three elements users are attracted to click on the banner ads. Nielsen's 10 usability heuristic principle [5] is adopted on banner ads to illustrate the problem issue. %M C.CHI.01.2.391 %T User-generated analogies of the world wide web: implications for design %S Student posters %A Aideen J. Stronge %A Richard Pak %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 391-392 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634298 %X The purpose of the present study was to gain insight into the mental representations (e.g., mental models, analogies, user models) that people generate of the World Wide Web. There were three groups of participants included in this study: younger adults with web experience, older adults with web experience, and older adults without web experience. All three groups of participants most frequently described the web as a source of information. There is an apparent mismatch between the models recommended by designers and the models given by our participants. Most users' models consisted of multiple idea units. However, most user models recommended by designers consist of one general idea. Differences were also found between the models offered by our two groups of older adults. %M C.CHI.01.2.393 %T Webwatch: visualizing web page histories and social monitoring habits %S Student posters %A Cathy Eichholz Polk %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 393-394 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634299 %X Much data exists about both web pages and people's browsing behaviors that could be useful, but which is too large and difficult to digest in pure text form. Developing a way to harness this information has the potential to enhance the web browsing experience. I am designing information visualizations and a broader system that allow people to access, review, and analyze such information. %M C.CHI.01.2.395 %T Improving web browsing on handheld devices %S Student posters %A Michael Fulk %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 395-396 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634300 %X Small screen devices such as PDA's and mobile phones provide a real challenge for displaying web pages. I am exploring alternative display and interaction paradigms for browsing the web on handheld devices. %M C.CHI.01.2.397 %T Dissociation of subjective web site usability evaluation and performance: effect of user experience %S Student posters %A Michael J. Piller %A Michael S. Miller %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 397-398 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634301 %X Usability of three web sites was assessed by low and high experience web users. Findings indicate that despite demonstrating increased objective usability, sites may be characterized as having low subjective usability by experienced users. Implications for design are discussed. %M C.CHI.01.2.399 %T User-interface design principles for experimental control software %S Student posters %A Ronald Laurids Boring %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 399-400 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634302 %X Much has been written about applying principles and methods of psychology to user-interface design. There is an enormous gap in the literature and in practice for the inverse -- applying user-interface design to psychology. With the prevalence of experimental control software (ECS) in psychology and HCI, it is imperative to consider how ECS would benefit from the application of user-interface design principles. In this paper, several key usability shortcomings in ECS are evaluated, and a set of usability guidelines for the development of ECS is presented. %M C.CHI.01.2.401 %T Expanding an advanced, interface: modifying and reapplying design guidelines %S Student posters %A Anne Vinter Ratzer %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 401-402 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634303 %X I describe an ongoing design process for expanding a user interface involving advanced interaction techniques (marking menus and toolglasses). My goal is to investigate evaluation and reuse of design guidelines for untraditional interfaces in a participatory design process. %M C.CHI.01.2.403 %T Multiple hierarchies in user workspace %S Student posters %A Richard Boardman %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 403-404 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634304 %X Desktop workspaces contain many user-defined hierarchies such as the file system, email folders and web bookmark folders. Previous studies have shown that users encounter many overheads in the management and navigation of individual hierarchies. In contrast, this paper presents an exploratory study of how users work with the multiple hierarchies of their workspace. The organisations of three hierarchies (file system, email folders and web bookmark folders) were compared for ten users. The study found that overheads are compounded when working with multiple hierarchies. Improved support is required for managing multiple hierarchies in user workspace. The sharing of organisational information between hierarchies is proposed as one possible approach. %M C.CHI.01.2.405 %T Save and store personal experiences %S Student posters %A Senja Edvardsson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 405-406 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634305 %X The aim of this paper is to explore a concept of how visitors' personal experiences from a public environment such as an art museum easily can be saved for individual access at a later occasion. The advocated approach is to save experiences by using images of physical objects exhibited at museums as a trigger to remember personal experiences. Ethnographical inspired methods such as observation were used at the Swedish National museum to gain knowledge on conditions for saving experiences. This resulted in design implication and a suggestion of a design approach for future prototype work. %M C.CHI.01.2.407 %T Creating a memory palace using a computer %S Student posters %A Joshua Harman %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 407-408 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634306 %X A memory palace is a mnemonic device used heavily during the Renaissance. The idea of a memory palace is to create a mental house in which to store symbolic images that can later serve as cues for information retrieval. Much has been made in the psychological literature about the importance of contextual cues for information retrieval. A memory palace serves as an effective way to organize and create contextual cues that can be used later for memory recall. The memory palace project is an attempt to import this completely mental construct into a format a user can manipulate using a computer or PDA. %M C.CHI.01.2.409 %T Understanding the use and utility of anthropomorphic interface agents %S Student posters %A Jun Xiao %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 409-410 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634307 %X We are exploring the use of anthropomorphic agents in user interfaces in order to understand their potential and utility. Initially, we are conducting a series of Wizard of Oz experiments in order to factor out competence as an issue, and to vary particular aspects of an anthropomorphic agent's presentation. %M C.CHI.01.2.411 %T Surface effects on alignment of graphic and real objects in a stereoscopic augmented reality environment %S Student posters %A Ming Hou %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 411-412 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634308 %X This poster provides the latest experimental result of a virtual pointer (VP) alignment task at designated probe positions on a cylinder real object surface in a stereoscopic augmented reality environment. The purpose was to evaluate subject's sensitivity to surface texture, target position on the curved surface, VP form, and binocular disparity. The main findings were: a) surface texture had a significant effect, highly textured surface facilitated higher localization accuracy than low textured surface; b) target position had a significant influence, with the central position relative to the observer had less error than the off-centre position; c) binocular disparity had a perceptual interaction with the target position. %M C.CHI.01.2.413 %T Exploring the design space for personal information management tools %S Student posters %A Rodney Peters %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 413-414 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634309 %X The storing and retrieval of personal and work-related information from large capacity storage devices has become tedious and haphazard especially for individuals that are not technologically or computer literate. There must be a better a way to help people remember where information has been stored, implicate its temporal importance and manage daily tasks. This paper discusses a study currently investigating personal information management and archiving, with an objective of designing software tools to assist the process. %M C.CHI.01.2.415 %T Supporting user-specific views via multidimensional trees %S Student posters %A Hartmut Obendorf %A Sven Bertel %A Kai Florian Richter %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 415-416 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634310 %X Large sets of information need to be structured in order to be usable. Users often build hierarchical representations of information that are both user- and task-specific. Traditional structuring techniques used in information systems often fail to support these hierarchies. We try to support the use of individual concepts of the information space with a general structure. We also try to minimize the number of forced decisions in the user's decision tree. %M C.CHI.01.2.417 %T Displaying dynamic information %S Student posters %A Jaime B. Teevan %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 417-418 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634311 %X In this paper I introduce the problem of displaying dynamic information. I give several examples where an individual must interact with information that is changing beyond her control. The challenge in displaying this information is to discover how the user's context can be maintained while giving her access to the new information that becomes available. The user should feel in control of the information despite the fact that it is changing. This can be done effectively by understanding what conceptual anchors the user creates into the data, and keeping them constant while changing the other information as needed. %M C.CHI.01.2.419 %T Finding what changes: a technique for evaluating icon coding in display systems %S Student posters %A Angela Garabet %A Tonya Stokes %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 419-420 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634312 %X In large-scale systems a user may be required to perform status-monitoring tasks that rely upon the detection of changes among differentially coded icons. We demonstrate a technique for analyzing the utility of coding dimensions in terms of the users' ability to detect display changes in icons that share properties (form, color, orientation, etc.). Results suggest that observers may use the dimensions of color and form to selectively attend to the icons relevant to the task. However, users were unable to completely filter out irrelevant icons to the detriment of their performance on the change detection task. %M C.CHI.01.2.421 %T The effects of graphic organizers that signal the structure of a hypertext document on user's navigation strategies and performance %S Student posters %A Rachel Michael Nilsson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 421-422 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634313 %X Two experiments tested the hypothesis that graphical organizers aid users of hypertext documents by providing explicit structural cues. Participants answered thirty questions using a hierarchical website of aquatic animals. In Experiment 1, participants given non-navigable maps were more efficient than participants not given maps on questions 1-20, but marginally less efficient on questions 21-30. In Experiment 2, animal pages contained either an organizer that located the current page within the structure of the website (explicit group), or did not (implicit group). The explicit group was faster during the test phase, but not more efficient. Spatial ability and prior knowledge affected performance. These results suggest that maps are initially useful but discourage further learning. %M C.CHI.01.2.423 %T Content control in multimedia applications %S Student posters %A Zoe Swiderski %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 423-424 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634314 %X Increasingly expressive input and information presentation techniques are said to enhance interactivity. This paper argues that increased interactivity alone is not sufficient. Though in many cases it may allow more flexible or efficient methods for conveying users' needs, it is often true that a range of retrieved information is obtained from which the user must filter the really useful information. This problem is exacerbated with the increasing popularity of the Internet and its use of multiple media types. This paper describes a 'volume' control for multimedia objects. The volume control is used to adjust the level of detail presented in multiple media objects. %M C.CHI.01.2.425 %T Silver: an intelligent video editor %S Student posters %A Juan P. Casares %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 425-426 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634315 %X Silver is an authoring tool that allows novice users to edit digital video. A variety of AI techniques provide high-level metadata from the audio signal and video, including shot boundaries and a time-synchronized transcript. Silver uses this metadata to provide multiple, synchronized views of the content, including transcript, tree outline and hierarchical timeline views. These interface components are used to organize and edit the source material. The user can drag and drop representative frames or directly cut and paste in any view, including the transcript. Our work now focuses on supporting intelligent selection when there is a disparity between audio and video boundaries. %M C.CHI.01.2.427 %T Redesigning traditional media and assessing entertainment value with online comics %S Student posters %A Juan Casares %A Karen Cross %A Andrea Klein %A Stavros Polyviou %A Daniel Yocum %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 427-428 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634316 %X As traditional media make the transition to the web, the need for a systematic way of assessing the entertainment value of interfaces becomes increasingly important. In this paper we describe an experiment using online manipulations of traditional paper comic books to a) evaluate the effectiveness of different online presentations of a traditional entertainment medium and b) contrast systematic evaluation methods for assessing entertainment value. Paper comic books were transferred online and manipulated in two ways: the degree of user control in advancing through the story ("user control") and the amount of the original page presented on the screen at a one time ("visual scope"). We used a combination of methods to measure entertainment value: pre and post questionnaires, active experience surveys, facial expression analysis, heart rate measurement and time spent on the interface. From this study, it was determined that the most successful way of presenting comic books online is by giving the user full control over the navigation ("manual" condition), and by presenting each comic book page panel by panel ("panel in page" condition). The most effective and practical way for assessing entertainment value, according to the results of this study, is the use of post questionnaires, and either active experience surveys or facial expression analysis. %M C.CHI.01.2.429 %T Case study of a ubiquitous image/video capture system %S Student posters %A Dipin Hora %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 429-430 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634317 %X This paper presents the case study of the design of a ubiquitous photographic/videographic based capture system and talks about an application of it. It also describes how these images/videos can be used for a personal consumer application and also as empirical anthropological data. %M C.CHI.01.2.431 %T MultiPoint: a case study of multimodal performance for building presentations %S Student posters %A Anoop K. Sinha %A Michael Shilman %A Niraj Shah %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 431-432 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634318 %X MultiPoint is a speech and pen user interface for building presentations, implemented as an add-on to Microsoft PowerPoint. In this study, we compared users' performance between building presentations with MultiPoint and with PowerPoint. We also compared participants' performance between using Wizard of Oz (Woz) speech recognition and computer speech recognition. In aggregate, six participants with Woz recognition completed tasks in about the same time and with about the same number of errors, as they did using PowerPoint alone. Six participants with computer speech recognition took twice the time and committed four times as many errors, as they did using PowerPoint. %M C.CHI.01.2.433 %T The LoveBomb: encouraging the communication of emotions in public spaces %S Student posters %A Rebecca Hansson %A Tobias Skog %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 433-434 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634319 %X We are exploring the use of persuasive computational technology as an instrument for the communication of human emotions. Our current focus is on encouraging such communication between strangers. We present the concept of the LoveBomb -- a mobile and persuasive device that allows people to anonymously communicate feelings of love (happiness) and sadness. The device contains a radio transceiver that the user can employ to send out shock waves of love, affecting people in the proximity carrying a LoveBomb device. The device also lets its users cry for compassion, quietly signaling to others that they are sad. The LoveBomb is intended to encourage people to express themselves emotionally when situated amongst strangers in public spaces. Focus group studies have provided us with an initial understanding regarding the LoveBomb's potential social impact. %M C.CHI.01.2.435 %T A piece of butter on the PDA display %S Student posters %A Lars Weberg %A Torbjorn Brange %A Asa Wendelbo Hansson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 435-436 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634320 %X This paper describes an interaction concept for controlling the cursor on a hand-held computing device's display, in difference to the desktop interaction paradigm. "Cursor" is defined as a small point-like indicator which is movable on a graphic interface. "Hand-held computing device" can for example be a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). Moving the cursor should be like moving a piece of butter in a hot frying pan: The more the pan (device) is tilted, the quicker the butter (cursor) will slide "downhills". We also describe a menu system designed for this type of control. %M C.CHI.01.2.437 %T Communication failure in home-help service %S Student posters %A Lina Larsson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 437-438 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634321 %X This paper presents the preliminary results from an ongoing research project with the purpose to explore possible ways of using and benefiting from mobile technology for home-help service. It is based upon a field study of three Swedish home-help service units. The project aims at an understanding of the work practices of the home-help service. The paper shows that the informal communication is an important practice in the work, but not always sufficient. This is exemplified by an episode with a caretaker. The incident implies that the practice of informal communication possibly could benefit from mobile technology. %M C.CHI.01.2.439 %T Ability by mobility %S Student posters %A Victoria Nilsson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 439-440 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634322 %X In this paper, we describe how aspects on usability may be explored in interviews with people from the disabled community. By using Future Workshops and ethnographical studies to get a user perspective on how new technology could be an aid for people who are usually restricted by immobility. How to make access to places and information at locations out of physical reach possible and let all of us take an active part in the modern society. With those means we explore what is possible to do in the present situation, and what would be desirable to do in the future. We have many interesting proposals on what would be valuable technical aids. Extending these with ethnographical studies of the perceived user groups, those ideas where further developed. %M C.CHI.01.2.441 %T TreePredict: improving text entry on PDA's %S Student posters %A Fredrik Kronlid %A Victoria Nilsson %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 441-442 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634323 %X In this paper we describe how an improved word prediction implemented on a PDA can make it easier for users to enter text. The resulting predictions are a result of trigrams using POS-tags (Part Of Speech). The first two parts of the trigrams are POS-tagged, and the last part is extended into a ternary tree, using information from the trigrams to narrow the search. With an improved predictions system, the users are more likely to trust the system, find it improves their ability to enter text with less keystrokes. It is also likely that they will to use the prediction feature more actively when they perceive that it is useful to them. %M C.CHI.01.2.443 %T Using handhelds as controls for everyday appliances: a paper prototype study %S Student posters %A Jeffrey W. Nichols %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 443-444 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634324 %X Everyday appliances, including telephones, copiers, and home stereos, increasingly contain embedded computers which enable greater functionality. If the interfaces to these appliances were easy to use, people might benefit from these new functions. Unfortunately, it is rare to find a well-designed appliance interface. This study shows that existing appliance interfaces could be improved by using a remote control interface on a handheld computer. %M C.CHI.01.2.445 %T Walk-up keyboard: an efficient low overhead interface for transient workers %S Student posters %A Matthew Rosencrantz %A Kurt Partridge %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 445-446 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634325 %X A situation that traditional PC centered computing does not serve well is that of transient workers; workers who are required to move from place to place frequently, yet still be able to interact with their data. We used intra-body signaling to construct a system that allows workers to carry wearable computers and interact with them through a standard keyboard and monitor. The system has low overhead when changing terminals as the association between terminal and wearable occurs automatically when the user comes into contact with the terminal. Although the system is still under development, an initial implementation has verified that the desired functionality is obtainable. %M C.CHI.01.2.447 %T Developing heuristics for synchronous collaborative systems %S Student posters %A Jill Drury %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 447-448 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634326 %X Heuristic evaluation is widely used for single-user computer systems, but research is ongoing to find a valid set of heuristics that can be applied to synchronous multi-user, or collaborative, computing systems. I have derived a set of heuristics based on six theories and metaphors of collaborative system behavior. The heuristics are being validated through use and a planned experiment. %M C.CHI.01.2.449 %T ATC do I trust thee?: referents of trust in air traffic control %S Student posters %A Deirdre Bonini %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 449-450 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634327 %X In this paper, we describe an approach to understanding the role of trust in the domain of air traffic control (ATC). We conceptualise trust in terms of the dimensions of belief and control, and identify four referents as necessary elements to describe an air traffic controllers' trust in the system. A number of attributes of the referents were selected, and their relevance was supported by the results of a questionnaire. Experience of working with others and using technology, was reported as being essential. Future work will include a widening of scope, and an experimental validation of the influence of referents and attributes on the level of trust in a system. %M C.CHI.01.2.451 %T User response to two algorithms as a test of collaborative filtering %S Student posters %A Adam W. Shearer %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 451-452 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634328 %X The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether recommendations based on collaborative filtering (CF) are perceived as superior to recommendations based on user population averages. The test vehicle was a movie recommender. 29 subjects were divided into 2 groups, each group using one of these systems. The recommender systems suggested movies which subjects later viewed. Each subject filled out pre and post-questionnaires about their experience. Subjects using the CF algorithm rated more movies. Subjects placed slightly more confidence in the recommendations of the population averages algorithm. Both algorithms were over-confident compared to subjects ratings. Subjects found both recommender systems to be an effective source of finding entertainment. User responses did not reveal a noticeable difference between the two algorithms. %M C.CHI.01.2.453 %T Using interactive maps for navigation and collaboration %S Student posters %A Wendy A. Schafer %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 453-454 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634329 %X Interactive maps provide unique ways to support collaboration. They can be used to navigate virtual environments and support collaborative activities within these environments. This poster gives an example of map-based navigation and some guidelines for its use. Additional map applications are also suggested. %M C.CHI.01.2.455 %T Predicting user intentions in graphical user interfaces using implicit disambiguation %S Student posters %A David Noy %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 455-456 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634330 %X We address the problem of predicting user intentions in cases of pointing ambiguities in graphical user interfaces. We argue that it is possible to heuristically resolve pointing ambiguities using implicit information that resides in natural pointing gestures, thus eliminating the need for explicit interaction methods and encouraging natural human-computer interaction. We present two speed-accuracy measures for predicting the size of the intended target object. These two measures are tested empirically and shown to be valid and robust. Additionally, we demonstrate the use of exact mouse location for disambiguation and the use of estimated movement continuation for predicting intended target objects at early stages of the pointing gesture. %M C.CHI.01.2.457 %T The information curtain: creating digital patterns with dynamic textiles %S Student posters %A Linda Melin %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 457-458 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634331 %X We are exploring ways to bridge the gap between traditional interior-design materials and digital media. At a time when computers become ubiquitous we think it is important to explore alternative display materials that can be better integrated in the human environment. The information curtain is a seemingly ordinary textile that can change color and pattern dynamically according to some input data. This was achieved by creating a special textile based on fibers that change color according to the amount of ultra-violet (UV) light. A color will appear on the surface when exposed to UV light and then slowly fade away when the light is turned off. By connecting the fabric to a computer-controlled UV light we will be able to use textiles as an output for digital media. %M C.CHI.01.2.459 %T "Are you there Margaret? It's me, Margaret": speech recognition as a mirror %S Student posters %A Christine Flounders %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 459-460 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634332 %X This paper briefly examines the design space of speech recognition as an input device. I discuss the particular advantages of speech recognition over other button-pushing modes of input. The goal of this paper is to examine speech devices that operate as a reflective tool for Human-Computer Interaction. I detail the construction and implementation of a simple speech recognition device, the Speech Patternizer, which specifies the frequency of indicated words in recorded speech. Through the prototyping of this device and a longitudinal study of it, I inspect the more nuanced models of Human-Computer Interaction that make speech patterns more transparent and interpretable. The value of the ability to examine and assess speech interaction between computers and humans is also discussed. %M C.CHI.01.2.461 %T Useful parameters for the design of laser pointer interaction techniques %S Student posters %A Choon Hong Peck %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 461-462 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634333 %X This paper reports on some fundamental parameters for the design of wall-based laser pointer interaction techniques. Ten users participated in this study and their laser points were tracked and recorded by a computer. The data collected were then processed and statistically analyzed to provide parameters like the size of the dwell of a laser point, the time taken to acquire a target and the time required to determine a dwell on a target. These numbers are needed when designing interaction techniques that use a laser pointer. %M C.CHI.01.2.463 %T Task blocks: tangible interfaces for creative exploration %S Student posters %A Michael Terry %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 463-464 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634334 %X This paper introduces Task Blocks, a system that uses physical blocks, called task blocks, to represent computational functions. Users string task blocks together to create a "pipeline" that sequentially manipulates data. Input devices attach directly to individual task blocks to control the effect of each function in the pipeline. The design of the system encourages hands-on, active experimentation by allowing users to directly insert, delete, or modify any function in the pipeline. This paper presents the design of Task Blocks and results from initial prototyping efforts. %M C.CHI.01.2.465 %T Senior-centered design of health information architecture %S Student posters %A Panayiotis Zaphiris %A Sri Kurniawan %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 465 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634335 %X A series of senior-centered design experiments were used to define the best-fitting web hierarchy for health information for seniors are reported. Three experiments were performed, namely card sorting, category identification and category labeling. The card sorting experiment's results show that senior participants grouped items conceptually on the higher categorization level but were influenced by literal words found in the link names when grouping items at a finer categorizations deeper down the hierarchy. The category identification and category labeling experiments' results suggests the importance of involving users to properly label the link and group names. %M C.CHI.01.2.469 %T Tearing down walls for the homebound elderly %S Student posters %A Jennifer L. Gregg %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 469-470 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634336 %X It is estimated that by 2030, there will be about 70 million older adults, more than twice their number in 1990 [1], indicating a growing number of frail elderly who are more likely to become socially isolated because of chronic health conditions due to advancing age. The purpose of this study was determine if emerging telecommunication technologies could help to change the social framework of homebound and mobility-limited people's lives. Four plain-old-telephone-service (POTs) -based videoconferencing units were placed in the homes of shut-in elderly for six months. Interviews conducted at three time points indicate participants felt more connected to their community because of the technology. %M C.CHI.01.2.471 %T Capturing camp experiences on the web: -design of Cyber Camp CAEN- %S Student posters %A Hyun Jhin Lee %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 471-472 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634337 %X In this paper, I present Cyber Camp CAEN, a novel web-based form of computer programming education for junior/high school students. Cyber Camp CAEN is a web-based interactive learning platform which incorporates many of the pedagogical features that make University of Michigan's Camp CAEN successful. Based on observations, surveys, and interviews, three features of camp life were found to be particularly significant, and they have been incorporated into the Cyber Camp CAEN design. Those features are: 1) competition, 2) collaboration, and 3) unpredictability. Cyber Camp CAEN incorporates these aspects of camp experience by utilizing A) a peer-based and skill graded learning community; B) live online peer help; C) an "Iron programmer" competition; and D) project exhibitions. %M C.CHI.01.2.473 %T Bringing design dialog to HCI education %S Student posters %A Colleen M. Kehoe %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 473-474 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634338 %X This research examines design dialog as a technique for helping HCI students learn through design activities. An undergraduate class using this technique with an experienced professor is studied. The students and the professor differ in the techniques they use in asking questions about other students' design projects. Results suggest that students will need help focussing on what they are learning from their design projects. %M C.CHI.01.2.475 %T Essentials of cell biology: usability test of a multimedia cd-rom science curriculum for high-school students %S Student posters %A Mary Deraitus %A Kris Freeman %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 475-476 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634339 %X The CD-ROM "Essentials of Cell Biology" (ECB), a self-guided curriculum and reference program, was developed by Health and Environmental Resources for Educators program in the Department of Environmental Health at the University of Washington for use by high-school students. This pilot study described here gathered information on the usability of ECB through formal usability observations of two 15-year-old participants as they used the program, and through post-test interviews. The pilot study also identified areas of concern that might be of interest to future researchers in testing adolescents. The developers of the CD-ROM used the findings from this study in their successful grant application to obtain additional funding to correct usability problems in the CD-ROM. %M C.CHI.01.2.477 %T Verbaliser-visualiser learning on a statistics training program %S Student posters %A Yean Wei Ong %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 477-478 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634340 %X Can we improve information uptake by tailoring training to individual users' verbal-visual cognitive styles? This study examined the relationship between cognitive style and learning performance on a computer-based training program on measures of central tendency. Verbalisers (verbal stylists), visualisers (visual stylists), and controls (flexible stylists) were selected, and tested on two formats (sentence and diagram) of a statistics training program. Verbalisers and visualisers were expected to do better when format matched style. Contrary to predictions, controls gave different performance across formats while verbalisers and visualisers gave similar performance across formats. Possible explanations are presented. %M C.CHI.01.2.479 %T Design and implementation of an educational technology for a historic home %S Student posters %A Joshua T. Cothran %A James Clawson %A Jehan Moghazy %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 479-480 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634341 %X Rhodes Hall, a turn-of-the-century home in Atlanta, Georgia, occupies a significant place in the cultural heritage of the South. Using the iterative design process, we have broken down the design space of Rhodes Hall and found ways to implement useful technologies. Methods of data collection include research, interviews, monitoring tours, and other techniques. Based on this data, we have designed a prototype for an educational software package. The software will improve the quality and experience of learning for middle school students visiting the historic home. Beginning January 2001, we will revise and implement the design, carrying out formative and summative evaluations of the software. %M C.CHI.01.2.481 %T Mobile communications: understanding users, adoption, and design %S Workshops %A Marilyn Salzman %A Leysia Palen %A Richard Harper %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 481-482 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634343 %X Mobile telephony adoption is on the rise, with industry projections suggesting that wireless subscribers will reach 1 billion worldwide by 2002 [3]. Recent technological innovations have also dramatically enhanced the capabilities of the wireless telephone [8]. No longer restricted to voice communications, wireless devices are now also able to transmit and manipulate data. Leveraging the power of these new technologies, various business sectors are working together to offer a wide array of services, including voice communications, short messaging, information services, web surfing, location-based services, and e-commerce. Each sector is looking for the next "killer application," yet we are still learning about people's information and communication needs while "on the go" [9, 10, 11]. Additionally, it is difficult to anticipate what new possibilities or challenges are created for the user upon the introduction of these new computational capabilities. An understanding of these issues is critical to the CHI community's ability to produce good technology -- technology that is innovative, useful, usable, and profitable. %M C.CHI.01.2.483 %T Transforming the UI for anyone. anywhere: enabling an increased variety of users, devices, and tasks through interface transformations %S Workshops %A Charles Wiecha %A Pedro Szekely %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 483-484 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634344 %M C.CHI.01.2.485 %T Interactive narrative and knowledge stewardship %S Workshops %A Tom Carey %A Karel Vredenburg %A Jim Bizzocchi %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 485-486 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634345 %X This workshop will bring together a diverse set of participants to explore the use of interactive narrative for knowledge stewardship. Participants will bring existing or proposed interactive narratives for analysis and review. The workshop will also develop a draft research agenda linking various disciplinary perspectives. %M C.CHI.01.2.487 %T Distributed and disappearing user interfaces in ubiquitous computing %S Workshops %A Anind K. Dey %A Peter Ljungstrand %A Albrecht Schmidt %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 487-488 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634346 %X New concepts for human-computer interaction have to be developed when envisioning ubiquitous computing scenarios [7]. Instead of a single screen-based user interface (UI), humans will interact with a number of devices that are distributed and interconnected. These computers range from highly personal and mobile appliances to systems that are integrated in everyday environments and are more or less invisible. When all the potential components are considered together, the design space for the UI becomes much larger than with conventional personal computers. In the process of designing UIs, decisions on the distribution of the input as well as the output through both space and time are needed. This also raises questions on how to deal with alternative, multiple input options, redundant output opportunities, and the fact that many of these UIs cannot expect to have people's attention for a long time. %M C.CHI.01.2.489 %T Integrating diverse research and development approaches to the construction of social cyberspaces %S Workshops %A Shelly Farnham %A Marc A. Smith %A Jennifer Preece %A Amy Bruckman %A Douglas Schuler %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 489-490 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634347 %X Researchers take a broad range of approaches in studying social cyberspaces, and each approach has its own theoretical underpinnings, goals, methods, advantages, and disadvantages. We intend to bring researchers from various backgrounds together, document the range of variation in this interdisciplinary area, and build connections among these practitioners. Using a survey instrument, this workshop will create a resource catalog (distributed through the web) that can be used by others in this field to guide them through the range of approaches in current use. Particular attention will be paid to the advantages and disadvantages of the different methodological approaches researchers take to understand, develop and enhance specific research topics. %M C.CHI.01.2.491 %T New interfaces for musical expression %S Workshops %A Ivan Poupyrev %A Michael J. Lyons %A Sidney Fels %A Tina Blaine (Bean) %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 491-492 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634348 %X The rapid evolution of electronics, digital media, advanced materials, and other areas of technology, is opening up unprecedented opportunities for musical interface inventors and designers. The possibilities afforded by these new technologies carry with them the challenges of a complex and often confusing array of choices for musical composers and performers. New musical technologies are at least partly responsible for the current explosion of new musical forms, some of which are controversial and challenge traditional definitions of music. Alternative musical controllers, currently the leading edge of the ongoing dialogue between technology and musical culture, involve many of the issues covered at past CHI meetings. This workshop brings together interface experts interested in musical controllers and musicians and composers involved in the development of new musical interfaces. %M C.CHI.01.2.493 %T Tools, conceptual frameworks, and empirical studies for early stages of design %S Workshops %A Kumiyo Nakakoji %A Mark D. Gross %A Linda Candy %A Ernest Edmonds %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 493-494 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634349 %M C.CHI.01.2.495 %T Text entry on mobile systems: directions for the future %S Workshops %A Poika Isokoski %A I. Scott MacKenzie %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 495 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634350 %X Mobile text input is hampered by the absence of a traditional keyboard. This, combined with demand for rapid and effortless writing methods for mobile devices, presents a special challenge. Various systems seeking to meet this challenge have recently emerged. Often, however, rigorous evaluation is lacking, and, so, there is little objective data to inform design. The goal of this workshop is to bring together experts on text entry methods, language prediction and modeling, and natural language input to discuss the state of the art and future directions in mobile text entry. %M C.CHI.01.2.497 %T Managing usability defects from identification to closure %S Workshops %A Paul McInerney %A Christian Pantel %A Karl Melder %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 497-498 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634351 %X Usability engineering programs generate volumes of raw data that are analyzed and synthesized into findings. While quantitative results such as task completion time and satisfaction ratings are straightforward to analyze and report, qualitative findings are less so. Qualitative findings encompass defects or flaws introduced at various stages of development, user suggestions for improving an acceptable design, and more diffuse usability concerns that need further investigation. It is not sufficient for usability engineers to simply identify usability defects. These defects must be communicated, tracked, resolved, and reported on. The effectiveness of a usability engineering process can be measured by its success rate in causing legitimate usability issues to be successfully resolved. This workshop will seek to identify best practices for managing usability defects from the time they are identified to the time they are closed. %M C.CHI.01.2.499 %T Universal design: towards universal access in the information society %S Workshops %A Constantine Stephanidis %A Demosthenes Akoumianakis %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 499-500 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634352 %X This workshop aims to advance an understanding of the concepts and principles of universal design and extrapolate on their relevance to Information Society Technologies. Specifically, the workshop will seek to review methods and techniques currently in use, ongoing work and future research issues, and establish the foundations of a conceptual frame of reference for applying universal design into Information Society Technologies in general, and HCI in particular. %M C.CHI.01.2.501 %T Building the ubiquitous computing user experience %S Workshops %A W. Keith Edwards %A Mark W. Newman %A Jana Z. Sedivy %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 501-502 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634353 %X Many aspects of Mark Weiser's original vision of ubiquitous computing [3] are rapidly becoming reality. Unlike just a few years ago, where we had at most one computer per person, many of us now routinely carry several "intelligent" devices. These may include PDAs, cell phones, laptop computers, portable digital music players, and so on. Additionally, our daily environments are often inhabited by digital devices such as computer display projectors and computer-augmented whiteboards. Increasingly, these devices have the ability to interconnect with one another, whether through short-range, proximity-based transports such as infrared or Bluetooth, via longer-range wireless technology, or through "traditional" wired networks. As we carry with us and are surrounded by increasing numbers of interconnectable devices -- as well as rapidly proliferating interconnected software services -- we are confronted with the question: how will we understand, make sense of, and ultimately use, the functionality around us? %M C.CHI.01.2.503 %T Interactive television: strategies for designing useful and usable services %S Workshops %A Owen Daly Jones %A Rachel Carey %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 503 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634354 %M C.CHI.01.2.504 %T The elements of online trust %S Workshops %A Cynthia L. Corritore %A Susan Wiedenbeck %A Beverly Kracher %B CHI01 %D 2001 %V 2 %P 504-505 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/634067.634355 %X The increasing success and popularity of the Internet makes this a critical time to examine elements that can cause online user interactions to be a success or a dismal failure. One of the most important of these elements, trust, has been identified as critical in ensuring a successful online interaction (Cheskin, 2000; Egger, 2000; Stratford, 2000). Human trust is essential for effective online experiences in part because these systems eliminate or minimize face-to-face contact. Online interface designers are also interested in trust as it relates to their ability to design elements into their websites that engender trust on the part of their users. They require knowledge about what goes into building an online trust relationship with a user which they can use to facilitate this process. While the importance of online trust is recognized, its study is just beginning. Questions such as 'what exactly is online trust?' and 'What makes a website trustworthy?' are some of the key issues in the study of online trust. We have identified two online contexts upon which to focus during the workshop. These are: ecommerce and health care information systems. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI02-2.BA %M C.CHI.02.2.492 %T Focus plus context screens: displays for users working with large visual documents %S Demonstrations %A Patrick Baudisch %A Nathaniel Good %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 492-493 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506445 %X Users working with documents that are too large and detailed to fit the user's screen (e.g. chip designs) have the choice of zooming or applying appropriate visualization techniques. In this demonstration, we will present focus plus context screens-wall-size low-resolution displays with an embedded high-resolution display region. They allow users to view details of a document up close, while simultaneously seeing peripheral parts of the document in lower resolution. Unlike overview plus detail, focus plus context screens do not require users to visually switch between multiple views. Unlike fisheye views, focus plus context screens do not introduce distortion. %M C.CHI.02.2.494 %T An automated approach and virtual environment for generating maintenance instructions %S Demonstrations %A Russell S. Blue %A Jeff Wampler %A G. Bowden Wise %A Louis J. Hoebel %A Boris Yamrom %A Christopher R. Volpe %A Bruce Wilde %A Pascale Rondot %A Ann E. Kelly %A Anne Gilman %A Wesley Turner %A Steve Linthicum %A George Ryon %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 494-495 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506446 %X Maintenance of complex machinery such as aircraft engines requires reliable and accurate documentation, including illustrated parts catalogs (IPCs), exploded views, and technical manuals describing how to remove, inspect, repair and install parts. For new designs, there are often time constraints for getting a new engine to the field, and the available documentation must go with it. Authoring technical manuals is a complex process involving technical writers, engineers, as well as domain experts (mechanics and designers). Often, several revisions are required before a manual has correct IPC figures and maintenance instructions. Compounding this problem is that technical writers often perform tasks better suited for computers, leading to increased costs and error. In this demonstration, we describe a new framework to generate maintenance instructions from solid models (Computer Aided Design/CAD data) and then validate these instructions in a haptics-enabled virtual environment. Our approach utilizes natural language processing techniques to generate a presentation-independent logical form, which can be transformed for display within the virtual environment. During the development of the system, task analyses, human models, usability studies, and domain experts were used to gain insights. The end result is a more integrated and human-centered process for developing technical manuals, providing higher quality documents with less cost. %M C.CHI.02.2.496 %T LAPIS: smart editing with text structure %S Demonstrations %A Robert C. Miller %A Brad A. Myers %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 496-497 %K LAPIS, PBD, automated text editing, pattern matching, programming-by-demonstration, search-and-replace %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506447 %M C.CHI.02.2.498 %T Hunter gatherer: a collection making tool for the web %S Demonstrations %A M. C. Schraefel %A Yuxiang Zhu %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 498-499 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506448 %X Task analysis of how users collect information from within Web pages indicates that while capturing information within-Web-page is a common task, it is not a frequent one. Tool support for this interaction is poor: users must move between browsers for copying and editors for pasting content They must also name the components captured and remember to copy and add the URL from the source. These subtasks force users away from their primary focus of information gathering and into information management. Hunter Gatherer is a browser-based tool designed to address the specific problems of forced divided attention in information gathering smaller-than-Web-page sized components. %M C.CHI.02.2.500 %T KidPad: collaborative storytelling for children %S Demonstrations %A Juan Pablo Hourcade %A Benjamin B. Bederson %A Allison Druin %A Gustav Taxen %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 500-501 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506449 %X Collaborative storytelling occurs frequently when children play, but few efforts have been made to support it with computers. This demonstration presents KidPad, a collaborative storytelling tool that supports children creating hyperlinked stories in a large two-dimensional zoomable space. Through the use of local tools, KidPad provides children with advanced interaction techniques in a collaborative environment. %M C.CHI.02.2.502 %T Groupspace: a 3D workspace supporting user awareness %S Demonstrations %A Jeff Dyck %A Carl Gutwin %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 502-503 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506450 %X Real-time distributed groupware must support awareness of other users if collaborators are to work together effectively. Several techniques have been developed for enhancing awareness in two-dimensional shared workspaces, but less is known about how to support awareness in 3D workspaces. The Groupspace system incorporates several types of awareness techniques (embodiment enhancements, participant list enhancements, and the Grand Tour) to help users maintain awareness of others' locations and perspectives, even when they are distant or out of view. %M C.CHI.02.2.504 %T Interaction in a collaborative augmented reality environment %S Demonstrations %A Holger T. Regenbrecht %A Michael T. Wagner %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 504-505 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506451 %X In this paper we describe an Augmented Reality (AR) system which allows multiple participants to interact with two- and three-dimensional data using tangible user interfaces. Interactively controllable 2D and 3D information is seamless integrated into the system. %M C.CHI.02.2.506 %T Roomware: the second generation %S Demonstrations %A Norbert Streitz %A Thorsten Prante %A Christian Muller-Tomfelde %A Peter Tandler %A Carsten Magerkurth %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 506-507 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506452 %X In this paper, we describe our 'Formal Demonstration Presentation' and provide background information on the video published in the video proceedings. The presentation provides an account of the development of the second generation of roomware components based on our experiences with the first generation. The redesign, resp. new design and implementation resulted in a comprehensive environment consisting of several different roomware components and software facilitating new forms of human computer interaction and cooperation. We present the second generation consisting of: DynaWall, InteracTable, CommChairs, ConnecTable, and the Passage mechanism, together with the corresponding software BEACH, PalmBeach, and MagNets. %M C.CHI.02.2.508 %T E-windshield: a study of using %S Demonstrations %A Ted Selker %A Winslow Burleson %A Ernesto Arroyo %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 508-509 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506453 %X The E-Windshield is a study in augmenting information with external knowledge as well as automobile relevant information. A prototype projection windshield is used to demonstrate 4 scenarios for using imagery on automobile windshields. Scenarios are subdivided into two conditions: Driving and Non-driving. In the first condition it demonstrates the use of annotation to draw drivers attention to objects. In the second condition the system presents an interface the size of the windshield providing a multimedia experience to the user. When a car is not occupied, it can be used as a public information board, showing information concerning time, things that are around it or simply presenting advertising. This display can also be used in collaboration with other displays to form a large screen array. %M C.CHI.02.2.510 %T Prototype implementations for a universal remote console specification %S Demonstrations %A Gottfried Zimmermann %A Gregg Vanderheiden %A Al Gilman %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 510-511 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506454 %X A 'Universal Remote Console' (URC) is a personal device that can be used to control any electronic and information technology device (target device/service), such as thermostats, TVs, or copy machines. The URC renders the user interface (UI) of the target device in a way that accommodates the user's preferences and abilities. This paper introduces the efforts of user groups, industry, government and academia to develop a standard for 'Alternate Interface Access' within the V2 technical committee of the National Committee for Information Technology Standards (NCITS). Some preliminary design aspects of the standard in work are discussed shortly. %M C.CHI.02.2.512 %T SearchKids: a digital library interface for young children %S Demonstrations %A Juan Pablo Hourcade %A Allison Druin %A Lisa Sherman %A Benjamin B. Bederson %A Glenda Revelle %A Dana Campbell %A Stacey Ochs %A Beth Weinstein %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 512-513 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506455 %X As more information resources become accessible using computers, our digital interfaces to those resources need to be appropriate for all people. However, digital library interfaces have typically been designed for older children or adults. In this demonstration, we present SearchKids, a digital library interface developmentally appropriate for young children (age 5-10 years old). SearchKids offers a graphical interface for querying, browsing and reviewing search results. %M C.CHI.02.2.514 %T Video browsing interfaces for the open video project %S Demonstrations %A Gary Geisler %A Gary Marchionini %A Barbara M. Wildemuth %A Anthony Hughes %A Meng Yang %A Todd Wilkens %A Richard Spinks %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 514-515 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506456 %X The Open Video Project is an on-going effort to develop an open source digital video collection that can be used by the research community and ultimately serve an even broader audience. The initial collection contains video or metadata for more than 1600 digitized video segments comprising nearly half a terabyte of content. Our primary goals for this project are to provide free digital video content to people doing a wide variety of research, to develop a collaborative research environment for people interested in digital video, and to provide a testbed for our own video browsing interface work. Each of these goals fit within a broader mission to understand how people think about, seek, and use digital video. This demonstration summarizes the current status of the project through a brief tour of the Open Video web site, describes our current work in developing surrogates to preview video segments, and shows an innovative video browsing interface we are developing. %M C.CHI.02.2.516 %T A model-based tool for interactive prototyping of highly interactive applications %S Demonstrations %A Remi Bastide %A David Navarre %A Philippe Palanque %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 516-517 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506457 %X We present a model-based case tool dedicated to the prototyping of highly interactive (also called post-WIMP) applications. Such applications are challenging to model and to prototype, since they require the use of non-standard widgets and interaction techniques and exhibit a complex dynamic behavior. The tool, called PetShop, embodies the results of several years of research about the formal modeling of interactive systems, and its main application domain is safety-critical interactive applications such air-traffic control or military command and control systems. PetShop stands apart from most formal-based tools since it supports and promotes an iterative and user-centered design process, and also stands apart from most model-based tools since it goes beyond WIMP interfaces and does not sacrifice the formal validation of models. %M C.CHI.02.2.518 %T NetRaker suite: a demonstration %S Demonstrations %A Doug van Duyne %A James A. Landay %A Matthew Tarpy %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 518-519 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506458 %X This demonstration will show the application of a unique approach to collecting and analyzing usability data from the users of Web sites and software applications. The NetRaker Suite supports researchers in conducting usability research remotely, collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, reducing administration overhead and project cost. It provides several different types of interaction with test participants, including email invitations and Web page intercepts. Researchers can also participate in real-time screen sharing sessions with test participants, and view streaming videos of previous screen sharing sessions. The suite of tools offers an easy-to-use Web-based interface that supports the entire team collaborating on a Web site design. Its built-in research templates and online analysis tools makes the task of starting a new research project, as well as collecting and analyzing the resulting data, something that can be accomplished in hours rather than days or weeks. %M C.CHI.02.2.520 %T SHriMP views: an interactive environment for information visualization and navigation %S Demonstrations %A Margaret-Anne Storey %A Casey Best %A Jeff Michaud %A Derek Rayside %A Marin Litoiu %A Mark Musen %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 520-521 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506459 %X The SHriMP (Simple Hierarchical Multi-Perspective) visualization technique was designed to enhance how people browse and explore complex information spaces. SHriMP uses a nested graph view to present information that is hierarchically structured. It introduces the concept of nested interchangeable views to allow a user to explore multiple perspectives of information at different levels of abstraction. SHriMP combines a hypertext following metaphor with animated panning and zooming motions over the nested graph to provide continuous orientation and contextual cues for the user. In this demo, we show how these ideas are proving useful in the areas of software visualization, knowledge management and flow diagram visualization. %M C.CHI.02.2.522 %T A dynamic query interface for finding patterns in time series data %S Demonstrations %A Harry Hochheiser %A Ben Shneiderman %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 522-523 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506460 %X Identification of patterns in time series data sets is a task that arises in a wide variety of application domains. This demonstration presents the timebox model of rectangular regions that specify constraints for dynamic queries over time series data sets, and the TimeSearcher application, which uses timeboxes as the basis of an interactive query tool. %M C.CHI.02.2.524 %T Directions in HCI education, research, and practice in Southern Africa %S Development Consortium %A Paula Kotze %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 524-525 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506462 %X This paper focuses on the current status and directions of human-computer interaction (HCI) education, research, and practice in Southern Africa. %M C.CHI.02.2.526 %T Comprehension and usability variances among multicultural web users in South Africa %S Development Consortium %A Lizette de Wet %A Pieter Blignaut %A Andries Burger %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 526-527 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506463 %X A usability test was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a web site in terms of language-use by multicultural users. The results indicated that South African web site developers should take cognisance of the fact that Afrikaans-speaking people find it easier to search for information in Afrikaans (in contrast to English). It seems, however, that there is no need to translate web sites into an African language. %M C.CHI.02.2.528 %T Using digital technology to access and store African art %S Development Consortium %A Gary Marsen %A Katherine Malan %A Edwin Blake %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 528-529 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506464 %X In this paper, we describe the challenges in creating, and providing access to, a database of African cultural artifacts. The submission is targeted at the setion 2 int he consortium -- how HCI research is being used to support the African Renaissance. %M C.CHI.02.2.530 %T 'Visual literacy' as challenge to the internationalisation of interfaces: a study of South African student web users %S Development Consortium %A Marion Walton %A Vera Vukovic %A Gary Marsden %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 530-531 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506465 %X Following a social semiotic approach, this paper questions the Western cultural assumptions underpinning the web's evolving navigational conventions, and investigates to what extent a group of South African students command the currently dominant Western conventions. South African students (both novices and experienced web users) completed a series of visual exercises, where they interpreted a set of interface and conceptual conventions in common use on the web. Conceptual questions attempted to address to what extent students were familiar with and able to reproduce the conventional Western visual design resources for representing classificational taxonomies or 'tree structures' and various other visual devices for the implicit portrayal of hierarchical information structures (Kress and van Leeuwen 1996). Interface questions probed student recognition of common web icons. Some broadly cultural factors were found to explain at least some of the variation in the group. Finally, we consider the implications of our study for training, design, and the diverse range of South African representational resources. %M C.CHI.02.2.532 %T A field computer for animal trackers %S Development Consortium %A Edwin H. Blake %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 532-533 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506466 %X The field computer system has been developed to gather complex data on animal behaviour that is observed by expert animal trackers. The system is location aware using the satellite Global Positioning System. The system has been designed to empower semi-literate trackers. User testing showed that trackers were easily able to master the interface. They benefit from greater recognition, while the wider community gains from access to the knowledge of the trackers on animal behaviour. %M C.CHI.02.2.534 %T Implementation of an electronic report viewing application for multi-cultural users %S Development Consortium %A Diane Norton %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 534-535 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506467 %X It is necessary to customise computer interfaces for South African users from different cultural groups who work on the same computer system in a corporate environment? This question is addressed by a combination of a literature review and testing the ideas in a case study in South African financial institution. Both Components of the study suggest that customized user interfaces may not be necessary for users of the same computer based systems in South African businesses. %M C.CHI.02.2.536 %T Direct manipulation interface for architectural design tools %S Doctoral Consortium %A Dzmitry Aliakseyeu %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 536-537 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506469 %X The early architectural design stage is a typical example where traditional design tools such as sketching on paper still dominate over computer-assisted tools. Augmented reality is presented as a promising approach towards developing interaction techniques that preserve the naturalness of the traditional way of designing, while at the same time providing access to new media. Based on the analysis of user requirements and requirements for a natural user interface, a working prototype of a new interaction platform for architectural design was created. %M C.CHI.02.2.538 %T Personal information geographies %S Doctoral Consortium %A Daniel Bauer %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 538-539 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506470 %X We need increasingly better tools to help us manage today's flood of information. This research explores the use of visual maps as workspaces which help us both to organize new material and to relocate past resources. In particular, visual workspaces can facilitate the process of sensemaking, the gradual evolution of an inquiry through our repeated interaction with information. This interaction can serve as an organizing structure for personally meaningful information geographies: map-like workspaces which accumulate 'trails' of our activity, which evolve over time but remain stable enough to provide the same fluency that we have with maps of physical places. %M C.CHI.02.2.540 %T A theory of personalized recommendations %S Doctoral Consortium %A Jan Blom %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 540-541 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506471 %X 35 Internet users were assigned to one of seven discussion groups where they expressed views on interacting with a recommendation system (RS). Grounded theory analysis of the data yielded a theory that highlights factors affecting an individual's decision to use personalized predictions. %M C.CHI.02.2.542 %T Annotating digital documents: anchoring, educational use, and notification %S Doctoral Consortium %A A. J. Bernheim Brush %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 542-543 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506472 %X Annotating is a very common activity. People often highlight and make notes while reading. Increasingly documents exist primarily in digital form. Supporting annotation of digital documents both for personal use and for asynchronous collaboration has many challenges. By building software prototypes and deploying them in laboratory and field studies, this work investigates three issues: robustly anchoring annotations on modified documents to meet user expectations, using annotations in an educational setting to enhance interaction outside of class, and providing appropriate notification mechanisms to support asynchronous collaboration around documents. Although the primary focus of this research is digital document annotation many of the findings may generalize to other media types including images and video. %M C.CHI.02.2.544 %T User performance and haptic design issues for a force-feedback sound editing interface %S Doctoral Consortium %A Lonny L. Chu %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 544-545 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506473 %X This paper describes current work on the design and development of haptic interfaces for use with digital sound editing software. Current systems rely on computer keyboards, mice, and sometimes passive knobs for user input and graphics and audio for feedback. The addition of haptic feedback will improve the user experience because of the additional mode of feedback received through touch. This work is focused on using a design methodology, including need finding, user observations, prototyping, and user testing to develop haptic sensations effective for manipulating sound. %M C.CHI.02.2.546 %T Supporting the collaborative meeting place %S Doctoral Consortium %A Craig Ganoe %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 546-547 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506474 %X The combination of an interactive large screen display and wireless handheld devices in a meeting room setting can augment and enhance collaborative activities. This work examines the issues in developing applications to support such a collaborative meeting place. %M C.CHI.02.2.548 %T Staying in the flow with zoomable user interfaces %S Doctoral Consortium %A Lance Good %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 548-549 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506475 %X This research aims to investigate a collection of interactions in 2D workspaces with the goal of helping users stay in the flow of their activity. These interactions will be explored in the context of two software tools designed to support information work. The first tool, Niagara, addresses the early phases of this work that involve organization and synthesis. CounterPoint, the second tool, targets the later stages of this work that concern the authoring, delivery, and understanding of presentations. %M C.CHI.02.2.550 %T Reinventing the inbox: supporting the management of pending tasks in email %S Doctoral Consortium %A Jacek Gwizdka %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 550-551 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506476 %X Email was originally designed as a tool for asynchronous communication. However, its current usage goes far beyond that. One of the most commonly performed activities in email is the management of pending tasks. This research focuses on how to support this activity in email and explores alternative solutions that use different external representations of messages and associated tasks. %M C.CHI.02.2.552 %T Interactive querying of time series data %S Doctoral Consortium %A Harry Hochheiser %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 552-553 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506477 %X Identification of patterns in time series data sets is a task that arises in a wide variety of application domains [4]. This paper presents a user interface for the timebox query model of rectangular regions that specify constraints over time series data sets. A prototype application based on timeboxes is presented. Collaborations with potential users will guide the design of enhanced functionality. Usability tests and controlled experiments will be conducted to evaluate the timebox query model. %M C.CHI.02.2.554 %T The context fabric: an infrastructure for context-aware computing %S Doctoral Consortium %A Jason I. Hong %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 554-555 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506478 %X Despite many sensor, hardware, networking, and software advances, it is still quite difficult to build effective and reliable context-aware applications. We propose to build a context infrastructure that provides three things to simplify the task of building context-aware applications: a context data store for modeling, storing, and distributing context data; a context specification language for declaratively stating and processing context needs; and protection mechanisms for safeguarding privacy needs. %M C.CHI.02.2.556 %T An ethnographic study of an online, mutual-aid health community: group dynamics, roles, and relationships %S Doctoral Consortium %A Diane Maloney-Krichmar %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 556-557 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506479 %X The research project will examine a fairly well studied, long established, and thriving online health bulletin board through a multi level, in-depth analysis. Ethnographic research methods will be used in combination with social network analysis and an examination of issues related to usability. The purpose of the research is to document the role the online community plays in the lives of its members; define the patterns of interaction within the group; compare group dynamics in the online community to those in face to face mutual aid groups, and examine the impact of usability issues on group process. %M C.CHI.02.2.558 %T Understanding meeting capture and access %S Doctoral Consortium %A Heather Richter %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 558-559 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506480 %X Meeting capture has been a common subject of research in the ubiquitous computing community for the past decade. However, the majority of the research has focused on technologies to support the capture but not enough on the motivation for accessing the captured record and the impact on everyday work practices based on extended authentic use of a working capture and access system. Our long-term research agenda is to build capture services for distributed workgroups that provide appropriate motivation and to further understand how access of captured meetings impacts work practices. To do this, we have developed a testbed for meeting capture as part of a larger distributed work system called TeamSpace. We will put this system into real use in a variety of settings. %M C.CHI.02.2.560 %T Multiple perspectives for collaborative navigation in CVE %S Doctoral Consortium %A Huahai Yang %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 560-561 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506481 %X Drawn from empirical studies on spatial cognition, this work explores ways of dynamically integrating others' perspectives and incorporating different views into a single interface for a 3D CVE user. It also designs an empirical study to test the effectiveness of different perspective displays on collaborative navigation performance. %M C.CHI.02.2.562 %T Visualizing a computer mediated communication (CMC) process to facilitate knowledge management %S Doctoral Consortium %A Bin Zhu %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 562-563 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506482 %X The archive of a computer-mediated communication (CMC) process contains knowledge shared and implicit information about participants' behavior patterns during discussion. However, most CMC systems focus only on organizing the content of discussions. On the other hand, the social visualization research has developed techniques to depict human behaviors during a process of CMC but has not been integrated in any organizational memory system yet. In addition, the impacts of the graphical representations created by social visualization techniques have seldom been studied. The dissertation thus proposes a two-phase research to address those issues. The first phase proposes a prototype system that integrates a social visualization technique with various information analysis technologies to graphically summarize both the content and behavior of a CMC process. The second phase proposes to adopt the "de-featuring" approach used by previous interface evaluation studies to evaluate how the graphical interface developed affects users' information acquisition and evaluation process. %M C.CHI.02.2.564 %T Interacting with identification technology: can it make us more secure? %S Invited Discussions %A Jean Scholtz %A Jeff Johnson %A Ben Shneiderman %A Peter Hope-Tindall %A Marcus Gosling %A Jonathon Phillips %A Alan Wexelblat %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 564-565 %K biometrics, civil liberties, face recognition, national id card, privacy, security %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506484 %X The September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon changed the world, profoundly and permanently. Government, military, economic, and religious leaders around the globe have launched dramatic initiatives that will continue for years. The changes wrought by the attacks are neither complete nor entirely predictable: their effects will continue to propagate and reverberate through the world's societies, economies, institutions, and infrastructures. The question for CHI 2002 is: How will these changes change us -- the public -- the people who make up the societies and institutions, and who design and rely upon the infrastructures? What is CHI's role in the changes that will be made? Some of our members have already been called upon to advise policymakers regarding technologies for identifying people and enhancing security. CHI professionals therefore need an understanding of these technologies and the issues they raise. What new lines of research could members of the CHI community engage in to ensure that technologies contribute to our security and liberties and not endanger either? What new user-interface technologies and evaluation methods will practitioners will need to design user interfaces for identification systems? %M C.CHI.02.2.566 %T What's SIGCHI's role in strengthening communities? %S Invited Discussions %A Jenny Preece %A Paul Resnick %A Doug Schuler %A Clarisse Sieckenius de Souza %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 566-567 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506485 %X On September 11 we saw how a tightly knit group worked together to penetrate the US and carry out a carefully orchestrated attack on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. We also saw how citizens spontaneously organized themselves to care for victims and their families, and support each other. How can the CHI community build on its knowledge of computer-mediated communication and socio-technical systems design to build a more cooperative society? The aim of this discussion is to develop a research and action agenda for CHI that strengthens communities locally, nationally and internationally. The underlying premise is that such socio-technical systems can be assessed and improved so that they more effectively facilitate information exchange, emotional support, and consensus building. %M C.CHI.02.2.568 %T A different kind of information appliance: fridge companion %S Interactive Posters %A Marc Boohler %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 568-569 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506487 %X A prototype device is described that allows a user to understand and contemplate the inner workings of a common home appliance, the refrigerator. The device monitors select physical properties of its host and displays scheduled graphic presentations on the host's principles of operation. Fridge Companion is a device designed to make domestic life not easier but deeper. %M C.CHI.02.2.570 %T DERIVE: a distributed platform for mixed reality interaction %S Interactive Posters %A Hauke Ernst %A Martin Faust %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 570-571 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506488 %X This article describes a concept for and the realization of a distributed mixed reality platform. It allows to freely connect real and virtual components which can be located all over the world, integrating them into a homogeneous environment. In the project DERIVE, this is applied to technical training. Within this scope, the components of interest are electro-pneumatic parts like valves and cylinders, being connected by tubes and wires. Using the idea of swapping/merging real and virtual elements, the concept is supposed to support new demands for the training of multi-skilled technicians. %M C.CHI.02.2.572 %T Spinner, using non sequential and contextual functions for early learners %S Interactive Posters %A Henry Newton Dunn %A James Gibson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 572-573 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506489 %X Spinner is a media collection, interaction and sharing device for early learners that promotes play and exploration using a novel set of interactive techniques and designs based around a non sequential, contextual physical interface [2] and a graphical user interface (GUI). %M C.CHI.02.2.574 %T LAFCam: Leveraging affective feedback camcorder %S Interactive Posters %A Andrea Lockerd %A Florian Mueller Mueller %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 574-575 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506490 %X If a video camera recognizes and records affective data from the camera operator, this data can help determine which sequences will be interesting to the camera operator at a later time. In the case of home videos, the camera operator is likely to also be the editor and narrator of the final video. LAFCam is a system for recording and editing home video. We facilitate the process of browsing and provide automatic editing features by indexing where the camera operator laughed and visualizing the skin conductivity and facial expressions in the editing session. %M C.CHI.02.2.576 %T Mental models of robotic assistants %S Interactive Posters %A Sara Kiesler %A Jennifer Goetz %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 576-577 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506491 %X If robotic assistants are to be successful, people will need appropriate mental models of what these robots can do and how they operate. We are developing techniques for measuring people's mental models of interactive robots and social agents. We aim to measure the content of these models -- if they are anthropomorphic or mechanistic -- and the richness of these models (how elaborate or sparse they are; how much confidence people have in them). We report progress here. %M C.CHI.02.2.578 %T Cooperation with a robotic assistant %S Interactive Posters %A Jennifer Goetz %A Sara Kiesler %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 578-579 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506492 %X Robotic assistants soon will serve many assistive roles in our everyday lives. It is important to understand how these robots can interact with users, not just as tools, but also as social agents. In a controlled laboratory experiment, we examined cooperation in an effortful task with a robot that displayed one of two personalities. We found that a serious, caring robot induced more compliance than a playful, ejoyable robot on this task. We propose possible explanations and further research. %M C.CHI.02.2.580 %T Chameleon tables: using context information in everyday objects %S Interactive Posters %A Ted Selker %A Ernesto Arroyo %A Win Burleson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 580-581 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506493 %X The Chameleon Table project created a set of hexagonal tables. They are modular and are able to snap together. The design portrays some goals that can be achieved by having a table that is aware of changes in its surroundings and includes this as part of its technology. By creating this infastructure, we have been able to make several scenarios including musical instruments, sending messages between tables, and menus that change with apparent use in a food scenario. This paper also shows the use of a network for broadcasting context information. %M C.CHI.02.2.582 %T Peek-a-drawer: communication by furniture %S Interactive Posters %A Itiro Siio %A Jim Rowan %A Elizabeth Mynatt %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 582-583 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506494 %X Peek-A-Drawer is a new communication device that uses furniture to support lightweight communication between people. It provides virtual shared drawers that connect family members who are located at a distance. When a user puts something in the upper drawer and closes it, a photograph is taken automatically and the image appears in the lower drawer at a distant place. The operation is as simple as using a drawer, allowing even children to communicate with their grandparents. As the camera only takes pictures of objects inside the drawer, privacy is assured. %M C.CHI.02.2.584 %T Layered touch panel: the input device with two touch panel layers %S Interactive Posters %A Yujin Tsukada %A Takeshi Hoshino %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 584-585 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506495 %X We developed Layered Touch Panel that expands the interaction techniques of touch panel. Layer Touch Panel has two touch panel layers, so that it is able to distinguish two touch states such as "finger on screen" and "finger above screen". With the structure, Rollover effect and Pick & Drop that are not available in normal touch panel are available in Layered Touch Panel. As the result of a usability test, 88% of test users answered that Layered Touch Panel is more usable than normal touch panel. Therefore, we consider that Layered Touch Panel is useful for the products that have touch panel. %M C.CHI.02.2.586 %T Free head motion eye gaze tracking without calibration %S Interactive Posters %A Carlos H. Morimoto %A Arnon Amir %A Myron Flickner %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 586-587 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506496 %X This paper introduces a novel technique for remote eye gaze tracking and detection of point of regard that is specially designed for wide use in HCI. It addresses and eliminates two of the major problems of commercial remote eye gaze tracking, namely the need for user calibration before each session and of accuracy degradation with head movement. The new technique uses a single calibrated camera, several light sources with known positions and a physical model of the eye to estimate the 3D position of the eye and its gaze direction. Simulation results using ray tracing are used to study the accuracy and robustness of the system, and demonstrate its operability. %M C.CHI.02.2.588 %T What is that?: gesturing to determine device identity %S Interactive Posters %A Colin Swindells %A Kori M. Inkpen %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 588-589 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506497 %X Computing devices can seamlessly recognize one another as they join and leave a wireless network, but users often experience difficulty identifying a desired device from a continuously changing list of devices surrounding them. This paper describes our custom implementation of a stylus and tags that enable users to rapidly identify devices in dynamic environments. Our system utilizes a natural pointing gesture to identify a device, and subsequently transfer data over a wireless network. %M C.CHI.02.2.590 %T Communication by neural control %S Interactive Posters %A Karen Carroll %A Cynthia Schlag %A Omur Kirikci %A Melody Moore %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 590-591 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506498 %X People who are completely paralyzed are able to control a computer using technology which harnesses brain signals. This paper describes research in developing a system to allow such a person to communicate. We gathered and analyzed data on the communicative needs of our users, finding that style and content of interactions vary according to the role of the person with whom the user is communicating. %M C.CHI.02.2.592 %T Automated message prioritization: making voicemail retrieval more efficient %S Interactive Posters %A Meredith Ringel %A Julia Hirschberg %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 592-593 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506499 %X Navigating through new voicemall messages to find messages of interest is a time-consuming task, particularly for high-volume users. When checking messages under a time constraint (e.g., during a brief meeting break), users need to identify those messages requiring urgent action since not all messages can be processed in limited time. For these users, it would be useful if messages of greater urgency can be played first. For other users, distinguishing personal from business voicemail is a pressing need, to separate their home and business lives. We have successfully applied machine-learning techniques to lexical, acoustic, and contextual features of voicemail in order to sort messages based on urgency and on business-relevance. %M C.CHI.02.2.594 %T Teen use of messaging media %S Interactive Posters %A Diane J. Schiano %A Coreena P. Chen %A Ellen Isaacs %A Jeremy Ginsberg %A Unnur Gretarsdottir %A Megan Huddleston %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 594-595 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506500 %X Teenagers compromise a large proportion of our population, and their technology use is a bellwether of future trends. Today's teens are coming of age with the rapid development of advanced communication and media tools. This paper describes a study exploring teen communication media usage patterns and their design implications. %M C.CHI.02.2.596 %T Perceptions of proximity in video conferencing %S Interactive Posters %A David Grayson %A Anne Anderson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 596-597 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506501 %X Proximity is used as a non-verbal signal in face-to-face interaction. It is unknown whether similar information may exist during desktop video conferencing and if so what factors may regulate it. An experiment was conducted to compare the relative impact of image size and the scope of the image on users' impressions of proximity. The results demonstrate that participants felt that changing the focal length (zoom) of the camera could make the remote person appear closer or further away. Participants appeared to use the image size of the remote person per se to determine their apparent proximity, rather than the proportion of the image taken by their face. %M C.CHI.02.2.598 %T Helping users determine video quality of service settings %S Interactive Posters %A Ronald L. Boring %A Robert L. West %A Stephen Moore %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 598-599 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506502 %X In this paper, we present a method to assist users in selecting quality parameters for streaming video. Constrained scaling, a method for calibrating users' subjective judgements to a naturalistic scale is introduced. An experiment in which participants judged the fluidity of sample videos across different frame rates demonstrates the effectiveness of constrained scaling. %M C.CHI.02.2.600 %T An ordering of secondary task display attributes %S Interactive Posters %A David Tessendorf %A C. M. Chewar %A Ali Ndiwalana %A Jon Pryor %A D. Scott McCrickard %A Chris North %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 600-601 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506503 %X We found that established display design guidelines for focal images cannot be extended to images displayed as a secondary task in a dual-task situation. This paper describes an experiment that determines a new ordering guideline for secondary task image attributes according to human cognitive ability to extract information. The imperative for alternate guidelines is based on the difference in an image's ability to convey meaning, which decreases when moved from a focal to a secondary task situation. Secondary task attribute ordering varies with the level of degradation in the primary task. %M C.CHI.02.2.602 %T Matrix browser: visualizing and exploring large networked information spaces %S Interactive Posters %A Jurgen Ziegler %A Christoph Kunz %A Veit Botsch %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 602-603 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506504 %X We present a new approach for visualizing and exploring large networked information structures which may represent, for instance, linked information resources or metadata structures such as ontologies. An interactive matrix display is used for showing relations between concepts and concept hierarchies displayed along the two axes of a matrix. Initial user testing shows performance advantages as well as reduced visual search in comparison to conventional graph representations. %M C.CHI.02.2.604 %T SpiraClock: a continuous and non-intrusive display for upcoming events %S Interactive Posters %A Pierre Dragicevic %A Stephane Huot %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 604-605 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506505 %X In this paper, we present SpiraClock, a new visualization technique for nearby events. SpiraClock fills a gap between static calendar displays and pop-up reminders by giving the user a continuous and non-intrusive feedback on nearby events. Events are displayed inside an analog clock that can be used as a regular computer clock. We used SpiraClock for displaying bus schedules, and collected user feedback. %M C.CHI.02.2.606 %T Visualizing health practice to treat diabetes %S Interactive Posters %A Jeana Frost %A Brian Smith %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 606-607 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506506 %X This research is about how to help diabetics reflect upon and improve their own health practice by collecting and visualizing health related information. We introduced a new type of data collection to diabetics, photography, to complement the data they usually collect, blood sugar levels. Diabetics shoot pictures of meals, exercise, work, play and anything else they feel impacts health. We combine the quantitative glucose measurements with qualitative portraits of action into unified data visualizations. In doing so, we hope to make the relationship between physiology and behavior an object for discussion and reflection. More so, we hope that diabetics who viewed these data will begin to develop new interpretations of their lifestyles that will ultimately lead to healthier activities. %M C.CHI.02.2.608 %T Exposing profiles to build trust in a recommender %S Interactive Posters %A John Zimmerman %A Kaushal Kurapati %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 608-609 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506507 %X This paper describes a method for increasing trust in a TV show recommender. We look for people in common between programs users watch and new programs that are highly rated by our TV show recommender. We then present these to users in a conversational sentence, helping them decide if they want to try the new show. This method has been implemented in our current TV show recommender interface and will be tested in the near future. %M C.CHI.02.2.610 %T Domain-specific search strategies for the effective retrieval of healthcare and shopping information %S Interactive Posters %A Suresh K. Bhavnani %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 610-611 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506508 %X An increasing number of users are performing searches on the Web in unfamiliar domains such as healthcare. However, because many users lack domain-specific search knowledge, their searches are often ineffective. An important remedy is to make domain-specific search knowledge in these new domains explicit and available. Towards that goal, healthcare and online shopping experts were observed while they performed search tasks within and outside their domains of expertise. The study: (1) identified domain-specific search strategies in each domain; (2) demonstrated that such knowledge is not automatically acquired from using general-purpose search engines. These results suggest that users should benefit from Strategy Portals that provide domain-specific knowledge to perform searches in unfamiliar domains. %M C.CHI.02.2.612 %T AltarNation: interface design for meditative communities %S Interactive Posters %A Michelle Hlubinka %A Jennifer Beaudin %A Emmanuel Munguia Tapia %A John S. An %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 612-613 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506509 %X AltarNation allows physically isolated individuals to participate in communities of meditation and tailor their own meditative practices. By lighting candles, users enter a shared virtual community of users represented by a field of stars, each associated with a sound sample of a prayer, song, joy, or concern of another user. Existing practices of individual meditation and candlelight vigils inform this work. This paper describes implementation and design approaches of the AltarNation system. %M C.CHI.02.2.614 %T Users' conceptions of risks and harms on the web: a comparative study %S Interactive Posters %A Batya Friedman %A David Hurley %A Daniel C. Howe %A Helen Nissenbaum %A Edward Felten %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 614-615 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506510 %X In this study, we analyzed Web users concerns about potential risks and harms from Web use to themselves and to society at large. In addition, we assessed how strongly users felt something should be done to address their concerns. Seventy-two individuals, 24 each from a rural community in Maine, a suburban professional community in New Jersey, and a high-technology community in California, participated in an extensive (2-hour) semistructured interview about Web security. Results show that Web users were primarily concerned about risks to Information, and secondarily about risks to People and Technology. Different sets of concerns were identified among the rural, suburban, and high-technology communities. Our discussion focuses on implications for interface design and information policy. %M C.CHI.02.2.616 %T The penguin: using the web as a database for descriptive and dynamic grammar and spell checking %S Interactive Posters %A Daniel Fallman %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 616-617 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506511 %X In consequence of emergent limitations of traditional spell and grammar checkers, the Penguin prototype system has been designed to be a descriptive and dynamic tool for computer based writing. Rather than relying on a static dictionary, the web is used as a database to handle language artifacts out of the ordinary, such as idioms, colloquialisms, names, and slang expressions; a common source of concern especially for second language speakers. %M C.CHI.02.2.618 %T Sketching annotations in a 3D web environment %S Interactive Posters %A Thomas Jung %A Mark D. Gross %A Ellen Yi-Luen Do %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 618-619 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506512 %X Collaborative design review is an important part of architectural design work. The Space Pen system supports annotation and drawing on (and inside) 3D VRML/Java models using a regular Web browser to exchange text and sketched annotations for review. %M C.CHI.02.2.620 %T Transient visual cues for scrolling: an empirical study %S Interactive Posters %A Victor Kaptelinin %A Timo Mantyla %A Jan Astrom %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 620-621 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506513 %X The paper reports an empirical study, in which regular scrolling was compared with a novel scrolling technique featuring transient visual cues (TVC), that is, visual cues temporarily presented on a page to help the user locate new contents. An advantage of scrolling supported with TVC over traditional scrolling was found. %M C.CHI.02.2.622 %T What should it do?: key issues in navigation interface design for small screen devices %S Interactive Posters %A Inger Ekman %A Petri Lankoski %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 622-623 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506514 %X One important application area for location-aware mobile devices is offering navigational support. This paper summarizes the results of preliminary user tests with different navigation interfaces designed for small screens. We focus on the effectiveness vs. likeability of the interface and explore how these two aspects can be combined to support the navigational task of the user. Our research shows, that offering rich contextual information can support the navigational task by providing the user with a feeling of familiarity and perceived credibility. At the same time it can be a source of distraction, and cause misinterpretations. We propose the use of a rotating route-model to provide the user with a navigational guidance system both effective and likeable. %M C.CHI.02.2.624 %T Visible or invisible links? %S Interactive Posters %A Isabelle De Ridder %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 624-625 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506515 %X This paper reports on experimental research that compares two interfaces in software designed for foreign language reading: one with visible and one with invisible links. The links lead to dictionary definitions and translations. The study focussed on differences in consulting behaviour, learning outcomes (vocabulary and comprehension) and on a possible interaction effect of condition and task. The results indicate that the two interfaces mainly differ in the users' willingness to consult the additional information. Differences in learning outcomes and a combined effect of condition and task could not be established. %M C.CHI.02.2.626 %T Predictive targeted movement in electronic spaces %S Interactive Posters %A Susanne Jul %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 626-627 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506516 %X The lodestones and leylines interaction technique simplifies navigation in electronic spaces by coordinating physical and conceptual movement-gently constraining motion to follow automatically computed paths to predicted destinations. This approach simplifies physical movement, ensures that movement leads to interesting locations and supports navigation to locations not visible from the current location. It is illustrated in a spatial multiscale environment where pilot data show reliable performance improvements. %M C.CHI.02.2.628 %T Hierarchical faceted metadata in site search interfaces %S Interactive Posters %A Jennifer English %A Marti Hearst %A Rashmi Sinha %A Kirsten Swearingen %A Ka-Ping Yee %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 628-629 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506517 %X One of the most pressing usability issues in the design of large web sites is that of the organization of search results. A previous study on a moderate-sized web site indicated that users understood and preferred dynamically organized faceted metadata over standard search. We are now examining how to scale this approach to very large collections, since it is difficult to present hierarchical faceted metadata in a manner appealing and understandable to general users. We have iteratively designed and tested interfaces that address these design challenges; the most recent version is receiving enthusiastic responses in ongoing usability studies. %M C.CHI.02.2.630 %T Effects of structure and label ambiguity on information navigation %S Interactive Posters %A Craig S. Miller %A Roger W. Remington %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 630-631 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506518 %X We present experimental results showing that search for target items in a three-tiered categorization structure (approximately 8 links per page) is faster than a comparable two-tiered structure provided that the category labels are clear and unambiguous. For items in ambiguous categories, search is faster in the two-tiered structure. %M C.CHI.02.2.632 %T "I care about him as a pal": conceptions of robotic pets in online AIBO discussion forums %S Interactive Posters %A Peter H. Kahn, Jr. %A Batya Friedman %A Jennifer Hagman %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 632-633 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506519 %X In this study, we analyzed people's conceptions of AIBO, a robotic pet, through their spontaneous postings in online AIBO discussion forums. Results showed that AIBO psychologically engaged this group of participants, particularly by drawing forth conceptions of essences (79%), agency (60%), and social standing (59%). However, participants seldom attributed moral standing to AIBO (e.g., that AIBO deserves respect, has rights, or can be held morally accountable for action). Our discussion focuses on the societal implications of these results. %M C.CHI.02.2.634 %T Exploring design through wearable computing art(ifacts) %S Interactive Posters %A Angela Garabet %A Steve Mann %A James Fung %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 634-635 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506520 %X Usability is taken into account in design, however analysis of underlying technological values (such as trust, privacy, security) might become overlooked. In this paper, we illustrate how performance art can be used to elicit information about device design and usage. Wearable computing devices or art(ifacts) were used to spark behavior and debate. It was found that the degree of acceptability of the design was related to the perceived control the wearer had over the device. We suggest that what is learned from performance art can be incorporated into future design. %M C.CHI.02.2.636 %T MetaMuse: a novel control metaphor for granular synthesis %S Interactive Posters %A Ashley Gadd %A Sidney Fels %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 636-637 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506521 %X Traditional musical instruments have a direct connection between the way they are played or controlled and the properties of the sound produced. This connectedness has, in general, been lacking in computer-based musical instruments. We present a prop-based synthesis controller that uses a metaphor to create a connection between the control and the sound. Specific to granular synthesis, the metaphor is one of falling particles striking a surface to create a sound. The concept is extensible to other metaphors and other synthesis techniques. %M C.CHI.02.2.638 %T LMNKui: overlaying computer controls on a piano controller keyboard %S Interactive Posters %A Farhan Mohamed %A Sidney Fels %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 638-639 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506522 %X We introduce the Look Ma No Keyboard user interface, an ergonomic and intuitive method for controlling music sequencing software from a piano controller by adding a momentary foot switch. After describing the current practices and the design of our system, we discuss the results of user testing, comparing the conventional input device with ours. %M C.CHI.02.2.640 %T False prophets: exploring hybrid board/video games %S Interactive Posters %A Regan L. Mandryk %A Diego S. Maranan %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 640-641 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506523 %X In order to develop technology that promotes social interaction rather than isolation, we are exploring the space between board games and video games. We created a hybrid game that leverages the advantages of both physical and digital media. A custom sensor interface promotes physical interaction around the shared public display while the un-oriented tabletop display encourages players to focus on each other rather than on the interface to the game. The ensuing social interactions define the course that the game takes, while the computer enhances the gaming experience by completing the menial tasks and providing dynamic, exciting environments. Our hybrid board/video game has the potential to enhance natural and enjoyable recreational interaction between friends. %M C.CHI.02.2.642 %T Estimating communication context through location information and schedule information: a study with home office workers %S Interactive Posters %A Yasuto Nakanishi %A Noriko Kitaoka %A Katsuya Hakozaki %A Minoru Ohyama %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 642-643 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506524 %X We have developed a communication support system that estimates the situation of a person by using the location information of a PHS (Personal Handy phone System) and the schedule information. The system supports communication among dispersed and mobile individuals by using the estimated situation. In this paper, we describe it and a study with a small group of home office workers. %M C.CHI.02.2.644 %T TouchEngine: a tactile display for handheld devices %S Interactive Posters %A Ivan Poupyrev %A Jun Rekimoto %A Shigeaki Maruyama %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 644-645 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506525 %X In this paper we describe the design of a haptic display for mobile handheld devices, including the development of a new miniature actuator, the construction of a haptic display using this actuator and prototypes of early applications. %M C.CHI.02.2.646 %T Designing attentive cell phone using wearable eyecontact sensors %S Interactive Posters %A Roel Vertegaal %A Connor Dickie %A Changuk Sohn %A Myron Flickner %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 646-647 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506526 %X We present a prototype attentive cell phone that uses a low-cost EyeContact sensor and speech analysis to detect whether its user is in a face-to-face conversation. We discuss how this information can be communicated to callers to allow them to employ basic social rules of interruption. %M C.CHI.02.2.648 %T Promoting awareness of work activities through peripheral displays %S Interactive Posters %A Elaine M. Huang %A Joe Tullio %A Tony J. Costa %A Joseph F. McCarthy %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 648-649 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506527 %X The globalization of the workforce, growing prevalence of dynamic project-oriented teams, increasing flexibility in work times and places is beneficial to companies and workers. However, they contribute to the fragmentation of the workforce, reducing awareness of colleagues' activities. These awareness "gaps" result in missed opportunities for collaboration and sharing of relevant knowledge, as well as a diminished sense of community. We have conducted a user study to better understand these gaps in one particular workgroup, and designed a system to promote stronger awareness of workplace activities using peripheral displays. %M C.CHI.02.2.650 %T Evaluating look-to-talk: a gaze-aware interface in a collaborative environment %S Interactive Posters %A Alice Oh %A Harold Fox %A Max Van Kleek %A Aaron Adler %A Krzysztof Gajos %A Louis-Philippe Morency %A Trevor Darrell %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 650-651 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506528 %X We present "look-to-talk", a gaze-aware interface for directing a spoken utterance to a software agent in a multi-user collaborative environment. Through a prototype and a Wizard-of-Oz (Woz) experiment, we show that "look-to-talk" is indeed a natural alternative to speech and other paradigms. %M C.CHI.02.2.652 %T Email archive overviews using subject indexes %S Interactive Posters %A Paula S. Newman %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 652-653 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506529 %X Archived discussion lists are becoming significant reference sources. This paper describes a new type of overview for such lists, using a back-of-the-book style index containing headwords selected from subject lines and subentries derived from their subject-line-contexts. %M C.CHI.02.2.654 %T AR Pad: an interface for face-to-face AR collaboration %S Interactive Posters %A D. Mogilev %A K. Kiyokawa %A M. Billinghurst %A J. Pair %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 654-655 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506530 %X The AR Pad is a handheld display with a Spaceball and a camera, which can be used to view and interact with Augmented Reality models in collaborative setting. %M C.CHI.02.2.656 %T VideoTable: a tangible interface for collaborative exploration of video material during design sessions %S Interactive Posters %A Tomas Sokoler %A Hakan Edeholt %A Martin Johansoon %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 656-657 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506531 %X In this paper our VideoTable and VideoCards. The VideoTable is an augmented meeting table enabling collaborative exploration of video material through a multi-user tangible interface. The VideoCards are paper card representations of video snippets. Playback of video is initiated by a pushbutton permanently attached to a VideoCard. VideoCards can be manipulated alongside other physical design artifacts present on the VideoTable. Preliminary observations of use indicate that the physical embodiment of digital video provided by our VideoCards enables the seamless mix of video with other physical design artifacts that we are aiming for. Our implementation is based on modified passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. %M C.CHI.02.2.658 %T Technology biographies: field study technques for home use product development %S Interactive Posters %A Mark Blythe %A Andrew Monk %A Jisoo Park %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 658-659 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506532 %X The technology biography combines and adapts a number of qualitative data collection techniques to focus on past, present and possible future domestic technologies. Processes, concerns and problems of domestic life are identified in order to develop illustrative product suggestions to inspire or provoke designers. %M C.CHI.02.2.660 %T Teaching and learning ubiquitous CHI (UCHI) design: suggestions from the Bauhaus Model %S Interactive Posters %A Rich Halstead-Nussloch %A William Carpenter %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 660-661 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506533 %X We describe a design pedagogy under development. It is a) interdisciplinary, b) inspired by success in teaching architectural design, c) motivated by the rapid maturation of CHI design and computing, d) directly connected to what we call ubiquitous-computer-human interaction or UCHI, and e) based on learning design by building. We have brainstormed about how we might merge significant aspects of our disciplines (architecture and HCI) into a joint design course; we both agree that Gropius' 1922 [3,4] pedagogical model for the Bauhaus applies to learning architecture and UCHI design. We invite feedback, ideas, and collaboration from the HCI community on this work in progress. %M C.CHI.02.2.662 %T Usability inspections by groups of specialists: perceived agreement in spite of disparate observations %S Interactive Posters %A Morten Hertzum %A Niels Ebbe Jacobsen %A Rolf Molich %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 662-663 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506534 %X Evaluators who examine the same system using the same usability evaluation method tend to report substantially different sets of problems. This so-called evaluator effect means that different evaluations point to considerably different revisions of the evaluated system. The first step in coping with the evaluator effect is to acknowledge its existence. In this study 11 usability specialists individually inspected a website and then met in four groups to combine their findings into group outputs. Although the overlap in reported problems between any two evaluators averaged only 9%, the 11 evaluators felt that they were largely in agreement. The evaluators perceived their disparate observations as multiple sources of evidence in support of the same issues, not as disagreements. Thus, the group work increased the evaluators' confidence in their individual inspections, rather than alerted them to the evaluator effect. %M C.CHI.02.2.664 %T Evaluating pattern languages in participatory design %S Interactive Posters %A Andy Dearden %A Janet Finlay %A Liz Allgar %A Barbara McManus %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 664-665 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506535 %X We present an evaluation of pattern languages as tools for participatory design, based on three criteria, derived from the work of Christopher Alexander: empowering users, generative design and life-enhancing outcomes. Our results suggest that pattern languages can be used to enable users to participate in design, but that the role of facilitator and the form and physical presentation of the pattern language are factors in success. %M C.CHI.02.2.666 %T A new technique for adjusting distraction moments in multitasking non-field usability tests %S Interactive Posters %A Gregor McGlaun %A Frank Althoff %A Bjorn Schuller %A Manfred Lang %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 666-667 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506536 %X Evaluating errors that result from user interactions with in-car applications, it has to be considered that the user is permanently involved with driving the car. Reproducing this driving workload in non-field usability tests, it showed that the driving simulation demanded each test subject in a different way because of individual precognitions and properties. To ensure an identical driving workload for each test subject, it becomes necessary to individually adapt the degree of difficulty (DOD) of the driving task. We present a new technique in which, concerning the driving performance, each test participant is pre-classified in a baseline investigation before the main trial. In this context, a special measurement for objectively validating the driving performance of the subjects is being introduced. %M C.CHI.02.2.668 %T The living memory box: function, form and user centered design %S Interactive Posters %A Molly Stevens %A Florian Vollmer %A Gregory D. Abowd %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 668-669 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506537 %X The Living Memory Box project examines how to research and design user-centered system to support the collection, archiving and sharing of moments from a child's life. This research has provided us with details of key features to enhance our user-centered design and encompass all aspects of the system. We plan to use these findings to influence the development of ubiquitous capture and access methods. It is our contention that this method of design can yield a strong foundation for the development of user-centered design throughout all aspects of the system. %M C.CHI.02.2.670 %T Using task models to generate multi-platform user interfaces while ensuring usability %S Interactive Posters %A Mir Farooq Ali %A Manuel A. Perez-Quinones %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 670-671 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506538 %X The widespread emergence of new computing devices and associated interaction metaphors has necessitated new ways of building User Interfaces (UIs) for these devices. In this paper, we describe our approach of using a Task Model in conjunction with the User Interface Markup Language (UIML) to drive generation of Multi-Platform User Interfaces. We also discuss briefly how current usability engineering practices have to be modified to accommodate the development of multi-platform UIs. %M C.CHI.02.2.672 %T Simplifying video editing with SILVER %S Interactive Posters %A Juan Casares %A A. Chris Long %A Brad Myers %A Scott Stevens %A Albert Corbett %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 672-673 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506539 %X Digital video is becoming more ubiquitous. Unfortunately, editing videos remains difficult for several reasons. It has dual tracks of audio and video and may require working at the smallest level of detail. Silver is an authoring tool that uses video metadata to overcome these problems. It provides multiple views with different content types and at different levels of abstraction. This paper focuses on Silver's smart selection and editing operations, which work at a high semantic level and handle different boundaries in audio and video. Our research suggests several ways in which video editing tools can assist users in the composition and reuse of video. %M C.CHI.02.2.674 %T Increasing transaction processing efficiency by automating an asynchronous processor %S Interactive Posters %A Rick Gross %A Suzanne Ryanstrati %A John Ims %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 674-675 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506540 %X Moving simple yet highly repetitive manual tasks to an asynchronous automated validation process increased data processing productivity. Contextual analysis of manual processing actions revealed opportunities for timesaving. %M C.CHI.02.2.676 %T User interface guidelines for enhancing usability of airline travel agency e-commerce web sites %S Interactive Posters %A Craig Chariton %A Min-Hyung Choi %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 676-677 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506541 %X Specific user interface guidelines are described to increase the usability of airline travel e-commerce Web sites. Although previous guidelines address the usability issue from the perspective of the sale of tangible products that can be described and depicted, less attention has been given to the usability issues for the sale of services. Service industries have different requirements for communicating with customers, specifically regarding their product offerings. This is prominent in the air travel industry, where Web site usability is known to be poor. We examine how the current guidelines are inadequate for Web sites providing air travel information. We propose specific guidelines for those sites that will enhance their usability. %M C.CHI.02.2.678 %T Interacting with the big screen: pointers to ponder %S Interactive Posters %A Duncan Cavens %A Florian Vogt %A Sidney Fels %A Michael Meitner %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 678-679 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506542 %X In large screen projection environments, inexpensive wireless input devices can not match the performance of standard desktop interactive devices. We added buttons and a radio transmitter to a standard laser pointer to match the functionality of a standard mouse. User testing revealed that the device performed as well as a standard mouse and significantly better than standard presentation input devices. Devices that used visible laser light performed significantly better than those with invisible near-infrared lasers. %M C.CHI.02.2.680 %T Ears and hair: what headsets will people wear? %S Interactive Posters %A Rebecca E. Grinter %A Allison Woodruff %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 680-681 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506543 %X Many different audio headsets are commercially available. To choose a headset for a short-term use environment, we conducted a pilot study to elicit end-user criteria for headsets. We discovered a number of severe end-user issues with less traditional designs, and concluded that a minor variant of a traditional design is more appropriate for our application than many of the more exotic options that have recently become available. %M C.CHI.02.2.682 %T Pre-emptive shadows: eliminating the blinding light from projectors %S Interactive Posters %A Desney S. Tan %A Randy Pausch %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 682-683 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506544 %X Users interacting with front-projected displays often work between the projector and the display surface. This causes undesirable projection on the user as well as temporary blindness from looking into the bright light of the projector. In this paper, we present pre-emptive shadows, a technique that uses a camera-projector system to detect and turn off pixels that would otherwise be needlessly cast upon users' bodies, especially their faces. We present measurements that show that system reduces the brightness of the blinding light by about a factor of 5. %M C.CHI.02.2.684 %T The impact of human-centered features on the usability of a programming system for children %S Interactive Posters %A John F. Pane %A Brad A. Myers %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 684-685 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506545 %X HANDS is a new programming system for children that was designed for usability. This paper examines the effectiveness of three features of HANDS: queries, aggregate operations, and data visibility. The system is compared with a limited version that lacks these features. In the limited version, programmers can achieve the same results but must use more traditional programming techniques. Children using the full-featured HANDS system performed significantly better than their peers who used the limited version. This provides evidence that usability of programming systems can be improved by including these features. %M C.CHI.02.2.686 %T PegBlocks: a learning aid for the elementary classroom %S Interactive Posters %A Ben Piper %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 686-687 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506546 %X In this paper we describe the implementation of PegBlocks -- an educational toy that can be used to illustrate some basic physics principles to elementary students. %M C.CHI.02.2.688 %T CHI@20: fighting our way from marginality to power %S Panels %A Ben Shneiderman %A Stuart Card %A Donald A. Norman %A Marilyn Tremaine %A M. Mitchell Waldrop %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 688-691 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506548 %X The Special Interest Group on Computer Human Interaction (SIGCHI) has had a successful history of 20 years of growth in its numbers and influence. To help guide the continued evolution of the academic discipline and professional community, we invite several senior members to offer their visions for what the field of CHI actually accomplished over the past several decades, and what do we still need to accomplish? What do we need to do differently/ better/smarter? What haven't we tried because the technology, the money or the will wasn't there in the past, but perhaps is now. The CHI field is more than just technology. We understand that our work can have a profound effect on individuals, families, neighborhoods, corporations, and countries. We know that we can influence education, commerce, healthcare, and government. How can we contribute to bridging the digital divides in developed and developing countries? What agendas can we offer for the academic, research, industrial, and civic spheres for the next 20 years? How can we be more ambitious? How can we truly serve human needs. %M C.CHI.02.2.692 %T The world of wireless and kids %S Panels %A Allison Druin %A Erik Strommen %A Matt Barranca %A Heiko Sacher %A Deborah G. Tatar %A Elliot Soloway %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 692-693 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506549 %X In this panel, we will explore the impact that emerging new wireless technologies have on the way children learn, communicate and play. The challenge of interface design for children's wireless technologies will be discussed along with the opportunities these new technologies afford for social learning experiences. Panelists will discuss a range of issues based on their diverse perspectives as ethnographers, researchers, and product developers. Panelists will be asked questions not only from the audience, but also from a diverse group of discussants: three CHIkids (ages 7-11), one K-12 teacher and one parent of a child who uses wireless technologies. %M C.CHI.02.2.694 %T "When i'm sixty-four...": are there real strategies for providing universal accessibility for the elderly %S Panels %A Laura Leventhal %A Mary Zajicek %A Joaquim Jorge %A Krista Coleman %A Robert J. K. Jacob %A Pedro Branco %A David Novick %A Julio Abascal %A Elizabeth Mynatt %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 694-695 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506550 %X In this panel we will present four strategies for providing computing for the elderly. We hope to generate discussion and ideas of the plusses and minuses of these strategies. %M C.CHI.02.2.696 %T New issues in teaching HCI: pinning a tail on a moving donkey %S Panels %A Jonathan Lazar %A Jenny Preece %A Jean Gasen %A Terry Winograd %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 696-697 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506551 %X As technology changes, so does the area of human-computer interaction. HCI education must continuously change to meet the new challenges to user interaction. The World Wide Web and other distributed networks, hand-held devices, and embedded computing all present new challenges for user-centered design methods, usability testing, and other forms of evaluation. In addition, as more people use technology, the diversity of users increases, requiring increased attention to concepts such as accessibility and universal usability. This panel will address the challenges of keeping HCI education up-to-date and offer approaches that have been successfully used. The four major topics addressed by the panel will be 1) the challenge of rapidly changing technology, 2) new methods for user-centered design, 3) student involvement with users, and 4) balancing HCI theory and HCI practice. %M C.CHI.02.2.698 %T Future interfaces: social and emotional %S Panels %A Rosalind W. Picard %A Alan Wexelblat %A Clifford I. Nass %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 698-699 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506552 %X This panel addresses 'science fact' for future social-emotional interfaces. We discuss new theory and upcoming interface technologies that enable or augment social-emotional interaction between people and computers, and between people via new forms of computers. The theme is rooted in: (1) findings that human-computer interaction is social and emotional even when interfaces are not designed with such interaction as a goal, and (2) advances in technology, enabling computers to recognize, express, and respond to emotional and social information. The panelists will describe the guiding theory for this research, show examples of emerging technologies including new wearable, implantable, and robotic interfaces, and discuss the implications of social-emotional interaction for interface development, design, and testing. %M C.CHI.02.2.700 %T Design Expo 2 %S Panels %A Dan R. Olsen, Jr. %A Jonathan Arnowitz %A Jared Braiterman %A John Skidgel %A Elizabeth Dykstra-Erickson %A Shelley Evenson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 700-701 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506553 %X In this panel, we explore four sets of designs with different objectives and audiences. We discuss design approach, design goals, and design results, and how these designs might be different had they employed different design approaches and criteria for success. This panel builds on the Design Expo of CHI2001 to explore approaches to design through the display and discussion of design artifacts. %M C.CHI.02.2.702 %T Focus groups in HCI: wealth of information or waste of resources? %S Panels %A Stephanie Rosenbaum %A Gilbert Cockton %A Kara Coyne %A Michael Muller %A Thyra Rauch %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 702-703 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506554 %X Many HCI professionals frown on focus groups, while some believe focus group methodology can be successfully applied to collect usability data. This panel features interaction among HCI professionals with very different experiences and opinions. %M C.CHI.02.2.704 %T The world of wireless and kids %S Panels %A Allison Druin %A Erik Strommen %A Matt Barranca %A Heiko Sacher %A Deborah G. Tatar %A Elliot Soloway %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 704-705 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506555 %X In this panel, we will explore the impact that emerging new wireless technologies have on the way children learn, communicate and play. The challenge of interface design for children's wireless technologies will be discussed along with the opportunities these new technologies afford for social learning experiences. Panelists will discuss a range of issues based on their diverse perspectives as ethnographers, researchers, and product developers. Panelists will be asked questions not only from the audience, but also from a diverse group of discussants: three CHIkids (ages 7-11), one K-12 teacher and one parent of a child who uses wireless technologies. %M C.CHI.02.2.706 %T What the best usability specialists are made of %S Panels %A Danielle Gobert %A Virginia Howlett %A Carolyn Snyder %A Howard Tamler %A Thomas S. Tullis %A Chauncey Wilson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 706-707 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506556 %X Many usability specialists practicing today have not had the benefit of formal education in the field, instead bringing unique value from their various backgrounds. This panel will address how (if at all) individuals' backgrounds contribute to their approach to usability. The panel will also investigate potential career paths and connections between a usability practitioner's background and his or her self-defined successes in usability groups positioned in different organizational structures. %M C.CHI.02.2.708 %T Getting real about speech: overdue or overhyped? %S Panels %A Frankie James %A Jennifer Lai %A Bernhard Suhm %A Bruce Balentine %A John Makhoul %A Clifford Nass %A Ben Shneiderman %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 708-709 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506557 %X Speech has recently made headway towards becoming a more mainstream interface modality. For example, there is an increasing number of call center applications, especially in the airline and banking industries. However, speech still has many properties that cause its use to be problematic, such as its inappropriateness in both very quiet and very noisy environments, and the tendency of speech to increase cognitive load. Concerns about such problems are valid; however, they do not explain why the use of speech is so controversial in the HCI community. This panel would like to address the issues underlying the controversy around speech, by discussing the current state of the art, the reasons it is so difficult to build a good speech interface, and how HCI research can contribute to the development of speech interfaces. %M C.CHI.02.2.710 %T Medium preference and medium effects in person-person communication %S Short Talks %A Trond Schliemann %A Trude Asting %A Asbjorn Folstad %A Jan Heim %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 710-711 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506559 %X How does user's media preference vary with communication situation, and does media preference in a certain situation, and does media preference in a certain situation predict actual performance? Preference study shows that user's choice of communication medium seems to follow a common pattern, relatively independent of the communication task at hand - Video being most preferred, text chat the least. Parallel effect studies of person-person communication show, however, that actual task outcome varies with the type of task performed. %M C.CHI.02.2.712 %T Taming of the ring: context specific social mediation for communication devices %S Short Talks %A Celine Pering %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 712-713 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506560 %X Taming of the Ring is an interactive system that lessens the problems of social disturbance caused by cell phone communication. As cell phone usage levels increase, social disturbance becomes an increasingly important issue. Callers and receivers have a need to discretely handle phone communication in delicate social situations. Early cell phone usage observations led to an interaction model hypothesis. A functional prototype was created to test the concept in the field. Preliminary results indicate that both calling and receiving users want more responsibility and control when placing phone calls, and that two remotely-mediated options, "hold" and "meeting," were enough to fill this communication need in the majority of situations. %M C.CHI.02.2.714 %T The effects of spatial and temporal video distortion on lie detection performance %S Short Talks %A Daniel B. Horn %A Lana Karasik %A Judith S. Olson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 714-715 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506561 %X In various types of interactions, individuals may attempt to determine whether their communication partners are being honest or deceptive. Judgments of honesty rely, in part, on assessments of nonverbal behavior. With the increased use of videoconferencing technology, many traditionally face-to-face interactions now take place over sub-optimal video connections. In these connections, reduced spatial and temporal video quality may affect the ability to detect whether others are lying or telling the truth. In the current study we examined the effects of varying levels of temporal and spacial distortion on lie detection performance. Consistent with earlier work, we found that a slight distortion of video signal impaired lie detection performance. Surprisingly, performance improved when the video was severely spatially degraded. %M C.CHI.02.2.716 %T Camera angle affects dominance in video-mediated communication %S Short Talks %A Wei Huang %A Judith S. Olson %A Gary M. Olson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 716-717 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506562 %X Physical proximity and appearance guide people to interact with each other in different ways [1,6]. However, in Video-Mediated Communications (VMC), these are distorted in various ways. Monitors and camera zooms make people look close or far, monitors and camera angles can be high or low making people look tall or short, volume can be loud or soft, making people sound assertive or submissive, -- all independent of the true physical characteristics or intentions of the participants. Here we test the apparent height of a person on how dominant they are in a group decision-making task. We found that the artificially tall people had more influence in the group decision than the artificially short people. %M C.CHI.02.2.718 %T Decreasing online 'bad' behavior %S Short Talks %A John P. Davis %A Shelly Farnham %A Carlos Jensen %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 718-719 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506563 %X 'Bad' behavior is a serious problem in many online social situations, such as chat rooms. One potential reason is that social norms for 'proper' interpersonal behavior are not invoked in these situations as they are in face-to-face interactions. We describe a game we developed to explore good and bad behavior in computer-mediated situations. We found that increasing the 'social' nature of the interaction through voice communication between game partners decreased aversive behavior, but having profile information about the other person had little impact. %M C.CHI.02.2.720 %T Characterizing instant messaging from recorded logs %S Short Talks %A Ellen Isaacs %A Candace Kamm %A Diane J. Schiano %A Alan Walendowski %A Steve Whittaker %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 720-721 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506564 %X Most studies about instant messaging (IM) are based on self-report data. We logged thousands of real IM conversations and examined them to find characteristic patterns of IM use in the workplace. Frequent IMers have longer, faster-paced interactions than do infrequent users, with shorter turns, more threading, and more multitasking. Pairs who IM with each other often have longer interactions with more threading than do rare partners. In contrast to previous characterizations, IM is used only occasionally to set up interactions in other media. %M C.CHI.02.2.722 %T A musical instrument for facilitating musical expressions %S Short Talks %A Kazushi Nishimoto %A Chika Oshima %A Yohei Miyagawa %A Takashi Shirosaki %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 722-723 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506565 %X In this paper, we propose a new musical instrument that allows people to concentrate on controlling indiscrete elements so that they can directly create their musical expressions. We describe a prototype musical instrument and demonstrate two applications of the prototype to show its effectiveness. %M C.CHI.02.2.724 %T The sound of one hand: a wrist-mounted bio-acoustic fingertip gesture interface %S Short Talks %A Brian Amento %A Will Hill %A Loren Terveen %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 724-725 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506566 %X Two hundred and fifty years ago the Japanese Zen master Hakuin asked the question, "What is the Sound of the Single Hand?" This koan has long served as an aid to meditation but it also describes our new interaction technique. We discovered that gentle fingertip gestures such as tapping, rubbing, and flicking make quiet sounds that travel by bone conduction throughout the hand. A small wristband-mounted contact microphone can reliably and inexpensively sense these sounds. We harnessed this "sound in the hand" phenomenon to build a wristband-mounted bio-acoustic fingertip gesture interface. The bio-acoustic interface recognizes some common gestures that state-of-the-art glove and image-processing techniques capture but in a smaller, mobile package. %M C.CHI.02.2.726 %T Keywords for a universal speech interface %S Short Talks %A Stefanie Shriver %A Roni Rosenfeld %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 726-727 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506567 %X In this paper, we describe an internet survey conducted to help choose keywords for a universal speech interface. We present the background of and motivation for this study, and discuss its results and implications for our project. %M C.CHI.02.2.728 %T Out of many, one: reliable results from unreliable recognition %S Short Talks %A Henry Lieberman %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 728-729 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506568 %X Recognition technologies such as speech recognition and optical recognition are still, by themselves, not reliable enough for many practical uses in user interfaces. However, by combining input from several sources, each of which may be unreliable by itself, and with knowledge of a specific task and context that the user is engaged in, we might achieve enough recognition to provide useful results. We describe a preliminary experiment to assist the user in giving directions for urban navigation by combining partial results from unreliable speech recognition and unreliable visual recognition. %M C.CHI.02.2.730 %T Transparent hearing %S Short Talks %A Florian Mueller %A Matthew Karau %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 730-731 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506569 %X This paper describes what we call Transparent Hearing: the use of microphone equipped headphones for augmented audio. It provides a framework for experiments like real-time audio alteration, multi-modal sensory integration and collaborative listening experiences. We attach high-quality microphones to headphones and send the signal through a computer to these headphones. We have built headphones that stop the music if somebody wants to talk to you, a pseudophone, and collaborative I hear What You Hear headphones that are triggered by eye-contact. %M C.CHI.02.2.732 %T Passive acoustic knock tracking for interactive windows %S Short Talks %A Joseph A. Paradiso %A Che King Leo %A Nisha Checka %A Kaijen Hsiao %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 732-733 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506570 %X We describe a novel interface that locates and characterizes knocks and taps atop a large glass window. Our current setup uses four contact piezoelectric pickups located near the sheet's corners to record the acoustic wavefront coming from the knocks. A digital signal processor extracts relevant characteristics from these signals, such as amplitudes, frequency components and differential timings, which are used to estimate the location of the hit and provide other parameters, including the rough accuracy of this estimate, the nature of each hit (e.g., knuckle knock, metal tap, or fist bang), and the strike intensity. This system requires only simple hardware, needs no special adaptation of the glass pane, and allows all transducers to be mounted on the inner surface, hence it is quite easy to deploy as a retrofit to existing windows. This opens many applications, such as an interactive storefront, with projected content controlled by knocks on the display window. %M C.CHI.02.2.734 %T Gaze behavior of talking faces makes a difference %S Short Talks %A Ivo van Es %A Dirk Heylen %A Betsy van Dijk %A Anton Nijholt %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 734-735 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506571 %X We present the results of an experiment investigating the effects of a talking head's gaze behavior on the user's quality assessment of the interface. We compared a version that used life-like rules for gazing with a version that would keep its eyes fixed on the visitor most of the time, and a random version. We found significant differences between these gaze algorithms in terms of ease of use, efficiency and other quality factors. %M C.CHI.02.2.736 %T GAZE-2: an attentive video conferencing system %S Short Talks %A Roel Vertegaal %A Ivo Weevers %A Changuk Sohn %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 736-737 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506572 %X GAZE-2 is an attentive video conferencing system that conveys whom users are talking to by measuring whom a user looks at and then rotating his video image towards that person in a 3D meeting room. Attentive Videotunnels ensure a parallax-free image by automatically broadcasting the feed from the camera closest to where the user looks. The system allows attentive compression by reducing resolution of video and audio feeds from users that are not being looked at. %M C.CHI.02.2.738 %T Eliciting user preferences using image-based experience sampling and reflection %S Short Talks %A Stephen Intille %A Charles Kukla %A Xiaoyi Ma %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 738-739 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506573 %X Determining requirements for any design project involves identifying and ranking user needs and preferences. User needs are typically elicited via personal or focus group interviews, site visits, and photographic and video analysis. Often, however, users know more than they say in a single or even several interviews [1]. We propose a methodology for assisting a user who is interested in learning about his or her own preferences using a process we call image-based experience sampling and reflection. We describe the methodology using a storyboard example from the domain of architectural redesign of home environments. %M C.CHI.02.2.740 %T Cross-cultural applicability of user evaluation methods: a case study amongst Japanese, North-American, English and Dutch users %S Short Talks %A Vanessa Evers %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 740-741 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506574 %X This paper describes the findings for an international user study investigating cultural applicability of user evaluation methods. The case study evaluates cultural differences in understanding of a virtual campus website across four culturally different user groups by using the same methods for each group. Findings suggest that some user evaluation methods are less applicable than others are for a culturally diverse user base. %M C.CHI.02.2.742 %T Face it -- photos don't make a web site trustworthy %S Short Talks %A Jens Riegelsberger %A M. Angela Sasse %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 742-743 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506575 %X Use of staff photographs is frequently advocated as a means of increasing customer confidence in an e-shop. However, these claims are not conceptually or empirically grounded. In this paper we describe a qualitative study, which elicited customer reactions towards an e-commerce site that displayed staff photographs and links to richer media. The results suggest that employing social and affective cues, particularly in the form of photos, can be a risky strategy. To be effective they should be combined with functionality and targeted specifically at the user types we identified. %M C.CHI.02.2.744 %T Interactive 3D presentations and buyer behavior %S Short Talks %A Gerald Haubl %A Pablo Figueroa %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 744-745 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506576 %X This paper shows preliminary results on how interactive 3D product presentations affect buyer behavior in e-commerce applications over the Internet. We conducted two experiments involving simulated online shopping trips, in which subjects saw some products with 3D presentations and made product choices. The results show that the availability of interactive 3D product presentations instead of still images may affect some important aspects of buyer behavior, including the amount of time spent examining products and purchase likelihood. %M C.CHI.02.2.746 %T Users' conceptions of web security: a comparative study %S Short Talks %A Batya Friedman %A David Hurley %A David C. Howe %A Edward Felten %A Helen Nissenbaum %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 746-747 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506577 %X This study characterizes users' conceptions of web security. Seventy-two individuals, 24 each from a rural community in Maine, a suburban professional community in New Jersey, and a high-technology community in California, participated in an extensive (2-hour) semi-structured interview (including a drawing task) about Web security. The results show that many users across the three diverse communities mistakenly evaluated whether a connection is secure or not secure. Empirically-derived typologies are provided for (1) conceptions of security based on users' verbal reasoning, (2) the types of evidence users depend upon in evaluating whether a connection is secure, and (3) conceptions of security as portrayed in users' drawings. Design implications are discussed. %M C.CHI.02.2.748 %T A picture says more than a thousand words: photographs as trust builders in e-commerce websites %S Short Talks %A Ulrike Steinbruck %A Heike Schaumburg %A Sabrina Duda %A Thomas Kruger %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 748-749 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506578 %X Virtual re-embedding, i.e., adding social cues to a website, has been suggested as a possible strategy to increase consumer trust in online-vendors. Numerous online retailers meanwhile incorporate this strategy, for example by adding photographs and names of customer service agents or by creating chat and callback opportunities. Yet, little is known about the effectiveness of virtual re-embedding. The present study examined the effectiveness of a comparably simple strategy, the inclusion of photograph in an e-bank's website and found a significant positive effect on perceived trustworthiness of the examined website. It is suggested that virtual re-embedding is an effective way to increase customer trust and that it does not even have to be costly to implement. %M C.CHI.02.2.750 %T Tangibly simple, architecturally complex: evaluating a tangible presentation aid %S Short Talks %A Elizabeth F. Churchill %A Les Nelson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 750-751 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506579 %X In this paper, we describe an evaluation of the Palette, a presentation tool that was reported at CHI '99. The Palette allows presenters to quickly access digital presentations using physical cards that have unique barcodes printed on them. The Palette has been in use in our lab for over three years, and has been released as a product in Japan. Our evaluation consists of an analysis of usage logs, an expert walkthrough review, and observations and interviews with users, non-users and the system administrator. The findings reveal benefits and drawbacks of the technology, and offers design ideas for further work on tangible tools of this kind. %M C.CHI.02.2.752 %T Navigational blocks: tangible navigation of digital information %S Short Talks %A Ken Camarata %A Ellen Yi-Luen Do %A Mark D. Gross %A Brian R. Johnson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 752-753 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506580 %X Navigational Blocks provide a tangible user interface for applications such as information kiosks. Orientation, movement, and relative position of electronically and microprocessor augmented physical blocks support visitor querying, retrieving, understanding, navigation and exploration of an historical information database. %M C.CHI.02.2.754 %T Using a gestural interface toolkit for tactile input to a dynamic virtual space %S Short Talks %A Thecla Schiphorst %A Robb Lovell %A Norman Jaffe %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 754-755 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506581 %X In this paper, we describe the development of a gesture interface toolkit that has been applied to an application of tactile gesture recognition within an artificial life environment. The goal is to design a gestural semantics of caress, in which qualitative attributes of gesture are expressed as a function of tactility. A touch-sensitive tablet capable of detecting multiple simultaneous contacts was used to provide a source of tactile gestures (stroking, pressing, tapping, wrapping, spreading, pinching, nudging) which were then interpreted by the software as events to be sent to the active creature in the environment. Participants could observe the creature reactions within a three-dimensional immersive display system. %M C.CHI.02.2.756 %T CUBIK: a bi-directional tangible modeling interface %S Short Talks %A Surapong Lertsithichai %A Matthew Seegmiller %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 756-757 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506582 %X We present CUBIK, a bi-directional tangible modeling interface used to aid architects and designers in the process of creating and manipulating 3D models with the computer. CUBIK consists of a wire frame cube structure and an interactive virtual cube as its user interfaces. When activated users can manipulate a 3D model from either interface physically or virtually. Any one interface can change its configuration according to manipulations from the other interface, enabling designers to directly assemble and manipulate tangible objects as an aid in designing 3D models. This can improve the interaction between designers and computer-aided design systems. %M C.CHI.02.2.758 %T Multiscale pointing: facilitating pan-zoom coordination %S Short Talks %A Frederic Bourgeois %A Yves Guiard %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 758-759 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506583 %X In a laboratory experiment on multiscale pointing, we compared one-handed vs. two-handed input for two zoom-control devices, a wheel vs. a mini-joystick with an all or none response. Using a recent method of quantifying multiple degree-of-freedom (DOF) input coordination to evaluate pan-zoom parallelism, we confirm previous work [1] showing that multiscale pointing performance strongly depends on the degree of pan-zoom parallelism. The new finding is that two-handed input and a constant zoom speed allow more input parallelism, thereby increasing performance speed. %M C.CHI.02.2.760 %T Two-handed drawing on augmented desk %S Short Talks %A Hideki Koike %A Chen Xinlei %A Yasoto Nakanishi %A Kenji Oka %A Yoichi Sato %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 760-761 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506584 %X This paper describes a two-handed drawing tool on Enhanced Desk. Through the experiments, our tool showed better performance when drawing simple figures than traditional drawing tools. The subjects also reported that it was easier to learn the usage of the tool. %M C.CHI.02.2.762 %T A tool-based interactive drawing environment %S Short Talks %A Robert St. Amant %A Thomas E. Horton %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 762-763 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506585 %X Graphical user interfaces rely heavily on the tool metaphor. In most drawing systems, for example, functions are organized as they might be on a workbench; buttons associated with drawing modes for lines or rectangles are called line-drawing or rectangle-drawing tools; etc. Despite the similarities, however, there remain many differences between software tools and physical tools. This paper gives a concise account of tool use in general, and describes a drawing application, called HabilisDraw, that relies on a detailed correspondence to physical tool behavior. %M C.CHI.02.2.764 %T The KITE geometry manipulator %S Short Talks %A Sviataslau Pranovich %A Jarke J. van Wijk %A Kees van Overveld %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 764-765 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506586 %X We introduce a new geometry manipulator, a tool for 2D geometrical object manipulations in drawing packages. The manipulator is an extended combination of two standard approaches. We performed an experiment, where users tested three types of manipulator. We evaluated the manipulators on perceived flexibility, efficiency of use, and subjective satisfaction. Our new manipulator scored high on all aspects. %M C.CHI.02.2.766 %T Understanding how to improve the accessibility of computers through cursor control studies %S Short Talks %A Simeon Keates %A P. John Clarkson %A Peter Robinson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 766-767 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506587 %X People with motion-impairments often find it difficult to perform many of the actions required to interact with a computer. This paper presents the results of an on-going series of experiments designed to understand how using force feedback affects interaction for motion-impaired users. Point and click tasks were analyzed using new cursor control measures. The results showed significant improvement in throughput for all users with force-feedback and the cursor control measures were effective in capturing the differences between the conditions. %M C.CHI.02.2.768 %T The use of auditory feedback in call centre CHHI %S Short Talks %A Anette Steel %A Matt Jones %A Mark Apperley %A Tristan Jehan %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 768-769 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506588 %X Initial investigations have been carried out to evaluate issues of the computer-human-human interaction (CHHI) commonly found in call centre scenarios. These investigations suggest some benefits in the use of auditory icons and earcons. %M C.CHI.02.2.770 %T A generic approach for augmenting tactile diagrams with spatial non-speech sounds %S Short Talks %A Rameshsharma Ramloll %A Stephen Brewster %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 770-771 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506589 %X Blind or visually impaired users typically access diagrams in the tactile medium. This paper describes TouchMelody, a system designed for augmenting such existing diagrams with 3D spatial auditory information to increase their usefulness, information content and reduce tactile clutter. The motivation for this system, an overview of its development and early experiences are presented. The two major technologies used are the Polhemus FASTRAK and the LakeDSP CP4 to facilitate the creation of a directly manipulated dynamic 3D spatial soundscape. %M C.CHI.02.2.772 %T Constructing moving pictures eyes-free: an animation tool for the blind %S Short Talks %A Hesham M. Kamel %A James A. Landay %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 772-773 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506590 %X Visually impaired people constantly interpret moving phenomena in the real world; they do not lack the skills to understand the meaning of what is portrayed in an animation. However, today there is no method that allows them to create computer-based animation. We have extended IC2D, a drawing tool for the blind, to allow users to construct animation based on their drawings by defining rotation, swing, and path motions. %M C.CHI.02.2.774 %T Tangible programming elements for young children %S Short Talks %A Peta Wyeth %A Helen C. Purchase %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 774-775 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506591 %X Tangible programming elements offer the dynamic and programmable properties of a computer without the complexity introduced by the keyboard, mouse and screen. This paper explores the extent to which programming skills are used by children during interactions with a set of tangible programming elements: the Electronic Blocks. An evaluation of the Electronic Blocks indicates that children become heavily engaged with the blocks, and learn simple programming with a minimum of adult support. %M C.CHI.02.2.776 %T Dolltalk: a computational toy to enhance children's creativity %S Short Talks %A Catherine Vaucelle %A Tristan Jehan %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 776-777 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506592 %X This paper presents a novel approach and interface for encouraging children to tell and act out original stories. Dolltalk is a toy that simulates speech recognition by capturing the gestures and speech of a child. The toy then plays back a child's pretend-play speech in altered voices representing the characters of the child's story. Dolltalk's tangible interface and ability to retell a child's story may enhance a child's creativity in narrative elaboration. %M C.CHI.02.2.778 %T Pet Pals: a game for social mediation %S Short Talks %A Celine Pering %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 778-779 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506593 %X Pet Pals is a game that facilitates social interaction in a real world group context. Early user research of pre-teens indicated that children establish a social hierarchy through sharing and trading. The needs revealed in the study led to a game design to mediate peer interaction through trade. A functional prototype was developed to test the game on two groups of users. Pet Pals is a game of trading that globally monitors who is participating in real-time by tracking the exchange of objects and dynamically altering each object's value to encourage those not participating to interact with each other, in part by making their objects more valuable to others. Through both and negative reinforcement, the system promotes face-to-face communication. %M C.CHI.02.2.780 %T Camping in the digital wilderness: tents and flashlights as interfaces to virtual worlds %S Short Talks %A Jonathan Green %A Holger Schnadelbach %A Boriana Koleva %A Steve Benford %A Tony Pridmore %A Karen Medina %A Eric Harris %A Hilary Smith %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 780-781 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506594 %X A projection screen in the shape of a tent provides children with a shared immersive experience of a virtual world based on the metaphor of camping. RFID aerials at its entrances sense tagged children and objects as they enter and leave. Video tracking allows multiple flashlights to be used as pointing devices. The tent is an example of a traversable interface, designed for deployment in public spaces such as museums, galleries and classrooms. %M C.CHI.02.2.782 %T Experimental evaluation of user errors at the skill-based level in an automative environment %S Short Talks %A Frank Althoff %A Karla Geiss %A Gregor McGlaun %A Bjorn Schuller %A Manfred Lang %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 782-783 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506595 %X Concentrating on the lowest performance level of Reason's error model, in this work we evaluated the potential of user errors in an automative environment. Thereby the test subjects had to operate various in-car devices while primarily fulfilling a simulated 3D driving task. The study clearly showed that special error types are related to special distraction effects and that most of the operation errors are not critical and can be resolved by the user himself. %M C.CHI.02.2.784 %T Simulator sickness and presence in a high field-of-view virtual environment %S Short Talks %A A. Fleming Seay %A David M. Krum %A Larry Hodges %A William Ribarsky %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 784-785 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506596 %X This paper describes a study that investigated the effect of field-of-view, display type, and user role on the experience of simulator sickness and presence in users of a virtual environment. Though it interacted with the other experimental factors, field-of-view was found to be the major determinant of both simulator sickness and presence. %M C.CHI.02.2.786 %T Small screen access to digital libraries %S Short Talks %A Gary Marsden %A Robert Cherry %A Alan Haefele %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 786-787 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506597 %X This paper looks at the possibilities of taking existing digital library technology and using it for educating those who do not normally have access to the Internet. We have built a system which allows WAP devices to access an HTML based digital library. Whilst building such a system is technically possible, our work has shown that there are a wide range of usability issues which need to be tackled. We investigate these problems, suggest improvements and outline where future research needs to take place. %M C.CHI.02.2.788 %T Towards the design of multimodal interfaces for handheld conversational characters %S Short Talks %A Timothy Bickmore %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 788-789 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506598 %X This paper presents a study of individuals having conversations with animated characters on PDAs, and characterizes their use of natural nonverbal behavior compared to behavior exhibited in similar conversations with another person. The study finds that most people use the same nonverbal behavior in conversation handheld characters that they use in conversations with people, although the frequency is somewhat lower in the handheld case. These results can inform the design of new PDA input modalities which leverage the natural nonverbal behavior observed. %M C.CHI.02.2.790 %T In-car cell phone use: mitigating risk by signaling remote callers %S Short Talks %A Punitha Manalavan %A Asad Samar %A Mike Schneider %A Sara Kiesler %A Dan Siewiorek %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 790-791 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506599 %X Research has linked in-car cell phone use with automobile accidents. We explore a signaling method that could mitigate that risk. We show in a first experiment how remote cell phone callers were induced to speak less during critical driving periods, and, in a second experiment, how driving performance in a simulator improved when callers reduced conversation levels during critical driving periods. %M C.CHI.02.2.792 %T Scaffolding in the small: designing educational supports for concept mapping on handheld computers %S Short Talks %A Kathleen Luchini %A Chris Quintana %A Joe Krajcik %A Chris Farah %A Nayan Nandihalli %A Kyle Reese %A Adam Wieczorek %A Elliot Soloway %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 792-793 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506600 %X Handheld computers offer the flexibility and mobility to be "ready at hand" tools that can facilitate learning anytime, anywhere. Applying the principles of Learner Centered Design [2], we have developed Pocket PiCoMap to support students engaged in complex concept mapping activities using handheld computers. Pocket PiCoMap uses scaffolds to address specific student needs; for instance, a color scaffold was provided to address students' difficulty organizing and understanding information displayed on small screens. Pocket PiCoMap was piloted for six weeks with 33 eighth grade students in mid-Michigan classrooms, and our preliminary results suggest that scaffolds are both useful and viable for handheld educational software. %M C.CHI.02.2.794 %T Shared text input for note taking on handheld devices %S Short Talks %A Laurent Denoue %A Patrick Chiu %A Tohru Fuse %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 794-795 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506601 %X Shared text input is a technique we implemented into a note taking system for facilitating text entry on small devices. Instead of writing out words on the tedious text entry interfaces found on handheld computers, users can quickly reuse words and phrases already entered by others. Sharing notes during a meeting also increases awareness among note takers. We found that filtering the text to share was appropriate to deal with a variety of design issues such as screen real estate, scalability, privacy, reciprocity, and predictability of text location. %M C.CHI.02.2.796 %T In the lab and out in the wild: remote web usability testing for mobile devices %S Short Talks %A Sarah Waterson %A James A. Landay %A Tara Matthews %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 796-797 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506602 %X In this paper we discuss a pilot usability study using wireless Internet-enabled personal digital assistants (PDAs). We compared usability data gathered in traditional lab studies with a proxy-based clickstream logging and analysis tool. We found that this remote testing technique can more easily gather many of the content-related usability issues, but device-related issues are more difficult to capture. %M C.CHI.02.2.798 %T Automatic text reduction for changing size constraints %S Short Talks %A Lance Good %A Mark Stefik %A Patrick Baudisch %A Benjamin B. Bederson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 798-799 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506603 %X This paper introduces a technique for viewing text objects under changing size constraints in 2D environments. Our approach automatically combines font size reduction and content reduction to preserve legibility of key words. Unlike traditional semantic zooming, our approach creates intermediate representations and transitions automatically. The main benefit is that it provides more meaningful views for different object sizes without additional authoring effort. %M C.CHI.02.2.800 %T Breakdown visualization: multiple foci polyarchies of values and attributes %S Short Talks %A Sandeep Prabhakar %A Nathan Conklin %A Chris North %A Muthukumar Thirunavukkarasu %A Anusha Dandapani %A Ganesh Panchanathan %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 800-801 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506604 %X Breakdown analysis involves decomposing data into sub-groups to allow for comparison and identification of problem areas. Good analysis requires the ability to group data based on attributes or values. Breakdown Visualization provides a mechanism to support this analysis through user guided decomposition and exploration of tabular data with a polyarchy structure. This is useful in domains such as sports statistics and corporate financial reports. Breakdown Visualization utilizes a spreadsheet format for comparison of adjacent visualizations. %M C.CHI.02.2.802 %T QuickSpace: new operations for the desktop metaphor %S Short Talks %A Dugald Ralph Hutchings %A John Stasko %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 802-803 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506605 %X The explosion of information available to everyday users has resulted in numerous applications that allow users to access this information. Fundamental desktop operations fail to assist the user efficiently display all of the information available in these applications. We propose a number of new window and space management techniques that attempt to solve this problem. %M C.CHI.02.2.804 %T Interactive 3D flow visualization using a streamrunner %S Short Talks %A Robert S. lramee %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 804-805 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506606 %X Flow visualization in 3D is challenging due to perceptual problems such as occlusion, lack of directional cues, lack of depth cues, and visual complexity. In this paper we present an interaction technique that addresses these special problems for 3D flow visualization. The feature we present, a streamrunner, games the user interactive control over the evolution of streamlines from the time they are seeds until they reach their full length. The interactive streamrunner control minimizes occlusion and visual complexity and maximizes directional and depth cues for 3D flow visualization tools, the streamrunner gives a brand new level of control to the user investigating the vector field. %M C.CHI.02.2.806 %T Kinesthetic cues aid spatial memory %S Short Talks %A Desney S. Tan %A Randy Pausch %A Jeanine K. Stefanucci %A Dennis R. Proffitt %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 806-807 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506607 %X We are interested in building and evaluating human computer interfaces that make information more memorable. Psychology research informs us that humans access memories through cues, or "memory hooks," acquired at the time we learn the information. In this paper, we show that kinesthetic cues, or the awareness of parts of our body's position with respect to itself or to the environment, are useful for recalling the positions of objects in space. We report a user study demonstrating a 19% increase in spatial memory for information controlled with a touchscreen, which provides direct kinesthetic cues, as compared to a standard mouse interface. We also report results indicating that females may benefit more than males from using the touchscreen device. %M C.CHI.02.2.808 %T Design of force feedback utilizing air pressure toward untethered human interface %S Short Talks %A Yuriko Suzuki %A Minoru Kobayashi %A Satoshi Ishibashi %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 808-809 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506608 %X In order to apply VR technologies to tools for everyday life, it is necessary to develop human interface technologies that do not constrain the users' activities. To achieve this goal, we propose a new force feedback method that utilizes air pressure to provide a force sensation to users. This force feedback system does not constrain users by an arm or a wire that connected with devices, and allows users to move their bodies and hands freely. This paper introduces the concept and the initial implementation of the air-pressure-based force feedback system. %M C.CHI.02.2.810 %T 'TSUNAGARI' communication: fostering a feeling of connection between family members %S Short Talks %A Yoshihiro Itoh %A Asami Miyajima %A Takumi Watanabe %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 810-811 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506609 %X Families in Japan increasingly have one or more members living outside of the family household, but many people don't want to lose the bond between family members when they live apart. We have developed a concept called 'Tsunagari' communication aimed at fostering a feeling of connection between people and maintaining their social relationships. A system based on this concept, called the Family Planter system, was also developed for family use. We have field tested this system with family members living apart, and our interviews of users have shown that the users' family relationships tend to be slightly improved by use of this system. %M C.CHI.02.2.812 %T From personal to shared annotations %S Short Talks %A Catherine C. Marshall %A A. J. Bernheim Brush %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 812-813 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506610 %X Preliminary results obtained by comparing personal annotations on paper with shared annotations made on-line show that only a small fraction of personal annotations are used in initiating and responding to related on-line discussions. The personal annotations that are shared tended to correspond to explicit marginalia; much effort is still put into rendering both the content and anchors of these annotations intelligible to others. %M C.CHI.02.2.814 %T Supporting articulation with the reconciler %S Short Talks %A Gloria Mark %A Victor Gonzalez %A Marcello Sarini %A Carla Simone %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 814-815 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506611 %X A problem in distributed collaboration is the difficulty in resolving different perspectives. We conducted an experiment to test the Reconciler, a system designed to aid communicating partners in developing and using negotiated meanings of terms in text-based online communication. We found that with the system, groups used fewer clarifications and explanations for technical terms, which suggests that the system aided the memory of negotiated meanings. The results suggest that technology use can benefit articulation. %M C.CHI.02.2.816 %T Social net: using patterns of physical proximity over time to infer shared interests %S Short Talks %A Michael Terry %A Elizabeth D. Mynatt %A Kathy Ryall %A Darren Leigh %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 816-817 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506612 %X We describe Social Net, a novel interest-matching application that uses patterns of collocation, over time, to infer shared interests between users. Social Net demonstrates new possibilities and methods for using the capabilities of mobile devices equipped with RF-communications. %M C.CHI.02.2.818 %T Supporting collaboration through passing informal notes to peripheral displays %S Short Talks %A Andreas Dieberger %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 818-819 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506613 %X DropNotes is a note-passing system for informal sharing of information within a small group or for posting notes to oneself. Its goal is to improve collaboration by increasing awareness through peripheral displays. DropNotes typically appear on peripheral displays placed in the work environment, such as a door panel, a peripheral display near the phone, a group board in a break room or a PDA. The design of DropNotes focuses both on making note creation easy and on minimizing interruptions. As such, DropNotes supports informal information sharing and peripheral awareness rather than messaging. %M C.CHI.02.2.820 %T The effect of tangible interfaces on children's collaborative behaviour %S Short Talks %A Danae Stanton %A Victor Bayon %A Camilla Abnett %A Sue Cobb %A Claire O'Malley %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 820-821 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506614 %X The physical nature of the classroom means that children are continually divided into small groups. The present study examined collaboration on a story creation task using technologies believed to encourage and support collaborative behaviour. Four children used tangible technologies over three sessions. The technology consisted of a large visual display in which they could input content (using Personal Digital Assistants (Pda) and a scanner), record sounds (using RF-ID tags) and navigate around the environment using an arrangement of sensors called 'the magic carpet'. The children could then retell their story using bar-coded images and sounds. The three sessions were video recorded and analysed. Results indicate the importance of immediate feedback and visibility of action for effective collaboration to take place. %M C.CHI.02.2.822 %T Gesture navigation: an alternative 'back' for the future %S Short Talks %A Michael Moyle %A Andy Cockburn %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 822-823 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506615 %X This paper describes the evaluation of a gesture-based mechanism for issuing the back and forward commands in web navigation. Results show that subjects were able to navigate significantly faster when using gestures compared to the normal back button. They were also extremely enthusiastic about the technique, with several expressing their wish that "all browsers should support this". %M C.CHI.02.2.824 %T Towards time design: pacing of hypertext navigation by system response times %S Short Talks %A Herbert A. Myer %A Michael Hildebrandt %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 824-825 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506616 %X Two experiments investigated the effects of system response time (SRT) on hypertext navigation. Dependent variables were residence time, emotional strain and memory performance. A synchronization between human and computer response time was observed. %M C.CHI.02.2.826 %T Hunter gatherer: within-web-page collection making %S Short Talks %A m. c. schraefel %A Daniel Wigdor %A Yuxiang Zhu %A David Modjeska %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 826-827 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506617 %X Hunter Gatherer is a tool that lets Web users carry out three main tasks: (1) collect components from within Web pages; (2) represent those components in a collection; and (3) edit those collections. We report on the design and evaluation of the tool and contextualize tool use in terms of our research goals to investigate possible shifts in information interaction practices resulting from tool use. %M C.CHI.02.2.828 %T Exploring web browser history comparisons %S Short Talks %A Mark Bilezikjian %A John C. Tang %A James Bo Begole %A Nicole Yankelovich %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 828-829 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506618 %X This work explores how comparing web navigation histories between two people and presenting the results to them might allow them to gain insight about each other. We developed a prototype that presents web matches sorted according to frequency, recency, and web site. Interviews with users of the prototype suggest that common interests and preferences can be inferred from these comparisons. %M C.CHI.02.2.830 %T The role of transparency in recommender systems %S Short Talks %A Rashmi Sinha %A Kirsten Swearingen %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 830-831 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506619 %X Recommender Systems act as a personalized decision guides, aiding users in decisions on matters related to personal taste. Most previous research on Recommender Systems has focused on the statistical accuracy of the algorithms driving the systems, with little emphasis on interface issues and the user's perspective. The goal of this research was to examine the role of transparency (user understanding of why a particular recommendation was made) in Recommender Systems. To explore this issue, we conducted a user study of five music Recommender Systems. Preliminary results indicate that users like and feel more confident about recommendations that they perceive as transparent. %M C.CHI.02.2.832 %T WebQuests: changing the way we teach online %S Short Talks %A Brenda Hopkins-Moore %A Susan Fowler %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 832-833 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506620 %X This paper introduces WebQuests as potential teaching tools for HCI and software design educators. Based on our daylong observations of a high-school class, we believe that WebQuests can be adapted for use in online as well as classroom-based education and for use with adults as well as children. The WebQuest model offers three advantages for HCI educators. One is that the students construct their own knowledge and meaning, and thereby learn the material more thoroughly. Another is that a WebQuest, if done correctly, takes advantage of more learning styles. We observed aural, kinesthetic, and visual learning styles, for example. The third advantage is that, since WebQuests are team projects, students learn to work in teams. %M C.CHI.02.2.834 %T Effect of an external viewpoint on therapist performance in virtual reality exposure therapy %S Student Posters %A Martijn Schuemie %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 834-835 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506622 %X In Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy, therapist are usually only supplied with the same viewpoint of the Virtual Environment (VE) as the patient. This paper investigates the effect of an external viewpoint on the performance of therapists in a VE. Results show that even though this second viewpoint increases the precision with which the therapist can align real and virtual objects, subjects navigate through the VE in a less efficient manner. %M C.CHI.02.2.836 %T Will it be upper-case or will it be lower-case: can a prompt for text be a mode signal? %S Student Posters %A Hokyoung Ryu %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 836-837 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506623 %X The new forms of interaction being devised for small mobile devices have required designers to re-visit basic principles for user interface design. One of these is the notion of mode. For example, when a key is pressed how will the user know whether the letter displayed will be in upper- or lower-case. An experiment is described in which users have to learn to use a new device where this is an issue. Results show that users are influenced by the case of letters in the prompt. %M C.CHI.02.2.838 %T Hocman: supporting mobile group collaboration %S Student Posters %A Mattias Esbjornson %A Mattias Ostergren %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 838-839 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506624 %X We introduce the Hocman prototype, supporting mobile group collaboration among motorcyclists. The design is based on findings from a field study. The motorcyclists are a group with a strong social commitment, however their mobile practice creates collaborative problems. They deal with it by using a website on the Internet, but collaborative issues still remains. For this purpose we have developed a prototype, based on web technology. The prototype is built for handheld computers and wireless communication, allowing the users to share rich content when being in the vicinity of each other. %M C.CHI.02.2.840 %T A flexible 3d sound system for interactive applications %S Student Posters %A Lalya Gaye %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 840-841 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506625 %X We have developed a 3D sound system for headphones that allows real-time sound source and user displacement in a virtual acoustic environment. Because of a flexible design that uses different sets of pre-selected, physically modeled filters, the complexity level of simulation can be chosen, making the system adaptable both to available CPU power and to application requirements. No extensive signal processing knowledge is required in order to select the appropriate simulation complexity. A preliminary evaluation involving 4 users showed that the system provides a satisfying localization of sounds and users (even with limited memory and CPU power) while also giving access to low-level control over simulation complexity. %M C.CHI.02.2.842 %T A study of cursor trajectories of motion-impaired users %S Student Posters %A Faustina Hwang %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 842-843 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506626 %X This paper describes a study of the cursor trajectories of motion-impaired users in "point and click" interactions. A characteristic of cursor movement is proposed that aims to capture the spatial distribution of cursor movement about a target. This characteristic indicates that users often exhibit increased cursor movement in the vicinity of the target, have more difficulty performing the "clicking" part of the interaction as compared to the navigation part, and tend to navigate directly toward the target during the middle portion of the cursor trajectory. The implications of these characteristic behaviours on interface design are discussed. %M C.CHI.02.2.844 %T Improving speech-based navigation during dictation %S Student Posters %A Jinjuan Feng %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 844-845 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506627 %X This research focuses on understanding the failures of speech-based navigation as it exists in state-of-the-art speech recognition software. A detailed analysis of failure rates, reasons commands fail, and consequences of these failures in the allowed for the identification of three specific improvements to speech-based navigation. Results from a follow-up study are reported, indicating that each of the three improvements reduced failure rates. %M C.CHI.02.2.846 %T Factors influencing the experience of website usage %S Student Posters %A Sascha Mahlke %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 846-847 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506628 %X The present study examines the role of subjectively perceived factors of the experience of website usage in forming an intention to use a website. An integrative research model is presented and tested empirically. It includes the following four aspects of experience: perceived usefulness, ease of use, hedonic quality and visual attractiveness. The two main research questions are: (1) Are these aspects four subjectively independently perceived aspects of website interaction? and (2) Is the intention to use formed by combining and weighting these four experience aspects and if so, which weights are assigned to the respective aspects. The results suggest that all four aspects of experience can be independently perceived by the user and contribute all with different weights to the intention to use the website. %M C.CHI.02.2.848 %T Designing sound canvas: the role of expectation and discrimination %S Student Posters %A Priscilla Chueng %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 848-849 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506629 %X In this paper, expectation and discrimination are identified as two important constructs to be considered in ecological sound design to achieve a sense of presence in virtual environments. Research to investigate the extent of this is described and the results obtained are discussed. Future avenues for research, on the basis of these results, are indicated. %M C.CHI.02.2.850 %T Using a tree view metaphor to visualize hardware simulation for testing %S Student Posters %A Per Jacobsson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 850-851 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506630 %X This papers suggests the use of a tree view metaphor as a suitable way of visualizing simulated hardware elements in a graphical user interface (GUI) for testing purposes. The prospective users declared a few comprehensive demands regarding the desired application -- such as maximal availability of desktop space and ease of configuring and reconfiguring the hardware simulations. An application was prototyped and evaluated through interviews and an accompanying usability test. Preliminary evaluation shows that using the new GUI with the tree metaphore makes the task of configuration faster and saves desktop space. %M C.CHI.02.2.852 %T What makes people trust online gambling sites? %S Student Posters %A Bhiru Shelat %A Florian N. Egger %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 852-853 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506631 %X A validated model of trust was used as a framework for an empirical study to identify on- and offline factors that influence gamblers' perception of an online casino's trustworthiness. The results suggest that the quality with which casino's address gamblers' trust concerns by providing appropriate content is the prime factor. However, designing for trust must be part of consistent strategy that also involves customer service usability. %M C.CHI.02.2.854 %T Backseat gaming: exploaration of mobile properties for fun %S Student Posters %A Liselott Brunnberg %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 854-855 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506632 %X This paper presents a prototype developed as part of the Backseat gaming project. The aim of the project is to explore how to make use of mobile properties for developing compelling and fun game experiences. The prototype is developed for use in a highly mobile situation, that of a car passenger and is realized by the use of mobile devices and the users physical location during speed to merge the virtual content and surrounding road context into an augmented reality game. %M C.CHI.02.2.856 %T Evaluating images of virtual agents %S Student Posters %A Karen Wilson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 856-857 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506633 %X This study examined the perceived attributes of virtual agents, based on their appearance. The aim was to determine the nature of the psychological processes that influence judgements. It was expected that many of the usual characteristics of stereotypical judgements would influence attributions made with regard to computer agents. Fourteen agents from a population of 150 were used to obtain similarity judgements, preference data, dimensional analysis, and personality judgements. Multidimensional Scaling analysis suggested that computer agents were categorized according to 2 main dimensions (gender and anthropomorphism). The clustering of agents were across dimensions predicted attributions made, with more positive attributions made to female agents, less positive to cartoon agents, and the most negative responses to male agents. %M C.CHI.02.2.858 %T Head orientation and gaze direction in meetings %S Student Posters %A Rainer Stiefelhagen %A Jie Zhu %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 858-859 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506634 %X Detecting who is looking at whom during multiparty interaction is useful for various tasks such as meeting analysis. There are two contributing factors in the formation of where a person is looking at: head orientation and eye orientation. In this poster, we present an experiment aimed at evaluating the potential of head orientation estimation in detecting who is looking at whom, because head orientation can be estimated accurately and robustly with non-intrusive methods while eye orientation can not. Experimental results show that head orientation contributes 68.9% on average to the overall gaze direction, and focus of attention estimation based on head orientation alone can get an average accuracy of 88.7% in a meeting application scenario with four participants. We conclude that head orientation is a good indicator of focus of attention in human computer interaction applications. %M C.CHI.02.2.860 %T A collaborative foraging approach to web browsing enrichment %S Student Posters %A Stephen J. Schultze %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 860-861 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506635 %X As the amount of Web content grows and diversifies, traditional organizational structures such as keyword search engines and static directories become less useful and comprehensive, requiring more user effort to find relevant information. Information foraging theory [4] and collaborative filtering [6] address this problem in different but compatible ways. This paper introduces an approach called collaborative foraging that applies the biological metaphors of information foraging to the cooperative filtering. The approach assumes that humans best pursue relevant Web content according to optimal foraging behavior, collaborating with communities of like-minded foragers. This paper gives preliminary results of a limited implementation. %M C.CHI.02.2.862 %T A framework for locomotional design: toward a generative design theory %S Student Posters %A Susanne Jul %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 862-863 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506636 %X Generative design theories are needed to bridge the gaps between pure scientific knowledge, individual ("point") designs and systematic generation of viable design alternatives. This papers suggests a framework for locomotional design that uses knowledge of navigation and spatial cognition to inform design. Examples of the implications of two such pieces of knowledge are sketched out, suggesting how this framework might lead to a generative design theory. %M C.CHI.02.2.864 %T Informing automatic generation of remote control interfaces with human designs %S Student Posters %A Jeffrey Nichols %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 864-865 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506637 %X Embedded processors are making it possible for common appliances, such as cable boxes, microwaves, and fax machines, to provide even more functionality. Unfortunately, as these appliances become more complex, their interfaces are also becoming harder to use. At the same time, more people are carrying hand-held computerized devices that can communicate. We envision a future in which people will use their handhelds to communicate with and control common appliances in their environment. This work describes the design of a specification language and the construction of an automatic interface generator, using lessons learned from analyzing manually created interfaces. %M C.CHI.02.2.866 %T In your own words: using full sentences as feedback %S Student Posters %A Jacob O. Wobbrock %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 866-867 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506638 %X Many applications have cluttered dialogs that require users to make complicated settings. Some settings even determine the availability and state of other settings, creating interdependencies that can be hard to discern. Most affordances, although they aid the use of individual widgets, provide no feedback about overall configurations. Here I present a technique for providing feedback in configuration tools using grammar-generated sentences that update instantly as the user acts. Experimental results confirm the technique has promise. %M C.CHI.02.2.868 %T Doodling our way to better authentication %S Student Posters %A Joseph Goldberg %A Jennifer Hagman %A Vibha Sazawal %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 868-869 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506639 %X Password security often fails in practice because users select predictable passwords. We conducted a study to explore the use of hand-drawn doodle password ("passdoodle"). Our findings show that users could recall all visual elements of the doodle as well as they could recall alphanumeric passwords, but most could not perfectly redraw their selected doodles. Users perceive passdoodles as easier to remember than alphanumeric passwords; however, they prefer whichever authentication method they perceive to be more secure. %M C.CHI.02.2.870 %T Applying HCI to music-related hardware %S Student Posters %A Gary Fernandes %A Cassandra Holmes %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 870-871 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506640 %X The application of usability techniques to the development of music-related hardware is rarely discussed in the HCI literature. This is in spite of the fact that such devices could potentially be improved by employing usability methods during their development. This paper documents a case study of an existing electric guitar pre-amplifier. The ease of use of its user interface was investigated using the traditional HCI methods of heuristic evaluation and usability testing. The user interface was sunsequently modified, and a follow-up usability test confirmed improvements to ease of use. These findings demonstrate that HCI methods can and should be used to enhance the usability of music-related hardware. %M C.CHI.02.2.872 %T A comparison of information visualization methods %S Student Posters %A Korin Werner %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 872-873 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506641 %X Large hierarchies of information (such as maps, graphs, and web pages) that must be fit onto small areas are present everywhere. The size restriction prevents the user from viewing the entire structure at once, which causes the context of the information to be lost. Conversely, if the entire structure is visible all at once, the details are too small to read and specific information is lost to the user. The present research studies different visualization techniques that present detailed specific information from large hierarchies on a single screen, while preserving the information's context within the global structure. Results show that Internet Explorer supported superior user performance in both time and accuracy when compared to three other methods of information visualization. %M C.CHI.02.2.874 %T Multimodal theater: extending low fidelity paper prototyping to multimodal applications %S Student Posters %A Corey D. Chandler %A Gloria Lo %A Anoop K. Sinha %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 874-875 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506642 %X Low-fidelity paper prototyping has proven to be a useful technique for designing graphical user interfaces [1]. Wizard of Oz prototyping for other input modalities, such as speech, also has a long history [2]. Yet to surface are guidelines for low-fidelity prototyping of multimodal applications, those that use multiple and sometimes simultaneous combination of different input types. This paper describes our recent research in low fidelity, multimodal, paper prototyping and suggest guidelines to be used by future designers of multimodal applications. %M C.CHI.02.2.876 %T User activity histories %S Student Posters %A Etienne Pelaprat %A R. Benjamin Shapiro %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 876-877 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506643 %X Current software interfaces fail to incorporate historical data from user interaction into their design. While some systems exhibit a minimalist use of history in the form of undo and redo, selective menu items, and other static elements, there has been a lack of use of history in the dynamic elements of interaction. We propose a more widespread use of historical data from user-software interaction to augment the desktop and application environment. We believe the use of historical data can improve the user's experience at many different levels. Our approach begins by assuming that everything the user is doing on the desktop is important to them, and that it will be important again in the future. %M C.CHI.02.2.878 %T Bridging physical and electronic media for distributed design collaboration %S Student Posters %A Scott Klemmer %A Katherine Everitt %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 878-879 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506644 %X Current software interfaces fail to incorporate historical data from user interaction into their design. While some systems exhibit a minimalist use of history in the form of undo and redo, selective menu items, and other static elements, there has been a lack of use of history in the dynamic elements of interaction. We propose a more widespread use of historical data from user-software interaction to augment the desktop and application environment. We believe the use of historical data can improve the user's experience at many different levels. Our approach begins by assuming that everything the user is doing on the desktop is important to them, and that it will be important again in the future. %M C.CHI.02.2.880 %T Usability in practice: field methods evolution and revolution %S Usability in Practice Session %A Dennis R. Wixon %A Judy Ramey %A Karen Holtzblatt %A Hugh Beyer %A JoAnn Hackos %A Stephanie Rosenbaum %A Colleen Page %A Sari A. Laakso %A Karri-Pekka Laakso %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 880-884 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506646 %X Field Methods are a collection of tools and techniques for conducting studies of users, their tasks, and their work environments in the actual context of those environments. The promise of such methods is that they help teams design products that are both useful and usable by providing data about what people really do. Participants in this forum will address: * the origins and framework of Contextual Design * the application of field methods to task analysis * a review of ways to adapt these methods to practical constraints * a discount approach to field studies %M C.CHI.02.2.885 %T Usability in practice: formative usability evaluations -- evolution and revolution %S Usability in Practice Session %A Janice (Ginny) Redish %A Randolph G. Bias %A Robert Bailey %A Rolf Molich %A Joe Dumas %A Jared M. Spool %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 885-890 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506648 %X The adoption of user experience methods within companies has followed a similar evolution over the past two decades. Typically organizations originally institute formative lab-based evaluations, and then add field studies and other user experience methods to their repertoire. This evolution typically occurs because the organization recognizes the need for more data on customer profiles, feature requirements, and task flows, along with the ability to iterate quickly among various design ideas and directions. These methods that fall outside of the categories of formative usability evaluations and field studies are addressed in this paper. Although there are a wide variety of methods within this 'alternative' category, a few representative samples will be discussed in more detail here. In actuality, these methods are not 'alternatives,' rather, they are additions to the toolkit of user experience methods that should be used in conjunction with formative usability studies and field studies. %M C.CHI.02.2.891 %T Usability in practice: alternatives to formative evaluations-evolution and revolution %S Usability in Practice Session %A Janice A. Rohn %A Jared Spool %A Mayuresh Ektare %A Sanjay Koyani %A Michael Muller %A Janice (Ginny) Redish %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 891-897 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506648 %X The adoption of user experience methods within companies has followed a similar evolution over the past two decades. Typically organizations originally institute formative lab-based evaluations, and then add field studies and other user experience methods to their repertoire. This evolution typically occurs because the organization recognizes the need for more data on customer profiles, feature requirements, and task flows, along with the ability to iterate quickly among various design ideas and directions. These methods that fall outside of the categories of formative usability evaluations and field studies are addressed in this paper. Although there are a wide variety of methods within this 'alternative' category, a few representative samples will be discussed in more detail here. In actuality, these methods are not 'alternatives,' rather, they are additions to the toolkit of user experience methods that should be used in conjunction with formative usability studies and field studies. %M C.CHI.02.2.898 %T Usability in Practice: user experience lifecycle -- evolution and revolution %S Usability in Practice Session %A Stephanie Rosenbaum %A Chauncey E. Wilson %A Timo Jokela %A Janice A. Rohn %A Trixi B. Smith %A Karel Vredenburg %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 898-903 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506649 %X The practice of usability and user-centered design must integrate with many other activities in the product development lifecycle. This integration requires political savvy, knowledge of a wide variety of methods, flexibility in using methods, inspiration, and innovation. The speakers and their colleagues have met these requirements and describe their experience fitting various methods into design and development efforts. This forum highlights their successes and setbacks. %M C.CHI.02.2.905 %T Workshop: Creating and refining knowledges, identities, and understandings in on-line communities %S Workshops %A Michael J. Muller %A David R. Millen %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 905 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506651 %X This two-day workshop examines the ways that on-line communities create and refine their shared resources, including both the formal and observable artifacts (documents, chats, threads) and the less tangible conventions, roles, and identities in the community. %M C.CHI.02.2.906 %T Automatically evaluating the usability of web sites %S Workshops %A Tom Brinck %A Erik Hofer %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 906-907 %K HTML validation, automatic usability evaluation, instrumented browsers, task analysis, web site usability, web usability standards, website usage data %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506652 %M C.CHI.02.2.908 %T Patterns in practice: a workshop for UI designers %S Workshops %A Martijn van Welie %A Kevin Mullet %A Paul McInerney %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 908-909 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506653 %X This one-day workshop focuses on how UI designers are using patterns today. The scope includes the two overlapping areas of concern to design practitioners: (1) writing valid and useful patterns and (2) using patterns effectively in a design assignment. %M C.CHI.02.2.910 %T Cognitive models of programming-like activity %S Workshops %A Alan Blackwell %A Peter Robinson %A Chris Roast %A Thomas Green %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 910-911 %K abstraction, domestic computing, programming %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506654 %M C.CHI.02.2.912 %T Physiological computing %S Workshops %A Jennifer Allanson %A Gillian M. Wilson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 912-913 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506655 %X Applications involving the measurement of human physiological responses to environment are becoming increasingly popular in HCI. This is due in part to the increasing availability of low-cost, high-specification sensing technologies. Areas such HCI evaluation, affective computing and biofeedback-based brain-computer interaction are all benefiting from the rich data source physiological sensing technologies make available. However, guidelines on the gathering and analysis of these measurements are virtually non-existent, which makes it difficult for new researchers to practise in this area. This timely workshop will bring together both practising and potential researchers using this method to gather knowledge on the techniques, technologies and applications of physiological computing. %M C.CHI.02.2.915 %T Robustness in speech based interfaces: sharing the tricks of the trade %S Workshops %A Jennifer Lai %A Nils Dahlback %A Arne Jonsson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 915 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506656 %K interaction design, robustness, speech-based interfaces %M C.CHI.02.2.916 %T Relationships among speech, vision, and action in collaborative physical tasks %S Workshops %A Susan R. Fussell %A Robert E. Kraut %A Jane Siegel %A Susan E. Brennan %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 916-917 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506657 %X This workshop focuses on the relationships among speech, gaze and action in collaborative physical tasks. We address three key challenges: characterizing the nature of collaborative physical tasks, understanding how people coordinate their activities during collaborative physical tasks, and designing technology to support these tasks. %M C.CHI.02.2.918 %T The philosophy and design of socially adept technologies %S Workshops %A Stephen Marsh %A Lucy Nowell %A John F. Meech %A Kerstin Dautenhahn %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 918-919 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506658 %X To the "person on the street," it is an accepted truth that computers are hard to use and that "that's the way things are." It is unfortunate that an entire generation (or more) of people has this conception -- ultimately it would seem that as HCI practitioners we have failed in our self-appointed task of promoting and advancing ease of use. It may also seem that this generation is lost to us. Both of these attitudes are at best defeatist, and at worst, dangerous. We must strive to bring these people into the fold of comfortable computer use, sensible options when they use the systems they use, and harmonious relationships with the technology they rely on day to day. The workshop will examine and discuss the state of the art in advances that see the user-computer interaction process as a relationship between user and machine (or technology per se) such that the use of a system becomes an ongoing adaptive relationship with that system. %M C.CHI.02.2.921 %T Workshop: teaching interaction design %S Workshops %A Scott Berkun %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 921 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506659 %X A full day workshop focused on the practice and philosophies involved with teaching interaction design to students and professionals. The format involved teachers expressing their approaches to the challenges of design education, and group discussion and sharing of ideas and stories from their experiences. %M C.CHI.02.2.922 %T Automatic capture, representation, and analysis of user behavior %S Workshops %A Sharon J. Laskowski %A James A. Landay %A Mike Lister %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 922-923 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506660 %X The goal of this workshop is to explore the implications of automated capture and analysis of user behaviors on HCI and UE research. %M C.CHI.02.2.924 %T Funology: designing enjoyment %S Workshops %A Andrew Monk %A Marc Hassenzahl %A Mark Blythe %A Darren Reed %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 924-925 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506661 %X Pleasure, enjoyment and fun are fundamental to life. As the greek philosopher Epicurus wrote in his Letter to Menoeceus: "We recognise pleasure as the first good innate in us, and from pleasure we begin every act of choice and avoidance, and to pleasure we return again, using the feeling as the standard by which we judge every good." Fun and enjoyment are qualities only rarely called for in the context of software products and computers. Jordan [11] noted that "usability as a concept does not seem to include [positive] feelings such as, e.g. pride, excitement or surprise." He concluded that caring about positive emotions is "not reflected in traditional human factor practices" (p. 26). %M C.CHI.02.2.927 %T HCI & IA: information, interaction, interface and usability architects share deliverables %S Workshops %A Keith Instone %A Lisa Chan %A Peter Boersma %A George Olsen %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 927 %K deliverables, information architecture, information design, interaction architecture, interface architecture, usability architecture %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506662 %M C.CHI.02.2.928 %T The business value of HCI: how can we do better? %S Workshops %A Gitte Lindgaard %A Nicola Millard %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 928-929 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506663 %X This workshop brings together experienced HCI practitioners with an interest in the business value of HCI, and who can contribute relevant data and/or case studies showing how HCI contributes to the business bottom line. The goal of the workshop is to collect practitioners' models, case studies, thoughts, and "lessons learned" in order to provide the HCI community with arguments, tips, tricks, and data to support our collective HCI business case. %M C.CHI.02.2.930 %T It's a global economy out there: usability Innovation for global marketplaces %S Workshops %A Mizue Fujinuma %A Kirsten Risden %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 930 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506664 %X We describe a workshop for usability researchers to share information about international and intercultural research methods. %M C.CHI.02.2.931 %T Mobile ad hoc collaboration %S Workshops %A Gerd Kortuem %A Hans-Werner Gellersen %A Mark Billinghurst %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 931 %K CSCW, MANET, PAN, ad-hoc networks, mobile collaboration, spontaneous collaboration %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506665 %M C.CHI.02.2.932 %T Getting to know you: open source development meets usability %S Workshops %A Nancy Frishberg %A Anna Marie Dirks %A Calum Benson %A Seth Nickell %A Suzanna Smith %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 932-933 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506666 %X This workshop seeks to increase the likelihood that usability will become a core value in open source software development by creating a meeting ground of people with direct experience of both perspectives. Anticipated outcomes include tangible and immediate production of articles and posters, as well as intangible and longer term research agenda, outreach efforts to increase the number of people with usability and interaction design expertise involved in all open source projects. %M C.CHI.02.2.934 %T CHI2002: creative computing workshop %S Workshops %A Winslow Burleson %A Ted Selker %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 934-935 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506667 %K captology, context, creativity, peak performance %M C.CHI.02.2.936 %T Discourse architectures: designing and visualizing computer mediated conversation %S Workshops %A Thomas Erickson %A Susan Herring %A Warren Sack %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 936-937 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506668 %X The goal of this workshop is to examine the issue of coherence in computer-mediated (text-based) conversation (CMC), and how it can be visualized graphically. The premise underlying the workshop is that the understandings of coherence developed by designers and researchers can usefully inform one another. Analytical representations based on discourse research and/or theory might, suitably modified, serve as interface designs, and the interplay between graphical user interfaces and the achievement of coherence by users might advance research understandings. %M C.CHI.02.2.938 %T Technologies for families %S Workshops %A Catherine Plaisant %A Allison Druin %A Hilary Hutchinson %B CHI02 %D 2002 %V 2 %P 938-939 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/506443.506669 %X In this workshop, we propose to bring together researchers from industry and academia to discuss the design of new technologies for families. We will focus on both design techniques and the technologies themselves. Through discussions and brainstorming we hope to discover new ideas, which can be disseminated more broadly. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI03-2.BA %M C.CHI.03.2.618 %T A fisheye calendar interface for PDAs: providing overviews for small displays %S Demos %A Benjamin B. Bederson %A Aaron Clamage %A Mary P. Czerwinski %A George G. Robertson %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 618-619 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765893 %X DateLens is a novel calendar interface for PDAs. It supports users in performing planning and analysis tasks by using a fisheye representation of dates coupled with compact overviews, user control over the visible time period, and integrated search. This enables users to see overviews and to easily navigate the calendar structure, and to discover patterns and outliers. %M C.CHI.03.2.620 %T Gesture + play: full-body interaction for virtual environments %S Demos %A Tollmar Konrad %A David Demirdjian %A Trevor Darrell %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 620-621 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765894 %X Navigating virtual environments usually requires a wired interface, game console, or keyboard. The advent of perceptual interface techniques allows a new option, the passive and untethered sensing of users' pose and gesture to allow them maneuver through virtual worlds. We show new algorithms for passive, real-time articulated tracking with standard cameras and personal computers. Several different interaction styles are compared, based on an analysis of the space of possible perceptual interface abstractions for full-body navigation and the results of a wizard-of-oz study of user preferences. In this demo we show our prototype system with users guiding avatars through a series of 3-D virtual game worlds. %M C.CHI.03.2.622 %T PENPETS: a physical environment for virtual animals %S Demos %A Shaun O'Mahony %A John A. Robinson %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 622-623 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765895 %M C.CHI.03.2.624 %T Personal universal controllers: controlling complex appliances with GUIs and speech %S Demos %A Jeffrey Nichols %A Brad A. Myers %A Michael Higgins %A Joseph Hughes %A Thomas K. Harris %A Roni Rosenfeld %A Kevin Litwack %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 624-625 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765896 %X We envision a future where each person will carry with them a personal universal controller (PUC), a portable computerized device that allows the user to control any appliance within their environment. The PUC has a two-way communication channel with each appliance. It downloads a specification of the appliance's features and then automatically generates an interface for controlling that appliance (graphical, speech, or both). In this demonstration we present a working PUC system that automatically generates graphical and speech interfaces, and controls real appliances, including a shelf stereo and a Sony camcorder. %M C.CHI.03.2.626 %T Fusion: interactive coordination of diverse data, visualizations, and mining algorithms %S Demos %A Chris North %A Nathan Conklin %A Kiran Indukuri %A Varun Saini %A Qiang Yu %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 626-627 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765897 %X Fusion is a web-based system that enables end-users to rapidly and dynamically construct personalized visualization workspaces without programming. Users first use advanced data schemas to link diverse data sources. Then they use visualization schemas to coordinate visualization components and data-mining algorithms according to the unique needs of their data and tasks. They create a custom interactive visualization workspace that can be published on the web. This is accomplished through the Fusion model and user interface that is based on schema concepts that are easy to learn and simple to use. %M C.CHI.03.2.628 %T SILVER: simplifying video editing with metadata %S Demos %A A. Chris Long %A Juan Casares %A Brad A. Myers %A Rishi Bhatnagar %A Scott M. Stevens %A Laura Dabbish %A Dan Yocum %A Albert Corbett %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 628-629 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765898 %X Digital video is becoming increasingly ubiquitous. However, editing video remains difficult for several reasons: it is a time-based medium, it has dual tracks of audio and video, and current tools force users to work at the smallest level of detail. Based on interviews with professional video editors, we developed a video editor, called Silver, that uses metadata to make digital video editing more accessible to novices. To help users visualize video, Silver provides multiple views with different semantic content and at different levels of abstraction, including storyboard, editable transcript, and timeline views. Silver offers smart editing operations that help users resolve the inconsistencies that arise because of the different boundaries in audio and video. %M C.CHI.03.2.630 %T A tool supporting capture and analysis of field research data using the contextual design methodology %S Demos %A Karen Holtzblatt %A Hugh Beyer %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 630-631 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765899 %X Field research techniques generate large amounts of unstructured data about users: their work practice, attitudes, strategies, motivations, and so forth. Managing, organizing, communicating, and making sense of this complex and rich data is an ongoing problem for HCI researchers. InContext performs field research and design for its clients, so we have experienced these problems in our business. This presentation demonstrates the software tools we built to manage our own research and design projects, showing how such tools can support a heavily team-based process, and how they can enhance the human thought process inherent in research and design. %M C.CHI.03.2.632 %T Streaming format software for usability testing %S Demos %A Michael Lister %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 632-633 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765900 %X Audio and video capture for qualitative usability testing requires multiple video sources to be synchronized for subsequent playback along with any required test data. Windows Media Player 9 is limited to playing only single video streams. This paper describes the architecture of a software system that has been developed to overcome the single stream of video and allow multiple synchronized audio, video and data streams suitable for usability testing. Post processing and the practical application of using multi-stream software tool in usability testing are then discussed with example qualitative testing situations. %M C.CHI.03.2.634 %T Sparrow web: group-writable information on structured web pages %S Demos %A Eric Bier %A Ken Pier %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 634-635 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765901 %X Sparrow Web is a server-based software tool that supports the creation and customization of group-writable Web pages. Templates in each page define the data schema and layout of that page's group-editable data items. Using different templates, page authors produce Web pages that support many tasks, including task lists, co-authored documents, bibliographies, home pages, faculty directories, and project lists. While lacking the rich UI of dedicated information-sharing applications, it is successful at supporting a variety of groups and tasks because it integrates information-sharing into Web pages, leveraging the affordances of the Web for supporting group work. %M C.CHI.03.2.636 %T Interaction techniques and applications for peephole displays %S Demos %A Ka-Ping Yee %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 636-637 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765902 %X This demonstration presents several interaction techniques enabled by Peephole Displays, an interface metaphor based on situating information in physical space and providing a movable window on the space. Using a Peephole Display, it is possible to browse a large map using one hand, to draw objects larger than the screen, and to perform drag-and-drop in 3-D. Example applications that exploit these techniques are shown. %M C.CHI.03.2.638 %T Designing an on-line map tool for Dutch farmers %S Design & Usability Session Papers %A Karin van der Hiele %A Rob van der Haar %A Raghu Kolli %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 638-639 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765904 %X This paper describes our real life experience in designing an on-line map user interface for the Dutch farmers. The project challenge was to design a simple user interface for advanced mapping technology in a critical schedule. The domain involved understanding of several technical and legal constraints. We studied the context of use, designed the user interface concept, evaluated a prototype and provided the developers with detailed specifications during a four week period. %M C.CHI.03.2.640 %T An interactive poster exhibit puts visitors in the picture, in real time %S Design & Usability Session Papers %A Kevin Walker %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 640-641 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765905 %X This describes the usability and interaction challenges in creating a unique museum exhibit which utilizes real-time compositing, and hides complex computational tasks behind a simple user interface. %M C.CHI.03.2.642 %T A lost cause: the ever-improving developer's map %S Design & Usability Session Papers %A Mette Kjaersgaard %A Jesper Pedersen %A Tom Djajadiningrat %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 642-643 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765906 %X In this paper we describe our work in the Danfoss User Centred Design Group on the design for a frequency converter, a device which controls the speed of an electric motor. A significant part of this project lies in getting to know often unfamiliar users and use contexts. We feel that developers often look at the user's problems through developers eyes rather than through the user's eyes. Having researched and actively used ethnographic field methods over the past few years, we argue that it is necessary to create an awareness of this perspective issue, its consequences for how we interpret field sessions and its influence on product development. We present a collection of existing methods that can be applied to challenge our perspective as developers and to shift our view to that of the users. To illustrate how these methods may lead to a deeper understanding we start with a portrait of one of our informants. We present two prototypes to show how we try to incorporate the users' perspective in our design solutions. Finally, we reflect on the interaction language which products speak and argue that usability studies without awareness of the perspective issue make products more clear for the developers only. %M C.CHI.03.2.644 %T A tenant interface for energy and maintenance systems %S Design & Usability Session Papers %A Clifford Federspiel %A Luis Villafana %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 644-645 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765907 %X We describe the design of a user interface for energy and maintenance systems in commercial buildings. The user interface is for use by occupants (tenants) of commercial buildings. Our hypothesis is that by allowing tenants access to information from the energy and maintenance systems and by giving them some control over these systems, energy and maintenance performance can be improved. We used interviews with potential users and existing energy and maintenance databases to guide the design. %M C.CHI.03.2.646 %T Designing a mobile terminal for horse aficionados %S Design & Usability Session Papers %A Kaisa Still %A Minna Isomursu %A Pekka Isomursu %A Mika Mustonen %A Jari Ijas %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 646-647 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765908 %X In this paper we describe the development and use of a novel, practical approach to the design of a mobile multimedia terminal for a virtual community. The specific design goal was a dedicated mobile terminal concept for horse aficionados who belong to the virtual stables community. We had to use a creative approach since the design was for a device of non-existent type, and to be used in a virtual environment by an atypical and challenging user segment. Using this approach we were able to get valuable contribution from the potential users to the design of the new terminal. %M C.CHI.03.2.648 %T A user-centered approach to designing home network interfaces %S Design & Usability Session Papers %A Kook Hyun Chung %A Kyoung Soon Oh %A Cheong Hyun Lee %A Jae Hyun Park %A Sunae Kim %A Soon Hee Kim %A Beth Loring %A Chris Hass %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 648-649 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765909 %X This case study describes our approach to enhancing the way family members may interact with each other -- and their homes -- in the near future. Samsung Electronics and American Institutes for Research worked together to show how the user-centered design of network technology in the home could best enhance a family's ability to communicate, play, and live harmoniously. We conducted user research in South Korea and in the U.S., held fast-paced collaborative design sessions, and created interaction design guidelines to inform the development of an innovative line of home networked products. The final user interface was prototyped on Samsung's Home Network Control PDA and showcased at the 2002 Consumer Electronics Show. %M C.CHI.03.2.650 %T Using ethnography to design a mass detection tool (MDT) for the early discovery of insurance fraud %S Design & Usability Session Papers %A Thomas Ormerod %A Nicola Morley %A Linden Ball %A Charles Langley %A Clive Spenser %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 650-651 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765910 %X We describe a Mass Detection Tool (MDT) for early detection of insurance fraud. Ethnography was used to specify needs and process, capture expertise, and design an interface for triggering fraud indicators while capturing unexpected anomalies detected by claims handlers. The MDT uses a dynamic Bayesian Belief Network of fraud indicators, whose weights are determined by how predictive each indicator is of specific types of fraud. The system uses automated knowledge updating to keep pace with dynamically changing fraud, adding new indicators that emerge from patterns of repeated anomalies. %M C.CHI.03.2.652 %T Ethnographic interviews guide design of ford vehicles website %S Design & Usability Session Papers %A Lori Anschuetz %A Stephanie Rosenbaum %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 652-653 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765911 %X This case study describes ethnographic interviews with vehicle buyers to learn how they make purchase decisions. The research was conducted for J. Walter Thompson (JWT), the digital design agency of the Ford Division of the Ford Motor Company; the authors faced challenges of tight schedule, limited budget, and difficulties in finding suitable participants. We nevertheless obtained valuable data that helped JWT refine the Ford Vehicles website. %M C.CHI.03.2.654 %T Using converging methods across disciplines to guide the redesign of a large, information-rich web site %S Design & Usability Session Papers %A Susan J. Robinson %A Bradford W. Hesse %A Abdul R. Shaikh %A Mike Coss %A Carol Crawford %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 654-655 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765912 %X This paper summarizes how differing research methodologies were sequenced during formative evaluation of a large-scale government Web site in order to generate consensus for site redesign and a clear typology of users. Each method was selected by an interdisciplinary research team to bring to the study a convergence of approaches across the fields of human computer interaction, information science, health communication, and social marketing. Researchers can use the study framework in optimizing their own program of organizational and user research, particularly if they are designing and testing large-scale information-rich sites with varied content accessed by a diverse set of users. %M C.CHI.03.2.656 %T MiTAP for real users, real data, real problems %S Design & Usability Session Papers %A Laurie Damianos %A Steve Wohlever %A Robyn Kozierok %A Jay Ponte %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 656-657 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765913 %X The MiTAP system was developed as an experimental prototype using human language technologies for monitoring disease outbreaks. The system provides timely, multi-lingual, global information access to analysts, medical experts and individuals involved in humanitarian assistance. Thousands of articles from electronic information sources spanning multiple languages are automatically captured, translated, tagged, summarized, and presented to users in a variety of ways. Real users access MiTAP daily to solve real problems. The successful adoption of MiTAP is attributed to its user-focused design that accommodates the imperfect component technologies and allows users to interact with the system in familiar ways. We will discuss the problem, design process, and implementation from the perspective of services provided and how these services support system capabilities that satisfy user requirements. %M C.CHI.03.2.658 %T Designing the user interface of a data collection instrument for the consumer price index %S Design & Usability Session Papers %A Jean Fox %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 658-659 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765914 %X The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) collects data for a variety of economic indicators. To make data collection more efficient, BLS has been developing Computer-Assisted Data Collection (CADC) instruments for many of these indicators. We recently deployed a CADC instrument for the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI is the most widely used measure of inflation and a leading economic indicator in the U.S. This paper describes the development process we used and how we overcame the challenges we faced. %M C.CHI.03.2.660 %T Developing an airline freight management system: meeting airline and end-user challenges %S Design & Usability Session Papers %A Sam J. Racine %A John P. Curtin %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 660-661 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765915 %X A commercial freight management application for airlines must address the business concerns of airlines as well as offer limited job interference for end-users whose primary occupation is to move cargo. Discussion includes usability challenges and interactive design solutions, methodology for quick development in a time- and resource-constrained budget, and compromises required for commercial success. %M C.CHI.03.2.662 %T Cellular phone manuals: users' benefit from spatial maps %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Susanne Bay %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 662-663 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765917 %X Manuals of technical devices are often not very helpful to the user. This study investigates the influence of spatial instructions versus conventional linear step-by-step manuals on inexperienced users' performance handling cellular phones. Results show a significant interaction between user age and manual. Middle aged users profit more from the spatial information given in the manual that contains the phone's menu tree than from the step-by-step instruction, whereas subjects older than 50 show no improvement. It is concluded that manufacturers should consider the inclusion of spatial information on the cellular phones' menu structure in their manuals, as the majority of users would benefit. %M C.CHI.03.2.664 %T Mobile information re-finding as a continuing dialogue %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Robert G. Capra %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 664-665 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765918 %X Mobile users have many needs to re-find information across a variety of computing devices, locations, and situations. My research explores two areas to support mobile information re-finding. First, I am investigating how users re-find information first found on the web: how people approach re-finding, what information they recall when trying to re-find, and how they converse about re-finding. Second, I am examining how shared context can be established and utilized between a user and a computer system to improve future re-finding interactions. In this paper, I present two efforts to explore these areas. I briefly describe a prototype system to support mobile information re-finding through a telephone-based voice interface, and then present preliminary results from a study of how people converse when engaging in collaborative information refinding tasks with another person. The results of this study suggest that context plays an important role in re-finding. %M C.CHI.03.2.666 %T The digital set-top box as a virtual channel provider %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Konstantinos Chorianopoulos %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 666-667 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765919 %X This research is based on the realization that the desktop computing paradigm is not appropriate for television, because it is adapted to fundamentally different user aspirations and activities. Instead, the virtual channel is a model that aids the organization and dynamic presentation of digital television programming from a combination of live broadcasts, prerecorded content and Internet resources at each set-top box. The goal is to design the respective framework of user interface patterns that consider the affective nature of television usability and facilitate the diversity of viewing situations. %M C.CHI.03.2.668 %T Personal media exploration with semantic regions %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Hyunmo Kang %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 668-669 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765920 %X Computer users deal with large amount of personal media data and they often face problems in managing and exploring them. The paper presents an innovative approach, Semantic Regions that are rectangular regions directly drawn on 2D space with semantics so that their layout can form users' various mental models toward the personal media data. A prototype personal media exploring application, MediaFinder, based on the concept of Semantic Regions is presented. Usability tests will be conducted to evaluate the Semantic Regions as a personal media management model including organization, search, navigation, indexing, meaning extraction, and distribution. %M C.CHI.03.2.670 %T Cultural usability: a localization study of mobile text messaging use %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Huatong Sun %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 670-671 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765921 %X The success of mobile text messaging poses many questions for usability studies. Considering the inherent usability weaknesses of mobile phones such as the small display, poor input methods, the moving environment, and noisy surroundings, this success is hard to explain with traditional usability theories that ignore the social-cultural context. A new model -- cultural usability -- is proposed for studying the intriguing processes of how cultural factors and contextual issues affect the consumption of mobile text messaging in contexts of use. %M C.CHI.03.2.672 %T Social regulation in virtual spaces %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Jack Muramatsu %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 672-673 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765922 %X The described dissertation focuses on social regulation of user behavior within virtual social spaces. A multi-year field study of two fantasy-based game MUDs (multi-user dungeons) was conducted to gain a detailed understanding of the work involved in regulating behavior in these virtual environments. This field study examines the work and techniques employed by game administrators (immortals) to maintain social regulation over their respective game MUDs. One key feature of social regulation in such virtual spaces is the use and possible use of specialized software routines to regulate specific behaviors. Ongoing analysis of the field study data is expected to provide an understanding of how aspects of the virtual world affect the manner in which social regulation is performed. %M C.CHI.03.2.674 %T Interpersonal cues and consumer trust in e-commerce %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Jens Riegelsberger %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 674-675 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765923 %X E-commerce stretches interactions over space and time, and thus requires more trust than traditional shopping. Current approaches to trust-building in e-commerce focus on cognitive trust. Human trust decisions, however, are also based on affective reactions, which can be triggered by interpersonal cues. This research investigates the effect of visual interpersonal cues on users' trust in e-commerce. First results indicate that visual interpersonal cues in the form of photographs have an effect on users' decision-making. This effect, however, strongly depends on context variables, as well as individual differences. A further issue under investigation is the potential negative effect of interpersonal cues on task performance. Thus, in a next stage, this research will combine eye-tracking with physiological measurements to investigate effects on task performance and user cost. %M C.CHI.03.2.676 %T Emotional interaction %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Pedro Branco %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 676-677 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765924 %X This paper discusses the association of emotions as an underlying component of everyday human-computer interaction. It presents the ongoing work in the design of an experiment to help understand the role that cognitive or appraisal theory of emotions might have in shaping the human-computer dialogue. %M C.CHI.03.2.678 %T ClearPen: improving the legibility of handwriting %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Timothy S. Butler %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 678-679 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765925 %X We describe the application of a pen model, and sub-pixel addressing (ClearPen), to render handwriting on an LCD display. This technique is shown to improve the legibility of handwriting. ClearPen can increase the viability of working with handwriting on a computer. This has direct significance to TabletPC applications such as note taking or annotating documents. %M C.CHI.03.2.680 %T Modeling command selection for speech-based applications %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Jinjuan Feng %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 680-681 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765926 %X Command selection is an important problem in human computer interaction. We are applying a decision-making approach to model the process by which users select commands when multiple alternatives exist. Our initial focus is on speech-based systems, but the underlying approach is applicable to a wide range of interaction styles. Two empirical studies that provide a foundation for this research are complete and an initial decision model is proposed which specifies the factors that influence the command selection decisions and the relationships between those factors. Empirical studies are planned to investigate users' perceptions of individual model components and to validate the complete model. %M C.CHI.03.2.682 %T Partitioning cursor movements in "point and click" tasks %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Faustina Hwang %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 682-683 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765927 %X Studies of cursor trajectories can help explain performance differences in "point and click" tasks. As users can have different difficulties with moving the cursor to a point on the screen, as compared with pressing a button to select an object, it is helpful to study the two stages of the interaction separately. This paper proposes a method of partitioning a cursor trajectory into a travel and a select phase. The movements of motion-impaired users are studied to show that, by analyzing the two phases separately, it is possible to capture aspects of movement that may otherwise be lost. %M C.CHI.03.2.684 %T The gateway: a navigation technique for migrating to small screens %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Bonnie MacKay %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 684-685 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765928 %X Displaying and navigating information on a large screen can be a challenge and has resulted in a variety of techniques such as text summarization and fisheye. An additional challenge is how to organize information on small screens in a format that can be understood in its context and facilitates navigation within the inherent constraints of these devices. We introduce a navigation model, the Gateway, to decrease transitional volatility introduced by migration of web pages to the smaller screen. %M C.CHI.03.2.686 %T Modelling cyclic interaction: an account of feedback %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Hokyoung Ryu %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 686-687 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765929 %X This paper reports an empirical study of the effectiveness of different kinds of feedback to signal that a goal has been successfully completed. Participants had to make setting changes to a simulated cell phone while at the same time dealing with incoming messages. One group had only implicit feedback that the setting had been changed so that success had to be inferred from the lack of an error message. The other groups had explicit feedback for a set period of 1, 2 or 5 seconds. The implicit feedback group were significantly less likely to complete the task than the explicit feedback groups. There is also evidence that the one second timed explicit feedback condition was less effective in inducing participants to eliminate their current subgoal than the two and five second explicit feedback conditions. A notation is introduced to explain these findings. %M C.CHI.03.2.688 %T Utilizing mobile devices to capture case stories for knowledge management %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Jia Shen %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 688-689 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765930 %X This study examines how the increasing number of new mobile devices that enable rich in situ information capture can be utilized to improve knowledge management practices. An ethnographic study is being conducted of a heating and cooling services company focusing on the exchange of case stories. With knowledge gained from this study a prototype system is being built that allows in situ multi-media data capture, and retrieval via the Internet. The proposed field study of this system will extend our understanding of how to effectively design for in situ multi-media data capture so that it is integrated in organizational processes. %M C.CHI.03.2.690 %T Understanding and enhancing call centre computer %S Doctoral Consortium Submissions %A Anette Steel %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 690-691 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765931 %X There are many interactions that take place at a call centre; between the customer and agent, the agent and computer, and indirectly between the customer and computer. This paper proposes areas of research, eg auditory feedback and human-human communication, which could provide insight and possible improvement to the interaction. The paper also describes studies that have been carried out, as well as studies that are being planned. %M C.CHI.03.2.692 %T Post-cognitivist HCI: second-wave theories %S Panels %A Victor Kaptelinin %A Bonnie Nardi %A Susanne Bodker %A John Carroll %A Jim Hollan %A Edwin Hutchins %A Terry Winograd %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 692-693 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765933 %X Historically, the dominant paradigm in HCI, when it appeared as a field in early 80s, was information processing ("cognitivist") psychology. In recent decades, as the focus of research moved beyond information processing to include how the use of technology emerges in social, cultural and organizational contexts, a variety of conceptual frameworks have been proposed as candidate theoretical foundations for "second-wave" HCI and CSCW. The purpose of this panel is to articulate similarities and differences between some of the leading "post-cognitivist" theoretical perspectives: language/ action, activity theory, and distributed cognition. %M C.CHI.03.2.694 %T Politics and usability: test your skills against the experts %S Panels %A Rolf Molich %A Kara Pernice Coyne %A Ron Perkins %A Deborah J. Mayhew %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 694-695 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765934 %X In this highly interactive panel we will present and discuss a Usability Business Case for professional self-assessment dealing with the Politics of Usability. A usability business case is a hypothetical but realistic scenario that serves to illustrate points of great importance to usability professionals. Our usability business case will focus on the politics of usability: The fundamental rules that apply when attempting to sell or even evangelize usability in an organization. This panel is particularly important since preliminary tests of our business case with experienced usability professionals shows that the general familiarity with our key points is limited. %M C.CHI.03.2.696 %T Use of research-based guidelines in the development of websites %S Panels %A Sanjay Koyani %A Susan Allison %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 696-697 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765935 %X The Communication Technologies Branch at the National Cancer Institute has been working for the past two years to identify research related to web design and usability and to translate that research into web design guidelines. This effort has resulted in a set of approximately 200 guidelines that have strength of evidence and relative importance ratings. Panel members vary in their opinions on how and when to make the best use of guidelines in the development of websites. They will discuss issues related to translating research to guidelines, validation of guidelines, usability of guidelines themselves, and how to handle conflicting research. %M C.CHI.03.2.698 %T The "magic number 5": is it enough for web testing? %S Panels %A Nigel Bevan %A Carol Barnum %A Gilbert Cockton %A Jakob Nielsen %A Jared Spool %A Dennis Wixon %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 698-699 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765936 %X Common practice holds that 80% of usability findings are discovered after five participants. Recent findings from web testing indicate that a much larger number of participants is required to get results and that independent teams testing the same web-based product do not replicate results. How many users are enough for web testing? %M C.CHI.03.2.700 %T Voting: user experience, technology and practice %S Panels %A Ted Selker %A Eric A. Fischer %A Benjamin B. Bederson %A Conny Mccormack %A Clifford Nass %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 700-701 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765937 %X This panel brings together usability and voting experts to discuss voting user experience in American governmental elections. Technological improvements and voting debacles have made this a special time for improving voting user experience. Can technologists improve the confidence citizens have in the voting system? What are the roles of teaching materials, registration processes, ballot design, polling place practices, equipment manufacturer relationships, and other human computer interaction processes in elections? Voting officials and politicians are eager for improvements in voting. This panel includes speakers from government and the CHI community to present legislative perspective, usability evaluation approach, administrators' view and behavioral science's suggestions for voting interface evaluation, design and deployment. %M C.CHI.03.2.702 %T Culture issues and mobile UI design %S Panels %A Emilie W. Gould %A Pia Honold %A Masaaki Kurosu %A Jay Melican %A Aaron Marcus %A Li Anne Yu %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 702-703 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765938 %X Culture anthropologists have identified fundamental dimensions of world cultures. UIs designers have identified basic components of UIs. Mobile devices must map these dimensions to components to cope with global product and service development. Ultimately, tools may emerge to facilitate tuning designs per culture. %M C.CHI.03.2.704 %T Evaluating globally: how to conduct international or intercultural usability research %S Panels %A Laurie Roshak %A Jared Spool %A Vanessa Evers %A Rolf Molich %A Colleen Page %A Ann-Byrd Platt %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 704-705 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765939 %X This panel will educate the audience on the methods and tools available for conducting international or intercultural usability research. The panel will also address the challenges of conducting international or intercultural usability research and provide tips on how to overcome these challenges. %M C.CHI.03.2.706 %T Spam, spam, spam, spam: how can we stop it %S Panels %A Jenny Preece %A Jonathan Lazar %A Elizabeth Churchill %A Hans de Graaff %A Batya Friedman %A Joseph Konstan %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 706-707 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765940 %X How do we keep our channels of electronic communication, both individual and group, open, while keeping out inappropriate and unrelated materials, such as spam? Does someone other than the intended recipient have the right to control what electronic mail users see? Might this lead to censorship? If others DO have the right to control what e-mail users see, how should this filtering or censorship occur? Are users aware of this filtering? If others are NOT controlling what users receive, what can users themselves do to control their environments to limit the amount of incoming spam? These are some of the topics that this CHI panel will address. %M C.CHI.03.2.708 %T The next revolution: vehicle user-interfaces and the global rider/driver experience %S Panels %A Deborah A. Boehm-Davis %A Aaron Marcus %A Paul Allan Green %A Hideki Hada %A David Wheatley %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 708-709 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765941 %X The driver/rider experience is a major development in mobile user-interface (UI) design worldwide, similar in scale to the first introduction of personal computers to the desktop. Most automobile manufacturers seeking to develop smart cars have relatively little experience with advanced software-based UIs and information visualization (IV). This panel introduces essential issues of vehicle UI design to the CHI community and offers competing views about the most important issues affecting usability, safety, appeal, functionality, information, and entertainment. %M C.CHI.03.2.710 %T Shared freeform input for note taking across devices %S Short talks-Specialized section: interaction techniques for handheld devices %A Laurent Denoue %A Patrick Chiu %A Tohru Fuse %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 710-711 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765943 %X Shared freeform input is a technique for facilitating note taking across devices during a meeting. Laptop users enter text with a keyboard, whereas PDA and Tablet PC users input freeform ink with their stylus. Users can quickly reuse text and freeform ink already entered by others. We show how a new technique, freeform pasting, allowed us to deal with a variety of design issues such as quick and informal ink sharing, screen real estate, privacy and mixing ink-based and textual material. %M C.CHI.03.2.712 %T Typing in thin air: the canesta projection keyboard -- a new method of interaction with electronic devices %S Short talks-Specialized section: interaction techniques for handheld devices %A Helena Roeber %A John Bacus %A Carlo Tomasi %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 712-713 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765944 %X Canesta Keyboard is a novel interface to electronic devices that consists of a projection system and a sensor module instead of the mechanical switches of a traditional keyboard. Users input text by pressing keys on a projected image of a keyboard. This paper describes the advantages and drawbacks of this interface compared to existing input methods for mobile devices in terms of data entry speed, error rate, user satisfaction and physical size as revealed through usability testing. %M C.CHI.03.2.714 %T Effects of voice vs. remote on U.S. and Japanese user satisfaction with interactive HDTV systems %S Short talks-Specialized section: domesticated design %A Garry Tan %A Scott Brave %A Clifford Nass %A Masaru Takechi %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 714-715 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765946 %X A between-participants (N=60) experiment explores the effect of input modality (voice with 100% recognition vs. remote) and culture (US vs. Japan) on user's opinions of an Interactive High Definition Television System (iHDTV). There was a significant interaction: Japanese participants completed tasks more easily and thought the interface was better with a remote control. Conversely, United States participants completed tasks more easily and thought the interface was better with voice control. Participants from both cultures liked content more and felt more uncomfortable when using voice control. %M C.CHI.03.2.716 %T On natural living room communication with "ComAdapter": adapting to the differences in room structure %S Short talks-Specialized section: domesticated design %A Kazuyuki Iso %A Takashi Yagi %A Minoru Kobayashi %A Satoshi Iwaki %A Satoshi Ishibashi %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 716-717 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765947 %X Aiming at rich and useful communication in our daily home life, we propose a novel communication concept, "ComAdapter", in which people can mutually share their intention and emotion by exchanging their spontaneous behavior. ComAdapter can create shared space communication that allow us to communicate with another party in a remote location as though other party has entered our room. To achieve this, ComAdapter offsets the differences in the configurations of the rooms. In a simple preliminary system, body motions are successfully adapted and transmitted between two rooms with different layout. The success of the experiment confirms the validity and potential of ComAdapter. %M C.CHI.03.2.718 %T Interpersonal trust and empathy online: a fragile relationship %S Short talks-Specialized section: trust, security & safety %A Jinjuan Feng %A Jenny Preece %A Jonathan Lazar %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 718-719 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765949 %X An empirical study was conducted focusing on the effect of empathic accuracy and response type on online interpersonal trust in textual IM. The results suggest both empathic accuracy and response type have significant influence on online interpersonal trust. However, the interaction between empathic accuracy and response type is the dominant factor on interpersonal trust. The results also imply an interesting relationship between general trust attitude and online interpersonal trust. %M C.CHI.03.2.720 %T Identity disclosure and the creation of social capital %S Short talks-Specialized section: trust, security & safety %A David R. Millen %A John F. Patterson %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 720-721 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765950 %X In this paper, we describe the identity policy decisions for a community network outside of Boston, Massachusetts. To promote trust and accountability, a member's online identity is their real-world identity; there is no anonymity. We conclude, based on analysis of the online interaction that this identity policy: bridged and enriched online and face-to-face interactions, promoted accountability in support of local commerce, and fostered a social norm of polite conversation. %M C.CHI.03.2.722 %T Prominence-interpretation theory: explaining how people assess credibility online %S Short talks-Specialized section: trust, security & safety %A B. J. Fogg %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 722-723 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765951 %X Four years of research has led to a theory that describes how people assess the credibility of Web sites. This theory proposes that users notice and interpret various Web site elements to arrive at an overall credibility assessment. Although preliminary, this theory explains previous research results and suggests directions for future studies. %M C.CHI.03.2.724 %T Who wants to know what when? privacy preference determinants in ubiquitous computing %S Short talks-Specialized section: trust, security & safety %A Scott Lederer %A Jennifer Mankoff %A Anind K. Dey %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 724-725 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765952 %X We conducted a questionnaire-based study of the relative importance of two factors, inquirer and situation, in determining the preferred accuracy of personal information disclosed through a ubiquitous computing system. We found that privacy preferences varied by inquirer more than by situation. That is, individuals were more likely to apply the same privacy preferences to the same inquirer in different situations than to apply the same privacy preferences to different inquirers in the same situation. We are applying these results to the design of a user interface for managing everyday privacy in ubiquitous computing. %M C.CHI.03.2.726 %T Safe & sound: a wireless leash %S Short talks-Specialized section: trust, security & safety %A Natalia Marmasse %A Chris Schmandt %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 726-727 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765953 %X Safe & Sound uses location-aware mobile phones to create a "virtual leash"; a secure zone beyond which a child may not travel. If the child leaves this zone, both child and parent receive audible alerts, and the parent can communicate with the child by voice over the phone. The peer-to-peer transmission of location, and the accepted role of responsibility by care-givers, reduce the privacy concerns which often arise with location-aware systems. %M C.CHI.03.2.728 %T Cell phone communication and driver visual behavior: the impact of cognitive distraction %S Short talks-Specialized section: trust, security & safety %A Patricia Trbovich %A Joanne L. Harbluk %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 728-729 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765954 %X With the advent of new technology in vehicles, drivers can access information in many different forms (email, address books, Web pages) and from many information sources (cell phones, PDAs, driver support systems). With these new information sources finding their way into cars comes increasing concern about the potential adverse effects resulting from drivers' interactions with such multi-function devices. This paper examines the disruptive impact of complex, interactive, hands-free cell phone communications upon the visual awareness of drivers proceeding through high volume intersections. The present study documents changes in driver visual behavior, resulting from cognitive distraction of speech-based interactions, that may contribute to intersection crashes. The results of this research raise significant HCI implications for the design of interactive Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) within the automotive sector. %M C.CHI.03.2.730 %T Co-experience: the social user experience %S Short talks-Specialized section: emotion %A Katja Battarbee %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 730-731 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765956 %X This paper presents a critical view of existing models of user experience. These models view experience as the subjective response in the individual's mind. While designers and developers have to try to provide a satisfying user experience, the means to do so remain limited. This paper presents a missing aspect of user experience. Experience can be seen as an individual's reaction, but also as something constructed in social interaction. Designed artifacts, especially personal communication and digital media products, environments and systems can facilitate this kind of use. "Co-experience" is the experience that users themselves create together in social interaction. %M C.CHI.03.2.732 %T Affective gaming: measuring emotion through the gamepad %S Short talks-Specialized section: emotion %A Jonathan Sykes %A Simon Brown %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 732-733 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765957 %X In search of suitable methods for measuring the affective state of video-game players, this study investigates the hypothesis that the player's state of arousal will correspond with the pressure used to depress buttons on a gamepad. A video game was created that would detect the force of each button press during play. It was found that as the difficulty level of the game increased, players would hit the gamepad buttons significantly harder. %M C.CHI.03.2.734 %T Measurement of user frustration: a biologic approach %S Short talks-Specialized section: emotion %A Richard Hazlett %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 734-735 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765958 %X This paper describes the use of facial EMG to provide a continuous measure of the user's emotional state. Facial EMG was recorded while female users performed five tasks to one of two web sites. Frustration index scores were developed from the corrugator EMG data by calculating a percentage score of a pre-task baseline. As predicted, the frustration index was greater for (1) novices as compared to experienced users, (2) incorrect as compared to correct answered tasks, and (3) for the web site that was rated more difficult. The frustration index was able to provide important information on web page performance. %M C.CHI.03.2.736 %T User recalled occurrences of usability errors: implications on the user experience %S Short talks-Specialized section: emotion %A Helena Mentis %A Geri Gay %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 736-737 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765959 %X Usability testing determines what problems thwart goal attainment, but what problems shape the user experience? This study gathered users recalled instances of frustration from using various technologies and categorized those frustrating incidents with the User Action Framework, an adaptation of Norman's seven stages of action for classifying usability problems. We found that many of the recalled frustrating incidents occurred while the user was in the Outcome phase and that most of those incidents were intrusive in the user's cognitive flow. %M C.CHI.03.2.738 %T Predicting user satisfaction from subject satisfaction %S Short talks-Specialized section: emotion %A Margaret B. Swan %A Mark Notess %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 738-739 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765960 %X In this paper, we describe work-in-progress in comparing user satisfaction ratings after user tests with ratings obtained following actual use of a digital music library software. We identify some of the variables that hamper prediction, and we reflect on the utility of surveys for predicting user/subject gaps in satisfaction. %M C.CHI.03.2.740 %T Visualizing the affective structure of a text document %S Short talks-Specialized section: emotion %A Hugo Liu %A Ted Selker %A Henry Lieberman %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 740-741 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765961 %X This paper introduces an approach for graphically visualizing the affective structure of a text document. A document is first affectively analyzed using a unique textual affect sensing engine, which leverages commonsense knowledge to classify text more reliably and comprehensively than can be achieved with keyword spotting methods alone. Using this engine, sentences are annotated using six basic Ekman emotions. Colors used to represent each of these emotions are sequenced into a color bar, which represents the progression of affect through a text document. Smoothing techniques allow the user to vary the granularity of the affective structure being displayed on the color bar. The bar is hyperlinked in a way such that it can be used to easily navigate the document. A user evaluation demonstrates that the proposed method for visualizing and navigating a document's affective structure facilitates a user's within-document information foraging activity. %M C.CHI.03.2.742 %T Conversation thumbnails for large-scale discussions %S Short talks-Specialized section: usability of large scale public systems %A Martin Wattenberg %A David Millen %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 742-743 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765963 %X We present a new interface for large-scale online conversations. Our technique, the Conversation Thumbnail, differs from existing discussion interfaces in two respects. First, it employs a focus+context visualization technique that exploits message-level metadata to provide an easily navigable overview of a discussion. Second, it helps reduce conversational redundancy and improve coherence via a fast automatic search mechanism that highlights related messages during message composition. The Conversation Thumbnail Viewer is currently implemented as a Java applet that can be applied to a variety of discussion data sources. %M C.CHI.03.2.744 %T Communities of design practice in electronic government %S Short talks-Specialized section: usability of large scale public systems %A Richard Halstead-Nussloch %A Doris Konneh %A Robert Woodruff %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 744-745 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765964 %X As we move towards more online governmental services-electronic government or e-government-our information technology (IT) and human-computer interaction (HCI) designs must both broaden and deepen. In Georgia, we have fostered communities of design practice (CDPs) that focus on IT and HCI design at the statewide enterprise level through the Georgia Digital Academy (GDA). In this study, we utilized observational methods and a participatory analysis of the CDP formation in the GDA. Our findings and conclusions converge with the growing body of knowledge on HCI communities of practice. We report our results and recommendations on how CDPs might be utilized to build effective e-government. %M C.CHI.03.2.746 %T AttrActive windows: dynamic windows for digital bulletin boards %S Short talks-Specialized section: peripheral and ambient displays %A Laurent Denoue %A Les Nelson %A Elizabeth Churchill %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 746-747 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765966 %X In this paper we describe AttrActive Windows, a novel interface for presenting live, interactive, multimedia content on a network of public, digital, bulletin boards. Implementing a paper flyer metaphor, AttrActive Windows are paper-like in appearance and are attached to a virtual corkboard by virtual pushpins. Windows can therefore appear in different orientations, creating an attractive, informal look. Attractive Windows can also have autonomous behaviors that are consistent with the corkboard metaphor, like fluttering in the wind. We describe the AttrActive Windows prototype, and offer the results of an initial evaluative user study. %M C.CHI.03.2.748 %T Information voyeurism: social impact of physically large displays on information privacy %S Short talks-Specialized section: peripheral and ambient displays %A Desney S. Tan %A Mary Czerwinski %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 748-749 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765967 %X A common observation when working on physically large displays, such as wall-sized projection, is that a certain amount of information privacy is lost. A common explanation for this loss in privacy is the higher legibility of information presented on large displays. In this paper, we present a novel paradigm for measuring whether or not a user has read certain content. We show that, even with constant visual angles and legibility, visitors are still more likely to glance over a user's shoulder to read information on a large wall-projected display than on a smaller traditional desktop monitor. We assert that, in addition to legibility, there are more subtle social factors that may contribute to the loss of privacy on physically large displays. Implementing hardware and software ideas for mitigating this loss of privacy remains future research. %M C.CHI.03.2.750 %T Interface with pre-typing visual feedback for touch-sensitive keyboard %S Short talks-Specialized section: Fitts' law & text input %A Roman Ilinski %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 750-751 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765969 %X In this paper, a method is described that detects and displays what key a user has touched with his fingertip before the key is pressed. The proposed method is based on the use of a touch-sensitive cover on a pushbutton key set. The identity of the touched key is displayed exactly at the point where the I-beam pointer indicates at the inputting string, so that correct data entry will be made simpler without looking at the keyboard or needing training. %M C.CHI.03.2.752 %T Combined model for text entry rate development %S Short talks-Specialized section: Fitts' law & text input %A Poika Isokoski %A I. Scott MacKenzie %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 752-753 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765970 %X We combine the power law of learning and theoretical upper limit predictions to describe the development of text entry rates from users' first contact to asymptotic expert usage. The combined model makes comparing text entry methods easier. We present the rationale for the model and two candidate implementations. The first is a simple regression model with a reasonable fit to the data. The second fits measured data better, but is more complicated. %M C.CHI.03.2.754 %T Phrase sets for evaluating text entry techniques %S Short talks-Specialized section: Fitts' law & text input %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A R. William Soukoreff %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 754-755 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765971 %X In evaluations of text entry methods, participants enter phrases of text using a technique of interest while performance data are collected. This paper describes and publishes (via the internet) a collection of 500 phrases for such evaluations. Utility programs are also provided to compute statistical properties of the phrase set, or any other phrase set. The merits of using a pre-defined phrase set are described as are methodological considerations, such as attaining results that are generalizable and the possible addition of punctuation and other characters. %M C.CHI.03.2.756 %T Evaluation of thumbwheel text entry methods %S Short talks-Specialized section: Fitts' law & text input %A Peter Tarasewich %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 756-757 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765972 %X Text entry becomes increasingly complex as devices shrink in size. This paper presents the findings of a comparison study of two thumbwheel text entry methods for mobile devices. In the first method, the character set (letters, numbers, punctuation) was implemented as a continuous loop. In the second method, characters were arranged in a two-level menu structure. Thumbwheel methods provide a viable and realistic alternative to keyboard, keypad, stylus, or voice text entry on ultra-small mobile devices. %M C.CHI.03.2.758 %T Scroll ring performance evaluation %S Short talks-Specialized section: Fitts' law & text input %A Elaine Wherry %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 758-759 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765973 %X This study compares a touchpad scroll ring to a mouse scroll wheel and touchpad scroll zone using a Fitts' Law testing methodology. Time, error, and subjective results reveal that the scroll ring offers the most performance advantages over the scroll wheel and scroll zone. %M C.CHI.03.2.760 %T Card, English, and Burr (1978): 25 years later %S Short talks-Specialized section: Fitts' law & text input %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A R. William Soukoreff %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 760-761 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765974 %X We revisit the Fitts? law model published 25 years ago by Card, English, and Burr. Their research was important because it was the first comparative evaluation of the mouse, and also the first use of Fitts? law in HCI. For the mouse, they reported MT = 1.03 + 0.096 ID, with throughput reported as the slope reciprocal: TP = 1 / 0.96 = 10.3 bps. We re-analyse their data in view of ISO9241-9, the new standard for evaluating pointing devices. The reanalysis yields a throughput of 2.65 bps, or 4.32 bps including a nominal adjustment for the time for the hand to adjust its grip on the mouse. These values are closer to recently published ISO-conforming values for the mouse. %M C.CHI.03.2.762 %T When one isn't enough: an analysis of virtual desktop usage strategies and their implications for design %S Short talks-Specialized section: editing and coordinating %A Meredith Ringel %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 762-763 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765976 %X Screen space is a limited resource for computer users-multiple monitors are one means of workspace expansion, and "virtual desktops" are yet another way to increase screen real-estate. We present a taxonomy of organization strategies based on our observations during a series of interviews with virtual desktop users. Additionally, we explore causes of varying user preferences for physical versus virtual means of screen-space expansion. Finally, we discuss the design implications of our findings. %M C.CHI.03.2.764 %T MediaFinder: an interface for dynamic personal media management with semantic regions %S Short talks-Specialized section: editing and coordinating %A Hyunmo Kang %A Ben Shneiderman %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 764-765 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765977 %X Computer users deal with large amounts of personal media often face problems in managing and exploring it. This paper presents Semantic Regions, rectangular regions that enable users to specify their semantics or mental models, and the MediaFinder application, which uses Semantic Regions as the basis of a personal media management tool. %M C.CHI.03.2.766 %T Auditory and visual feedback during eye typing %S Short talks-Specialized section: gaze & information navigation %A Paivi Majaranta %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A Anne Aula %A Kari-Jouko Raiha %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 766-767 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765979 %X We describe a study on how auditory and visual feedback affects eye typing. Results show that the feedback method influences both text entry speed and error rate. In addition, a proper feedback mode facilitates eye typing by reducing the user's need to switch her gaze between the on-screen keyboard and the typed text field. %M C.CHI.03.2.768 %T Where do helpers look?: gaze targets during collaborative physical tasks %S Short talks-Specialized section: gaze & information navigation %A Susan R. Fussell %A Leslie D. Setlock %A Elizabeth M. Parker %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 768-769 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765980 %X This study used eye-tracking technology to assess where helpers look as they are providing assistance to a worker during collaborative physical tasks. Gaze direction was coded into one of six categories: partner's head, partner's hands, task parts and tools, the completed task, and instruction manual. Results indicated that helpers rarely gazed at their partners' faces, but distributed gaze fairly evenly across the other targets. The results have implications for the design of video systems to support collaborative physical tasks. %M C.CHI.03.2.770 %T EyePliances: attention-seeking devices that respond to visual attention %S Short talks-Specialized section: gaze & information navigation %A Jeffrey S. Shell %A Roel Vertegaal %A Alexander W. Skaburskis %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 770-771 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765981 %X We present EyePliances: appliances and devices that detect and respond to human visual attention using eye contact sensors. EyePliances receive implicit input from users, in the form of eye gaze, and respond by opening communication channels. By allowing devices to recognize the attentional cues people already provide, requests for explicit input from users can be reduced. Further, eye contact sensing gives devices a mechanism to determine whether a user is available for interruption, and can provide the missing environmental context to improve speech recognition. %M C.CHI.03.2.772 %T Gaze- vs. hand-based pointing in virtual environments %S Short talks-Specialized section: gaze & information navigation %A Nathan Cournia %A John D. Smith %A Andrew T. Duchowski %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 772-773 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765982 %X This paper contributes to the nascent body of literature on pointing performance in Virtual Environments (VEs), comparing gaze- and hand-based pointing. Contrary to previous findings, preliminary results indicate that gaze-based pointing is slower than hand-based pointing for distant objects. %M C.CHI.03.2.774 %T Isometric pointer interfaces for wearable 3D visualization %S Short talks-Specialized section: gaze & information navigation %A David M. Krum %A Rob Melby %A William Ribarsky %A Larry Hodges %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 774-775 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765983 %X 3D visualizations will soon be important wearable computer applications. However, 3D interaction can be problematic, especially in a wearable computing environment. We evaluated four 3D interaction methods using isometric joysticks common to wearable computing. Subjective and objective results favor a two-handed, aircraft-like interface mapping. %M C.CHI.03.2.776 %T "This is a lot easier!": constrained movement speeds navigation %S Short talks-Specialized section: gaze & information navigation %A Susanne Jul %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 776-777 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765984 %X This paper reports on an experiment comparing constrained and unconstrained movement in a 2D zooming environment. Results showed a significant reduction in time on task when movement was constrained, accompanied by considerable decreases in mouse movement activity. Detailed analysis suggests that subjects were calmer, more confident in their actions and experienced less spatial disorientation, indicating that judiciously constrained movement can reduce both mechanical and cognitive demands of navigation. %M C.CHI.03.2.778 %T Paper prototyping -- what is it good for?: a comparison of paper- and computer-based low-fidelity prototyping %S Short talks-Specialized section: issues in software development %A Reinhard Sefelin %A Manfred Tscheligi %A Verena Giller %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 778-779 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765986 %X This study investigated the differences between computer-based and paper-based low-fidelity prototypes. It researched whether subjects confronted with these two kinds of prototypes differ in their willingness to criticize a system and to give suggestions for its improvement. The chosen approach was an empirical study including test sessions using both kinds of prototypes. Quantitative and qualitative methods were applied to measure and to explain possible differences. %M C.CHI.03.2.780 %T PRESPE: participatory requirements elicitation using scenarios and photo essays %S Short talks-Specialized section: issues in software development %A Kentaro Go %A Yasuaki Takamoto %A John M. Carroll %A Atsumi Imamiya %A Hisanori Masuda %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 780-781 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765987 %X We describe our ongoing investigation of the PRESPE (Participatory Requirements Elicitation using Scenarios and Photo Essays) method. PRESPE enables participants to reflect upon their personal experiences when using systems and create photo-essays based on this reflection. The participants can then analyze these experiences by forming design concepts, envision scenarios by imagining contexts of use, and create artifacts by sketching these scenarios. Our case study showed that PRESPE enabled participants, even those with no prior design education, to create novel ideas regarding system development. %M C.CHI.03.2.782 %T Activity rhythm detection and modeling %S Short talks-Specialized section: collaborative systems %A Rosco Hill %A James Begole %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 782-783 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765989 %X We present an algorithm for detecting and modeling rhythmic temporal patterns in the record of an individual's computer activity, or online "presence." The model is both predictive and descriptive of temporal features and is constructed with minimal a priori knowledge. %M C.CHI.03.2.784 %T AwarenessMaps: visualizing awareness in shared workspaces %S Short talks-Specialized section: collaborative systems %A Tom Gross %A Wido Wirsam %A Wolfgang Graether %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 784-785 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765990 %X In cooperative activity users require information about their cooperative environment. AwarenessMaps provide the members of shared workspaces with an overview of users and shared documents: the PeopleMap shows an array of pictures of active users fading out over time; and the DocumentMap provides a schematic overview of the structure of a shared workspace and indicates recent changes. %M C.CHI.03.2.786 %T Coordinating communication: awareness displays and interruption %S Short talks-Specialized section: collaborative systems %A Laura Dabbish %A Robert Kraut %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 786-787 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765991 %X In this paper, we describe a laboratory experiment to determine whether peripheral awareness information about a remote collaborator's workload aids in timing interruptive communication. Our results indicate that a display with an abstract representation of a collaborator's workload is best in that it leads to better timing of interruptions without overwhelming the interrupter. %M C.CHI.03.2.788 %T Assessing the value of a cursor pointing device for remote collaboration on physical tasks %S Short talks-Specialized section: collaborative systems %A Susan R. Fussell %A Leslie D. Setlock %A Elizabeth M. Parker %A Jie Yang %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 788-789 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765992 %X This study assessed the value of a cursor pointer that allows remote collaborators to point to locations in a partner's workspace via a shared video feed. We compared performance with the cursor pointer with that in video-only and side-by-side conditions. Results indicated that participants found the cursor pointer of value for referring to objects and locations in the work environment, but that the pointer did not improve performance time over video-only. We conclude that cursor pointing is valuable for collaboration on physical tasks, but that additional gestural support will be required to make performance using video systems as good as performance working side-by-side. %M C.CHI.03.2.790 %T The effectiveness of multiscale collaboration in virtual environments %S Short talks-Specialized section: collaborative systems %A Xiaolong Zhang %A George W. Furnas %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 790-791 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765993 %X Adding multiscale capabilities to collaborative virtual environments can potentially help people work on very large electronic worlds. Our experiment shows that the user performance on cross-scale tasks is indeed improved. %M C.CHI.03.2.792 %T Avatar proxies: configurable informants of collaborative activities %S Short talks-Specialized section: collaborative systems %A Umer Farooq %A Con Rodi %A John M. Carroll %A Philip Isenhour %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 792-793 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765994 %X In the physical world, every user exists at one and only one place, but in a collaborative virtual environment (CVE), other paradigms are achievable such as a user existing at more than one place at a time. In a collaborative environment, a user is typically engaged with one primary activity at a time. As the number of collaborative activities increases, users are unable to maintain focal attention on all activities, and must offload some cognitive effort to a peripheral attention sphere. This delegation of attention-the movement of primary activities as focal attention to secondary activities as non-focal attention-requires that users remember certain parameters of context switching, such as what the secondary activities are, and more importantly, when to switch their focal attention to these activities. Keeping track of these context-switching parameters is itself a cognitive load that often degenerates focal attention on primary activities. Our goal is to augment users' cognition by delegating the work of remembering context-switching parameters to other entities in a collaborative environment. We call these entities avatar proxies because our implementation is in a CVE in which users are iconified as avatars, but the techniques and results are general to a broader range of collaborative environments. Avatar proxies notify users when they are required to switch their focal attention to secondary activities. %M C.CHI.03.2.794 %T "Unvoiced speech recognition using EMG -- mime speech recognition" %S Short talks-Specialized section: brains, eyes and ears %A Hiroyuki Manabe %A Akira Hiraiwa %A Toshiaki Sugimura %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 794-795 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765996 %X We propose unvoiced speech recognition, "Mime Speech Recognition". It recognizes speech by observing the muscles associated with speech. It is not based on voice signals but electromyography (EMG). It will realize unvoiced communication, which is a new communication style. Because voice signals are not used, it can be applied in noisy environments; it also supports people without vocal-cords and aphasics. In preliminary experiments, we try to recognize the 5 Japanese vowels. EMG signals from the 3 muscles that contribute greatly to the utterance of Japanese vowels are input to a neural network. The recognition accuracy is over 90% for the three subjects tested. %M C.CHI.03.2.796 %T The neurally controllable internet browser (BrainBrowser) %S Short talks-Specialized section: brains, eyes and ears %A Ope Tomori %A Melody Moore %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 796-797 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765997 %X The Internet has become an important part of our daily lives, with browsers serving as the main tool of navigation. For users with severe disabilities, access to the Internet can be crucial to quality of life, providing a myriad of services and opportunities. The GSU BrainLab is researching methods of controlling computer interfaces directly with brain signals, to assist users who are completely paralyzed and have no other means of interaction. Adapting a web browser for neural control provides us a unique opportunity to study navigation issues for assistive technology. The Neural Internet BrainBrowser project is currently exploring new human computer interaction paradigms, web usability concepts, and interface serialization techniques. %M C.CHI.03.2.798 %T AudioBattleship: blind learners collaboration through sound %S Short talks-Specialized section: brains, eyes and ears %A Jaime Sanchez %A Nelson Baloian %A Tiago Hassler %A Ulrich Hoppe %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 798-799 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.765998 %X A growing number of audio-based applications for blind learners have being produced in the last few years. Many of them focus on the development of 3D audio interfaces to map the entire surrounding space. Other studies center on the impact of sound interaction on cognition by evaluating the usability of these applications. No previous work has centered on using spatialized sound to develop collaborative skills in blind learners. This ongoing research study introduces AudioBattleShip, an interactive audio-based environment to enhance collaboration and cognition in blind learners. AudioBattleship mimics the traditional game battleship for sighted people but without visual cues. A preliminary pilot study has been implemented showing that blind children collaboration can be enhanced through the interaction with spatialized sound. %M C.CHI.03.2.800 %T A tangible interface for IP network simulation %S Short talks-Specialized section: tangible interfaces %A Kazue Kobayashi %A Mitsunori Hirano %A Atsunobu Narita %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 800-801 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766000 %X We present the IP Network Design Workbench which supports collaborative network design and simulation by a group of experts and customers. This system is based on a tangible user interface platform called "Sensetable," which can wirelessly detect the location and orientation of physical pucks. Using this system, users can directly manipulate network topologies, control parameters of nodes and links using physical pucks on the sensing table, and simultaneously see the simulation results projected onto the table in real-time. %M C.CHI.03.2.802 %T On interfaces projected onto real-world objects %S Short talks-Specialized section: tangible interfaces %A Mark Podlaseck %A Claudio Pinhanez %A Nancy Alvarado %A Margaret Chan %A Elisa Dejesus %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 802-803 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766001 %X This paper describes preliminary results of research on the perception and usability of interfaces projected onto real-world objects. Using a projector setup that enables us to compare users' color preferences, we show that the objects onto which colors are projected influence a user's choices. We also observe that many users are unable to recall and/or were unaware of the objects onto which the color interface was projected. These results suggest that there may be complex interactions affecting the use of interfaces that integrate the virtual and the real world. %M C.CHI.03.2.804 %T FantasyA and SenToy %S Short talks-Specialized section: tangible interfaces %A Kristina Hook %A Adrian Bullock %A Ana Paiva %A Marco Vala %A Ricardo Chaves %A Rui Prada %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 804-805 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766002 %X FantasyA is a role-playing game where emotions are part of the game logic. SenToy is a tangible interface device [2], used to influence emotional behaviour in FantasyA. Players in the game FantasyA have to master SenToy and exhibit a particular set of emotions and perform a set of actions in order to evolve in the game [3]. A study was undertaken to gauge the success of the overall gaming experience, as well as the individual components, the FantasyA game with its emotional content and the SenToy control device with its gestural input. %M C.CHI.03.2.806 %T EEWWW!!: tangible interfaces for navigating into the human body %S Short talks-Specialized section: tangible interfaces %A Edward De Guzman %A F. Wai-ling Ho-Ching %A Tara Matthews %A Tye Rattenbury %A Maribeth Back %A Steve Harrison %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 806-807 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766003 %X Tangible interfaces have the potential to support learning for non-expert users, ease 3D navigation, and foster collaboration. We developed two physical devices aimed at school children for navigating a 3D virtual model of the human body. Results from a 40-subject user study suggest that these devices can encourage collaboration and improve the learnability of a navigational interface. %M C.CHI.03.2.808 %T Super cilia skin: an interactive membrane %S Short talks-Specialized section: tangible interfaces %A Hayes Raffle %A Mitchell W. Joachim %A James Tichenor %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 808-809 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766004 %X In this paper we introduce Super Cilia Skin, a new approach for integrating haptic and visual communication. Super Cilia Skin is conceived as a computationally enhanced membrane coupling tactile input with tactile and visual output. We present the design of our prototype, an array of individual actuators (cilia) that use changes in orientation to display images or physical gestures. We discuss ongoing research to develop tactile input capabilities and we present examples of how it can enrich interpersonal communication and children's learning. %M C.CHI.03.2.810 %T A physical interface for system dynamics simulation %S Short talks-Specialized section: tangible interfaces %A Oren Zuckerman %A Mitchel Resnick %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 810-811 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766005 %X We present the System Blocks, a new physical interactive system that makes it easier for kids to explore dynamic systems. A set of computationally enhanced children blocks, made of wood and electronics, the System Blocks can assist K-12 educators to teach the complex concepts of system dynamics and causalities. System dynamics and system thinking are methods for studying the world around us. They deal with understanding how complex systems change over time, and how structure influences behavior. In this paper we will show how the System Blocks enable young children (as early as four years old) to create and interact with systems that simulate real-life dynamic behavior such as a bank account; population growth; or the delicate equilibrium of an ecosystem. The System Blocks gives young children a hands-on environment to learn about complex behavior and encourage new ways of thinking. %M C.CHI.03.2.812 %T Mr.Web: an automated interactive webmaster %S Short talks-Specialized section: world wide web %A Andrea Lockerd %A Huy Pham %A Taly Sharon %A Ted Selker %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 812-813 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766007 %X This paper describes a system, Mr.Web, designed to interact with users over email to create and update Web pages. Our goal is that users interact with Mr.Web as if it were a human Webmaster. We collected 325 examples of people writing email requests to a Webmaster, and used this to generate the semantics of Mr.Web's email parser. The results of the survey indicate that the limited context of a Webmaster gives us a reasonable subset of the natural language processing (NLP) problem. This paper explains the system design, user study results, and plans for future work. %M C.CHI.03.2.814 %T Two methods for auto-organizing personal web history %S Short talks-Specialized section: world wide web %A Scott LeeTiernan %A Shelly Farnham %A Lili Cheng %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 814-815 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766008 %X Two methods for automatically organizing personal web history were developed and evaluated, and compared to the Internet Explorer history. One method grouped visited web pages based on similarity of root URL and time co-occurrence. The second method started with the similarity ratings and further associated or dissociated web pages using an associative learning rule. In a preliminary experiment, participants reported that both methods organized their web history significantly more like their own mental organization of their web history than did IE history. Participants were also faster to revisit web pages using both organizations than when using IE history. %M C.CHI.03.2.816 %T Exploring the distribution of online healthcare information %S Short talks-Specialized section: world wide web %A Suresh K. Bhavnani %A Renju T. Jacob %A Jennifer Nardine %A Frederick A. Peck %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 816-817 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766009 %X Motivated by the importance of retrieving comprehensive healthcare information, we analyzed how information about 12 concepts related to a widely available healthcare topic is distributed across 145 high-quality webpages. The analysis reveals that the distribution of the concepts follows a power law where a few pages contain many concepts, while the majority contains less than half the concepts. The analysis also reveals the existence of general, specialized, and sparse pages, in addition to the large number of pages that users must visit before they have access to all the concepts. These results provide insights into expert search procedures, and motivate the design of future search systems that guide users in the retrieval of comprehensive information. %M C.CHI.03.2.818 %T Looks good to me %S Short talks-Specialized section: world wide web %A Linda Roberts %A Leigh Rankin %A Edward Silver %A Darryl Moore %A Stephanie Plunkett %A David Washburn %A Brenda Wilch-Ringen %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 818-819 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766010 %X Our primary goal was to assess users' reactions to web sites and to better understand why they respond more favorably to some web sites than to others. In the present study, we replicated earlier research [1] in which participants performed tasks on 12 different web sites and subsequently rated each of the sites along 14 dimensions. As occurred in the earlier research, reliable differences were observed in the ratings of the web sites. However, in contrast to the earlier study where organization was the primary predictor of overall ratings, attractiveness was the strongest predictor of their overall impression of the sites. It may be that the differing results were due either to different stimulus sets or to different subject populations. %M C.CHI.03.2.820 %T Investigating police patrol practice for design of IT %S Short talks-Specialized section: understanding the context of use %A Urban Nulden %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 820-821 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766012 %X This paper describes an ongoing research project aiming to find design implications for information technology supporting police patrol work. A field study of approximately 300 hours over a twelve-month period has been conducted. Tentative findings are structured as three design dimensions that are used to discuss a possible IT design. %M C.CHI.03.2.822 %T Extending ubiquitous computing to vineyards %S Short talks-Specialized section: understanding the context of use %A Jenna Burrell %A Tim Brooke %A Richard Beckwith %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 822-823 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766013 %X In this paper, we describe how an ethnographic approach led to novel interface and system designs for vineyard management and discuss the lessons learned from it. %M C.CHI.03.2.824 %T Design considerations for a financial management system for rural, semi-literate users %S Short talks-Specialized section: understanding the context of use %A Kaushik Ghosh %A Tapan S. Parikh %A Apala Lahiri Chavan %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 824-825 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766014 %X In this paper, we describe the design process, results, and general observations obtained in designing a user interface for managing community-based micro-finance institutions in rural India. The primary users studied were semi-literate village women. We discuss our contextual study observations and conclude by presenting a grounded design approach that best leverages the existing learning patterns of the users. %M C.CHI.03.2.826 %T Imagery saystems for enhanced crewmember habitability, performance and productivity on ISS %S Short talks-Specialized section: understanding the context of use %A Mihriban Whitmore %A Vicky Byrne %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 826-827 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766015 %X In this paper, a description is provided for the process of determining the functional and technical requirements for an Imagery System onboard the International Space Station (ISS). With the advent of the ISS and the experience of Russian, European, and US crewmembers on Mir, the importance of the psychological element in long duration missions is increasingly recognized. An Imagery System could enhance the habitability, performance, and productivity for long term stays in space. Because this is type of system is a new concept for space, functional and technical requirements need to be explored. %M C.CHI.03.2.828 %T What is a place?: allowing users to name and define places %S Short talks-Specialized section: understanding the context of use %A Petra Fagerberg %A Fredrik Espinoza %A Per Persson %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 828-829 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766016 %X From working with location-based information systems we know that positioning is problematic. A different approach was tested, where users themselves were allowed to name and define the places they wanted to use. The question was if they would do so, and if they would understand the notion of "place". In a user study, 78 users created 84 place labels. The user study also gave us some unexpected input to the users' perception of place: not only physical, but also virtual places were created. %M C.CHI.03.2.830 %T Persona development for information-rich domains %S Short talks-Specialized section: understanding the context of use %A Rashmi Sinha %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 830-831 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766017 %X Designing information architecture for complex websites requires understanding user information needs and mental models in that domain. Personas, or user archetypes, created for such domains should also reflect types of information needs, and usage of information set. We have created a statistical technique to identify important underlying groupings of information needs. In a preliminary study, we show how designers can use this information in conjunction with data from interviews and observations to generate and refine personas. %M C.CHI.03.2.832 %T SeismoSpin: a physical instrument for digital data %S Short talks-Specialized section: information visualization & navigation %A Mark McKelvin %A Ragnhild Nestande %A Leticia Valdez %A Ka-Ping Yee %A Maribeth Back %A Steve Harrison %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 832-833 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766019 %X SeismoSpin is a novel interactive instrument that uses a Disc-Jockey-mixer analogy to give seismologists a quick and powerful way to explore Northern California earthquake data. The custom-built interface and display maps earthquake data to responsive, user-determined windows of time and geographical areas. Testers (seismologists) found that SeismoSpin provided a greater control and understanding of the dataset than current tools. %M C.CHI.03.2.834 %T Dynamic query sliders vs. brushing histograms %S Short talks-Specialized section: information visualization & navigation %A Qing Li %A Xiaofeng Bao %A Chen Song %A Jinfei Zhang %A Chris North %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 834-835 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766020 %X Dynamic queries facilitate exploration of information through real-time visual display of both query formulation and results. Dynamic query sliders are linked to the main visualization to filter data. A common alternative to dynamic queries is to link several simple visualizations, such as histograms, to the main visualization with a brushing interaction. Selecting data in the histograms highlights that data in the main visualization. We compare these two approaches in an empirical experiment on DynaMaps, a geographic data visualization tool. Dynamic query sliders resulted in better performance for simple range tasks, while brushing histograms was better for complex comparison, tradeoff, and pattern tasks. Participants preferred brushing histograms for understanding relationships between attributes. %M C.CHI.03.2.836 %T Efficient user interest estimation in fisheye views %S Short talks-Specialized section: information visualization & navigation %A Jeffrey Heer %A Stuart K. Card %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 836-837 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766021 %X We present a new technique for efficiently computing Degree-of-Interest distributions to inform the visualization of graph-structured data. The technique is independent of the interest distribution used and enables fluid interaction with very large data sets (over 100,000 nodes). %M C.CHI.03.2.838 %T City lights: contextual views in minimal space %S Short talks-Specialized section: information visualization & navigation %A Polle T. Zellweger %A Jock D. Mackinlay %A Lance Good %A Mark Stefik %A Patrick Baudisch %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 838-839 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766022 %X City Lights are space-efficient fisheye techniques that provide contextual views along the borders of windows and subwindows that describe unseen objects in all directions. We present a family of techniques that use a range of graphical dimensions to depict varied information about unseen objects. City Lights can be used alone or in conjunction with scrollbars, 2D overview+detail, and interaction techniques such as zoomable user interfaces. %M C.CHI.03.2.840 %T Are there benefits in seeing double?: a study of collaborative information visualization %S Short talks-Specialized section: information visualization & navigation %A Gloria Mark %A Keri Carpenter %A Alfred Kobsa %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 840-841 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766023 %X We conducted an empirical study to better understand colla-borative information visualization. We found that a system that offered fewer options for visualizations yielded more correct responses faster. Groups were more accurate but slower in solving problems than individuals. We identified different stages in visual discovery and found that collaboration benefits are from validating results and not from planning and system use. Tools to help translate and confirm the visualization would be of great benefit. %M C.CHI.03.2.842 %T Experimental study of cockpit displays of traffic information for pilot self-spacing in congested airspace %S Short talks-Specialized section: information visualization & navigation %A Kirk Benson %A Glenn Dean %A Geoffrey Kuhlmann %A Brian Sperling %A Amy R. Pritchett %A Julie A. Jacko %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 842-843 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766024 %X An experimental study examined cockpit displays of traffic information for pilot self-spacing in congested airspace. Results demonstrate that pilots have the capability to benefit from additional traffic information and take over some additional control responsibility. Additionally, this experiment shows that pilots benefit from the presentation of velocity and closure rate, and from range spacing arcs. %M C.CHI.03.2.844 %T Evaluating social trails %S Short talks-Specialized section: recommender systems and social computing %A Martin Svensson %A Kristina Hook %A Rickard Coster %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 844-845 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766026 %X We performed a 6-month study of a food recommender system to determine the influence of social trails on users choice of recipes. To measure the impact of the recommender functionality, we choose to avoid predictive accuracy metrics, and opted for contextualised subjective measures, comparing recommendations to searching and browsing. 18% of the selected recipes came from the list of recommended recipes. In addition, users liked and understood the recommendation functionality. %M C.CHI.03.2.846 %T Designing visualizations of social activity: six claims %S Short talks-Specialized section: recommender systems and social computing %A Thomas Erickson %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 846-847 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766027 %X In this paper, we describe a set of claims that have evolved from our work in designing visual representations of groups in online environments. We argue that these claims can serve as a good starting point for design work, and can drive critical discussions amongst design stakeholders. %M C.CHI.03.2.848 %T Tangible search for stacked objects %S Short talks-Specialized section: haptic interfaces %A Kensaku Fujii %A Jun Shimamura %A Kenichi Arakawa %A Tomohiko Arikawa %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 848-849 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766029 %X The goal of Tangible Search is to more effectively support the user in physically locating one of a number of stacked objects. It consists of two operations -- automatic logging of stacked objects and direct annotation; image processing is used to determine the heights of the stack and of the user's finger. Tangible Search offers stable and accurate 3D analysis since it uses our previously proposed method. It employs a single camera with a compound half-mirror; this configuration also allows the top and side views of the stack to be captured simultaneously. Our approach is to make it easier for the user to handle stacks of items; it will enhance the tabletop metaphor for intuitive interaction in real-world environments where stacks are very common. %M C.CHI.03.2.850 %T SmartPad: a finger-sensing keypad for mobile interaction %S Short talks-Specialized section: haptic interfaces %A Jun Rekimoto %A Haruo Oba %A Takaaki Ishizawa %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 850-851 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766030 %X This paper introduces SmartPad, a new input device for mobile computers that is an enhanced physical keypad by a finger position sensor. This input device acts as a normal keypad for mobile devices, such as cellular phones, and also recognizes finger position on the keypad be before the user presses the key. This feature is used to recognize finger gesture on the keypad, and can also be used to give preview information to the user before the user actually pressing the key. This previewable function helps users to predict the effect of the action, and it is also helpful when the key definitions are frequently changed according to the context, such as in the case of universal commanders. %M C.CHI.03.2.852 %T ThumbSense: automatic input mode sensing for touchpad-based interactions %S Short talks-Specialized section: haptic interfaces %A Jun Rekimoto %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 852-853 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766031 %X While manipulating the touchpad, a user's hand position must be away from the keyboard's home position. This effect hinders smooth switching between text entry and pointer manipulation, and is considered to be the one of the major drawback of the touchpad against to the trackpoint. This paper introduces ThumbSense, a new input technique aims to solve this problem by automatically sensing users' input mode based on finger contact to the touchpad. A key on the keyboard, such as the F key, transparently acts both as a normal key as well as a mouse button. This technique is implemented by using the sensor feature of the touchpad, and is possible to apply most of currently available portable computers without requiring any additional hardware/sensors. %M C.CHI.03.2.854 %T Tactile virtual buttons for mobile devices %S Short talks-Specialized section: haptic interfaces %A Andrew Nashel %A Sharif Razzaque %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 854-855 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766032 %X This paper presents a technique to add the tactile cues of real buttons to virtual buttons displayed on mobile devices with touch screens. When the user's finger is on the display, tactile feedback coveys a feeling of button location and activation. We describe two implementations of the technique, using a personal digital assistant (PDA) and a pressure sensitive tablet. %M C.CHI.03.2.856 %T Designing effective haptic interaction: inverted damping %S Short talks-Specialized section: haptic interfaces %A Jason Williams %A Georg Michelitsch %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 856-857 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766033 %X In this paper, we describe a new force-feedback technique termed "inverted damping", which aids users in manually selecting specific items from within a range of possible choices. Typically, the identity of the goal item is not known beforehand by the system. The technique therefore infers users' intentions from the type of movements carried out and increases the amount of resistance provided as the speed of the user's movements decreases. Although the technique might initially sound counter-intuitive, the results of the experiment, reported in this paper, confirm the effectiveness of this approach. We believe that this new technique is likely to have beneficial and wide-ranging applicability across a wide range of devices in everyday life. %M C.CHI.03.2.858 %T Assessing haptic properties for data representation %S Short talks-Specialized section: haptic interfaces %A Steven A. Wall %A Stephen A. Brewster %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 858-859 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766034 %X This paper describes the results of a series of forced choice design experiments investigating the discrimination of material properties using a PHANToM haptic device. Research has shown that the PHANToM is effective at displaying graphical information to blind people, but the techniques used so far have been very simple. Our experiments showed that subjects' discrimination of friction was significantly better than that of stiffness or the spatial period of sinusoidal textures, over the range of stimuli investigated. Thus, it is proposed that graphical data could be made more easily accessible to blind users by scaling the data values to friction rather than shape or size, as in traditional bar charts. %M C.CHI.03.2.860 %T Meeting the challenge of measuring return on investment for user centered development %S Special interest group %A Thomas M. Graefe %A Susan L. Keenan %A Karen C. Bowen %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 860-861 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766036 %X To demonstrate return on investment (ROI), usability organizations must measure their impact on business-wide metrics such as quality, innovation, cost, and customer satisfaction. Although much work has focused on calculating costs and benefits of specific projects, demonstrating ROI of a usability program remains a difficult task. To build a successful measurement program for ROI, a framework is needed in which value can be explored, measured, and analyzed from different perspectives. SIG attendees will explore the foundations of such a framework by exchanging information on the challenges they face as they demonstrate ROI, suggesting possible solutions and measures, and identifying important business-wide goals. %M C.CHI.03.2.862 %T Making customer-centered design work in the real world of organizations %S Special interest group %A Karen Holtzblatt %A Joerg Beringer %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 862-863 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766037 %X The goal of this SIG is to provide a discussion area for those interested in overcoming the challenges of introducing-and then successfully establishing-customer-centered design techniques in organizations. SIG participants will share the challenges they've faced in trying to initiate customer-centered design and share possible solutions to the challenges. After the SIG, the discussion will be moved to CHIplace, where the conversation can continue. %M C.CHI.03.2.864 %T Challenges in teaching user interface design for telephones and cell phones %S Special interest group %A James A. Larson %A Juan E. Gilbert %A Michael McTear %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 864-865 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766038 %X Participants in this SIG will identify issues and suggest solutions for teaching user interface design for telephones and cell phones. Specifically, speech user interface development environments, implementation languages, unique problems of speech interfaces, and additional resources will be examined. Participants will include educators who teach web development, and web developers interested in developing speech applications. %M C.CHI.03.2.866 %T Consultants' forum: successful adaptation during tough economic times %S Special interest group %A Carolyn Snyder %A Verena Giller %A Chauncey Wilson %A Aaron Marcus %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 866-867 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766039 %X This SIG focuses on the challenges specific to HCI consultants, whether independent or those working in larger consultancies. Those considering an HCI consulting career are also welcome. There will be four main discussion topics: Marketing, Collaboration/Partnerships, Consultants' Knowledge Base/FAQ, and the Future of HCI Consulting. %M C.CHI.03.2.868 %T Current issues in assessing and improving information usability %S Special interest group %A Stephanie Rosenbaum %A Judith Ramey %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 868-869 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766040 %X This SIG is the thirteenth annual forum on human factors in information design. It addresses the usability of information, an increasingly central issue in achieving successful websites and web-enabled products and services, as well as more traditional electronic and print-based documentation. Attendees will discuss three to five methodology questions and issues (selected at the beginning of the session), volunteering research and practice experiences to share with colleagues. %M C.CHI.03.2.870 %T eLearning SIG %S Special interest group %A Lisa Neal %A Ken Korman %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 870-871 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766041 %X Many CHI attendees are involved in eLearning as a student, teacher, or developer of online courses or technologies. However, to date there has been insufficient focus on designing and facilitating a good learner experience. This SIG builds upon the well-attended eLearning SIGs from CHI 2001 and 2002 by examining in greater depth the issues and needs of the eLearning and HCI communities and fostering better communication and collaboration between these communities. eLearning is a Special Area for CHI 2003, and there will be an invited session on eLearning, focusing, like the SIG, on bringing the lessons from HCI to eLearning. %M C.CHI.03.2.872 %T Design of usable multi-platform interactive systems %S Special interest group %A Fabio Paterno %A Manfred Tscheligi %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 872-873 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766042 %X Recent years have seen the introduction of many types of computers and devices. In this SIG we want to discuss how to provide developers with tools, methods and languages able to support both the development of single interactive applications for multiple platforms and the dynamic execution of these applications in a changing environment while preserving usability. Since CHI is the most important conference on human-computer interaction, it is the most suitable place where to discuss such issues, the results achieved so far, compare them with other results obtained by other groups in the world and discuss the opportunity provided by joining efforts. %M C.CHI.03.2.874 %T Toward a unified universal remote console standard %S Special interest group %A Gottfried Zimmermann %A Toby Nixon %A Marney Beard %A Eran Sitnik %A Bill LaPlant %A Shari Trewin %A Sharon Laskowski %A Gregg Vanderheiden %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 874-875 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766043 %X Wireless communication technologies make it feasible to remotely control devices and services from virtually any mobile and stationary device. However, there is no standard available today which would allow manufacturers to define an abstracted user interface for their product whose functionality can be instantiated and presented in different ways and modalities on a wide variety of controller technologies, such as, phones, PDAs, and computers. Such a standard could also facilitate usability, natural language agents, internationalization, and accessibility. Participants in this SIG will present and discuss requirements and current activities that could contribute to the development of a 'Universal Remote Console' standard. The goal of this SIG is to gather requirements, identify related research, development, commercial, and other activities, and to initiate an ongoing effort developing a unified Universal Remote Console standard in the future. %M C.CHI.03.2.876 %T HCI and the arts: a conflicted convergence? %S Special interest group %A Phoebe Sengers %A Chris Csikszentmihalyi %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 876-877 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766044 %X A potential convergence is arising between HCI and the interactive arts. The goal of this SIG is to develop a conversation on the potential role of the arts in the HCI community, based on the soon-to-be released US National Academies National Computer Science and Telecommunications Board's report on Information Technology (IT) and creative practices [2]. What kinds of activities are taking place that combine serious creative artwork with HCI issues? What kinds of topics should HCI study to support interactive art? How could HCI benefit from a deep engagement with the arts, and what would such an engagement likely entail? What kinds of challenges might engagement between HCI and the arts present for the self-conception of each field? What institutions are available or should be created for interdisciplinary work between the arts and HCI? In what forums can this work be exchanged and discussed. %M C.CHI.03.2.878 %T New tips and tricks for a better usability test %S Special interest group %A Rolf Molich %A Chauncey E. Wilson %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 878-879 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766045 %X In this SIG, experienced usability testers will exchange tips and tricks for practical usability testing. %M C.CHI.03.2.866 (bad page numbers and %W leads to wrong PDF) %T VirtualCase: a tool for online collaborative learning %S Interactive posters: e-learning %A Gina Cherry %A Mark Alway %A Daniel Parshall %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 866-867 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766050 %X In this paper we describe the design and use of a web-based tool that enables teachers to create integrated online workspaces for collaborative case-based and problem-based learning. We discuss how this tool has been used in a variety of ways other than those originally intended by the designers. We discuss our classroom-based studies of two of these uses, and describe how these studies are influencing the redesign of the tool. %M C.CHI.03.2.880 %T Interaction patterns with a classroom feedback system: making time for feedback %S Interactive posters: e-learning %A Richard Anderson %A Tammy VanDeGrift %A Steven A. Wolfman %A Ken Yasuhara %A Ruth Anderson %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 880-881 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766047 %X In this paper, we describe two novel patterns of interaction that arose in a study of a computer-mediated feedback system for the university classroom. In both patterns, students gave feedback through the system that they would not have given aloud for lack of an appropriate moment-either because the feedback would be premature or tardy. We describe the patterns themselves and how awareness of the patterns can inform pedagogy and system-building. %M C.CHI.03.2.882 %T Combining handhelds with a whole-class display to support the learning of scientific control %S Interactive posters: e-learning %A Tom Moher %A Xun Ding %A Jennifer Wiley %A Syeda Hussain %A Preeti Singh %A Vasisht Srinivasan %A Diane Conmy %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 882-883 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766048 %X Third grade students used wireless handhelds and a large shared display to discover strategies for control of variables in scientific experiments. The technology suite supported activity requirements including synchronous individual control, face-to-face discourse, and instantaneous display updates. In an empirical study, students demonstrated learning in both original and transfer domains. %M C.CHI.03.2.884 %T Learners on the back-end: students contributing to web-based information systems %S Interactive posters: e-learning %A Gina Cherry %A William Washington %A Janice Fournier %A Kristen Shuyler %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 884-885 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766049 %X What happens when students, instead of merely drawing from online information resources, organize and populate such resources? In this paper we discuss how collaboratively creating web-based information resources might contribute to learning. We are currently studying two communities that are creating such resources using a prototype system we've designed. %M C.CHI.03.2.888 %T Supporting engagement in asynchronous education %S Interactive posters: e-learning %A Scott LeeTiernan %A Jonathan Grudin %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 888-889 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766051 %X A key challenge for software that supports asynchronous distance education is to engage and guide students who are not interacting in real-time. We describe a first study of two approaches to adding interactive exercises to the viewing of videotaped lectures. We found individual differences, but a surprising tendency to prefer more intrusive exercises. We conclude with possible next steps. %M C.CHI.03.2.890 %T Annotation in the wild: benefits of linking paper to digital media %S Interactive posters: e-learning %A Silvia Gabrielli %A Andy Law %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 890-891 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766052 %X This work presents the design of ALT, a prototype system that supports learning activities on the move by enabling users to annotate and sketch on paper in collaboration with a remote peer. Initial observations of learners interacting with ALT during an informal learning event show that paper annotation combined with synchronous communication technology shifts learners to use annotation as a basis for discussion and more personal interpretation of the information available. %M C.CHI.03.2.892 %T Designing an integrated review sheet for an electronic textbook %S Interactive posters: e-learning %A Neema Moraveji %A Abigail Travis %A Maura Bidinost %A Matthew Halpern %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 892-893 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766053 %X In this paper, we present findings and design decisions arisen while designing a review sheet within the confines of a pre-existing digital textbook, AdaptiveBook. Through user studies, we found that instructors and students cited a lack of both context and integration as the major problems in current high-tech teaching and studying tools. Because research on electronic books indicates that metaphors "reduce users' cognitive load when navigating and acquiring information" [1], our design aims to address the lack of context and integration by creating an intuitive review sheet metaphor while leveraging the power of a digital medium. %M C.CHI.03.2.894 %T Kana no senshi (kana warrior): a new interface for learning Japanese characters %S Interactive posters: e-learning %A Kristen Stubbs %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 894-895 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766054 %X This paper presents the design and testing of Kana Warrior, a new interface for basic Japanese character recognition based on a game-style user interface. Kana Warrior is a game designed to help Japanese students learn to read characters quickly. A small pilot study has been conducted with very encouraging results. These results support the idea that game-style interfaces may be of benefit to users outside of the realm of entertainment programs. %M C.CHI.03.2.896 %T PhotoPhone entertainment %S Interactive posters: emotion %A Johan Thoresson %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 896-897 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766056 %X This paper introduces PhotoPhone Entertainment (PPE), applications for mobile and wireless devices with camera functionality, and describes a number of design examples of such applications. The applications are designed for people waiting for a few minutes at a bus stop and do all encourage some form of social interaction such as collaboration with, or competition against, other users at the bus stop. %M C.CHI.03.2.898 %T MyInfo: a personal news interface %S Interactive posters: mass communication %A John Zimmerman %A Nevenka Dimitrova %A Lalitha Agnihotri %A Angel Janevski %A Lira Nikolovska %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 898-899 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766058 %X We present a novel interface design for MyInfo, a personal news application that processes and combines content from TV and the web. MyInfo provides personalized content selectable by topic such as weather or traffic. In addition, users can play back a personal news program as a TV show, leaving themselves free to complete tasks such as making breakfast. We detail our design process from concept generation to focus group exploration to final design. The main design challenges include (i) understanding what kinds of TV/Web applications people want, and (ii) developing an interface that fits people's lifestyles. %M C.CHI.03.2.900 %T Breakingstory: visualizing change in online news %S Interactive posters: mass communication %A Jean Ann Fitzpatrick %A James Reffell %A Moryma Aydelott %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 900-901 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766059 %X BreakingStory is an interactive system for visualizing change in online news. The system regularly collects the text from the front pages of international daily news web sites. It allows users to search over the collection and view the frequency of occurrence of keywords in graphic, tabular, and full text formats. Results from the system are shown over time, and can be filtered geographically. The system was developed using a user-centered design process that included rapid prototyping and informal user testing. It provides a new way of viewing the news that incorporates a sense of history. %M C.CHI.03.2.902 %T Supporting notable information in office work %S Interactive posters: personal media %A Christopher Campbell %A Paul Maglio %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 902-903 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766061 %X This paper reports a study examining how current electronic technology (e.g., PDAs, e-mail, laptops, cellphones) and classic paper-based tools (e.g., post-its, notepads, scrap paper) are used to manage to-do lists, appointments, and other types of notable information. Many of the users interviewed report that notes need to be temporary, viewable, mobile, postable, transferable, short, easy to create and destroy. Paper-based tools are clearly preferred over electronic for managing notable information, and are used much more often. PDAs are almost never used for notable information because they lack high-resolution screens, are bulky, and require too much time to enter new information. E-mail is the most used electronic tool and is commonly given dedicated screen space so that it was always visible. Design recommendations for electronic office technology are presented. %M C.CHI.03.2.904 %T Practices for capturing short important thoughts %S Interactive posters: personal media %A Gillian Hayes %A Jeffrey S. Pierce %A Gregory D. Abowd %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 904-905 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766062 %X In this paper we describe a user study designed to understand current practices for recording and utilizing information in everyday life. We describe a subset of the results that suggest that improving on current practices will require physical and digital artifacts, flexibility, multi-modality, and ubiquity. %M C.CHI.03.2.906 %T A sensemaking-supporting information gathering system %S Interactive posters: personal media %A Yan Qu %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 906-907 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766063 %X This paper introduces a sensemaking-supporting information gathering system (SSIGS), which provides a workspace with features that not only facilitate information search but also the representation search and representation shift which are crucial for sensemaking tasks. %M C.CHI.03.2.908 %T Designing to support communication on the move %S Interactive posters: personal media %A Jacqueline Brodie %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 908-909 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766064 %X We investigated what mobile workers do when they are mobile to achieve their communication goals, using contextual interviews and ethnographically inspired observations in a variety of settings. Implications for the design of mobile technology were extracted from the raw data collected in the fieldwork using such novel design techniques as 'Day in the Life' vignettes, affinity diagrams, and consolidated artefact models from Contextual Design. Our findings are being using to generate software prototypes for supporting mobile activities. %M C.CHI.03.2.910 %T Amigo -- wireless image based instant messaging for handheld computers %S Interactive posters: personal media %A Helena Fabersjo %A Elisabeth Windt %A Ylva Wridell %A Johan Sanneblad %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 910-911 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766065 %X We introduce Amigo -- an Instant Messaging (IM) client for handheld computers. Amigo allows free-form images as well as handwriting to be sent between people, taking advantage of the touch sensitive display of mobile devices. Amigo differs from other IM clients in that the text written by the user never has to be translated into ASCII data. Twenty students used Amigo for two weeks. Preliminary use results show that Amigo functions well as an IM client for handheld computers, and also introduces new ways for people to interact using IM: mixed text/image sessions, collaborative drawings and instant gaming. %M C.CHI.03.2.912 %T What's in a barcode? informed consent and machine scannable driver licenses %S Interactive posters: personal media %A Jennifer Hagman %A Ann Hendrickson %A Amanda Whitty %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 912-913 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766066 %X Drawing on theory and methods of Value Sensitive Design [2] we investigated the social and value implications of the addition of barcodes to machine scannable driver licenses. In particular, we focused on the value of informed consent, user knowledge, and understanding. Twelve Washington state driver license holders were interviewed. Results indicate that participants in this study were largely unaware of the nature of the information in the barcode, and the potential uses of such information. Moreover, with increasing knowledge, participants developed a sense of concern regarding the potential misuse of information. In our discussion, we focus on the importance of informed consent and design suggestions for machine scannable driver licenses. %M C.CHI.03.2.914 %T Kinetic typography-based instant messaging %S Interactive posters: personal media %A Kerry Bodine %A Mathilde Pignol %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 914-915 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766067 %X Kinetic Typography, text whose appearance changes over time, is emerging as a new form of expression due to its ability to add emotional content to text. We explored the potential for kinetic typography to improve the way people communicate over the Internet using Instant Messaging (IM). Our Kinetic Instant Messenger (KIM) builds upon applications for rendering and editing kinetic typography effects and addresses several design issues that spring from integrating kinetic typography and IM. %M C.CHI.03.2.916 %T Desktop aksi: virtual workspace concept integrating personal social communication and task management %S Interactive posters: personal media %A Abhijit Rao %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 916-917 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766068 %X A virtual workspace assists users to organize information on the desktop better. With such an intention, a virtual workspace concept named Desktop Aksi is proposed which accommodates three important aspects of desktop management i.e., finding and reminding, task-switching and spatial proximity to personal social communication. On realization of this workspace, users will be able to bring meaning and context to their task at hand. With the help of focus+context technique based on Hyperbolic Geometry users can navigate the information space. %M C.CHI.03.2.918 %T Mobile ADVICE: an accessible device for visually impaired capability enhancement %S Interactive posters: personal media %A Robert Amar %A Steven Dow %A Richard Gordon %A Muhammad Raafay Hamid %A Chad Sellers %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 918-919 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766069 %X The visually impaired have limited access to the world of mobile devices. Our goal was to design a handheld mobile device to overcome limitations such as reliance on visual display and lack of audio and tactile feedback. We built a prototype handheld device using a combination of tactile feedback and auditory display based on preliminary research and testing. Our hypothesis was that this device would provide users with an interface with which they would be able to access advanced functions of a mobile device. This prototype was evaluated by both blind and sighted users. Based on both quantitative and qualitative measures, the results suggest that such a device can enhance the capabilities of visually impaired users of handheld mobile devices. %M C.CHI.03.2.920 %T 'Today' messages: lightweight group awareness via email %S Interactive posters: computer-mediated communication %A A. J. Brush %A Alan Borning %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 920-921 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766071 %X 'Today' messages are short daily status emails sent by members of a project team to each other. Their original purpose was to take the place of status updates at meetings. However, they had the unexpected additional effect of increasing group task awareness at very low cost. We present the results of a small study of 'today' messages and their effect on group dynamics. %M C.CHI.03.2.922 %T PHEmail: designing a privacy honoring email system %S Interactive posters: computer-mediated communication %A David Nguyen %A Khai Truong %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 922-923 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766072 %X Controlling one's personal and private information could help alleviate one of the greatest harms facing the Internet today -- the loss of attention due to the over abundance of unsolicited email (spam). If one could control the dissemination and usage of one's email address, one could eliminate spam. We introduce a privacy honoring email system that leverages the user's social network to provide access control to the user's email. %M C.CHI.03.2.924 %T Marked for deletion: an analysis of email data %S Interactive posters: computer-mediated communication %A Laura Dabbish %A Gina Venolia %A JJ Cadiz %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 924-925 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766073 %X What characteristics of an email message make it more likely to be discarded? Statistical analyses of a set of deleted and non-deleted messages revealed several factors that were important in predicting the fate of a message. After controlling for the owner of the particular message, four factors turned out to be most important: history of communication with the sender (messages sent to and messages received from), intra-organizational vs. external sender, and size of the recipient group. %M C.CHI.03.2.926 %T Reality instant messaging: injecting a dose of reality into online chat %S Interactive posters: computer-mediated communication %A Mei Chuah %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 926-927 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766074 %X Online chat technologies such as instant messaging and SMS have become extremely popular. Online chat environments, however, are missing a key ingredient that we take for granted in physical world chat -- reality. When we socialize in the physical world we are surrounded by colorful and interesting events, e.g. a sporting event, a music concert, or an interesting drama on television. These events become conversational devices that play a crucial role in driving and facilitating social interaction. The Reality Instant Messaging project injects these reality events back into online chat. In this way we enhance the reality streams by tying them to a social context, and at the same time we enhance the social environment by giving people something to talk about. %M C.CHI.03.2.928 %T TelMeA2003: social summarization in online communities %S Interactive posters: computer-mediated communication %A Toru Takahashi %A Yasuhiro Katagiri %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 928-929 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766075 %X We propose the concept of social summarization as an alternative to the content-based technology for summarization, report on its use in the community system TelMeA2003 implemented and employed to investigate techniques for social summarization, and discuss its effectiveness in supporting collaborative activities in online communities. %M C.CHI.03.2.930 %T Leaders leading? a shift in technology adoption %S Interactive posters: computer-mediated communication %A Jonathan Grudin %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 930-931 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766076 %X In the past, most early hands-on users of interactive software in organizations were individual contributors. Managers as early adopters is a new trend with significant implications for design and use. Although managers and executives have always been involved in acquisition decisions, they generally delegated use to support staff. Only later if at all did they become hands-on users. This is changing as new generations of managers and technology come to the fore. Examples and implications are presented. %M C.CHI.03.2.932 %T Developing a car gesture interface for use as a secondary task %S Interactive posters: input and interaction %A Micah Alpern %A Katie Minardo %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 932-933 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766078 %X Existing gesture-interface research has centered on controlling the user's primary task. This paper explores the use of gestures to control secondary tasks while the user is focused on driving. Through contextual inquiry, ten iterative prototypes, and a Wizard of Oz experiment, we show that a gesture interface is a viable alternative for completing secondary tasks in the car. %M C.CHI.03.2.934 %T Investigation of subjective preferences in multiple degrees-of-freedom inputs %S Interactive posters: input and interaction %A Sriram Subramanian %A Frank Dijkstra %A Bernard Champoux %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 934-935 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766079 %X With the rapid proliferation of a wide range of input devices, there are many choices in designing or selecting a 6DOF input device. User perception of the devices is an important aspect of design. We complement existing literature on the influence of grip of dominant hand on performance times with our experiments on the influence of grip of non-dominant hand on perceived ease-of-use, control and fatigue. Our results show that for the non-dominant hand, the finger grip is perceived as being easy to use, less fatiguing and more controllable. %M C.CHI.03.2.936 %T A reference model for multimodal input interpretation %S Interactive posters: input and interaction %A Anurag Gupta %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 936-937 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766080 %X This paper proposes a reference model for multimodal input interpretation to understand multimodal input in multimodal interactive systems. The paper gives details of the functionality of each of the layers within the model and suggests its validity through development of multiple multimodal systems with same architecture. %M C.CHI.03.2.938 %T Reassessing current cell phone designs: using thumb input effectively %S Interactive posters: input and interaction %A Nambu Hirotaka %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 938-939 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766081 %X The physical form of cell phones has changed little from conventional landline phones. However, added features such as text input capabilities make cell phone usage very different from that of conventional phones. This paper reviews the emergence of text input on current cell phones. Then a new design optimized for text input is proposed. %M C.CHI.03.2.940 %T Containers: a new hierarchical model for browser interfaces %S Interactive posters: input and interaction %A Chad Owens %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 940-941 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766082 %X The development of a low bandwidth, high error tolerant neural browser, called the BrainBrowser, has raised new navigational issues. With this paradigm shift of two-dimensional spatial organization and navigation, one possible solution is to serialize the interface. Due to the inherent complexity of this paradigm, new methods of hierarchical spatial organization can help to relieve the sense of a labyrinthine structural organization that a user must overcome when using this method of browser navigation. This issue has created the opportunity to explore the possibility of incorporating "containers" as an additional navigational capability that will allow the resulting serial interface to be organized hierarchically. This ultimately will increase the user's navigational "sense of place" as well as minimizing the user's cognitive burden. %M C.CHI.03.2.942 %T The benefits of physical edges in gesture-making: empirical support for an edge-based unistroke alphabet %S Interactive posters: input and interaction %A Jacob Wobbrock %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 942-943 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766083 %X People with motor impairments often cannot use a keyboard or a mouse. Our previous work showed that a handheld device, connected to a PC, could be effective for computer access for some people with motor impairments. But text entry was slow, and the popular unistroke methods like Graffiti proved difficult for some people with motor control problems. We are now investigating how physical edges can provide stability for stylus gestures, and we are designing a unistroke alphabet whose letter-forms are defined along the edges of a small plastic square hole. This paper presents data on the benefits of physical edges in making gestures. It then describes EdgeWrite, a new unistroke alphabet designed to leverage physical edges for greater stability in text entry. %M C.CHI.03.2.944 %T Self reflection can substitute eye contact %S Interactive posters: gaze interaction %A Osamu Morikawa %A Ryoichi Hashimoro %A Juli Yamashita %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 944-945 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766085 %X In video communication systems, gaze is an important topic and is widely being studied. Unlike other studies, displaying user's reflections on the video screen we stopped imitating the gazes during face-to-face conversation but tries to solve the problem by providing an environment that enables other expressions to substitute for the roles of gazes during conversation. The relative positioning of their self reflections among other reflections (RPAR) serves as gaze and helps smooth communication, which was experimentally verified. %M C.CHI.03.2.946 %T AuraMirror: artistically visualizing attention %S Interactive posters: gaze interaction %A Alexander W. Skaburskis %A Jeffrey S. Shell %A Roel Vertegaal %A Connor Dickie %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 946-947 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766086 %X We present AuraMirror, a system that visualizes virtual windows of attention: the commodity of visual attention people exchange during interactions in small groups. AuraMirror acts as a dynamic 'painting' that passively gathers and displays attentional data by superimposing auras over each viewer's head in a real time video mirror. This permits users to see how they distribute their attention in group interactions, and the effect of interruption on this process. Finally, we describe how AuraMirror can be extended to model attention among both participants and ubiquitous devices. %M C.CHI.03.2.948 %T Establishing remote conversations through eye contact with physical awareness proxies %S Interactive posters: gaze interaction %A Baha Jabarin %A James Wu %A Roel Vertegaal %A Lenko Grigorov %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 948-949 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766087 %X We present a mechanism for initiating mediated conversations through eye contact. An eyePHONE is a physical proxy of a remote individual that senses and conveys attention using an eye tracking device and a pair of actuated eyeballs. Users may initiate calls by jointly looking at each other's eyePHONE. We discuss how this allows participants to implement some of the basic social rules of face-to-face conversations in mediated conversations. %M C.CHI.03.2.950 %T Just blink your eyes: a head-free gaze tracking system %S Interactive posters: gaze interaction %A Takehiko Ohno %A Naoki Mukawa %A Shinjiro Kawato %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 950-951 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766088 %X We propose a head-free, easy-setup gaze tracking system designed for a gaze-based Human-Computer Interaction. Our system enables the user to interact with the computer soon after catching the user's eye blinks. The user can move his/her head freely since the system keeps tracking the user's eye. In addition, our system only needs a 10 second calibration procedure at the very first time of use. An eye tracking method based on our unique eye blink detection and a sophisticated gaze estimation method using the geometrical eyeball model realize these advantages. %M C.CHI.03.2.952 %T Reciprocal eye contact as an interaction technique %S Interactive posters: gaze interaction %A John A. Kembel %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 952-953 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766089 %X Modeled on how humans use eye contact to engage one another, the interaction technique presented here enables users to effectively engage devices in ubiquitous computing contexts. Equipping devices to reciprocate eye contact enables users to effectively address devices, infer device attention, and target control actions. %M C.CHI.03.2.954 %T Gummi: user interface for deformable computers %S Interactive posters: tangible interfaces %A Carsten Schwesig %A Ivan Poupyrev %A Eijiro Mori %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 954-955 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766091 %X We show interaction possibilities and a graphical user interface for deformable, mobile devices. WIMP (windows, icons, mouse, pointer) interfaces are not practical on mobile devices. Gummi explores an alternative interaction technique based on bending of a handheld device. %M C.CHI.03.2.956 %T Integrating hardware and software: augmented reality based prototyping method for digital products %S Interactive posters: tangible interfaces %A Tek-Jin Nam %A Woohun Lee %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 956-957 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766092 %X For digital products, the relationship between the hardware and the software is important but their integration is largely achieved in the later phase of the design process. This paper presents new prototyping methods that allow digital product designers to effectively integrate the hardware and the software of the products from the early phase of the design process. The integration is accomplished by accurately overlaying a virtual display onto a quickly made functional hardware prototype using two augmented reality techniques; 1) using a video see through HMD and 2) using video projection. The results of the preliminary evaluation suggest that the early integrated prototypes are effective for design development and user studies. %M C.CHI.03.2.958 %T Creating an enhanced reality user interface -- ERSolitaire %S Interactive posters: tangible interfaces %A Jim Parker %A Mark Baumback %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 958-959 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766093 %X An enhanced reality user interface uses aspects of the real world and simulated computer perception to yield a simplified. %M C.CHI.03.2.960 %T A spatially-aware tangible interface for computer-aided design %S Interactive posters: tangible interfaces %A Lee Chia-Hsun %A Ma Yu-Pin %A Jeng Taysheng %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 960-961 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766094 %X This paper presents a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) platform for designers to navigate and construct 3D model intuitively through Tangible User Interfaces (TUIs). We suggest that 3D geometry can be inspected and modified in real-time through manipulating physical tokens on horizontal and vertical projected referential planes. A semi-transparent tablet as vertical display can be dynamically placed on the horizontal projected plane that triggers displaying spatially-contiguous 3D section images of the 3D CAD model. Our approach explores the spatially-aware tangible interface that couples the fragmented viewpoints with physical constraints to enhance the visual and spatial qualities of 3D representation to CAD designers. %M C.CHI.03.2.962 %T CHI-ball, an interactive device assisting martial arts education for children %S Interactive posters: tangible interfaces %A Heberlein Markus %A Hayashi Takafumi %A Nashold Sarah %A Teeravarunyou Sakol %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 962-963 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766095 %X In this paper, we discuss the output of a student project about the design of a physically interactive system to assist the education of martial arts to children. The conceptual scope of the project included interactions and activities designed into a system of re-configurable devices for both of the major areas of martial arts training: form practice, and sparring. Using micro-controller-based prototyping, we developed a physical, interactive model that can simulate variations of a game designed to help teach controlled sparring between two children. %M C.CHI.03.2.964 %T Nostalgia: an evocative tangible interface for elderly users %S Interactive posters: tangible interfaces %A Magnus Nilsson %A Sara Johansson %A Maria Hakansson %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 964-965 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766096 %X Nostalgia is a prototype which users can use for listening to old news and music from the twentieth century. The design of Nostalgia is an attempt to design an artefact that in a seamless and simple way can trigger the memory of past events both individually and in the company of others. Nostalgia has been developed in collaboration with elderly people from an old people's home. A preliminary evaluation with the target group showed that Nostalgia could be an appreciated artefact in their every day lives. %M C.CHI.03.2.966 %T Alternative "vision": a haptic and auditory assistive device %S Interactive posters: tangible interfaces %A Daniel Morris %A Neel Joshi %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 966-967 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766097 %X We have used two cameras and a SensAble Technologies "Phantom" force-feedback haptic display to haptically render a three-dimensional surface that represents key aspects of a visual scene. In addition to rendering depth and contour information with the Phantom, we capture optic flow and present this to the user using sound cues. We propose that with further development, this system could be used as an assistive device that would allow visually impaired individuals to explore the "visual" world. %M C.CHI.03.2.968 %T Ubiquitous computing: by the people, for the people %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Ali Ndiwalana %A C. M. Chewar %A Jacob Somervell %A D. Scott McCrickard %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 968-969 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766099 %X One of the challenges in building and evaluating ubiquitous computing systems emanates from the fact that they generally have been built to showcase technological innovation without considering how to foretell whether and how people will eventually accept them in their lives. In this study, participants are introduced to the notion of ubiquitous computing via a scenario-centric presentation including basic everyday objects imbued with some computational power to convey information. Through a detailed survey, participants provide feedback relating to their impressions, rating the performance of each interface on a number of metrics and making comparisons between the ubiquitous and desktop interfaces. We inspire them to think of new ways to use existing ubiquitous interfaces to support their current and possible information needs, as well as better interfaces that can convey this information. %M C.CHI.03.2.970 %T Analyzing usage of location based services %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Assaf Burak %A Taly Sharon %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 970-971 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766100 %X FriendZone, a suit of mobile location-based community services has been launched. FriendZone's social services include Instant Messenger and Locator (IM&L), Location-based Chat, and Anonymous IM, with supporting Privacy Management. We describe the findings of a 16 months usage survey of 40,000 users, most of them young adults. The results indicate that Anonymous IM is the most popular service, more than IM&L, with lower use of Location-based Chat that was introduced last. %M C.CHI.03.2.972 %T A context-aware experience sampling tool %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Stephen S. Intille %A John Rondoni %A Charles Kukla %A Isabel Ancona %A Ling Bao %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 972-973 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766101 %X A new software tool for user-interface development and assessment of ubiquitous computing applications is available for CHI researchers. The software permits researchers to use common PDA mobile computing devices for experience sampling studies. The basic tool offers options not currently available in any other open-source sampling package. However, the tool also has new functionality: context-aware experience sampling. This feature permits researchers to acquire feedback from users in particular situations that are detected by sensors connected to a mobile computing device. %M C.CHI.03.2.974 %T iCAP: an informal tool for interactive prototyping of context-aware applications %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Timothy Sohn %A Anind Dey %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 974-975 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766102 %X iCAP is a system that assists users in prototyping context-aware applications. iCAP supports sketching for creating input and output devices, and using these devices to design interaction rules, which can be prototyped in a simulated or real context-aware environment. We were motivated to build our system by the lack of tools currently available for developing rich sensor-based applications. We iterated on the design of our system using paper prototypes and obtained feedback from fellow researchers, to develop a robust system for prototyping context-aware applications. %M C.CHI.03.2.976 %T Ubiquitous display for dynamically changing environment %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Yasuhisa Tokuda %A Shinsuke Iwasaki %A Yoichi Sato %A Yasuto Nakanishi %A Hideki Koike %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 976-977 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766103 %X This paper proposes a novel method for ubiquitous displays using projectors in indoor environments. In particular, our method consists of two distinct features: automatic scene modeling of a dynamically changing indoor environment, and automatic selection of surfaces onto which various contents are displayed by taking into account both geometric and photometric properties. As a result, our method can be applied to dynamically changing scenes such as a meeting room where furniture and other objects are moved frequently. %M C.CHI.03.2.978 %T Augmenting a retail environment using steerable interactive displays %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Noi Sukaviriya %A Mark Podlaseck %A Rick Kjeldsen %A Anthony Levas %A Gopal Pingali %A Claudio Pinhanez %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 978-979 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766104 %X This paper describes a prototype retail environment in which information interactions occur in situ, within the actual space of the merchandise. By combining a steerable projected display and recognition of user gestures and actions, and user position tracking through peripheral cameras, we have developed several innovative interaction techniques designed to augment the reality of a retail store. %M C.CHI.03.2.980 %T Total recall: in-place viewing of captured whiteboard annotations %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Lars Erik Holmquist %A Johan Sanneblad %A Lalya Gaye %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 980-981 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766105 %X Total Recall introduces a new way to view captured whiteboard annotations. To digitize drawings we used a modified commercial system. However, instead of displaying the annotations on a separate computer screen, Total Recall shows the annotations at the place on the board where they were actually made. The user holds a hand-held computer to the board and moves it to reveal the desirable portion of the captured annotations. By using ultra-sonic positioning and optimized graphics, we achieve a high frame-rate (30 fps), allowing for very smooth panning and interaction. We argue that this way of viewing captured whiteboard annotations is more natural and intuitive than current desktop-based systems. %M C.CHI.03.2.982 %T Finding objects in "strata drawer" %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Itiro Siio %A Jim Rowan %A Elizabeth Mynatt %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 982-983 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766106 %X Looking for a document in a stack of papers is a difficult job. If the "strata" of the drawer contents is known, then locating will be much easier. Strata Drawer is a camera-enhanced cabinet used for storage. This cabinet has a single, deep drawer equipped with a camera, a depth-sensor and a computer. When a user places an object in the drawer and closes it, a photograph is automatically taken, and the height of the contents is measured by a laser beam. A user can browse pictures of strata in the drawer's contents, with timestamps and height information. %M C.CHI.03.2.984 %T ShownPass: an easy access control with a displayed password %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Yuji Ayatsuka %A Michimune Kohno %A Jun Rekimoto %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 984-985 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766107 %X Access control is one of the most important issue with ubiquitous networking environment. Traditional access control methods are mainly considering authentication of registered user or device. Therefore, it is troublesome to allow a visitor to use a networked resource in an office, without accessibility to other resources. We propose a new access control method using frequently changing passwords displayed beside a resource. This method can be implemented without any special hardware like a sensor. %M C.CHI.03.2.986 %T You're in control: a urinary user interface %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Dan Maynes-Aminzade %A Hayes Raffle %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 986-987 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766108 %X The You're In Control system uses computation to enhance the act of urination. Sensors in the back of a urinal detect the position of impact of a stream of urine, enabling the user to play interactive games on a screen mounted above the urinal. %M C.CHI.03.2.988 %T An unencumbering, localized olfactory display %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Yasuyuki Yanagida %A Haruo Noma %A Nobuji Tetsutani %A Akira Tomono %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 988-989 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766109 %X Olfaction is considered to be an important sensory modality in next-generation virtual reality (VR) systems. We currently focus on spatiotemporal control of odor, rather than capturing and synthesizing odor itself. If we simply diffused the odor into the atmosphere, it would be difficult to clean it away in a short time. Several olfactory displays that inject the scented air under the nose through tubes have been proposed to realize spatiotemporal control of olfaction, but they require the user to wear something on one's face. Here, we propose an unencumbering olfactory display, by conveying a clump of scented air from a certain remote place to the user's nose. To implement this concept, we used an "air cannon" that generates toroidal vortices of the scented air. We conducted a preliminary experiment to examine the possibility of this method's ability to display scent to a restricted space. The result shows that we could successfully display incense to the target user. %M C.CHI.03.2.990 %T Attitudes towards technology use in public zones: the influence of external factors on ATM use %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Linda Little %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 990-991 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766110 %X This study used a Grounded theory approach to find factors that influence current and future use of technological systems in public zones. Fifteen participants who were either frequent or non-frequent automated teller machine (ATM) users were interviewed. They were asked their opinions, views, feelings and any other issues that they felt were important to them when using an ATM and that effected their use. From the themes and concepts that emerged from the data a conceptual model of ATM use was constructed. The model builds on ideas from the Technology Acceptance Model but additionally postulates that external factors such as perception of privacy exert an effect on attitude to use. %M C.CHI.03.2.992 %T Are designers ready for ubiquitous computing?: a formative study %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Sara Ljungblad %A Tobias Skog %A Lalya Gaye %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 992-993 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766111 %X Ubiquitous computing is increasingly becoming reality, even for people outside of research. A group that will have to face the challenges of this new technology is product and industrial designers. To get a designer's view of ubiquitous computing, we demonstrated the Smart-Its ubiquitous computing prototyping platform to 16 product designers and collected their impressions during a workshop. Our results show that the way designers approach technology differs from that of researchers, which indicates the need for more comprehensive workshops. %M C.CHI.03.2.994 %T Discovery point: enhancing the museum experience with technology %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Marianne Berkovich %A Jenna Date %A Rachael Keeler %A Marti Louw %A Maureen O' Toole %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 994-995 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766112 %X The Discovery Point prototype allows art museum visitors to hear stories about a work of art without burdening them with lengthy commentary. It is simple and compact; it has only four buttons and can be worn around the neck. It is a nearly invisible addition to the museum experience, but one that fills the need to deliver the right amount of information to visitors. To develop this concept, we observed and interviewed visitors, constructed a prototype, and then evaluated that prototype through two rounds of user tests at the museum. %M C.CHI.03.2.996 %T Hands on cooking: towards an attentive kitchen %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Jeremy S. Bradbury %A Jeffrey S. Shell %A Craig B. Knowles %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 996-997 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766113 %X To make human computer interaction more transparent, different modes of communication need to be explored. We present eyeCOOK, a multimodal attentive cookbook to help a non-expert computer user cook a meal. The user communicates using eye-gaze and speech commands, and eyeCOOK responds visually and/or verbally, promoting communication through natural human input channels without physically encumbering the user. Our goal is to improve productivity and user satisfaction without creating additional requirements for user attention. We describe how the user interacts with the eyeCOOK prototype and the role of this system in an Attentive Kitchen. %M C.CHI.03.2.998 %T Preferences for unfavorable external representations in interaction with ATMs and multimedia %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Martin Bergling %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 998-999 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766114 %X Security codes accompany almost every new multimedia device. The codes are commonly represented in the form of symbolic numbers. The relative usefulness of symbolic and visuo-spatial representations of codes was investigated, using ATM-codes as an enlightening example. Visuo-spatial representations lead to higher performance on an immediate recall test. This suggests that explicit visuo-spatial representations in multimedia design may enhance usability. In spite of these results people showed preferences for the more frequently used numerical representations. %M C.CHI.03.2.1000 %T The toilet entertainment system %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Par Stenberg %A Johan Thoresson %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1000-1001 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766115 %X A toilet is not only a place where people answer calls of nature. It is also a place for contemplation and reflection -- and a place where people read information. But bringing things to read into a public toilet is not always socially accepted and it might be embarrassing to be discovered. We have chosen to address this problem by printing information such as news directly onto the disposable toilet paper. The project described here is an attempt to question the nat-uralness of having ubiquitous computers, cause reflections concerning what kind of problems ubiquitous computing really are solving and to indicate that there might be places where computation is not desirable. %M C.CHI.03.2.1002 %T Intuitive visualizations for presence and recency information for ambient displays %S Interactive posters: computers everywhere %A Jaroslav Tyman %A Elaine M. Huang %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1002-1003 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766116 %X The Semi-Public Displays project utilizes public displays to assist in the interactions of small groups. This paper describes a set of visualizations for presence information of group members designed for the displays. Here we show that visual mappings of such information can be intuitive. Through our interviews, we also identify data usage, data ambiguity, and data recording as issues influencing how comfortable participants were with privacy in relation to semi-public displays of such information. %M C.CHI.03.2.1004 %T The impact of automated assistance on the information retrieval process %S Interactive posters: intelligent interfaces %A Bernard J. Jansen %A George K. Kroner %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1004-1005 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766118 %X Advanced information retrieval systems providing automated assistance offer the opportunity to greatly enhance the effectiveness of the information retrieval process. One issue in designing such systems is determining the effect that the automated assistance has on the tasks and sequence of tasks within this process. Using verbal protocol data and transaction log analysis, we present a taxonomy of tasks when utilizing information retrieval systems with automated assistance, along with a temporal analysis of when interaction with the automated assistance occurs. Results indicate that there is a predictable pattern of user interaction with automated assistance with implications for the design of information retrieval systems. %M C.CHI.03.2.1006 %T The role of context in question answering systems %S Interactive posters: intelligent interfaces %A Jimmy Lin %A Dennis Quan %A Vineet Sinha %A Karun Bakshi %A David Huynh %A Boris Katz %A David R. Karger %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1006-1007 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766119 %X Despite recent advances in natural language question answering technology, the problem of designing effective user interfaces has been largely unexplored. We conducted a user study to investigate the problem and discovered that overall, users prefer a paragraph-sized chunk of text over just an exact phrase as the answer to their questions. Furthermore, users generally prefer answers embedded in context, regardless of the perceived reliability of the source documents. When users research a topic, increasing the amount of text returned to users significantly decreases the number of queries that they pose to the system, suggesting that users utilize supporting text to answer related questions. We believe that these results can serve to guide future developments in question answering user interfaces. %M C.CHI.03.2.1008 %T Robotic wheelchair looking at all people %S Interactive posters: intelligent interfaces %A Yoshinori Kuno %A Akio Nakamura %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1008-1009 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766120 %X Although several robotic/intelligent wheelchairs have been proposed recently, they consider friendliness only to their users. Machines like wheelchairs interact various people other than their users. They must consider friendliness to all these people. This paper presents a robotic wheelchair that cares for all relevant people: users, pedestrians, and caregivers, by looking at these people. It looks at the user's face, observing its direction. The user can turn it by looking in his/her desired direction. It looks at pedestrians and changes the way of avoidance against them depending on whether or not their noticing it. In addition, it looks at the caregiver when he/she is with it and keeps moving with him/her. %M C.CHI.03.2.1010 %T Usability and CMMI: does a higher maturity level in product development mean better usability? %S Interactive posters: intelligent interfaces %A Timo Jokela %A Tuomo Lalli %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1010-1011 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766121 %X The new process improvement model, Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is analytically examined from the point of view of usability. The results show that a development organization even at the high levels of maturity may produce products with usability problems. The challenge for the field of HCI is to develop universal usability measures for the high maturity levels of CMMI. %M C.CHI.03.2.1012 %T Take it to the next stage: the roles of role playing in the design process %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Kristian T. Simsarian %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1012-1013 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766123 %X Using role play at every stage of the design process has been a vital tool for IDEO in working with clients and users. With the dual properties of bringing participants into the moment and making shared activities physical rather than just mental, role playing techniques make the process more experiential and creatively generative. Role playing is complimentary to traditional design techniques providing additional team dynamics and insights that bring the process and designs to another level. This paper describes how we have used role-playing in our design process and how it can be integrated into any HCI project. %M C.CHI.03.2.1014 %T Design concept to promote both reflective and experimental cognition for creative design work %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Shun'ichi Tano %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1014-1015 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766124 %X We discuss the disadvantages of the current design support systems that arise from a poor understanding of the human-cognitive characteristics, such as the reflective and experimental modes, and the selection of a suitable media for use in the creative design process. Then we demonstrate the current prototype system called "Godzilla" that supports the creative design especially for the car exterior designer. The designers can draw the concept image on a 2D pad (tablet with an LCD). When they grasp it and put it in midair, the shape of the 2D sketch is automatically recognized and appears as 3D sketch on a 3D pad (stereovision TV). They can sketch, modify, and observe from different viewpoints in both 2D and 3D. Note that 3D images are not displayed as a beautiful CG image, but a 3D sketch that consists of many 3D-cursive lines produced by mimicking the designer's pen touch in order to keep the designers in the reflective cognitive mode and to provide them with rich stimuli for their creative activities. %M C.CHI.03.2.1016 %T An hour in the life: towards requirements for modelling multiple task work %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Peter J. Wild %A Peter Johnson %A Hilary Johnson %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1016-1017 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766125 %X It is accepted that changes in technology, work practices and the general socio-economic environment affect the way we plan and perform tasks. Support, opportunity and pressure for people to 'multitask' has increased. We cannot assume that because an IT is designed well for a single-user single-task perspective, that it will effectively support multitasking. Some work has been undertaken into understanding these phenomena in a HCI context, but with little permeation into mainstream HCI methods. This paper provides an interim report into work into multiple task phenomena within the Task Knowledge Structures task analysis approach. %M C.CHI.03.2.1018 %T Evaluating a sketch environment for novice programmers %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Beryl Plimmer %A Mark Apperley %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1018-1019 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766126 %X This paper describes the evaluation of an electronic sketch interface design tool for novice programmers. A comparative study was undertaken with small groups using two different shared space environments; a conventional informal design environment and the pen based digital whiteboard. The students reacted positively to the electronic environment, where they worked informally with their design ideas and checked them more carefully. %M C.CHI.03.2.1020 %T Administrative assistants as interruption mediators %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Laura A. Dabbish %A Ryan S. Baker %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1020-1021 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766127 %X When designing automated systems that make decisions about when to allow or deny interruptions, the methods of professional interruption mediators are an important source of information. Administrative assistants are, by the nature of their jobs, expert interruption mediators. They make decisions every day about whether to allow interruptions to the person they support. We have conducted a series of interviews with administrative assistants whose ability has been publicly recognized. Based on their responses, we present a production-rule model of the decision process they use when deciding whether to deliver interruptions to the person they support. %M C.CHI.03.2.1022 %T Dating example for information architecture %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Ray Henderson %A TaRan Wilson %A Miyuki Shimbo %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1022-1023 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766128 %X This paper provides the documented explanations of our submitted poster to CHI 2003 about the process of Information Architecture (IA). The general theme of CHI 2003 was to deliver an innovative way of presenting IA in order to better the IA community through a given theme or use of a metaphor. Our poster, IA Dating Example for Information Architecture, explains how IA is related to everyone's daily lives. In this document, we describe the similarities of IA in the web field and in dating in each step of the IA process. %M C.CHI.03.2.1024 %T Emotional expressiveness in visual-sonic integration: a framework for multimedia design %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Kritsachai Somsaman %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1024-1025 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766129 %X A review of studies from psychology, music and cognitive science suggests that emotional expressiveness from the perception of visual and sonic information is comprised of two dimensions -- valence and activation. These two dimensions can be used as a framework to guide design for emotional expressiveness in multimedia. This paper discusses the formation of this theoretically derived framework. %M C.CHI.03.2.1026 %T Dynamic viewpoint tethering: enhancing control performance in virtual worlds %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Wenbi Wang %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1026-1027 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766130 %X In this study, we focus on investigating users' navigational performance with respect to the display frame of reference. Dynamic viewpoint tethering is proposed as a means to increase user control and reduce the need for mental rotations, thus facilitating the acquisition of configurational knowledge about the virtual space. The concept of dynamic viewpoint tethering is explained and recent research findings are presented. Twelve volunteers participated in an experiment in which they were instructed to control an aircraft-shaped cursor flying through a set of virtual tunnels and to answer questions about the environment. Experimental results showed that neither the loose dynamic tether nor the rigid tether supported the best control performance. Rather, optimal tether configuration lies at the centre of the rigidity continuum. The research results provide useful guidelines for the design of navigational system interfaces. %M C.CHI.03.2.1028 %T You're getting warmer!: how proximity information affects search behavior in physical spaces %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Leila Takayama %A Lawrence Leung %A Xiaodong Jiang %A Jason I. Hong %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1028-1029 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766131 %X This paper describes the results of a Wizard of Oz study of people's search behavior using BuddySystem, a proximity-sensing system designed to help end-users locate people, places, and things. BuddySystem uses distance estimation based on signal strength alone, since direction is difficult to obtain in ad-hoc radio-based systems. Overall findings indicate that the BuddySystem changed people's search behavior to reduce walking area, but may increase search times if the system demands too much of the user's attention, suggesting that reducing distractions and adjusting search strategies could improve search effectiveness of proximity-based tracking systems in physical spaces. %M C.CHI.03.2.1030 %T Paper or interactive?: a study of prototyping techniques for ubiquitous computing environments %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Linchuan Liu %A Peter Khooshabeh %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1030-1031 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766132 %X We studied the effects of varying the fidelity and automation levels of a Ubicomp application prototype. Our results show that the interactive prototype captured the same usability issues that the paper prototype studies did and more. We found that paper prototyping is insufficient for supporting unique Ubicomp requirements, such as scalability, but a prototype with higher fidelity and automation levels can enhance the quality of interaction data available for evaluation. %M C.CHI.03.2.1032 %T Framework for evaluating application adaptivity %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Marika Tahti %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1032-1033 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766133 %X In the future, ubiquitous applications, services and environments will need adaptivity and context awareness in order to adapt to their users' requirements and needs. Before these kinds of applications can be developed, we need to know when adaptivity is at an adequate level. This article introduces a framework (dimensions and degrees) for evaluating application adaptivity, showing how it can be used when evaluating commercial applications. %M C.CHI.03.2.1034 %T Location learning in Chinese versus English menu selection %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Kin Pou Lie %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1034-1035 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766134 %X The orthography of Chinese is remarkably different from that of English. Does it have implications for human-computer interaction? This paper presents an empirical study in which location learning of Chinese menu items and location learning of English menu items were compared. Participants using a Chinese menu learned the locations of menu items to a less extent, compared with participants using an equivalent English menu. %M C.CHI.03.2.1036 %T A contextual inquiry of expert programmers in an event-based programming environment %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Andrew Jensen Ko %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1036-1037 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766135 %X Event-based programming has been studied little, yet recent work suggests that language paradigm can predict programming strategies and performance. A contextual inquiry of four expert programmers using the Alice 3D programming environment was performed in order to discover how event-based programming strategies might be supported in programming environments. Various programming, testing, and debugging breakdowns were extracted from observations and possible programming environment tools are suggested as aids to avoid these breakdowns. Future analyses and studies are described. %M C.CHI.03.2.1038 %T Interface design for metadata creation %S Interactive posters: supporting design %A Abe Crystal %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1038-1039 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766136 %X The rapid growth of the Web has increased the importance of decentralized metadata creation. Resource authors must create their own metadata to enable enhanced information seeking and retrieval, and they need effective interfaces to support their work. This paper reports a baseline study of author interactions with a metadata system and draws implications for the design of future interfaces. %M C.CHI.03.2.1040 %T Designing personalized user experiences for eCommerce: theory, methods, and research %S Workshops %A Clare-Marie Karat %A Jan Blom %A John Karat %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1040-1041 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766138 %X The present workshop aims to form a community of individuals interested in exploring the user implications of personalized eCommerce applications. People working in industry, academia, and government are welcomed to participate. The aim of the two-day workshop is to access the current state of theory, methods, and research in this area and to create a theoretical framework on personalization of the user experience in eCommerce to help identify critical questions and guide future research. %M C.CHI.03.2.1042 %T Designing for learning %S Workshops %A Susanne Jul %A Chris Quintana %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1042-1043 %K design, design guidelines, design problem analysis, design theory, learning %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766139 %M C.CHI.03.2.1044 %T Perspectives on HCI patterns: concepts and tools %S Workshops %A Sally Fincher %A Janet Finlay %A Sharon Greene %A Lauretta Jones %A Paul Matchen %A John Thomas %A Pedro J. Molina %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1044-1045 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766140 %X This workshop will explore a diversity of perspectives on Patterns and Patterns Languages for HCI as well as the requirements for software tools needed to improve the effectiveness of both pattern creation and pattern use. Through discussion of conceptual and methodological issues of why (and how) patterns are identified and in what circumstances they are useful in the design process we hope to map out the conceptual landscape of HCI patterns. By moving closer and examining pattern-related behavior and experiences we hope to identify the requirements for tools to make progress through that landscape. %M C.CHI.03.2.1046 %T Scenarios in practice %S Workshops %A John Carroll %A Mary Beth Rosson %A Paul McInerney %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1046-1047 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766141 %X This one-day workshop focuses on how scenarios are being used in industrial projects effectively and efficiently. The scope includes the overlapping concerns of: (1) deployment (2) method integration (3) craft and quality, and (4) tailing to various project contexts. %M C.CHI.03.2.1048 %T Perspectives on end user development %S Workshops %A Henry Lieberman %A Fabio Paterno %A Alexander Repenning %A Volker Wulf %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1048-1049 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766142 %X The goal of the workshop is to bring about a coherent research agenda in the field of end user development. We seek contributors concerned with: adaptability, adaptivity, tailoring of system functionality and user interfaces, the use of annotations for individuals and user groups, and use of effective visual and multimedia representations. %M C.CHI.03.2.1050 %T Humor modeling in the interface %S Workshops %A Anton Nijholt %A Oliviero Stock %A Alan Dix %A John Morkes %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1050-1051 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766143 %X Humor is a multi-disciplinary field of research. People have been working on humor in many fields of research, such as psychology, philosophy and linguistics, sociology and literature. Especially in the context of computer science humor research aims at modeling humor in a computationally tractable way. Having computational models of humor allows interface designers to have the computer generate and interpret humor when interacting with users. In different studies it has been shown that humans respond in the same way to computers as they do to persons with respect to psychosocial phenomena such as personality, politeness, flattery, and in-group favoritism. Making use of this paradigm we may investigate a similar role to be played in human-computer interaction for various types of humor use and we can see whether the regulating and social-psychological aspects of humor can play positive roles in human-computer interaction. %M C.CHI.03.2.1052 %T Best practices and future visions for search user interfaces: a workshop %S Workshops %A Misha W. Vaughan %A Helmut Degen %A Marc Resnick %A Peter Gremett %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1052-1053 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766144 %X This one-day workshop will create a roadmap of current best practices and future needs for search user interface design. It will provide an interactive forum for participants to actively discuss submitted papers, industry trends, and gaps in our knowledge. Participants will come away with new research findings, key contacts, and identified opportunities for research. Participants will be both practitioners and academics to balance the discussion between theory and application. %M C.CHI.03.2.1054 %T Supporting intercultural computer-mediated discourse: methods, models, and architectures %S Workshops %A Fahri Yetim %A Elaine M. Raybourn %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1054-1055 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766145 %X We use the term "intercultural" instead of "cultural" to emphasis the dialogical relationship of at least two participants from different cultures in computer-mediated communication and cooperation contexts. Supporting intercultural computer-mediated communication (I-CMC) requires, on the one hand, the understanding of both enabling and constraining aspects (barriers) of such a dialogical situations, and calls for, on the other hand, new ideas for tools, architectures, etc., which may support, promote or enable computer-mediated intercultural communication and cooperation. This workshop explores the challenges in the intercultural computer-mediated communication and cooperation environments and will provide a platform for discussing empirical insights into the intercultural communication barriers and practical and theoretical works for new designs, tools and architectures that aims at overcoming them and enabling computer-mediated intercultural communication and cooperation. %M C.CHI.03.2.1056 %T HCI and security systems %S Workshops %A Andrew S. Patrick %A A. Chris Long %A Scott Flinn %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1056-1057 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766146 %X This workshop will seek to understand the roles and demands placed on users of security systems, and explore design solutions that can assist in making security systems usable and effective. In addition to examining end-users, this workshop will also examine the issues faced by security system developers and operators. The goal of the workshop is to build a network of interested people, share research activities and results, discuss high priority areas for research and development, and explore opportunities for collaboration. %M C.CHI.03.2.1058 %T Principles for multimodal user interface design %S Workshops %A James A. Larson %A Sharon Oviatt %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1058-1059 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766147 %X The goal of this workshop is to identify ten guiding principles for designing multimodal user interfaces. Researchers will use these principles to identify topics requiring further research. Practitioners will use these principles to generate guidelines for designing multimodal user interfaces. %M C.CHI.03.2.1060 %T Comparative expert reviews %S Workshops %A Rolf Molich %A Robin Jeffries %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1060-1061 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766148 %X In this workshop we will try to obtain a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the expert review and heuristic inspection methods. We will do this by comparing results of independent expert reviews, heuristic inspections and usability tests of the same state-of-the-art website carried out by participating expert usability professionals. %M C.CHI.03.2.1062 %T Designing culturally situated technologies for the home %S Workshops %A Genevieve Bell %A Mark Blythe %A Bill Gaver %A Phoebe Sengers %A Peter Wright %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1062-1063 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766149 %X As digital technologies proliferate in the home, the Human Computer Interaction (HCI) community has turned its attention from the workplace and productivity tools towards domestic design environments and non-utilitarian activities. In the workplace, applications tend to focus on productivity and efficiency and involve relatively well-understood requirements and methodologies, but in domestic design environments we are faced with the need to support new classes of activities. While usability is still central to the field, HCI is beginning to address considerations such as pleasure, fun, emotional effect, aesthetics, the experience of use, and the social and cultural impacts of new technologies. These considerations are particularly relevant to the home, where technologies are situated or embedded within an ecology that is rich with meaning and nuance. The aim of this workshop is to explore ways of designing domestic technology by incorporating an awareness of cultural context, accrued social meanings, and user experience. %M C.CHI.03.2.1064 %T Subtle expressivity for characters and robots %S Workshops %A Noriko Suzuki %A Christoph Bartneck %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1064-1065 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766150 %X People, both consciously and unconsciously, use subtle expressions to indirectly communicate their emotions and intentions through variations of the gaze direction, voice tone and gesture speed. People also perceive changes in the internal states of others from subtle changes in their expressivities while interacting with them. Subtle expressivity plays the supporting part to the leading role of explicit expressivity, such as contents of speech or category of facial expressions. However, subtle expressivity plays an important role to give moderate effects or gently regulate the relationship among the participants through a continuous interaction. These subtle expressivities are little focused on the design of interactive media in the context of software products and computers. Only in the area of computer games in which pre-designed animated characters are used, the full potential of subtle expressivity is fully understood and used. Although the general interest of the human-computer interaction research community in life-likeness and personality as a goal of software design is growing for reducing cognitive load [1,2], we are far from having coherent understanding of what subtle expressivity actually is and how products and processes can address it. We might question whether designing for subtle expressivity will result in gentle emotional effects on people and whether the processes and topics involved differ in any significant way from designing for believability or personality. %M C.CHI.03.2.1066 %T Providing elegant peripheral awareness %S Workshops %A JJ Cadiz %A Mary Czerwinski %A Scott McCrickard %A John Stasko %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1066-1067 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766151 %X In a one-day workshop, we strive to build community in this emerging research area, specifically targeting interfaces that are designed to provide awareness in a peripheral and elegant manner. We focus on improving consensus of basic and fundamental issues and developing a structural framework -- critical parameters, design themes, and evaluation procedures -- for research on these types of user interfaces. %M C.CHI.03.2.1068 %T System administrators are users, too: designing workspaces for managing internet-scale systems %S Workshops %A Rob Barrett %A Yen-Yang Michael Chen %A Paul P. Maglio %B CHI03 %D 2003 %V 2 %P 1068-1069 %* (c) Copyright 2003 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/765891.766152 %X The people who run large-scale computer systems deserve the attention of the HCI community. These professionals work with increasingly diverse and complex hardware and software, large systems often characterized as "unknowable" by a single person. Relying on relatively crude tools, these professionals keep the technological world running. By improving the system administration work environment, the cost of computing and risk of downtime will be decreased while the deployment of complex, beneficial systems will increase. This one-day workshop will focus on the HCI problems of system administrators, specifically management of scale and diversity, problem solving, and system monitoring and notification. Our goal is to bring together (1) HCI researchers, (2) middleware user interface software developers, and (3) real-world system administrators to form a cross-disciplinary community around this topic. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI00-1.BA %M C.CHI.2000.1.1 %T Unleashed: Web Tablet Integration Into the Home %S Beyond the Workplace %A Anne McClard %A Patricia Somers %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 1-8 %K Internet appliances, Pen-based computing, Hand-held computers, Ergonomics, Ethnography %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 967 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p1-mcclard/p1-mcclard.pdf %X To understand how web access from a portable tablet appliance changes the way people use the Internet, MediaOne gave families pen-based tablet computers with a wireless connection to our high-speed data network. We used ethnographic and usability methods to understand how tablets would be integrated into household activities and to define user requirements for such devices. Participants viewed the tablet as conceptually different from a PC. The tablet enabled a high degree of multitasking with household activities, yet flaws in form and function affected use. Results suggest that correctly designed portable Internet appliances will fill a special role in peoples' daily lives, particularly if these devices share information with each other. They will allow spontaneous access to information and communication anywhere. %M C.CHI.2000.1.9 %T Predicting Text Entry Speed on Mobile Phones %S Beyond the Workplace %A Miika Silfverberg %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A Panu Korhonen %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 9-16 %K Text entry, Mobile systems, Mobile phones, Keypad input, Human performance modeling, Fitts' law, Digraph frequencies %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 829 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p9-silfverberg/p9-silfverberg.pdf %X We present a model for predicting expert text entry rates for several input methods on a 12-key mobile phone keypad. The model includes a movement component based on Fitts' law and a linguistic component based on digraph, or letter-pair, probabilities. Predictions are provided for one-handed thumb and two-handed index finger input. For the traditional multi-press method or the lesser-used two-key method, predicted expert rates vary from about 21 to 27 words per minute (wpm). The relatively new T9 method works with a disambiguating algorithm and inputs each character with a single key press. Predicted expert rates vary from 41 wpm for one-handed thumb input to 46 wpm for two-handed index finger input. These figures are degraded somewhat depending on the user's strategy in coping with less-than-perfect disambiguation. Analyses of these strategies are presented. %M C.CHI.2000.1.17 %T Developing a Context-Aware Electronic Tourist Guide: Some Issues and Experiences %S Beyond the Workplace %A Keith Cheverst %A Nigel Davies %A Keith Mitchell %A Adrian Friday %A Christos Efstratiou %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 17-24 %K Mobile computing, Context-awareness, Adaptive hypermedia, User interface design, Evaluation %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1069 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p17-cheverst/p17-cheverst.pdf %X In this paper, we describe our experiences of developing and evaluating GUIDE, an intelligent electronic tourist guide. The GUIDE system has been built to overcome many of the limitations of the traditional information and navigation tools available to city visitors. For example, group-based tours are inherently inflexible with fixed starting times and fixed durations and (like most guidebooks) are constrained by the need to satisfy the interests of the majority rather than the specific interests of individuals. Following a period of requirements capture, involving experts in the field of tourism, we developed and installed a system for use by visitors to Lancaster. The system combines mobile computing technologies with a wireless infrastructure to present city visitors with information tailored to both their personal and environmental contexts. In this paper we present an evaluation of GUIDE, focusing on the quality of the visitor's experience when using the system. %M C.CHI.2000.1.25 %T Measuring the Allocation of Control in a 6 Degree-of-Freedom Docking Experiment %S Multi-Hand + Multi-DOF %A Maurice R. Masliah %A Paul Milgram %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 25-32 %K Coordination, Interaction techniques, Allocation of control, Virtual docking task, The M-metric, Evaluation methods, Motor control, Input devices, 6 degree-of-freedom control %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 810 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p25-masliah/p25-masliah.pdf %X Coordination definitions and metrics are reviewed from the motor control, biomedical, and human factors literature. This paper presents an alternative measurement called the M-metric, the product of the simultaneity and efficiency of a trajectory, as a means of quantifying allocation of control within a docking task. A 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) longitudinal virtual docking task experiment was conducted to address how control is allocated across six DOFs, how allocation of control changes with extended practice, and if differences in the allocation of control are input device dependent. The results show that operators, rather than controlling all 6 DOFs equally, allocate their control to the rotational and translational DOFs separately, and switch control between the two groups. With practice, allocation of control within the translational and rotational subsets increases at a faster rate than across all 6 DOFs together. %M C.CHI.2000.1.33 %T Symmetric Bimanual Interaction %S Multi-Hand + Multi-DOF %A Ravin Balakrishnan %A Ken Hinckley %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 33-40 %K Two-handed input, Symmetric interaction, Guiard theory, Input, Interaction techniques %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 869 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p33-balakrishnan/p33-balakrishnan.pdf %X We present experimental work that explores the factors governing symmetric bimanual interaction in a two-handed task that requires the user to track a pair of targets, one target with each hand. A symmetric bimanual task is a two-handed task in which each hand is assigned an identical role. In this context, we explore three main experimental factors. We vary the distance between the pair of targets to track: as the targets become further apart, visual diversion increases, forcing the user to divide attention between the two targets. We also vary the demands of the task by using both a slow and a fast tracking speed. Finally, we explore visual integration of sub-tasks: in one condition, the two targets to track are connected by a line segment which visually links the targets, while in the other condition there is no connecting line. Our results indicate that all three experimental factors affect the degree of parallelism, which we quantify using a new metric of bimanual parallelism. However, differences in tracking error between the two hands are affected only by the visual integration factor. %M C.CHI.2000.1.41 %T Two-Handed Input Using a PDA and a Mouse %S Multi-Hand + Multi-DOF %A Brad A. Myers %A Kin Pou Lie %A Bo-Chieh Yang %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 41-48 %K Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), Hand-held computers, Palm Pilot, Windows CE, Two-handed input, Smart environments, Ubiquitous computing, Pebbles %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1107 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p41-myers/p41-myers.pdf %X We performed several experiments using a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) as an input device in the non-dominant hand along with a mouse in the dominant hand. A PDA is a small hand-held palm-size computer like a 3Com Palm Pilot or a Windows CE device. These are becoming widely available and are easily connected to a PC. Results of our experiments indicate that people can accurately and quickly select among a small numbers of buttons on the PDA using the left hand without looking, and that, as predicted, performance, does decrease as the number of buttons increases. Homing times to move both hands between the keyboard and devices are only about 10% to 15% slower than times to move a single hand to the mouse, suggesting that acquiring two devices does not cause a large penalty. In an application task, we found that scrolling web pages using buttons or a scroller on the PDA matched the speed of using a mouse with a conventional scroll bar, and beat the best two-handed times reported in an earlier experiment. These results will help make two-handed interactions with computers more widely available and more effective. %M C.CHI.2000.1.49 %T The Effects of Animated Characters on Anxiety, Task Performance, and Evaluations of User Interfaces %S Agents %A Raoul Rickenberg %A Byron Reeves %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 49-56 %K Animated characters, Social agents, Social facilitation, Locus of control %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 971 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p49-rickenberg/p49-rickenberg.pdf %X Animated characters are common in user interfaces, but important questions remain about whether characters work in all situations and for all users. This experiment tested the effects of different character presentations on user anxiety, task performance, and subjective evaluations of two commerce websites. There were three character conditions (no character, a character that ignored the user, and a character that closely monitored work on the website). Users were separated into two groups that had different attitudes about accepting help from others: people with control orientations that were external (users thought that other people controlled their success) and those with internal orientations (users thought they were in control). Results showed that the effects of monitoring and individual differences' in thoughts about control worked as they do in real life. Users felt more anxious when characters monitored their website work and this effect was strongest for users with an external control orientation. Monitoring characters also decreased task performance, but increased trust in website content. Results are discussed in terms of design considerations that maximize the positive influence of animated agents. %M C.CHI.2000.1.57 %T Helper Agent: Designing an Assistant for Human-Human Interaction in a Virtual Meeting Space %S Agents %A Katherine Isbister %A Hideyuki Nakanishi %A Toru Ishida %A Cliff Nass %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 57-64 %K Social interface agents, Human-human interaction, Virtual meeting place, Cross-cultural communication %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 895 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p57-isbister/p57-isbister.pdf %X This paper introduces a new application area for agents in the computer interface: the support of human-human interaction. We discuss an interface agent prototype that is designed to support human-human communication in virtual environments. The prototype interacts with users strategically during conversation, spending most of its time listening. The prototype mimics a party host, trying to find a safe common topic for guests whose conversation has lagged. We performed an experimental evaluation of the prototype's ability to assist in cross-cultural conversations. We designed the prototype to introduce safe or unsafe topics to conversation pairs, through a series of questions and suggestions. The agent made positive contributions to participants' experience of the conversation, influenced their perception of each other and of each others' national group, and even seemed to effect their style of behavior. We discuss the implications of our research for the design of social agents to support human-human interaction. %M C.CHI.2000.1.65 %T Agents to Assist in Finding Help %S Agents %A Adriana Vivacqua %A Henry Lieberman %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 65-72 %K Expertise location, Agents, Matchmaking, Java, Help systems %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1322 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p65-vivacqua/p65-vivacqua.pdf %X When a novice needs help, often the best solution is to find a human expert who is capable of answering the novice's questions. But often, novices have difficulty characterizing their own questions and expertise and finding appropriate experts. Previous attempts to assist expertise location have provided matchmaking services, but leave the task of classifying knowledge and queries to be performed manually by the participants. We introduce Expert Finder, an agent that automatically classifies both novice and expert knowledge by autonomously analyzing documents created in the course of routine work. Expert Finder works in the domain of Java programming, where it relates a user's Java class usage to an independent domain model. User models are automatically generated that allow accurate matching of query to expert without either the novice or expert filling out skill questionnaires. Testing showed that automatically generated profiles matched well with experts' own evaluation of their skills, and we achieved a high rate of matching novice questions with appropriate experts. %M C.CHI.2000.1.73 %T Lurker Demographics: Counting the Silent %S Communication Environments %A Blair Nonnecke %A Jenny Preece %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 73-80 %K Lurker, Lurking, Discussion list, Demographic, Newsgroup, BBS, Email, Health-support, Traffic, Membership %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 793 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p73-nonnecke/p73-nonnecke.pdf %X As online groups grow in number and type, understanding lurking is becoming increasingly important. Recent reports indicate that lurkers make up over 90% of online groups, yet little is known about them. This paper presents a demographic study of lurking in email-based discussion lists (DLs) with an emphasis on health and software-support DLs. Four primary questions are examined. One, how prevalent is lurking, and do health and software-support DLs differ? Two, how do lurking levels vary as the definition is broadened from zero posts in 12 weeks to 3 or fewer posts in 12 weeks? Three, is there a relationship between lurking and the size of the DL, and four, is there a relationship between lurking and traffic level? When lurking is defined as no posts, the mean lurking level for all DLs is lower than the reported 90%. Health-support DLs have on average significantly fewer lurkers (46%) than software-support DLs (82%). Lurking varies widely ranging from 0 to 99%. The relationships between lurking, group size and traffic are also examined. %M C.CHI.2000.1.81 %T Talking in Circles: Designing a Spatially-Grounded Audioconferencing Environment %S Communication Environments %A Roy Rodenstein %A Judith S. Donath %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 81-88 %K Computer-mediated communication, Audio, Speech, Drawing, Representation, Media space, Interaction design, Multimodal interfaces, Multicast, Social navigation, Gesture %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1250 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p81-rodenstein/p81-rodenstein.pdf %X This paper presents Talking in Circles, a multimodal audioconferencing environment whose novel design emphasizes spatial grounding with the aim of supporting naturalistic group interaction behaviors. Participants communicate primarily by speech and are represented as colored circles in a two-dimensional space. Behaviors such as subgroup conversations and social navigation are supported through circle mobility as mediated by the environment and the crowd and distance-based attenuation of the audio. The circles serve as platforms for the display of identity, presence and activity: graphics are synchronized to participants' speech to aid in speech-source identification and participants can sketch in their circle, allowing a pictorial and gestural channel to complement the audio. We note user experiences through informal studies as well as design challenges we have faced in the creation of a rich environment for computer-mediated communication. %M C.CHI.2000.1.89 %T Jotmail: A Voicemail Interface that Enables You to See what was Said %S Communication Environments %A Steve Whittaker %A Richard Davis %A Julia Hirschberg %A Urs Muller %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 89-96 %K Voicemail, Annotation, Speech access, Note-taking, Asynchronous communication, "Speech as data", Empirical evaluation %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 928 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p89-whittaker/p89-whittaker.pdf %X Voicemail is a pervasive, but under-researched tool for workplace communication. Despite potential advantages of voicemail over email, current phone-based voicemail UIs are highly problematic for users. We present a novel, Web-based, voicemail interface, Jotmail. The design was based on data from several studies of voicemail tasks and user strategies. The GUI has two main elements: (a) personal annotations that serve as a visual analogue to underlying speech; (b) automatically derived message header information. We evaluated Jotmail in an 8-week field trial, where people used it as their only means for accessing voicemail. Jotmail was successful in supporting most key voicemail tasks, although users' electronic annotation and archiving behaviors were different from our initial predictions. Our results argue for the utility of a combination of annotation based indexing and automatically derived information, as a general technique for accessing speech archives. %M C.CHI.2000.1.97 %T Instructional Interventions in Computer-Based Tutoring: Differential Impact on Learning Time and Accuracy %S Models %A Albert Corbett %A Holly Trask %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 97-104 %K Intelligent tutoring systems, Instructional interface design, Animation, Plan scaffolding, Student modeling %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 848 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p97-corbett/p97-corbett.pdf %X We can reliably build "second generation" intelligent computer tutors that are approximately half as effective as human tutors. This paper evaluates two interface enhancements designed to improve the effectiveness of one successful second generation tutor, the ACT Programming Tutor. One enhancement employs animated feedback to make key data structure relationships salient. The second enhancement employs subgoal scaffolding to support students in developing simple programming plans. Both interventions were successful, but had very different impacts on student effort required to achieve mastery in the tutor environment and on subsequent posttest accuracy. These results represent a step forward in closing the gap between computer tutors and human tutors. %M C.CHI.2000.1.105 %T Keystroke Level Analysis of Email Message Organization %S Models %A Olle Balter %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 105-112 %K Email, Model, User, Organisation of messages. %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 789 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p105-balter/p105-balter.pdf %X Organization of email messages takes an increasing amount of time for many email users. Research has demonstrated that users develop very different strategies to handle this organization. In this paper, the relationship between the different organization strategies and the time necessary to use a certain strategy is illustrated by a mathematical model based on keystroke-level analysis. The model estimates time usage for archiving and retrieving email messages for individual users. Besides explaining why users develop different strategies to organize email messages, the model can also be used to advise users individually when to start using folders, clean messages, learn the search functionality, and using filters to store messages. Similar models could assist evaluation of different interface designs where the number of items increase with time. %M C.CHI.2000.1.113 %T Using Naming Time to Evaluate Quality Predictors for Model Simplification %S Models %A Benjamin Watson %A Alinda Friedman %A Aaron McGaffey %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 113-120 %K Model simplification, Simplification metrics, Image quality, Naming time, Human vision %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 900 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p113-watson/p113-watson.pdf %X Model simplification researchers require quality heuristics to guide simplification, and quality predictors to allow comparison of different simplification algorithms. However, there has been little evaluation of these heuristics or predictors. We present an evaluation of quality predictors. Our standard of comparison is naming time, a well established measure of recognition from cognitive psychology. Thirty participants named models of familiar objects at three levels of simplification. Results confirm that naming time is sensitive to model simplification. Correlations indicate that view-dependent image quality predictors are most effective for drastic simplifications, while view-independent three-dimensional predictors are better for more moderate simplifications. %M C.CHI.2000.1.121 %T Interactive Textbook and Interactive Venn Diagram: Natural and Intuitive Interfaces on Augmented Desk System %S Tangible UI Systems %A Hideki Koike %A Yoichi Sato %A Yoshinori Kobayashi %A Hiroaki Tobita %A Motoki Kobayashi %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 121-128 %K Augmented reality, Computer vision, Finger/hand recognition, Information retrieval, Venn diagram, Education, Computer supported learning %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1262 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p121-koike/p121-koike.pdf %X This paper describes two interface prototypes which we have developed on our augmented desk interface system, EnhancedDesk. The first application is Interactive Textbook, which is aimed at providing an effective learning environment. When a student opens a page which describes experiments or simulations, Interactive Textbook automatically retrieves digital contents from its database and projects them onto the desk. Interactive Textbook also allows the student hands-on ability to interact with the digital contents. The second application is the Interactive Venn Diagram, which is aimed at supporting effective information retrieval. Instead of keywords, the system uses real objects such as books or CDs as keys for retrieval. The system projects a circle around each book; data corresponding the book are then retrieved and projected inside the circle. By moving two or more circles so that the circles intersect each other, the user can compose a Venn diagram interactively on the desk. We also describe the new technologies introduced in EnhancedDesk which enable us to implement these applications. %M C.CHI.2000.1.129 %T curlybot: Designing a New Class of Computational Toys %S Tangible UI Systems %A Phil Frei %A Victor Su %A Bakhtiar Mikhak %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 129-136 %K Education, Learning, Children, Tangible interface, Toy %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 964 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p129-frei/p129-frei.pdf %X We introduce an educational toy, called curlybot, as the basis for a new class of toys aimed at children in their early stages of development -- ages four and up. curlybot is an autonomous two-wheeled vehicle with embedded electronics that can record how it has been moved on any flat surface and then play back that motion accurately and repeatedly. Children can use curlybot to develop intuitions for advanced mathematical and computational concepts, like differential geometry, through play away from a traditional computer. In our preliminary studies, we found that children learn to use curlybot quickly. They readily establish an affective and body syntonic connection with curlybot, because of its ability to remember all of the intricacies of their original gesture; every pause, acceleration, and even the shaking in their hand is recorded. Programming by example in this context makes the educational ideas implicit in the design of curlybot accessible to young children. %M C.CHI.2000.1.137 %T HandSCAPE: A Vectorizing Tape Measure for On-Site Measuring Applications %S Tangible UI Systems %A Jay Lee %A Victor Su %A Sandia Ren %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 137-144 %K Input device, Field measurement tool, On-site applications, Orientation-aware, Physical interaction, Tangible interface %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1451 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p137-lee/p137-lee.pdf %X We introduce HandSCAPE, an orientation-aware digital tape measure, as an input device for digitizing field measurements, and visualizing the volume of the resulting vectors with computer graphics. Using embedded orientation-sensing hardware, HandSCAPE captures relevant vectors on each linear measurements and transmits this data wirelessly to a remote computer in real-time. To guide us in design, we have closely studied the intended users, their tasks, and the physical workplaces to extract the needs from real worlds. In this paper, we first describe the potential utility of HandSCAPE for three on-site application areas: archeological surveys, interior design, and storage space allocation. We then describe the overall system which includes orientation sensing, vector calculation, and primitive modeling. With exploratory usage results, we conclude our paper for interface design issues and future developments. %M C.CHI.2000.1.145 %T Bringing Order to the Web: Automatically Categorizing Search Results %S Bringing Order Out of Chaos %A Hao Chen %A Susan Dumais %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 145-152 %K User interface, World Wide Web, Search, User study, Text categorization, Classification, Support vector machine %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 977 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p145-chen/p145-chen.pdf %X We developed a user interface that organizes Web search results into hierarchical categories. Text classification algorithms were used to automatically classify arbitrary search results into an existing category structure on-the-fly. A user study compared our new category interface with the typical ranked list interface of search results. The study showed that the category interface is superior both in objective and subjective measures. Subjects liked the category interface much better than the list interface, and they were 50% faster at finding information that was organized into categories. Organizing search results allows users to focus on items in categories of interest rather than having to browse through all the results sequentially. %M C.CHI.2000.1.153 %T Enhancing a Digital Book with a Reading Recommender %S Bringing Order Out of Chaos %A Allison Woodruff %A Rich Gossweiler %A James Pitkow %A Ed H. Chi %A Stuart K. Card %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 153-160 %K Spreading activation, Bibliometrics, Recommendations, Information visualization, 3D book, Degree of interest %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1149 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p153-woodruff/p153-woodruff.pdf %X Digital books can significantly enhance the reading experience, providing many functions not available in printed books. In this paper we study a particular augmentation of digital books that provides readers with customized recommendations. We systematically explore the application of spreading activation over text and citation data to generate useful recommendations. Our findings reveal that for the tasks performed in our corpus, spreading activation over text is more useful than citation data. Further, fusing text and citation data via spreading activation results in the most useful recommendations. The fused spreading activation techniques outperform traditional text-based retrieval methods. Finally, we introduce a preliminary user interface for the display of recommendations from these algorithms. %M C.CHI.2000.1.161 %T The Scent of a Site: A System for Analyzing and Predicting Information Scent, Usage, and Usability of a Web Site %S Bringing Order Out of Chaos %A Ed H. Chi %A Peter Pirolli %A James Pitkow %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 161-168 %K Information foraging, Information scent, World Wide Web, Usability, Information visualization, Data mining, Longest repeated subsequences, Dome Tree, Usage-based layout %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1257 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p161-chi/p161-chi.pdf %X Designers and researchers of users' interactions with the World Wide Web need tools that permit the rapid exploration of hypotheses about complex interactions of user goals, user behaviors, and Web site designs. We present an architecture and system for the analysis and prediction of user behavior and Web site usability. The system integrates research on human information foraging theory, a reference model of information visualization and Web data-mining techniques. The system also incorporates new methods of Web site visualization (Dome Tree, Usage Based Layouts), a new predictive modeling technique for Web site use (Web User Flow by Information Scent, WUFIS), and new Web usability metrics. %M C.CHI.2000.1.169 %T Browsing Digital Video %S Video Summarization %A Francis C. Li %A Anoop Gupta %A Elizabeth Sanocki %A Li-wei He %A Yong Rui %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 169-176 %K Digital video, Video browsing, Video indexing, Time compression, Pause removal, Next-generation video playback interfaces %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1498 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p169-li/p169-li.pdf %X Video in digital format played on programmable devices presents opportunities for significantly enhancing the user's viewing experience. For example, time compression and pause removal can shorten the viewing time for a video, textual and visual indices can allow personalized navigation through the content, and random-access digital storage allows instantaneous seeks into the content. To understand user behavior when such capabilities are available, we built a software video browsing application that combines many such features. We present results from a user study where users browsed video in six different categories: classroom lectures, conference presentations, entertainment shows, news, sports, and travel. Our results show that the most frequently used features were time compression, pause removal, and navigation using shot boundaries. Also, the behavior was different depending on the content type, and we present a classification. Finally, the users found the browser to be very useful. Two main reasons were: i) the ability to save time and ii) the feeling of control over what content they watched. %M C.CHI.2000.1.177 %T Comparing Presentation Summaries: Slides vs. Reading vs. Listening %S Video Summarization %A Liwei He %A Elizabeth Sanocki %A Anoop Gupta %A Jonathan Grudin %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 177-184 %K Video abstraction, Video summarization, Digital video library, Video browsing, Video skim, Multimedia %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1036 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p177-he/p177-he.pdf %X As more audio and video technical presentations go online, it becomes imperative to give users effective summarization and skimming tools so that they can find the presentation they want and browse through it quickly. In a previous study, we reported three automated methods for generating audio-video summaries and a user evaluation of those methods. An open question remained about how well various text/image only techniques will compare to the audio-video summarizations. This study attempts to fill that gap. This paper reports a user study that compares four possible ways of allowing a user to skim a presentation: 1) PowerPoint slides used by the speaker during the presentation, 2) the text transcript created by professional transcribers from the presentation, 3) the transcript with important points highlighted by the speaker, and 4) a audio-video summary created by the speaker. Results show that although some text-only conditions can match the audio-video summary, users have a marginal preference for audio-video (ANOVA F=3.067, p=0.087). Furthermore, different styles of slide-authoring (e.g., detailed vs. big-points only) can have a big impact on their effectiveness as summaries, raising a dilemma for some speakers in authoring for on-demand previewing versus that for live audiences. %M C.CHI.2000.1.185 %T An Interactive Comic Book Presentation for Exploring Video %S Video Summarization %A John Boreczky %A Andreas Girgensohn %A Gene Golovchinsky %A Shingo Uchihashi %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 185-192 %K Video summarization, Video browsing, Keyframe extraction %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1581 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p185-boreczky/p185-boreczky.pdf %X This paper presents a method for generating compact pictorial summarizations of video. We developed a novel approach for selecting still images from a video suitable for summarizing the video and for providing entry points into it. Images are laid out in a compact, visually pleasing display reminiscent of a comic book or Japanese manga. Users can explore the video by interacting with the presented summary. Links from each keyframe start video playback and/or present additional detail. Captions can be added to presentation frames to include commentary or descriptions such as the minutes of a recorded meeting. We conducted a study to compare variants of our summarization technique. The study participants judged the manga summary to be significantly better than the other two conditions with respect to their suitability for summaries and navigation, and their visual appeal. %M C.CHI.2000.1.193 %T Face to Interface: Facial Affect in (Hu)man and Machine %S Emotions and Values %A Diane J. Schiano %A Sheryl M. Ehrlich %A Krisnawan Rahardja %A Kyle Sheridan %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 193-200 %K Affective computing, Facial affect, Facial expression of emotion, Affect, Emotion, Face, Nonverbal communication %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 885 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p193-schiano/p193-schiano.pdf %X Facial expression of emotion (or "facial affect") is rapidly becoming an area of intense interest in the computer science and interaction design communities. Ironically, this interest comes at a time when the classic findings on perception of human facial affect are being challenged in the psychological research literature, largely on methodological grounds. This paper presents two studies on perception of facial affect. Experiment 1 provides new data on the recognition of human facial expressions, using experimental methods and analyses designed to systematically address the criticisms and help resolve this controversy. Experiment 2 is a user study on affect in a prototype robot face; the results are compared to the human data of Experiment 1. Together they provide a demonstration of how basic and more applied research can mutually contribute to this rapidly developing field. %M C.CHI.2000.1.201 %T Hedonic and Ergonomic Quality Aspects Determine a Software's Appeal %S Emotions and Values %A Marc Hassenzahl %A Axel Platz %A Michael Burmester %A Katrin Lehner %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 201-208 %K Perceived software quality, Emotional usability, Hedonic components, Joy of use %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 794 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p201-hassenzahl/p201-hassenzahl.pdf %X The present study examines the role of subjectively perceived ergonomic quality (e.g. simplicity, controllability) and hedonic quality (e.g. novelty, originality) of a software system in forming a judgement of appeal. A hypothesised research model is presented. The two main research question are: (1) Are ergonomic and hedonic quality subjectively different quality aspects that can be independently perceived by the users? and (2) Is the judgement of appeal formed by combining and weighting ergonomic and hedonic quality and which weights are assigned? The results suggest that both quality aspects can be independently perceived by users. Moreover, they almost equally contributed to the appeal of the tested software prototypes. A simple averaging model implies that both quality aspects will compensate each other. Limitations and practical implication of the results are discussed. %M C.CHI.2000.1.209 %T Alternatives: Exploring Information Appliances through Conceptual Design Proposals %S Emotions and Values %A Bill Gaver %A Heather Martin %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 209-216 %K Design research, Information appliances, Home, Conceptual design %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1213 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p209-gaver/p209-gaver.pdf %X As a way of mapping a design space for a project on information appliances, we produced a workbook describing about twenty conceptual design proposals. On the one hand, they serve as suggestions that digital devices might embody values apart from those traditionally associated with functionality and usefulness. On the other, they are examples of research through design, balancing concreteness with openness to spur the imagination, and using multiplicity to allow the emergence of a new design space. Here we describe them both in terms of content and process, discussing first the values they address and then how they were crafted to encourage a broad discussion with our partners that could inform future stages of design. %M C.CHI.2000.1.217 %T An Observational Study of How Objects Support Engineering Design Thinking and Communication: Implications for the Design of Tangible Media %S Tangible UI Design Issues %A Margot Brereton %A Ben McGarry %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 217-224 %K Tangible media, Augmented reality, Interaction design, Design thinking, User models, Cognitive models. %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 822 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p217-brereton/p217-brereton.pdf %X There has been an increasing interest in objects within the HCI field particularly with a view to designing tangible interfaces. However, little is known about how people make sense of objects and how objects support thinking. This paper presents a study of groups of engineers using physical objects to prototype designs, and articulates the roles that physical objects play in supporting their design thinking and communications. The study finds that design thinking is heavily dependent upon physical objects, that designers are active and opportunistic in seeking out physical props and that the interpretation and use of an object depends heavily on the activity. The paper discusses the trade-offs that designers make between speed and accuracy of models, and specificity and generality in choice of representations. Implications for design of tangible interfaces are discussed. %M C.CHI.2000.1.225 %T Tagged Handles: Merging Discrete and Continuous Manual Control %S Tangible UI Design Issues %A Karon E. MacLean %A Scott S. Snibbe %A Golan Levin %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 225-232 %K Discrete, Continuous, Haptic, Force feedback, Tagged object, Tangible, Tool, Token, Container, Design process %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 976 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p225-maclean/p225-maclean.pdf %X Discrete and continuous modes of manual control are fundamentally different: buttons select or change state, while handles persistently modulate an analog parameter. User interfaces for many electronically aided tasks afford only one of these modes when both are needed. We describe an integration of two kinds of physical interfaces (tagged objects and force feedback) that enables seamless execution of such multimodal tasks while applying the benefits of physicality; and demonstrate application scenarios with conceptual and engineering prototypes. Our emphasis is on sharing insights gained in a design case study, including expert user reactions. %M C.CHI.2000.1.233 %T Traversable Interfaces Between Real and Virtual Worlds %S Tangible UI Design Issues %A Boriana Koleva %A Holger Schnadelbach %A Steve Benford %A Chris Greenhalgh %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 233-240 %K Mixed reality, Virtual environments, Augmented reality, Tele-presence, Tele-embodiment %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1105 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p233-koleva/p233-koleva.pdf %X Traversable interfaces establish the illusion that virtual and physical worlds are joined together and that users can physically cross from one to the other. Our design for a traversable interface combines work on tele-embodiment, mixed reality boundaries and virtual environments. It also exploits non-solid projection surfaces, of which we describe four examples. Our design accommodates the perspectives of users who traverse the interface and also observers who are present in the connected physical and virtual worlds, an important consideration for performance and entertainment applications. A demonstrator supports encounters between members of our laboratory and remote visitors. %M C.CHI.2000.1.241 %T Tradeoffs in Displaying Peripheral Information %S WWW Navigation Aids %A Paul P. Maglio %A Christopher S. Campbell %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 241-248 %K Peripheral information, Dual-task tradeoffs, User interface design %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 917 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p241-maglio/p241-maglio.pdf %X Peripheral information is information that is not central to a person's current task, but provides the person the opportunity to learn more, to do a better job, or to keep track of less important tasks. Though peripheral information displays are ubiquitous, they have been rarely studied. For computer users, a common peripheral display is a scrolling text display that provides announcements, sports scores, stock prices, or other news. In this paper, we investigate how to design peripheral displays so that they provide the most information while having the least impact on the user's performance on the main task. We report a series of experiments on scrolling displays aimed at examining tradeoffs between distraction of scrolling motion and memorability of information displayed. Overall, we found that continuously scrolling displays are more distracting than displays that start and stop, but information in both is remembered equally well. These results are summarized in a set of design recommendations. %M C.CHI.2000.1.249 %T The Impact of Fluid Documents on Reading and Browsing: An Observational Study %S WWW Navigation Aids %A Polle T. Zellweger %A Susan Harkness Regli %A Jock D. Mackinlay %A Bay-Wei Chang %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 249-256 %K Fluid user interfaces, Fluid documents, Focus+context, Hypertext navigation, On-line reading, Eye tracking, Studies of dynamic user interfaces %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1077 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p249-zellweger/p249-zellweger.pdf %X Fluid Documents incorporate additional information into a page by adjusting typography using interactive animation. One application is to support hypertext browsing by providing glosses for link anchors. This paper describes an observational study of the impact of Fluid Documents on reading and browsing. The study involved six conditions that differ along several dimensions, including the degree of typographic adjustment and the distance glosses are placed from anchors. Six subjects read and answered questions about two hypertext corpora while being monitored by an eyetracker. The eyetracking data revealed no substantial differences in eye behavior between conditions. Gloss placement was significant: subjects required less time to use nearby glosses. Finally, the reaction to the conditions was highly varied, with several conditions receiving both a best and worst rating on the subjective questionnaires. These results suggest implications for the design of dynamic reading environments. %M C.CHI.2000.1.257 %T Effects of Contextual Navigation Aids on Browsing Diverse Web Systems %S WWW Navigation Aids %A Joonah Park %A Jinwoo Kim %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 257-264 %K Context information, Navigation, Web systems, Structure, Browsing, Hypertext %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 811 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p257-park/p257-park.pdf %X In spite of the radical enhancement of web technologies, many users still continue to experience severe difficulties in navigating web systems. One way to reduce the navigation difficulties is to provide context information that explains the current situation of users in the web systems. In this study, we empirically examined the effects of two types of context information, namely, structural and temporal context. In the experiment, we evaluated the effectiveness of the contextual navigation aids in two different types of web systems: an electronic commerce system and a content dissemination system. In our experiment, subjects performed several browsing tasks and answered a set of post-questionnaires. The results of the experiment reveal that the two types of contextual navigation aids significantly improved the performance of browsing tasks regardless of different web systems. Moreover, context information changed the users' navigation patterns, and increased their subjective ease of navigation. This study concludes with implications for understanding the users' browsing patterns and for developing effective navigation systems. %M C.CHI.2000.1.265 %T Interacting with Eye Movements in Virtual Environments %S Eye Gaze %A Vildan Tanriverdi %A Robert J. K. Jacob %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 265-272 %K Eye movements, Eye tracking, Polhemus tracker, Virtual reality, Virtual environments, Interaction techniques %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 798 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p265-tanriverdi/p265-tanriverdi.pdf %X Eye movement-based interaction offers the potential of easy, natural, and fast ways of interacting in virtual environments. However, there is little empirical evidence about the advantages or disadvantages of this approach. We developed a new interaction technique for eye movement interaction in a virtual environment and compared it to more conventional 3-D pointing. We conducted an experiment to compare performance, of the two interaction types and to assess their impacts on spatial memory of subjects and to explore subjects' satisfaction with the two types of interactions. We found that the eye movement-based interaction was faster than pointing, especially for distant objects. However, subjects' ability to recall spatial information was weaker in the eye condition than the pointing one. Subjects reported equal satisfaction with both types of interactions, despite the technology limitations of current eye tracking equipment. %M C.CHI.2000.1.273 acmdl second page number missing from ToC %T Intelligent Gaze-Added Interfaces %S Eye Gaze %A Dario D. Salvucci %A John R. Anderson %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 273-280 %K Gaze-added interfaces, Gaze-based interfaces, Intelligent interfaces, Eye movements, User models %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 888 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p273-salvucci/p273-salvucci.pdf %X We discuss a novel type of interface, the intelligent gaze-added interface, and describe the design and evaluation of a sample gaze-added operating-system interface. Gaze-added interfaces, like current gaze-based systems, allow users to execute commands using their eyes. However, while most gaze-based systems replace the functionality of other inputs with that of gaze, gaze-added interfaces simply add gaze functionality that the user can employ if and when desired. Intelligent gaze-added interfaces utilize a probabilistic algorithm and user model to interpret gaze focus and alleviate typical problems with eye-tracking data. We extended a standard WIMP operating-system interface into a new interface, IGO, that incorporates intelligent gaze-added input. In a user study, we found that users quickly adapted to the new interface and utilized gaze effectively both alone and with other inputs. %M C.CHI.2000.1.281 %T Evaluation of Eye Gaze Interaction %S Eye Gaze %A Linda E. Sibert %A Robert J. K. Jacob %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 281-288 %K Eye movements, Eye tracking, User interfaces, Interaction techniques %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 882 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p281-sibert/p281-sibert.pdf %X Eye gaze interaction can provide a convenient and natural addition to user-computer dialogues. We have previously reported on our interaction techniques using eye gaze [10]. While our techniques seemed useful in demonstration, we now investigate their strengths and weaknesses in a controlled setting. In this paper, we present two experiments that compare an interaction technique we developed for object selection based on a where a person is looking with the most commonly used selection method using a mouse. We find that our eye gaze interaction technique is faster than selection with a mouse. The results show that our algorithm, which makes use of knowledge about how the eyes behave, preserves the natural quickness of the eye. Eye gaze interaction is a reasonable addition to computer interaction and is convenient in situations where it is important to use the hands for other tasks. It is particularly beneficial for the larger screen workspaces and virtual environments of the future, and it will become increasingly practical as eye tracker technology matures. %M C.CHI.2000.1.289 %T Enriching Buyers' Experiences: The SmartClient Approach %S User Experience in E-Commerce %A Pearl Pu %A Boi Faltings %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 289-296 %K eCommerce, On-line travel planning systems, Visual overview, Client-server architecture, Constraint solver %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 3733 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p289-pu/p289-pu.pdf %X In electronic commerce, a satisfying buyer experience is a key competitive element. We show new techniques for better adapting interaction with an electronic catalog system to actual buying behavior. Our model replaces the sequential separation of needs identification and product brokering with a conversation in which both processes occur simultaneously. This conversation supports the buyer in formulating his or her needs, and in deciding which criteria to apply in selecting a product to buy. We have experimented with this approach in the area of travel planning and developed a system called SmartClient Travel which supports this process. It includes tools for need identification, visualization of alternatives, and choosing the most suitable one. We describe the system and its implementation, and report on user studies showing its advantages for electronic catalogs. %M C.CHI.2000.1.297 %T Quality is in the Eye of the Beholder: Meeting Users' Requirements for Internet Quality of Service %S User Experience in E-Commerce %A Anna Bouch %A Allan Kuchinsky %A Nina Bhatti %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 297-304 %K Internet, Quality of service, User perception %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 843 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p297-bouch/p297-bouch.pdf %X Growing usage and diversity of applications on the Internet makes Quality of Service (QoS) increasingly critical [15]. To date, the majority of research on QoS is systems oriented, focusing on traffic analysis, scheduling, and routing. Relatively minor attention has been paid to user-level QoS issues. It is not yet known how objective system quality relates to users' subjective perceptions of quality. This paper presents the results of quantitative experiments that establish a mapping between objective and perceived QoS in the context of Internet commerce. We also conducted focus groups to determine how contextual factors influence users' perceptions of QoS. We show that, while users' perceptions of World Wide Web QoS are influenced by a number of contextual factors, it is possible to correlate objective measures of QoS with subjective judgements made by users, and therefore influence system design. We argue that only by integrating users' requirements for QoS into system design can the utility of the future Internet be maximized. %M C.CHI.2000.1.305 %T What Makes Internet Users Visit Cyber Stores Again? Key Design Factors for Customer Loyalty %S User Experience in E-Commerce %A Jungwon Lee %A Jinwoo Kim %A Jae Yun Moon %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 305-312 %K Customer loyalty, Customer interface, Transaction cost, Trust, Involvement, Internet shopping, Electronic commerce %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 868 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p305-lee/p305-lee.pdf %X Retaining customer loyalty is crucial in electronic commerce because the value of an Internet store is largely determined by the number of its loyal customers. This paper proposes a multi-phased model of customer loyalty for Internet shopping, which fully takes the characteristics of the Internet and cyber shopping into consideration. In order to validate the model, we conducted a web-based survey of the customers of various Internet stores, and the data was processed using structural equation analysis. The results indicate that several factors can effectively increase customer loyalty towards an Internet store and that the relative importance of the identified factors varies according to the level of involvement with the product purchased through the store. We suggest several managerial implications in developing Internet stores for higher customer loyalty based on these results. %M C.CHI.2000.1.313 %T Speak Out and Annoy Someone: Experience with Intelligent Kiosks %S Speech %A Andrew D. Christian %A Brian L. Avery %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 313-320 %K Public kiosk, Talking avatar, Speech recognition, Machine vision, User interface design, Information display %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1172 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p313-christian/p313-christian.pdf %X An intelligent kiosk is a public information kiosk that senses the presence of humans and communicates in a natural way. To examine issues of human-kiosk interaction, we have built and deployed two versions of intelligent kiosks. The first kiosk design combines machine vision to locate and track people in the vicinity with an animated talking head that focuses on clients and talks to them. The second kiosk design uses infrared and sonar sensors to sense clients and multiple interacting agents to communicate with the client. The foremost lessons learned from public trials include (1) people are attracted to an animated face that watches them, (2) small mobile agents interact better with kiosk content than a single fixed face, (3) speaker-independent speech recognition is only useful in targeted applications, and (4) the quality of the content on the kiosk strongly influences the client's evaluation of the quality of the technology. %M C.CHI.2000.1.321 %T The Effect of Task Conditions on the Comprehensibility of Synthetic Speech %S Speech %A Jennifer Lai %A David Wood %A Michael Considine %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 321-328 %K Text-to-speech, Synthetic speech, User study, Comprehension %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 924 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p321-lai/p321-lai.pdf %X A study was conducted with 78 subjects to evaluate the comprehensibility of synthetic speech for various tasks ranging from short, simple e-mail messages to longer news articles on mostly obscure topics. Comprehension accuracy for each subject was measured for synthetic speech and for recorded human speech. Half the subjects were allowed to take notes while listening, the other half were not. Findings show that there was no significant difference in comprehension of synthetic speech among the five different text-to-speech engines used. Those subjects that did not take notes performed significantly worse for all synthetic voice tasks when compared to recorded speech tasks. Performance for synthetic speech in the non note-taking condition degraded as the task got longer and more complex. When taking notes, subjects also did significantly worse within the synthetic voice condition averaged across all six tasks. However, average performance scores for the last three tasks in this condition show comparable results for human and synthetic speech, reflective of a training effect. %M C.CHI.2000.1.329 %T Does Computer-Generated Speech Manifest Personality? An Experimental Test of Similarity-Attraction %S Speech %A Clifford Nass %A Kwan Min Lee %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 329-336 %K TTS (Text-to-Speech), CASA (Computers are social actors), Speech user interfaces, Personality, Similarity-attraction effect %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 849 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p329-nass/p329-nass.pdf %X This study examines whether people would interpret and respond to paralinguistic personality cues in computer-generated speech in the same way as they do human speech. Participants used a book-buying website and heard five book reviews in a 2 (synthesized voice personality: extrovert vs. introvert) by 2 (participant personality: extrovert vs. introvert) balanced, between-subjects experiment. Participants accurately recognized personality cues in TTS and showed strong similarity-attraction effects. Although the content was the same for all participants, when the personality of the computer voice matched their own personality: 1) participants regarded the computer voice as more attractive, credible, and informative; 2) the book review was evaluated more positively; 3) the reviewer was more attractive and credible; and 4) participants were more likely to buy the book. Match of user voice characteristics with TTS had no effect, confirming the social nature of the interaction. We discuss implications for HCI theory and design. %M C.CHI.2000.1.337 %T A Toolkit for Strategic Usability: Results from Workshops, Panels, and Surveys %S Usability %A Stephanie Rosenbaum %A Janice Anne Rohn %A Judee Humburg %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 337-344 %K Usability, Strategic usability, Corporate planning, Methodology, HCI professionals, Organizational change %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 858 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p337-rosenbaum/p337-rosenbaum.pdf %X This paper describes the organizational approaches and usability methodologies considered by HCI professionals to increase the strategic impact of usability research within companies. We collected the data from 134 HCI professionals at three conferences: CHI 98, CHI 99, and the Usability Professionals' Association 1999 conference. The results are the first steps towards a toolkit for the usability community that can help HCI practitioners learn from the experiences of others in similar situations. %M C.CHI.2000.1.345 acmdl no link to PDF in toc %T Measuring Usability: Are Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Satisfaction Really Correlated? %S Usability %A Erik Frokjaer %A Morten Hertzum %A Kasper Hornbaek %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 345-352 %K Usability measures, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Satisfaction, Information retrieval, Usability testing, User studies %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p345-frokjar/p345-frokjar.pdf %X Usability comprises the aspects effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. The correlations between these aspects are not well understood for complex tasks. We present data from an experiment where 87 subjects solved 20 information retrieval tasks concerning programming problems. The correlation between efficiency, as indicated by task completion time, and effectiveness, as indicated by quality of solution, was negligible. Generally, the correlations among the usability aspects depend in a complex way on the application domain, the user's experience, and the use context. Going through three years of CHI Proceedings, we find that 11 out of 19 experimental studies involving complex tasks account for only one or two aspects of usability. When these studies make claims concerning overall usability, they rely on risky assumptions about correlations between usability aspects. Unless domain specific studies suggest otherwise, effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction should be considered independent aspect of usability and all be included in usability testing. %M C.CHI.2000.1.353 %T The Streamlined Cognitive Walkthrough Method, Working Around Social Constraints Encountered in a Software Development Company %S Usability %A Rick Spencer %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 353-359 %K Cognitive walkthrough, Usability inspection %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 691 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p353-spencer/p353-spencer.pdf %X The cognitive walkthrough method described by Wharton et al. may be difficult to apply in a large software development company because of social constraints that exist in such companies. Managers, developers, and other team members are pressured for time, tend to lapse into lengthy design discussions, and are sometimes defensive about their user-interface designs. By enforcing four ground rules, explicitly defusing defensiveness, and streamlining the cognitive walkthrough method and data collection procedures, these social constraints can be overcome, and useful, valid data can be obtained. This paper describes a modified cognitive walkthrough process that accomplishes these goals, and has been applied in a large software development company. %M C.CHI.2000.1.360 %T Visual Similarity of Pen Gestures %S Novel Input %A A. Chris Long %A James A. Landay %A Lawrence A. Rowe %A Joseph Michiels %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 360-367 %K Pen-based user interfaces, Pen gestures, Multi-dimensional scaling, Similarity, Perception %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 950 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p360-long/p360-long.pdf %X Pen-based user interfaces are becoming ever more popular. Gestures (i.e., marks made with a pen to invoke a command) are a valuable aspect of pen-based UIs, but they also have drawbacks. The challenge in designing good gestures is to make them easy for people to learn and remember. With the goal of better gesture design, we performed a pair of experiments to determine why users find gestures similar. From these experiments, we have derived a computational model for predicting perceived gesture similarity that correlates 0.56 with observation. We will incorporate the results of these experiments into a gesture design tool, which will aid the pen-based UI designer in creating gesture sets that are easier to learn and more memorable. %M C.CHI.2000.1.368 %T Providing Integrated Toolkit-Level Support for Ambiguity in Recognition-Based Interfaces %S Novel Input %A Jennifer Mankoff %A Scott E. Hudson %A Gregory D. Abowd %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 368-375 %K Recognition-based interfaces, Ambiguous input, Toolkits, Input models, Interaction techniques, Pen-based interfaces, Speech recognition, Recognition errors. %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1142 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p368-mankoff/p368-mankoff.pdf %X Interfaces based on recognition technologies are used extensively in both the commercial and research worlds. But recognizers are still error-prone, and this results in human performance problems, brittle dialogues, and other barriers to acceptance and utility of recognition systems. Interface techniques specialized to recognition systems can help reduce the burden of recognition errors, but building these interfaces depends on knowledge about the ambiguity inherent in recognition. We have extended a user interface toolkit in order to model and to provide structured support for ambiguity at the input event level. This makes it possible to build re-usable interface components for resolving ambiguity and dealing with recognition errors. These interfaces can help to reduce the negative effects of recognition errors. By providing these components at a toolkit level, we make it easier for application writers to provide good support for error handling. Further, with this robust support, we are able to explore new types of interfaces for resolving a more varied range of ambiguity. %M C.CHI.2000.1.376 %T Programming and Enjoying Music with Your Eyes Closed %S Novel Input %A Steffen Pauws %A Don Bouwhuis %A Berry Eggen %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 376-383 %K Multimodal interaction, Nonvisual interaction, Interface design, User evaluation, Interactive music system %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1039 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p376-pauws/p376-pauws.pdf %X Design and user evaluation of a multimodal interaction style for music programming is described. User requirements were instant usability and optional use of a visual display. The interaction style consists of a visual roller metaphor. User control of the rollers proceeds by manipulating a force feedback trackball. Tactual and auditory cues strengthen the roller impression and support use without a visual display. The evaluation investigated task performance and procedural learning when performing music programming tasks with and without a visual display. No procedural instructions were provided. Tasks could be completed successfully with and without a visual display, though programming without a display needed more time to complete. Prior experience with a visual display did not improve performance without a visual display. When working without a display, procedures have to be acquired and remembered explicitly, as more procedures were remembered after working without a visual display. It is demonstrated that multimodality provides new ways to interact with music. %M C.CHI.2000.1.384 %T Presenting to Local and Remote Audiences: Design and Use of the TELEP System %S Awareness and Gaze in Group Communication %A Gavin Jancke %A Jonathan Grudin %A Anoop Gupta %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 384-391 %K Tele-presentation, Streaming media %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1048 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p384-jancke/p384-jancke.pdf %X The current generation of desktop computers and networks are bringing streaming audio and video into widespread use. A small investment allows presentations or lectures to be multicast, enabling passive viewing from offices or rooms. We surveyed experienced viewers of multicast presentations and designed a lightweight system that creates greater awareness in the presentation room of remote viewers and allows remote viewers to interact with each other and the speaker. We report on the design, use, and modification of the system, and discuss design tradeoffs. %M C.CHI.2000.1.392 %T Coming to the Wrong Decision Quickly: Why Awareness Tools Must be Matched with Appropriate Tasks %S Awareness and Gaze in Group Communication %A Alberto Espinosa %A Jonathan Cadiz %A Luis Rico-Gutierrez %A Robert Kraut %A William Scherlis %A Glenn Lautenbacher %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 392-399 %K Task awareness, Workgroups, Awareness devices, Computer-mediated communication, Distributed work, Asynchronous work %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 936 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p392-espinosa/p392-espinosa.pdf %X This paper presents an awareness tool designed to help distributed, asynchronous groups solve problems quickly. Using a lab study, it was found that groups that used the awareness tool tended to converge and agree upon a solution more quickly. However, it was also found that individuals who did not use the awareness tool got closer to the correct solution. Implications for the design of awareness tools are discussed, with particular attention paid to the importance of matching the features of an awareness tool with a workgroup's tasks and goals. %M C.CHI.2000.1.400 %T Gaze Communication using Semantically Consistent Spaces %S Awareness and Gaze in Group Communication %A Michael J. Taylor %A Simon M. Rowe %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 400-407 %K Gaze, Avatar, Animation, Virtual meeting, Videophones %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 924 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p400-taylor/p400-taylor.pdf %X This paper presents a design for a user interface that supports improved gaze communication in multi-point video conferencing. We set out to use traditional computer displays to mediate the gaze of remote participants in a realistic manner. Previous approaches typically assume immersive displays, and use live video to animate avatars in a shared 3D virtual world. This shared world is then rendered from the viewpoint of the appropriate avatar to yield the required views of the virtual meeting. We show why such views of a shared space do not convey gaze information realistically when using traditional computer displays. We describe a new approach that uses a different arrangement of the avatars for each participant in order to preserve the semantic significance of gaze. We present a design process for arranging these avatars. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the new interface with experimental results. %M C.CHI.2000.1.408 %T Eye-Hand Co-Ordination with Force Feedback %S Haptic Force Feedback %A Roland Arsenault %A Colin Ware %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 408-414 %K 3d interfaces, Haptics, Interaction techniques, Force feedback, Virtual reality %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 803 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p408-arsenault/p408-arsenault.pdf %X The term Eye-hand co-ordination refers to hand movements controlled with visual feedback and reinforced by hand contact with objects. A correct perspective view of a virtual environment enables normal eye-hand co-ordination skills to be applied. But is it necessary for rapid interaction with 3D objects? A study of rapid hand movements is reported using an apparatus designed so that the user can touch a virtual object in the same place where he or she sees it. A Fitts tapping task is used to assess the effect of both contact with virtual objects and real-time update of the centre of perspective based on the user's actual eye position. A Polhemus tracker is used to measure the user's head position and from this estimate their eye position. In half of the conditions, head tracked perspective is employed so that visual feedback is accurate while in the other half a fixed eye-position is assumed. A Phantom force feedback device is used to make it possible to touch the targets in selected conditions. Subjects were required to change their viewing position periodically to assess the importance of correct perspective and of touching the targets in maintaining eye-hand co-ordination, The results show that accurate perspective improves performance by an average of 9% and contact improves it a further 12%. A more detailed analysis shows the advantages of head tracking to be greater for whole arm movements in comparison with movements from the elbow. %M C.CHI.2000.1.415 %T Putting the Feel in 'Look and Feel' %S Haptic Force Feedback %A Ian Oakley %A Marilyn Rose McGee %A Stephen Brewster %A Philip Gray %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 415-422 %K Haptics, Force feedback, Multimodal interaction %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 911 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p415-oakley/p415-oakley.pdf %X Haptic devices are now commercially available and thus touch has become a potentially realistic solution to a variety of interaction design challenges. We report on an investigation of the use of touch as a way of reducing visual overload in the conventional desktop. In a two-phase study, we investigated the use of the PHANTOM haptic device as a means of interacting with a conventional graphical user interface. The first experiment compared the effects of four different haptic augmentations on usability in a simple targeting task. The second experiment involved a more ecologically-oriented searching and scrolling task. Results indicated that the haptic effects did not improve users performance in terms of task completion time. However, the number of errors made was significantly reduced. Subjective workload measures showed that participants perceived many aspects of workload as significantly less with haptics. The results are described and the implications for the use of haptics in user interface design are discussed. %M C.CHI.2000.1.423 %T Force-Feedback Improves Performance for Steering and Combined Steering-Targeting Tasks %S Haptic Force Feedback %A Jack Tigh Dennerlein %A David B. Martin %A Christopher Hasser %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 423-429 %K Mouse, Pointing device, Force-feedback, Haptic, Steering task, Targeting task, Fitts' Law, Index of difficulty %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 775 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p423-dennerlein/p423-dennerlein.pdf %X The introduction of a force-feedback mouse, which provides high fidelity tactile cues via force output, may represent a long-awaited technological breakthrough in pointing device designs. However, there have been few studies examining the benefits of force-feedback for the desktop computer human interface. Ten adults performed eighty steering tasks, where the participants moved the cursor through a small tunnel with varying indices of difficulty using a conventional and force-feedback mouse. For the force-feedback condition, the mouse displayed force that pulled the cursor to the center of the tunnel. The tasks required both horizontal and vertical screen movements of the cursor. Movement times were on average 52 percent faster during the force-feedback condition when compared to the conventional mouse. Furthermore, for the conventional mouse vertical movements required more time to complete than horizontal screen movements. Another ten adults completed a combined steering and targeting task, where the participants navigated through a tunnel and then clicked a small box at the end of the tunnel. Again, force-feedback improved times to complete the task. Although movement times were slower than the pure steering task, the steering index of difficulty dominated the steering-targeting relationship. These results further support that human computer interfaces benefit from the additional sensory input of tactile cues to the human user. %M C.CHI.2000.1.430 %T Power Browser: Efficient Web Browsing for PDAs %S Glimpses of the Future %A Orkut Buyukkokten %A Hector Garcia-Molina %A Andreas Paepcke %A Terry Winograd %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 430-437 %K Web, browser, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), PalmPilot, Wireless, HTTP, Proxy %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 970 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p430-buyukkokten/p430-buyukkokten.pdf %X We have designed and implemented new Web browsing facilities to support effective navigation on Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) with limited capabilities: low bandwidth, small display, and slow CPU. The implementation supports wireless browsing from 3Corn's Palm Pilot. An HTTP proxy fetches web pages on the client's behalf and dynamically generates summary views to be transmitted to the client. These summaries represent both the link structure and contents of a set of web pages, using information about link importance. We discuss the architecture, user interface facilities, and the results of comparative performance evaluations. We measured a 45% gain in browsing speed, and a 42% reduction in required pen movements. %M C.CHI.2000.1.438 %T A Diary Study of Information Capture in Working Life %S Glimpses of the Future %A Barry A. T. Brown %A Abigail J. Sellen %A Kenton P. O'Hara %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 438-445 %K Information capture, Appliances, Digital cameras, Voice recorders, Scanners, Diary study, PDAs, Document use %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1136 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p438-brown/p438-brown.pdf %X Despite the increasing number of new devices entering the market allowing the capture or recording of information (whether it be marks on paper, scene, sound or moving images), there has been little study of when and why people want to do these kinds of activities. In an effort to systematically explore design requirements for new kinds of information capture devices, we devised a diary study of 22 individuals in a range of different jobs. The data were used to construct a taxonomy as a framework for design and analysis. Design implications are drawn from the framework and applied to the design of digital cameras and hand held scanners. %M C.CHI.2000.1.446 admdl listed PDF is missing, only first part of name is used in PDF file %T Instrumental Interaction: An Interaction Model for Designing Post-WIMP User Interfaces %S Glimpses of the Future %A Michel Beaudouin-Lafon %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 446-453 %K Interaction model, WIMP interfaces, Direct manipulation, Post-WIMP interfaces, Instrumental interaction %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 966 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p446-beaudouin/p446-beaudouin.pdf %X This article introduces a new interaction model called Instrumental Interaction that extends and generalizes the principles of direct manipulation. It covers existing interaction styles, including traditional WIMP interfaces, as well as new interaction styles such as two-handed input and augmented reality. It defines a design space for new interaction techniques and a set of properties for comparing them. Instrumental Interaction describes graphical user interfaces in terms of domain objects and interaction instruments. Interaction between users and domain objects is mediated by interaction instruments, similar to the tools and instruments we use in the real world to interact with physical objects. The article presents the model, applies it to describe and compare a number of interaction techniques, and shows how it was used to create a new interface for searching and replacing text. %M C.CHI.2000.1.454 acmdl author name spelled wrong, so PDF URL is wrong %T Anchored Conversations: Chatting in the Context of a Document %S Chat %A Elizabeth F. Churchill %A Jonathan Trevor %A Sara Bly %A Les Nelson %A Davor Cubranic %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 454-461 %K Text-based chat, Sticky chats, Collaboration, Conversations, CSCW, Shared documents, Synchronous communication, Asynchronous communication %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1171 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p454-churchill/p454-churchill.pdf %X This paper describes an application-independent tool called Anchored Conversations that brings together text-based conversations and documents. The design of Anchored Conversations is based on our observations of the use of documents and text chats in collaborative settings. We observed that chat spaces support work conversations, but they do not allow the close integration of conversations with work documents that can be seen when people are working together face-to-face. Anchored Conversations directly addresses this problem by allowing text chats to be anchored into documents. Anchored Conversations also facilitates document sharing; accepting an invitation to an anchored conversation results in the document being automatically uploaded. In addition, Anchored Conversations provides support for review, catch-up and asynchronous communications through a database. In this paper we describe motivating fieldwork, the design of Anchored Conversations, a scenario of use, and some preliminary results from a user study. %M C.CHI.2000.1.462 %T The Social Life of Small Graphical Chat Spaces %S Chat %A Marc A. Smith %A Shelly D. Farnham %A Steven M. Drucker %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 462-469 %K Avatars, Computer mediated communication, Empirical analysis, Graphical chat, Log file analysis, Online community, Proxemics, Social cyberspace, Social interfaces, Virtual community %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 959 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p462-smith/p462-smith.pdf %X This paper provides a unique quantitative analysis of the social dynamics of three chat rooms in the Microsoft V-Chat graphical chat system. Survey and behavioral data were used to study user experience and activity. 150 V-Chat participants completed a web-based survey, and data logs were collected from three V-Chat rooms over the course of 119 days. This data illustrates the usage patterns of graphical chat systems, and highlights the ways physical proxemics are translated into social interactions in online environments. V-Chat participants actively used gestures, avatars, and movement as part of their social interactions. Analyses of clustering patterns and movement data show that avatars were used to provide nonverbal cues similar to those found in face-to-face interactions. However, use of some graphical features, in particular gestures, declined as users became more experienced with the system. These findings have implications for the design and study of online interactive environments. %M C.CHI.2000.1.470 %T The Effect of Communication Modality on Cooperation in Online Environments %S Chat %A Carlos Jensen %A Shelly D. Farnham %A Steven M. Drucker %A Peter Kollock %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 470-477 %K Computer mediated communication, Online interaction, Social interfaces, Collaboration, Social dilemma, CSCW %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 907 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p470-jensen/p470-jensen.pdf %X One of the most robust findings in the sociological literature is the positive effect of communication on cooperation and trust. When individuals are able to communicate, cooperation increases significantly. How does the choice of communication modality influence this effect? We adapt the social dilemma research paradigm to quantitatively analyze different modes of communication. Using this method, we compare four forms of communication: no communication, text-chat, text-to-speech, and voice. We found statistically significant differences between different forms of communication, with the voice condition resulting in the highest levels of cooperation. Our results highlight the importance of striving towards the use of more immediate forms of communication in online environments, especially where trust and cooperation are essential. In addition, our research demonstrates the applicability of the social dilemma paradigm in testing the extent to which communication modalities promote the development of trust and cooperation. %M C.CHI.2000.1.478 %T Using a Large Projection Screen as an Alternative to Head-Mounted Displays for Virtual Environments %S 3D Environments %A Emilee Patrick %A Dennis Cosgrove %A Aleksandra Slavkovic %A Jennifer Ann Rode %A Thom Verratti %A Greg Chiselko %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 478-485 %K Experiment, Virtual reality, Spatial knowledge, Field of view, Cognitive map, Head-mounted display, Projection screen, monitor %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1073 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p478-patrick/p478-patrick.pdf %X Head-mounted displays for virtual environments facilitate an immersive experience that seems more real than an experience provided by a desk-top monitor [18]; however, the cost of head-mounted displays can prohibit their use. An empirical study was conducted investigating differences in spatial knowledge learned for a virtual environment presented in three viewing conditions: head-mounted display, large projection screen, and desk-top monitor. Participants in each condition were asked to reproduce their cognitive map of a virtual environment, which had been developed during individual exploration of the environment along a predetermined course. Error scores were calculated, indicating the degree to which each participant's map differed from the actual layout of the virtual environment. No statistically significant difference was found between the head-mounted display and large projection screen conditions. An implication of this result is that a large projection screen may be an effective, inexpensive substitute for a head-mounted display. %M C.CHI.2000.1.486 %T Alice: Lessons Learned from Building a 3D System for Novices %S 3D Environments %A Matthew Conway %A Steve Audia %A Tommy Burnette %A Dennis Cosgrove %A Kevin Christiansen %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 486-493 %K Interactive 3D graphics, Animation authoring tools %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1005 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p486-conway/p486-conway.pdf %X We present lessons learned from developing Alice, a 3D graphics programming environment designed for undergraduates with no 3D graphics or programming experience. Alice is a Windows 95/NT tool for describing the time-based and interactive behavior of 3D objects, not a CAD tool for creating object geometry. Our observations and conclusions come from formal and informal observations of hundreds of users. Primary results include the use of LOGO-style egocentric coordinate systems, the use of arbitrary objects as lightweight coordinate systems, the launching of implicit threads of execution, extensive function overloading for a small set of commands, the careful choice of command names, and the ubiquitous use of animation and undo. %M C.CHI.2000.1.494 %T The Task Gallery: A 3D Window Manager %S 3D Environments %A George Robertson %A Maarten van Dantzich %A Daniel Robbins %A Mary Czerwinski %A Ken Hinckley %A Kirsten Risden %A David Thiel %A Vadim Gorokhovsky %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 494-501 %K Window managers, 3D user interfaces, Spatial cognition, Spatial memory %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1158 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p494-robertson/p494-robertson.pdf %X The Task Gallery is a window manager that uses interactive 3D graphics to provide direct support for task management and document comparison, lacking from many systems implementing the desktop metaphor. User tasks appear as artwork hung on the walls of a virtual art gallery, with the selected task on a stage. Multiple documents can be selected and displayed side-by-side using 3D space to provide uniform and intuitive scaling. The Task Gallery hosts any Windows application, using a novel redirection mechanism that routes input and output between the 3D environment and unmodified 2D Windows applications. User studies suggest that the Task Gallery helps with task management, is enjoyable to use, and that the 3D metaphor evokes spatial memory and cognition. %M C.CHI.2000.1.502 %T A Comparison of Tools for Building GOMS Models %S Tools for Design %A Lynn K. Baumeister %A Bonnie E. John %A Michael D. Byrne %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 502-509 %K Tool support for evaluation, GOMS %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1000 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p502-baumeister/p502-baumeister.pdf %X We compare three tools for creating GOMS models, QGOMS [2], CATHCI [17] and GLEAN3 [12], along several dimensions. We examine the representation and available constructs in each tool, the qualitative and quantitative design information provided, the support for building cognitively plausible models, and pragmatics about using each tool (e.g., how easy it is to modify a model). While each tool has its strengths, they all reave something to be desired as a practical UI design tool. %M C.CHI.2000.1.510 %T DENIM: Finding a Tighter Fit between Tools and Practice for Web Site Design %S Tools for Design %A James Lin %A Mark W. Newman %A Jason I. Hong %A James A. Landay %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 510-517 %K Web design, Zooming User Interface (ZUI), Sketching, Informal, Pen-based computers, Rapid prototyping %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1129 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p510-lin/p510-lin.pdf %X Through a study of web site design practice, we observed that web site designers design sites at different levels of refinement -- site map, storyboard, and individual page -- and that designers sketch at all levels during the early stages of design. However, existing web design tools do not support these tasks very well. Informed by these observations, we created DENIM, a system that helps web site designers in the early stages of design. DENIM supports sketching input, allows design at different refinement levels, and unifies the levels through zooming. We performed an informal evaluation with seven professional designers and found that they reacted positively to the concept and were interested in using such a system in their work. %M C.CHI.2000.1.518 acmdl different last name so wrong link to PDF %T Tool Support for Cooperative Object-Oriented Design: Gesture Based Modelling on an Electronic Whiteboard %S Tools for Design %A Christian Heide Damm %A Klaus Marius Hansen %A Michael Thomsen %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 518-525 %K Gesture input, Electronic whiteboards, Cooperative design, Object-oriented modeling, User study, CASE tools %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1019 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p518-heide/p518-heide.pdf %X Modeling is important in object-oriented software development. Although a number of Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tools are available, and even though some are technically advanced, few developers use them. This paper describes our attempt to examine the requirements needed to provide tool support for the development process, and describes and evaluates a tool, Knight, which has been developed based on these requirements. The tool is based on a direct, whiteboard-like interaction achieved using gesture input on a large electronic whiteboard. So far the evaluations have been successful and the tool shows the potential of greatly enhancing current support for object-oriented modeling. %M C.CHI.2000.1.526 %T The Cubic Mouse: A New Device for Three-Dimensional Input %S 3D Input %A Bernd Frohlich %A John Plate %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 526-531 %K User interface hardware, Two-handed interaction, Virtual reality %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 975 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p526-frohlich/p526-frohlich.pdf %X We have developed a new input device that allows users to intuitively specify three-dimensional coordinates in graphics applications. The device consists of a cube-shaped box with three perpendicular rods passing through the center and buttons on the top for additional control. The rods represent the X, Y, and Z axes of a given coordinate system. Pushing and pulling the rods specifies constrained motion along the corresponding axes. Embedded within the device is a six degree of freedom tracking sensor, which allows the rods to be continually aligned with a coordinate system located in a virtual world. We have integrated the device into two visualization prototypes for crash engineers and geologists from oil and gas companies. In these systems the Cubic Mouse controls the position and orientation of a virtual model and the rods move three orthogonal cutting or slicing planes through the model. We have evaluated the device with experts from these domains, who were enthusiastic about its ease of use. %M C.CHI.2000.1.532 %T The Role of Contextual Haptic and Visual Constraints on Object Manipulation in Virtual Environments %S 3D Input %A Yanqing Wang %A Christine L. MacKenzie %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 532-539 %K Human performance, Virtual reality, Visual information, Haptic information, 3D, Docking, Controls and displays, Task context, Force feedback, Graphic interface, Degrees of freedom, Augmented environment %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 711 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p532-wang/p532-wang.pdf %X An experiment was conducted to investigate the role of surrounding haptic and visual information on object manipulation in a virtual environment. The contextual haptic constraints were implemented with a physical table and the contextual visual constraints included a checkerboard background ("virtual table"). It was found that the contextual haptic constraints (the physical table surface) dramatically increased object manipulation speed, but slightly reduced spatial accuracy, compared to free space. The contextual visual constraints (presence of the checkerboard) actually showed detrimental effects on both object manipulation speed and accuracy. Implications of these findings for human-computer interaction design are discussed. %M C.CHI.2000.1.540 %T Non-Isomorphic 3D Rotational Techniques %S 3D Input %A Ivan Poupyrev %A Suzanne Weghorst %A Sidney Fels %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 540-547 %K 6DOF input devices, Interactive 3D rotations, 3D user interfaces, Interaction techniques, Motor control %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1072 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p540-poupyrev/p540-poupyrev.pdf %X This paper demonstrates how non-isomorphic rotational mappings and interaction techniques can be designed and used to build effective spatial 3D user interfaces. In this paper, we develop a mathematical framework allowing us to design non-isomorphic 3D rotational mappings and techniques, investigate their usability properties, and evaluate their user performance characteristics. The results suggest that non-isomorphic rotational mappings can be an effective tool in building high-quality manipulation dialogs in 3D interfaces, allowing our subjects to accomplish experimental tasks 13% faster without a statistically detectable loss in accuracy. The current paper will help interface designers to use non-isomorphic rotational mappings effectively. %M C.CHI.2000.1.548 %T Joking, Storytelling, Artsharing, Expressing Affection: A Field Trial of How Children and their Social Network Communicate with Digital Images in Leisure Time %S Story Telling %A Ann Makela %A Verena Giller %A Manfred Tscheligi %A Reinhard Sefelin %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 548-555 %K Product concept design, Field trial, Prototypes, Wireless communication, Digital images, Children, Family, Leisure %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 930 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p548-makela/p548-makela.pdf %X Increasing use of mobile phones in leisure and communication with digital images are important and current issues in the field of telecommunications. However, little is known about how images would be used in leisure related communication. According to our experience field trials are the best way of studying it. In this paper, we describe a field-trial case study of leisure related communication with digital images. Moreover, we discuss the advantages of conducting field trials as part of product concept design process. %M C.CHI.2000.1.556 acmdl author names missing from ToC %T Designing Storytelling Technologies to Encouraging Collaboration between Young Children %S Story Telling %A Steve Benford %A Benjamin B. Bederson %A Karl-Petter Akesson %A Victor Bayon %A Allison Druin %A Par Hansson %A Juan Pablo Hourcade %A Rob Ingram %A Helen Neale %A Claire O'Malley %A Kristian T. Simsarian %A Danae Stanton %A Yngve Sundblad %A Gustav Taxen %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 556-563 %K Children, Single Display Groupware (SDG), Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Education, Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1016 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p556-benford/p556-benford.pdf %X We describe the iterative design of two collaborative storytelling technologies for young children, KidPad and the Klump. We focus on the idea of designing interfaces to subtly encourage collaboration so that children are invited to discover the added benefits of working together. This idea has been motivated by our experiences of using early versions of our technologies in schools in Sweden and the UK. We compare the approach of encouraging collaboration with other approaches to synchronizing shared interfaces. We describe how we have revised the technologies to encourage collaboration and to reflect design suggestions made by the children themselves. %M C.CHI.2000.1.564 %T Storytelling with Digital Photographs %S Story Telling %A Marko Balabanovic %A Lonny L. Chu %A Gregory J. Wolff %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 1 %P 564-571 %K Digital storytelling, Multimedia organization, Digital photography, Browsing %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %O 1098 KB %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/332040/p564-balabanovic/p564-balabanovic.pdf %X Photographs play a central role in many types of informal storytelling. This paper describes an easy-to-use device that enables digital photos to be used in a manner similar to print photos for sharing personal stories. A portable form factor Combined with a novel interface supports local sharing like a conventional photo album as well as recording of stories that can be sent to distant friends and relatives. User tests validate the design and reveal that people alternate between "photo-driven" and "story-driven" strategies when telling stories about their photos. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI00-2.BA %M C.CHI.2000.2.2 %T Simulation based learning environments and the use of learning histories %S Demonstrations: learning using technology %A A. Rose %A R. Salter %A S. Keswani %A N. Kositsyna %A C. Plaisant %A G. Rubloff %A B. Shneiderman %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 2-3 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633294 %X We have developed an application framework for constructing simulation-based learning environments using dynamic simulations and visualizations to represent realistic time-dependent behavior. The development environment is described and many examples are given. In particular we will focus on the learning historian which provides users and learners with a manipulatable recording of their actions which facilitates the exchange of annotated history records among peers and mentors. %M C.CHI.2000.2.4 %T Synopsus: a personal summary tool for video %S Demonstrations: learning using technology %A Amnon Dekel %A Ofer Bergman %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 4-5 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633295 %X One of the more exciting developments in the personal computer world is the soon to come ubiquity of desktop video (local and online) [1]. However -- with the promise of video on every desktop, severe interaction design challenges come into focus, with the need to solve problems that up till now only had to be dealt with by motivated professional media workers. This paper and live demo presents work we have done to enable learners with very little computer experience to be able to use video materials in an effective way for their studies. Using User Centered Interface Design methodologies, we have developed an interface model for creating personal summaries of movies by novice computer users. %M C.CHI.2000.2.6 %T Multiple-computer user interfaces: "beyond the desktop" direct manipulation environments %S Demonstrations (video): interactions beyond the mouse %A Jun Rekimoto %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 6-7 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633297 %X Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are mainly designed for a single computer and a set of single input devices. However, when we simultaneously use many and different types of computers and electronic devices, such interfaces would often fail to work. As we can combine several tools to perform a task in the real world, we consider that it should be possible to dynamically combine multiple digital devices. It should also be possible to use "direct manipulation" interfaces that work across the boundary of these devices. We call this concept "multiple-computer user interfaces". This video demonstrates several interaction techniques based on this concept, including Pick-and-Drop, a digital whiteboard system with palmtop computers, and a digital table that can recognize objects placed on it. %M C.CHI.2000.2.8 %T Navigation methods for an augmented reality system %S Demonstrations (video): interactions beyond the mouse %A Morten Fjeld %A Fred Voorhorst %A Martin Bichsel %A Helmut Krueger %A Matthias Rauterberg %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 8-9 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633298 %X BUILD-IT is a planning tool based on computer vision technology, supporting complex planning and composition tasks. A group of people, seated around a table, interact with objects in a virtual scene using real bricks. A plan view of the scene is projected onto the table, where object manipulation takes place. A perspective view is projected on the wall. The views are set by virtual cameras, having spatial attributes like shift, rotation and zoom. However, planar interaction with bricks provides only position and rotation information. This paper explores two alternative methods to bridge the gap between planar interaction and three-dimensional navigation. %M C.CHI.2000.2.10 %T Welbo: an embodied conversational agent living in mixed reality space %S Demonstrations (video): interactions beyond the mouse %A Mahoro Anabuki %A Hiroyuki Kakuta %A Hiroyuki Yamamoto %A Hideyuki Tamura %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 10-11 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633299 %X This paper introduces a new type of anthropomorphic agent that lives in a 3D space where the real and virtual worlds are seamlessly merged. In this mixed reality (MR) space, people wearing a see-through head-mounted display can interact with both physical and virtual objects in real time. In this type of MR space, an embodied conversational agent, named "Welbo," is implemented to study how agent technology contributes. This agent has several unique features, compared with the conventional desktop agent. %M C.CHI.2000.2.12 %T A kinesthetic array: bringing dynamic shapes to hand %S Demonstrations: handheld interactions %A David McIntyre %A Alan M. Wing %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 12-13 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633301 %X We demonstrate a novel interface for recording and presenting shape information. A 4 x 5 x-y- array of linear motors operating in the third, z, dimension provides a set of digit spaced contactors that can be used to approximate a dynamic surface. Each contactor is force-servoed by sensed position to define surface compliance at that point. This array can serve as a tactile display (or scanner) representing (or capturing) the changing topography of palpable surfaces. %M C.CHI.2000.2.14 %T The pebbles project: using PCs and hand-held computers together %S Demonstrations: handheld interactions %A Brad A. Myers %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 14-15 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633302 %X Increasingly, people will be in situations where they have multiple communicating computing devices available at the same time. The Pebbles research project is investigating many ways that a hand-held computer such as a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) can serve as a useful adjunct to the PC in those situations. We have created a large set of applications to support group work in meetings and individual work at the desktop. These run on both Palm Pilots and Windows CE devices, along with a PC. As an example, each hand-held computer can control the main PC's cursor and keyboard to support collaboration. For an individual giving a slide show, the notes and controls for the show can be on the hand-held, while the main computer is running the show. This demonstration will show the large variety of Pebbles applications. %M C.CHI.2000.2.16 %T Private and public spaces: the use of video mediated communication in a future home environment %S Demonstrations (video): physical and shared spaces %A Stefan Junestrand %A Konrad Tollmar %A Soren Lenman %A Bjorn Thuresson %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 16-17 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633304 %X This video demonstration is based on scenarios of a family's everyday activities supported by video mediated communication (VMC). It was recorded in comHOME, a concept dwelling of the future. The principal issue explored in the comHOME project, and in the video, concerns various aspects of private and public spaces using VMC. The design concept is based on the integration of different comZONES (communication zones), where the resident can be seen and/or heard. The architectural space, then, in combination with information and communication technology (ICT) solutions forms an interface to the digital world. A main observation from the making of the video is that it is a very good complementary method in a complex design-process because of the focus on the user perspective. %M C.CHI.2000.2.18 %T TouchCounters: designing interactive electronic labels for physical containers %S Demonstrations (video): physical and shared spaces %A Paul Yarin %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 18-19 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633305 %X TouchCounters is a system of electronic labels, physical storage containers, and shelving surfaces linked by specialized hardware. The labels record and display accumulated usage information directly upon physical storage containers, thus allowing access to this information during the performance of physical tasks. A distributed communications network allows remote access to this data from the Internet. This video demonstrates the functionality of TouchCounters in supporting the shared use of physical resources. %M C.CHI.2000.2.20 %T Tivoli: integrating structured domain objects into a freeform whiteboard environment %S Demonstrations (video): physical and shared spaces %A Thomas P. Moran %A William van Melle %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 20-21 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633306 %X Tivoli is an application program to support working meetings on an electronic whiteboard. Tivoli's user interface is based on a whiteboard metaphor. It supports freeform expression by providing pen-based drawing, wiping, and gestural editing. Tivoli recognizes the spatial structure of material on the board. It provides support for implicit structures, such as opening and closing spaces when lists are edited. It provides techniques for organizing materials on the board by grouping them into regions. Tivoli integrates domain objects, structured data that can be exchanged with external databases, into the freeform whiteboard environment. Tivoli's scripting language allows the structure, appearance, behavior, and dynamic computations of domain objects to be defined. Domain objects can be customized to create meeting tools that are finely tuned to particular meeting practices. Tivoli smoothly integrates both freeform and structured interaction techniques. %M C.CHI.2000.2.22 %T Agent-based support for human/agent teams %S Demonstration: persuasive agents and architectures %A Terry R. Payne %A Terri L. Lenox %A Susan Hahn %A Katia Sycara %A Michael Lewis %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 22-23 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633308 %X In this paper, we present an interface agent, MokSAF, which facilitates time-critical team-planning tasks for teams of both humans and heterogeneous software agents. This agent assists in the formation of teams of humans (via other MokSAF agents) and task agents that can autonomously perform team subtasks. It provides a suitable interaction mechanism to instruct the various task agents in the team; and, by monitoring the human's progress, reallocate or modify the sub-tasks if the human fails to achieve that subtask. A military domain has been used to investigate this interface agent. The task consists of three military (human) commanders that each assemble a platoon, and plan routes so that all three platoons arrive at a given rendezvous by a specified time. An experimental study has been conducted to evaluate MokSAF and the assistance provided by one of three different task agents, and the results summarized. %M C.CHI.2000.2.24 %T CommuterNews: a prototype of persuasive in-car entertainment %S Demonstration: persuasive agents and architectures %A Jason Tester %A BJ Fogg %A Michael Maile %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 24-25 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633309 %X CommuterNews is a prototype of an in-car persuasive entertainment system developed by the Stanford Persuasive Technology Lab in collaboration with DaimlerChrysler. The system presents daily news stories in the form of multiple-choice questions and short relevant sound clips selected from a standard broadcast story. By asking questions about the content before hearing the story, CommuterNews motivates the driver to actively engage themselves while gathering the news. %M C.CHI.2000.2.26 %T The efficiency of multimodal interaction for a map-based task %S Demonstrations (video): multimodal, fish eyes & PDAs %A Philip Cohen %A David McGee %A Josh Clow %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 26-27 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633311 %X This paper compares the efficiency of using a standard direct-manipulation graphical user interface (GUI) with that of using the QuickSet pen/voice multimodal interface for supporting a military task. In this task, a user places military units and control measures (e.g., various types of lines, obstacles, objectives) on a map. Four military personnel designed and entered their own simulation scenarios via both interfaces. Analyses revealed that the multimodal interface led to a 3 to 4-fold speed improvement in the average entity creation time, including all error handling. Time to repair errors also was significantly faster when interacting multimodally. These results indicate a substantial efficiency advantage for multimodal over GUI-based interaction during map-based tasks. %M C.CHI.2000.2.28 %T HishiMochi: a zooming browser for hierarchically clustered documents %S Demonstrations (video): multimodal, fish eyes & PDAs %A Masashi Toyoda %A Etsuya Shibayama %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 28-29 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633312 %X We propose a novel browser, HishiMochi, for searching and browsing hierarchically clustered documents. HishiMochi visualizes a hierarchy of clusters and documents as nested rectangles with multi-focus distortion views and animation. It provides suitable views for various search phases, by dynamically changing the DOI (Degree of Interest) function. Using HishiMochi, the user can easily search multiple target documents scattered in the hierarchy, and seamlessly browse their contents in a few operations. %M C.CHI.2000.2.30 %T Capstone design at the University of Washington: user interfaces for portable devices %S Demonstrations (video): multimodal, fish eyes & PDAs %A Gaetano Borriello %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 30-31 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633313 %X A principal component of the undergraduate Computer Engineering program at the University of Washington is a capstone design course that integrates the students' past foundational coursework by having them take a project from concept to prototype. Each offering of the course organizes the projects around a different theme. For the winter 1998 edition, the focus was on user interfaces for portable devices. The video that accompanies this paper highlights ten of these projects, completed within the span of an 11-week quarter, in the form of approximately 30-second vignettes that show each device in use. %M C.CHI.2000.2.32 %T The development consortium: beyond the desktop %S Development consortium %A Ian McClelland %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 32 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633315 %X Each year, the Development Consortium sets out to look at the issues and directions that the HCI community and SIGCHI should develop in the coming years. For CHI 2000 the theme is "Beyond the Desktop"; the extraordinary growth of computer based devices and services world-wide that are becoming embedded in the way we live: * telecommunications and portable computing aids * home entertainment and automation * e-commerce and the networked home * personal and public transport systems * financial services * community health service People wishing to participate were invited to submit position papers that were reviewed. Sixteen position papers were accepted and can be found in this volume. %M C.CHI.2000.2.33 %T HeartCare housecalls: delivering web-based health informatics without desktops %S Development consortium %A Barrett S. Caldwell %A Michelle Rogers %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 33-34 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633316 %X In this paper, we describe issues regarding the design of non-desktop interfaces for health informatics information exchange. These issues can be described as "at the screen" CHI issues, and the potentially more critical "beyond the screen" issues of the social context of technology development. %M C.CHI.2000.2.35 %T Beyond the desktop: diversity and artistry %S Development consortium %A Alan Turner, II %A Lucy T. Nowell %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 35-36 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633317 %X Two key challenges will rapidly change the character of computing: the growing divergence of computer platforms and the increasing use of rich media in engaging users. As human-computer interaction (HCI) professionals, we must consider the difficulties of designing systems that will run on both tiny hand-held devices and large wall displays. We must also keep in mind that the emerging generation of users not only expects but demands that systems be engaging, entertaining, and contain a variety of media types. The role of artists and media professionals on software development teams will increase and the skills of these team members will be necessary to deliver the values, esthetics, and overall quality of experience that future systems require. %M C.CHI.2000.2.37 %T Conversational integration of multimedia and multimodal interaction %S Development consortium %A Ulrike Spierling %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 37-38 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633318 %X Information systems are getting the majority of all computer applications -- and at an ever increasing rate. By including multimedia, video and VR in information systems, people can build upon the fundamentals for presenting content in an easy to comprehend and compelling way in the same way they use television and film technology. There is a need for new methods of development and for tools that support application building by non-programmers in a "storytelling" way, considering human-centered interaction techniques rather than known paradigms of the virtual desktop. In an example of a virtual trade show booth application, a user conversation with the information system has been conceived, and new concepts of user interface design by "Digital Storytelling" are evaluated. %M C.CHI.2000.2.39 %T Office environments for CSCW in design and architecture %S Development consortium %A Barbara Freiberger %A Dieter Mankau %A Wolfgang Muller %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 39-40 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633319 %X In this paper, we propose a novel paradigm for office environments with the focus on the rapidly changing work processes in the fields of design and architecture. The proposed environment supports the dynamic modification of teams, the mobility of the whole system, and the interaction possibilities with others with the aid of new technological developments and the segmentation of a projected desktop. We suggest additional workflow components (with appropriate visualization techniques), which support the user in the processes of design and communication. %M C.CHI.2000.2.41 %T Novel user interface technologies and conversational user interfaces for information appliances %S Development consortium %A Norbert Gerfelder %A Ulrike Spierling %A Wolfgang Muller %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 41-42 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633320 %X The metaphor of a 'desktop' as a user interface was useful for the migration from mainframe applications to personal computers. But it must be re-evaluated when thinking about new concepts and implementations of user interfaces for modern working and home environments, especially mobile applications. The departure from tools that enable the user to directly manipulate content towards intelligent agent-based applications suggests a shift of paradigms. We propose a new generation of user interfaces extending the widely accepted WIMP metaphor by anthropomorphous user interface agents, conversational user interface elements, the inclusion of mobile information appliances, and appropriate multimodal interaction techniques. Initial prototype systems following this line have been successfully developed. In strategic projects with alliances of research and industry, these technologies will be further advanced into first products in the areas of mobile multimedia offices and electronic multimedia service and operation assistants. %M C.CHI.2000.2.43 %T Beyond the desktop: and into your vehicle %S Development consortium %A David J. Wheatley %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 43-44 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633321 %X Interaction with computer based systems long since moved out of the domain of the professional user in the office environment. But now neither is it solely the domain of the naive but motivated user in the home and office environment. Such interaction with complex applications and services is moving beyond the desktop and into everyday life. New challenges exist in the development of the whole user experience for mobile products, such as cellphones and especially for telematics products. The new product category of in-vehicle infotainment products presents some quite different and specific challenges to the user experience designer. %M C.CHI.2000.2.45 %T Trust in design %S Development consortium %A Stephen Marsh %A John Meech %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 45-46 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633322 %X We argue that trust is an important aspect in how people make use of computers, and that designing interfaces which take trust into account and reason using trust will result in more effective, comfortable interactions for the user. One method that may provide results is the encouragement of anthropomorphism on the part of the user. Trust and anthropomorphism will play a large role in many areas, including notably e-commerce and home entertainment. %M C.CHI.2000.2.47 %T Environmental interfaces: HomeLab %S Development consortium %A Chad Burkey %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 47-48 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633323 %X Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) have become the standard way in which we interact with our computers and over the years and have greatly improved our computers' usability. However, as computational power becomes increasingly ubiquitous and becomes part of the environment around us, we find ourselves reaching the useful limits of the GUI. These limits are even more pronounced in new environments like the home where many of the tasks we need to perform would be difficult, inefficient, and awkward using a GUI. In an effort to develop a natural, intuitive interface for the home, we are developing a project called HomeLab, which is an agent-based, adaptive, sensing and responding home environment. This project represents a new breed of interface called an "environmental interface." We feel environmental interfaces are more natural because they more closely resemble the physical, social "interface" humans interact with in their daily lives. Fundamentally, environmental interfaces abandon the idea of a single concentrated interface such as we might associate with a computer screen, and instead treat the whole environment (a home in our example) as the interface, seamless and immediate. Not only do appliances, screens, chairs, etc. all act as input and output devices but the house itself is a distributed system of agents responding to us. Our former notions of interfaces were narrow and centralized in space because our computers were. In the age of ubiquitous computing the interface should be distributed and ubiquitous. %M C.CHI.2000.2.49 %T Bringing text input beyond the desktop %S Development consortium %A Christina James %A Michael Longe %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 49-50 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633324 %X This paper describes the T9 Text Input product (T9), which can be used by small device designers to meet the text-entry needs of diverse populations of users. Examples are provided illustrating how this technology has been applied to Chinese text input and to augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). %M C.CHI.2000.2.51 %T Active environments: sensing and responding to groups of people %S Development consortium %A Joseph F. McCarthy %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 51-52 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633325 %X Most environments are passive -- deaf, dumb and blind, unaware of their inhabitants and unable to assist them in a meaningful way. However, with the advent of ubiquitous computing -- ever smaller, cheaper and faster computational devices embedded in a growing variety of "smart" objects -- it is becoming increasingly possible to create active environments: physical spaces that can sense and respond appropriately to the people and activities taking place within them. Most of the early UbiComp applications focus on how individuals interact with their environments as they work on foreground tasks. In contrast, this paper focuses on how groups of people affect and are affected by background aspects of their environments. %M C.CHI.2000.2.53 %T Magic Home: exploiting the duality between the physical and the virtual worlds %S Development consortium %A Dadong Wan %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 53-54 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633326 %X In this paper, we present a concept prototype, called Magic Home, which illustrates what the shopping experience will be like in the new world of the hybrid reality -- a seamless integration of the physical and the virtual worlds. We introduce the concept of buyer context, and demonstrate that, by exploiting the portability and manipulability of the virtual world and, at the same time, preserving the immediateness of the physical world, we can bridge the context gaps in shopping and, as a result, achieve a new level of shopping experience. %M C.CHI.2000.2.55 %T Context-sensitive eCommerce %S Development consortium %A Kelly L. Dempski %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 55-56 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633327 %X Physical commerce has existed for thousands of years. Although the Internet is a relatively recent phenomenon, electronic commerce conducted over the Internet represents an increasing proportion of all commercial transactions. We believe that the most significant benefits to commerce can be realized through augmented commerce, a combination of the best of physical and electronic commerce worlds. In particular, we believe that ideas from the area of augmented reality, involving see-through head-mounted displays, can provide considerably more context in purchasing decisions than is possible using a desktop browser. This richer context enables more informed decisions and will lead to significantly greater levels of online transactions. %M C.CHI.2000.2.57 %T Accessibility of telecommunications services %S Development consortium %A Martin Maguire %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 57-58 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633328 %X This paper considers the problem of whether older users will be able to benefit from the new range of telecommunications and Internet services. %M C.CHI.2000.2.59 %T The intelligent thermostat: a mixed-initiative user interface %S Development consortium %A D. V. Keyson %A M. P. A. J. de Hoogh %A A. Freudenthal %A A. P. O. S. Vermeeren %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 59-60 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633329 %X Recent advances in approaches to mixed-initiative user interfaces for desktop applications provide a number of principles, which can be used to embed intelligence in consumer products. An integration of several approaches is proposed towards building an intelligent thermostat that can reduce energy consumption. A statistical model is used to spot trends in living patterns and make suggestions. An embedded task model, containing product usage patterns, can infer user intentions and serves as input to a dialog manager. Future work includes field-testing of the prototype and concepts in residential homes. %M C.CHI.2000.2.61 %T Beyond product usability: user satisfaction and quality management %S Development consortium %A Marcin Sikorski %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 61-62 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633330 %X This paper presents an innovative concept for multicriteria analysis of interactive product quality, aimed to expand traditional evaluation scope far beyond usability. This approach is based on a model of user satisfaction, derived from "quality tree" representing hierarchy of benefits expected by the user from the product usage. AHP technique supports user-centered decision making and product quality evaluation, opening new opportunities for quality assurance programs in software domain. %M C.CHI.2000.2.63 %T Information appliance design at Sun Microsystems %S Development consortium %A Mike Mohageg %A Eric Bergman %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 63-64 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633331 %X In this paper, we outline some of the design considerations driving the approach used by the consumer products user experience team at Sun Microsystems. These include simplification, accounting for the usage domain, and the claim that dedicated devices require dedicated user interfaces. %M C.CHI.2000.2.65 %T The missing link: multimedia and e-commerce %S Doctoral consortium %A Fabio Nemetz %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 65-66 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633333 %X The growing presence of e-commerce has not yet been grounded on sound and systematic research in human-computer interaction. The purpose of this research is to develop principles for the design and evaluation of effective and usable multimedia e-commerce applications. It has already identified generic multimedia features to be further developed into principles, through empirical work. %M C.CHI.2000.2.67 %T Communication and coordination through public and private representations in control rooms %S Doctoral consortium %A Christer Garbis %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 67-68 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633334 %X The design of control room systems often fail, because applications do not provide sufficient support for the extended, and sophisticated, communication and coordination mechanisms used by the operators. Based on the distributed cognition framework, the concepts of public and private representations are developed in order to better understand how various computerized artifacts can support communication and co-ordination in teams engaged in process control. The findings, based on two field studies, indicate that the importance of public representations in control rooms has not always been fully understood or been taken into account in the design of control room systems. %M C.CHI.2000.2.69 %T An empirical investigation of boundaries to virtual public discourse structure %S Doctoral consortium %A Quentin Jones %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 69-70 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633335 %X 'Virtual publics' are a type of computer mediated discourse space created by using various technologies including email, the USENET, web based bulletin boards, IRC, MUDS, etc. [3]. This paper outlines on-going field research into the boundaries to interactive virtual public discourse. In particular, it describes research aimed at mapping such boundaries via analysis of millions of user contributions to over one thousand USENET and LISTSERV based virtual publics. This effort will provide data that can be used to derive rules for the segmentation of interactive discussion groups. Such rules are of importance to those interested in the usability of computer mediated communication technologies. However, in this case usability refers to a group level concept. %M C.CHI.2000.2.71 %T Validating effective design knowledge for re-use: HCI engineering design principles %S Doctoral consortium %A Stephen Cummaford %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 71-72 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633336 %X There is a need for more formal HCI design knowledge, such that effective design knowledge may be specified in a format which facilitates re-use. A conception of Engineering Design Principles (EDPs) is presented, as a framework within which to systematically relate design knowledge to performance. It is argued that the specification of these relations supports validation, leading to a higher likelihood that application of an EDP to an appropriate design problem will result in a satisfactory design solution. A hierarchy of classes of design problem is presented, and discussed in context of the ongoing research project. %M C.CHI.2000.2.73 %T Design principles for non-visual interaction %S Doctoral consortium %A Ben Challis %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 73-74 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633337 %X There is a tendency for software designers to create visually dominated computer interfaces. The concept of the graphical user interface (GUI) is so deeply ingrained into our work and home environments that it is often perceived as being the logical basis for interaction in many applications. In certain circumstances it might be more productive to alleviate this visual dominance by an increased use of the haptic and auditory channels. An experimental application for the non-visual delivery of music notation to blind people is described. It is anticipated that the overall results of the study will contribute towards a set of design principles for the implementation of less visually dependant interfaces. %M C.CHI.2000.2.75 %T Search history for user support in information-seeking interfaces %S Doctoral consortium %A Anita Komlodi %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 75-76 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633338 %X The research overview described focuses on the design of search history displays to support information seeking (IS). It examines users' IS activities, current and potential use of histories, and building on this theoretical framework, assesses prototype interfaces that integrate these histories into search systems. Preliminary results described indicate search history use in coordinated work, mental model building, and end user IS strategies. Searchers create and use external records of their actions and the corresponding results by writing/typing notes, using copy and paste functions, and making printouts. Recording user actions and results in computerized systems automates this process, and enables the creation of search history displays that support users in their IS. Existing systems provide search history capabilities, however these often do not offer enough flexibility for users. Legal information has been selected as the domain for the research. %M C.CHI.2000.2.77 %T Providing integrated toolkit-level support for ambiguity in recognition-based interfaces %S Doctoral consortium %A Jennifer Mankoff %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 77-78 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633339 %X Recognition technologies are being used extensively in both the commercial and research worlds. But recognizers are still error-prone, and this results in performance problems and brittle dialogues. These problems are a barrier to acceptance and usefulness of recognition systems. Better interfaces to recognition systems, which can help to reduce the burden of recognition errors, are difficult to build because of lack of knowledge about the ambiguity inherent in recognition. We have extended a user interface toolkit in order to model and to provide structured support for ambiguity at the input event level [7]. This makes it possible to build re-usable interface components for resolving ambiguity and dealing with recognition errors. These interfaces can help to reduce the negative effects of recognition errors. By providing these components at a toolkit level, we make it easier for application writers to provide good support for error handling. And we can explore new types of interfaces for resolving a more varied range of ambiguity. %M C.CHI.2000.2.79 %T Enabling the use of context in interactive applications %S Doctoral consortium %A Anind K. Dey %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 79-80 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633340 %X Context is an important, yet poorly understood and poorly utilized source of information in interactive computing. It will be of particular importance in the new millennium as users move away from their desktops and into settings where their contexts are changing rapidly. Context is difficult to use because, unlike other forms of user input, there is no common, reusable way to handle it. As a result, context-aware applications have been built in an ad hoc manner, making it difficult to build new applications or evolve existing ones. In this research, we are examining the requirements of context-aware applications, building a toolkit, which enables the use of context and fulfills these requirements, and testing the usability of this toolkit for application designers. %M C.CHI.2000.2.81 %T Extending usability inspection techniques for collaborative systems %S Doctoral consortium %A Jill Drury %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 81-82 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633341 %X Collaborative computer systems are in widespread use, but relatively little is known about how to evaluate their usability. My research focuses on extending usability inspection techniques for evaluating collaborative systems, using an iterative empirical approach. I am also looking for patterns in characteristics of collaborative systems that could provide guidance regarding the type of evaluation method that would be best applied to a given system. This project will add techniques, as well as guidance for using them, to the interactive software designer's toolkit, to help ensure that usable collaborative systems are delivered to the customer. %M C.CHI.2000.2.83 %T Understanding algorithms through shared metaphors %S Doctoral consortium %A Teresa Hubscher Younger %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 83-84 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633342 %X User interface designers often face the problem of generating the appropriate metaphor to explain and facilitate unfamiliar, abstract processes. Determining what are the characteristics of metaphors that promote understanding abstract processes is difficult. My doctoral research studies this question by exploring what metaphors undergraduate-students use in understanding abstract processes, specifically computer algorithms, and what are the characteristics of those metaphors. I am also studying how these metaphors are used in a collaborative learning situation using a collaboration tool I am building. This tool helps students learn collaboratively through communicating their understanding with self-generated representations. This system will capture what metaphors the students are using, their communication concerning these metaphors and their ratings of each other's metaphors. %M C.CHI.2000.2.85 %T The web in high school science teaching: constructing a technology in practice %S Doctoral consortium %A Raven McCrory Wallace %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 85-86 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633343 %X The Internet is becoming omnipresent as a resource for K-12 education. Teachers are a diverse set of users who must incorporate this resource into ongoing practice. Research on using the Internet in classrooms is lagging far behind deployment, and teachers are left to their own devices to figure out what works. Using case studies of three teachers, this study considers the work of teaching with the Internet as a site for understanding the challenges and problems teachers experience as they incorporate the Internet into their high school science teaching. Challenges include figuring out how to fit the Internet into the curriculum and finding time to do so; managing a new kind of discourse around Web sites; and establishing ways to hold students accountable for their work and to evaluate what they do. This research is aimed at informing system designers who provide technologies for teachers and teacher educators who prepare teachers to meet these challenges. %M C.CHI.2000.2.87 %T A model for virtual intelligent libraries %S Doctoral consortium %A Guadalupe Munoz Martin %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 87-88 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633344 %X As the Internet and particularly the WWW (World Wide Web) expands, the need for tools to find useful information is becoming more and more pressing. Digital libraries are proving to be more suitable for managing web information than current search engines. The objective of this research is to model an architecture for digital libraries aimed at enhancement of access to documents accessible via web in two different ways. Providing a personalised acquisition and cataloguing system, and supplying a virtual reality user interface that may allow a more simple access to the system. %M C.CHI.2000.2.89 %T Adapting to change in complex work environments %S Doctoral consortium %A John R. Hajdukiewicz %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 89-90 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633345 %X The purpose of this research is to look at the problem of how to design human-computer interfaces that help people adapt to novelty and change in complex work environments. An experimental investigation will be conducted using DURESS II, a thermal-hydraulic microworld simulation environment, controlled by human operators. Participants will use one of two different interfaces to control the process system, developed using different design principles. They will be given a great deal of practice controlling the system, and then their ability to achieve the system goals in the face of several different kinds of changes will be examined. The results will be analyzed using measures that assess adaptive performance, coupling to the work environment, and stability. %M C.CHI.2000.2.91 %T Augmented reality displays for endoscopic orientation and navigation %S Doctoral consortium %A Caroline G. L. Cao %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 91-92 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633346 %X In endoscopy, where access to the operative site is limited, endoscopic manipulation is guided by the restricted view of the operative site displayed on a video monitor. When the displayed anatomy is not immediately distinguished by any recognisable features or landmarks, or when the image is rotated with respect to the surgeon's perspective of the operative site, surgeons often become disoriented. The objectives of this research are to examine cognitive factors related to spatial disorientation in endoscopic manipulation, to determine the informational requirements of the surgeon to effectively perform mental rotations and mappings, and, to augment the endoscopic display with this information to facilitate navigation and orientation during endoscopy. %M C.CHI.2000.2.93 %T Consumer-centered interfaces: customizing online travel planning %S Doctoral consortium %A Adriana Jurca %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 93-94 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633347 %X A large number of online reservation systems exist currently on the Web. They all share the same implementation approach: the user has to input his/her travel preferences then choose from existing possibilities. The consumer, reduced to a passive observer, has no contribution to the search process and also no help from the system in deciding the best solution. My work is proposing new tools for improving the facilities offered by the online reservation systems. The customers, identified with active users, are involved in useful interactions with the systems. Three main steps are proposed for achieving this goal: trip configuration, tools for tradeoff and decision support and interface customization. %M C.CHI.2000.2.95 %T Users' models of the internet %S Doctoral consortium %A Louise Sheeran %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 95-96 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633348 %X The number of Internet users is currently growing by more than 100 per cent per year, creating a large number of novice and intermediate users. Many of these users experience problems recovering from breakdown situations because their users' models of the Internet are inappropriate. This research aims to provide guidelines for Internet application design that supports users in constructing appropriate users' models of the Internet. It advocates the use of conceptual design and paying particular attention to the language used in the interface. %M C.CHI.2000.2.97 %T Improved scroll bars %S Interactive posters %A Sari A. Laakso %A Karri-Pekka Laakso %A Asko J. Saura %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 97-98 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633350 %X In general, scroll bar designs are weak and do not offer adequate cognitive aids to help the user trying to form a mental model of the material. Several suggestions of better designs have been presented, and we have developed some of them further. In this paper, we present two components, an improved scroll bar with bookmarks and a calendar scroll bar, which we have implemented as reusable Java Beans. %M C.CHI.2000.2.99 %T Effects of instant messaging interruptions on computing tasks %S Interactive posters %A Edward B. Cutrell %A Mary Czerwinski %A Eric Horvitz %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 99-100 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633351 %X This paper describes a study that probes the cost of interrupting users with instant messages during different phases of a computing task. We found that interrupting users during the "evaluation phase" of the task resulted in significantly longer completion times than interruptions in other phases. We also found that interruptions that were irrelevant to the task resulted in longer times to process the message and longer task resumption times than relevant messages. These initial results have implications for the principled design of intelligent interrupters and instant messages. %M C.CHI.2000.2.101 %T "Trust me, I'm an online vendor": towards a model of trust for e-commerce system design %S Interactive posters %A Florian N. Egger %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 101-102 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633352 %X Consumers' lack of trust has often been cited as a major barrier to the adoption of electronic commerce (e-commerce). To address this problem, a model of trust was developed that describes what design factors affect consumers' assessment of online vendors' trustworthiness. Six components were identified and regrouped into three categories: Prepurchase Knowledge, Interface Properties and Informational Content. This model also informs the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) design of e-commerce systems in that its components can be taken as trust-specific high-level user requirements. %M C.CHI.2000.2.103 %T Tech support engineers' communication in a chat tool %S Interactive posters %A Eleanor T. Lewis %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 103-104 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633353 %X Organizations are increasingly interested in facilitating collaboration in distributed groups. In this study, I examine three distributed groups of technical support engineers at a large high technology company who have integrated a real-time text chat tool into their work practice. Effective use of the chat tools in these three groups interacts with group norms and group structure. Highly collaborative group norms mean that people receive responses to questions in the chat tool. This decreases the need to know 'who knows what,' because members do not need to target their questions to receive a response. Members also adapt their use of the tool to reflect the group structure, specifically the roles within the group and the range of problems the group solves. Active participation by experts across sites increases the likelihood an individual will receive a useful answer to a question. Groups solving a bounded range of problems tend to use the tool for technical problem solving more than for workflow coordination. %M C.CHI.2000.2.105 %T A vision-based pet robot interaction %S Interactive posters %A Isao Mihara %A Yasunobu Yamauchi %A Miwako Doi %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 105-106 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633354 %X We developed a new vision-based interface that can detect the human motion and control a pet robot interaction system. This vision-based interface is composed of the "Motion Processor (MP)" and the "Region Of Interest (ROI)". The MP is a new image input device. The MP can exclude background part and capture only the object's shape, motion and depth information in real time. The ROI is a concept in order to distinguish objects in a captured image. For detecting the ROI, the proposed method used depth information of the captured image and offered a fast and robust searching method. It enables the MP to sense a variety of object's shapes, motions, positions and so on. Therefore, our vision-based interface using the MP with the ROI can easily recognize object's motions as effective computer eyes. The user can interact with the pet robot (constructed by LEGO MINDSTORMS) using this vision-based interface. %M C.CHI.2000.2.107 %T Animated products as a navigation aid for e-commerce %S Interactive posters %A Luca Chittaro %A Paolo Coppola %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 107-108 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633355 %X Virtual Reality (VR) interfaces to e-commerce sites promise to make the e-shopping experience more natural, attractive, and fun for buyers. In this paper, we first briefly introduce the navigation problem, then we propose a novel navigation aid to help customers of VR stores in finding products. The proposed aid is based on 3D animated products which guide the customer towards her/his destination, and can also take into account the merchandising strategy of the store. %M C.CHI.2000.2.109 %T A wearable authoring system using organized multimedia data %S Interactive posters %A Kazushige Ouchi %A Yoshihiro Ohmori %A Soichiro Matsushita %A Miwako Doi %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 109-110 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633356 %X We developed a wearable authoring system which can record a variety of multimedia data and automatically generate daily reports and personal diary. A user can record multimedia data by context sensor without using keyboard or mouse. Recorded multimedia data are indexed and organized by recognizing spoken key words and voice annotations. Using these organized multimedia data, the system can automatically generate daily reports and statistical charts in real time without editing. %M C.CHI.2000.2.111 %T Supporting opportunistic communication in mobile settings %S Interactive posters %A Per Dahlberg %A Fredrik Ljungberg %A Johan Sanneblad %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 111-112 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633357 %X Proxy Lady is a mobile system for informal, opportunistic face-to-face communication, running on a PDA equipped with a radio transceiver. We describe the system and some preliminary evaluation results. %M C.CHI.2000.2.113 %T Distance education via IP videoconferencing: results from a national pilot project %S Interactive posters %A Anna Watson %A M. Angela Sasse %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 113-114 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633358 %X Internet Protocol (IP)-based videoconferencing technology can offer a low-cost means of collaboration and resource sharing on a national or global scale. This is potentially of interest to many users, especially in non-profit sectors such as education and healthcare. However, it has been questioned whether a best-effort network service can provide the reliability and quality required to support teaching and learning activities. To evaluate the technology, a 9-month pilot project of distributed teaching activities between 13 UK universities was set up. We present and discuss the issues involved in gathering and analysing data in a large-scale project with real users engaged in learning activities. The results suggest that incorrect equipment set-up and user behaviours cause most of the perceived problems, rather than network irregularities. %M C.CHI.2000.2.115 %T Presentation agents for speech user interfaces %S Interactive posters %A Jaakko Hakulinen %A Markku Turunen %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 115-116 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633359 %X In this paper we introduce a presentation agent framework for speech applications. In this framework presentation agents are used to produce dynamic, adaptive and prosody rich speech outputs. Using this framework in our speech-only e-mail reader we have been able to handle multilingual issues and support different user groups. Our goal is to build unique computer 'voices' to make speech outputs more intelligible and pleasant for the users. %M C.CHI.2000.2.117 %T The head or the heart?: measuring the impact of media quality %S Interactive posters %A Gillian M. Wilson %A M. Angela Sasse %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 117-118 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633360 %X The number of multimedia applications is constantly increasing. Subjective methods are typically used to determine the level of media quality required in applications, yet recent findings have shown that these have limitations. This paper introduces an objective method for assessing media quality -- measuring physiological indicators of stress. An experiment examining the impact of video frame rate is presented. With low frame rates, physiological measurements indicated that users were under strain, even though subjectively most reported no differences between low and high frame rates. We conclude that the evaluation of media quality should not be conducted using solely subjective methods. %M C.CHI.2000.2.119 %T Direct manipulation of parallel coordinates %S Interactive posters %A Harri Siirtola %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 119-120 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633361 %X This paper proposes the direct manipulation of parallel coordinates and introduces two novel techniques to manipulate them. The polyline averaging makes it possible to summarize dynamically a set of polylines, and the other technique visualizes correlation coefficients between polyline subsets. Both techniques were implemented on a Java-based parallel coordinate browser. %M C.CHI.2000.2.121 %T NewsMate: providing mobile and distributed news journalists with timely information %S Interactive posters %A Henrik Fagrell %A Kerstin Forsberg %A Erik Johannesson %A Fredrik Ljungberg %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 121-122 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633362 %X We describe a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) based CSCW system called NewsMate, which provides mobile and distributed news journalists with timely information. %M C.CHI.2000.2.123 %T ComCenter: a person oriented approach to mobile communication %S Interactive posters %A Jens Bergqvist %A Fredrik Ljungberg %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 123-124 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633363 %X The paper describes the rationale and design of ComCenter: a client/server based system for allowing WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) enabled mobile phones to become an integrated part of a company's communication network. Using person orientation, cross channel consistency and network access transparency, ComCenter realizes an activity based computing approach to mobile communication. %M C.CHI.2000.2.125 %T Simple interfaces to complex sound in improvised music %S Interactive posters %A John Bowers %A Sten Olof Hellstrom %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 125-126 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633364 %X We describe some interaction design principles and two interactive algorithms for the transformation of user-input from simple low degree of freedom (DOF) devices to support the synthesis of sound in music improvisation. We offer 'algorithmically mediated interaction' as an alternative to direct manipulation (DM) to describe auditory interfaces of this sort. A short performance complements this paper. %M C.CHI.2000.2.127 %T Scenario-based evaluation of loosely-integrated collaborative systems %S Interactive posters %A Laurie Damianos %A Jill Drury %A Tari Fanderclai %A Lynette Hirschman %A Jeff Kurtz %A Beatrice Oshika %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 127-128 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633365 %X We applied a scenario-based evaluation and data collection method to a set of loosely-integrated collaborative tools, which were in development. We learned several lessons about the interdependence of scenario development, training constraints, and tool capabilities. Testing a set of tools revealed usability issues we would not have seen by testing each tool in isolation. Our effort was the first to apply the Evaluation Working Group (EWG) methodology (described below) to a set of collaborative tools. %M C.CHI.2000.2.129 %T The quest for the last 5%: interfaces for correcting real-time speech-generated subtitles %S Interactive posters %A Andi Bateman %A Jill Hewitt %A Aladdin Ariyaeeinia %A Perasiriyan Sivakumaran %A Andrew Lambourne %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 129-130 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633366 %X This paper relates to ongoing work in relation to the creation of live television subtitles by speaking them. It describes an editing interface which has been developed to rapidly correct errors produced by the speech recogniser. %M C.CHI.2000.2.131 %T Usability remote evaluation for WWW %S Interactive posters %A Marco A. A. Winckler %A Carla M. D. S. Freitas %A Jose Valdeni de Lima %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 131-132 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633367 %X In the last few years many remote methods have been proposed for usability evaluation. For evaluation of WWW interfaces, remote methods present some advantages over traditional ones. In general, they are cheaper and faster than the traditional ones due to the fact that neither users nor evaluators need to move to take part in the tests. However, they fail to provide more accurate data for usability analysis. This paper presents a faster and low cost method for WWW evaluation that provides better data for analysis. The novelty of this method is due to the merging of tracking of users' actions and subjective information provided through questionnaires in the same evaluation tool. %M C.CHI.2000.2.133 %T HyperPalette: a hybrid computing environment for small computing devices %S Interactive posters %A Yuji Ayatsuka %A Nobuyuki Matsushita %A Jun Rekimoto %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 133-134 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633368 %X A hybrid computing environment is described that uses small computing devices, such as PDAs (Personal Data Assistants), and a "computerized table". 3D sensors are installed in the environment and also attached to the user's PDA, so that the PDA can act as a flexible interaction device for the computerized table. The user can transfer data between the PDA and computerized table by using a specific operation on his/her PDA, and use new interaction techniques, such as scoop-and-spread. The user can also grab and move an object on the table by using the PDA. %M C.CHI.2000.2.135 %T Age difference in the use of an on-line grocery shop: implications for design %S Interactive posters %A Marie Sjolinder %A Kristina Hook %A Lars Goran Nilsson %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 135-136 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633369 %X Navigation in hypermedia is a difficult task, and more so for some than for others. We have studied age differences in completing shopping tasks in a hierarchical on-line grocery store. Our results revealed that the elderly subjects needed twice as much time as the younger subjects to purchase the products. Furthermore, the elderly subjects had difficulties in finding their way back to products they have previously visited. We propose that design of on-line stores should take into account how elderly learn and navigate physical spaces. Through enhancing the process of creating personal landmarks and memory cues, elderly might find the on-line shopping experience both easier and subjectively less time consuming. %M C.CHI.2000.2.137 %T Bridging reality and virtuality in vocational training %S Interactive posters %A Kai Schmudlach %A Eva Hornecker %A Hauke Ernst %A F. Wilhelm Bruns %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 137-138 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633370 %X This article describes work and results of BREVIE, a project aimed at designing and evaluating a new kind of environment for vocational training in pneumatics. It is based on the concept of graspable interfaces, which allow synchronous modelling in real and virtual worlds. %M C.CHI.2000.2.139 %T Presenting spoken advice: information pull or push? %S Interactive posters %A Geert de Haan %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 139-140 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633371 %X This paper describes a usability experiment concerning the intrusive nature of spoken-out advice messages in situations that closely resemble conferences, generated by an intelligent agent system (COMRIS) on the basis of context information and personal interest profiles. The results indicate that pushing spoken information may not be appropriate and information-pull is preferred. %M C.CHI.2000.2.141 %T Overcoming unusability: developing efficient strategies in speech recognition systems %S Interactive posters %A John Karat %A Daniel B. Horn %A Christine A. Halverson %A Clare Marie Karat %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 141-142 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633372 %X This paper describes changes in user error correction strategies over time in the use of large vocabulary desktop automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Users with minimal practice with such systems were found to have considerable difficulty with error correction [1,2]. Users with more extensive use were found to have improved overall performance compared to initial use subjects. This is attributed to development of multimodal strategies for error correction rather than to significantly improved speech recognition rates or use of speech-based error correction techniques. These results point to the importance of multimodal interaction in the acceptance of speech recognition technology. %M C.CHI.2000.2.143 %T Qualitative usability measurement of websites by employing the repertory grid technique %S Interactive posters %A Jouke C. Verlinden %A Marc J. J. Coenders %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 143-144 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633373 %X In this paper, we describe some initial work on measuring the subjective or qualitative usability aspects of websites. Our main motivation is to facilitate the human ability to compare parts of a website. %M C.CHI.2000.2.145 %T Text in 3D: some legibility results %S Interactive posters %A Kevin Larson %A Maarten van Dantzich %A Mary Czerwinski %A George Robertson %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 145-146 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633374 %X 3D user interfaces for productivity applications often display object labels or whole documents in arrangements where the text is rotated instead of screen aligned. Rotating a document sideways saves screen real estate while allowing inspection of the document's content. This paper reports on an initial reading speed study of text rotated around a vertical axis and manipulated in size. We found that with sufficient rendering quality small text can be substantially rotated before reading performance suffers, and large text legibility is nearly unaffected by rotation. The empirically derived guidelines we present are the first published for 3D text and important for the design of 3D information visualizations. %M C.CHI.2000.2.147 %T Using rough sets to determine construct importance in a dynamic HCI environment %S Interactive posters %A Michael D. Coovert %A Dawn Riddle %A Linda R. Elliot %A Samuel G. Schiflett %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 147-148 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633375 %X Rough set analysis is used as a methodology to identify the relative importance of variables for individuals who interact with various computer and other display and communication systems aboard Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS). A goal of the analysis is to determine optimal information display and interpersonal interaction strategies to minimize workload and maximize coordination among team members, including intelligent agents. Rough sets analysis yielded the rank order of importance of 15 variables on three constructs (individual experience, personality, team process) for each of three different types of AWACS operators. %M C.CHI.2000.2.149 %T Kits for learning and a kit for kitmaking %S Interactive posters %A Carol Strohecker %A Adrienne Slaughter %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 149-150 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633376 %X We bring together concerns in software design and learning theory through creation of a Java framework for development of software construction kits. The kits are highly visual and highly interactive, and are premised on the notion of "microworlds" as environments for learning and learning research [6]. Usage of four existing kits is informing development of the framework, which in turn we are applying to development of a new kit. The kits support construction of two-dimensional, graphical structures that behave in characteristic ways when activated. We employ design heuristics of "object permanence," "transparency," and use of multiple simultaneous views to illustrate shifts of scale, perspective, time, and representation. Broader use of the general "Kit4Kits" will help us address viability of our "elements and operations" design approach. %M C.CHI.2000.2.151 %T Role of memory in email management %S Interactive posters %A Sasha Jovicic %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 151-152 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633377 %X In this paper, we describe an interface designed to manage large amounts of email. We discuss the inadequacies of present methods for managing email and provide rationale for our approach. We focus on relevant memory literature and its implications for design. Finally, we provide some directions for future work. %M C.CHI.2000.2.153 %T "Intelligent" team decision making %S Interactive posters %A Lori L. Foster %A Michael D. Coovert %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 153-154 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633378 %X This study investigates the effects of an intelligent agent's participation during team decision making. We compare intelligent agents and knowledgeable humans in terms of their relative influences over team judgments. Results indicate that intelligent agents exert disproportionate amounts of influence, even when they provide poor recommendations. Agents appear to have subtle influences over team discussions and subsequent decisions, and these effects are not always obvious to human team members. %M C.CHI.2000.2.155 %T PhoneMan: the benefits of personal call histories %S Interactive posters %A David Millen %A Don Henderson %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 155-156 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633379 %X In the PhoneMan research project we are exploring IP-based telephony control, new telephony interfaces, and non-traditional ways of merging telephony, messaging and alerting. The PhoneMan application allows complete control and monitoring of an ISDN desktop phone from a local PC and remotely from the web. Current features include enhanced screen pops, which can be configured to query local or remote directories, including corporate directories and public white page services, and email call notification, which allows remote call alerting, call logging and active management of personal call histories. User reactions to the initial release of this application, based on in-person interviews and a web-based survey, reveal the novel use of email call logs as active call reminders and email messages as phone event triggers. %M C.CHI.2000.2.157 %T Physics-based graphical keyboard design %S Interactive posters %A Michael Hunter %A Shumin Zhai %A Barton A. Smith %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 157-158 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633380 %X Built upon the Fitts' law and digraph model developed by MacKenzie and colleague [2, 3], we introduce two physics-based methods to graphical keyboard design. One method uses physical simulation of digraph springs and the other uses the Metropolis method. Both methods produced keyboard layouts comparable to or better than existing best designs by manual trial and error methods. We also corrected an error in previous predictions and concluded that the upper bound performance of a graphical keyboard should be at 40 to 44 wpm. The effect of varying key size and the use of multiple space keys are discussed. %M C.CHI.2000.2.159 %T Streaming thumbnails: combining low resolution navigation and RSVP displays %S Interactive posters %A D. T. Lawton %A E. J. Feigin %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 159-160 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633381 %X We introduce Streaming Thumbnails (STs), which combine RSVP displays and low-resolution thumbnails to enable reading complex documents in very limited areas. STs improve browsing because detailed textual information can be accessed from a thumbnail without viewing a document at full resolution. STs improve RSVP reading because they provide context and navigation control. Streaming Thumbnails are directly applicable for viewing documents and web pages on hand held PDAs. %M C.CHI.2000.2.161 %T Strategic approach to computer literacy %S Interactive posters %A Suresh K. Bhavnani %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 161-162 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633382 %X Despite experience, many users do not progress from a basic use of computer applications to a more efficient use. To address this problem, we designed a strategic approach to training which focused on teaching efficient strategies in addition to commands. A controlled experiment which compared this approach to traditional command-based instruction revealed that some strategies indeed require explicit training before they are learned. However, others are automatically acquired just by learning commands, and yet others may require more practice than we anticipated. These results have direct implications to instructional design. Because the strategic approach took the same time to teach as the traditional approach but did not harm learning of commands, it offers a promising alternative to command-based instruction. %M C.CHI.2000.2.163 %T Timely reminders: a case study of temporal guidance in PIM and email tools usage %S Interactive posters %A Jacek Gwizdka %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 163-164 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633383 %X We describe our research in progress that explores the use of personal information management (PIM) tools in time and attempts to establish temporal attributes of information. We report on a short field study undertaken to examine relations between tools and information life-cycle. We propose four information types: prospective, ephemeral, working and retrospective. We outline relationships between PIM tools, email and different types of information. We use this framework to explain problems observed with handling information. %M C.CHI.2000.2.165 %T How large should a digital desk be?: qualitative results of a comparative study %S Interactive posters %A Ame Elliott %A Marti A. Hearst %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 165-166 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633384 %X Qualitative results are presented of a user study comparing a large digital desk with stylus, a digital tablet with stylus, and a standard monitor and mouse. Participants split preferences over the desk and the tablet for a sketching task, but generally preferred the monitor and mouse for an image sorting task. Participants did not object to the relatively lower resolution of the images on the digital desk. Several participants found the surface of the desk to be too large and the tablet to be too small, suggesting that either an intermediate size display is preferable, or that interfaces designed for large work surfaces should focus on putting primary information near the user and less important information in the periphery. %M C.CHI.2000.2.167 %T A non-invasive computer vision system for reliable eye tracking %S Interactive posters %A Antonio Haro %A Irfan Essa %A Myron Flickner %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 167-168 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633385 %X Knowing what the user is attending to and what they are looking at is essential for creating attentive user interfaces. Towards this end, we are building a reliable, real-time, non-invasive eye tracker using computer vision. Our system can robustly locate and track eyes without any calibration, and estimate the user's focus of attention. We have built several higher-level processes on top of this tracking system and have done some user studies to test the viability of our approach. %M C.CHI.2000.2.169 %T Breaking-up is hard to do: partitioning information (or not) in over-the-phone, speech-recognition interactions %S Interactive posters %A Christopher Blade Kotelly %A Philippe Farhi %A Michael D. Ahnemann %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 169-170 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633386 %X In a controlled study, subjects using over-the-phone speech-recognition systems delivering multiple pieces of distinct information preferred the breakup of the presentation of information into multiple blocks (that is, the user heard some information, then elected to hear more) than having it presented it all at once. However, when all the pieces of information considered to be of equivalent importance were presented in a single block, this resulted in the increase in the perceived speed of the system, but a decreased perception of the friendliness of the system. %M C.CHI.2000.2.171 %T Achieving usability through software architectural styles %S Interactive posters %A Len Bass %A Bonnie E. John %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 171-172 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633387 %X Design decisions at the architecture level can have far-reaching effects on the qualities of a computer system. Recent developments in software engineering link architectural styles to quality attribute analysis techniques to predict the effects of architectural design decisions on the eventual manifestation of quality. An Attribute-Based Architecture Style (ABAS) is a structured description of a particular software quality attribute, a particular architectural style, and the relevant qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques. Thus, it is a description that is meaningful to software engineers as they design or analyze proposed software architectures. We are producing a collection of ABASs that speak to the usability quality attribute. These ABASs will enable software engineers make early architectural design decisions that achieve specific usability functions. %M C.CHI.2000.2.173 %T Agents as building-blocks for usability tests in multi-user 3D environments %S Interactive posters %A Volker Paelke %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 173-174 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633388 %X With the proliferation of virtual environments in real-world applications effective interface design and usability testing for virtual environments become increasingly important. Established design and test techniques from interactive system design like empirical evaluation can be applied to virtual environments, but their practical application encounters significant problems due to the special conditions of multi-user interaction. We describe an agent toolkit that simulates actions of other users to enable realistic tests with individual test subjects and without the need for extensive modification of the underlying application. %M C.CHI.2000.2.175 %T Interfacing to the foot: apparatus and applications %S Interactive posters %A Joseph A. Paradiso %A Kai Yuh Hsiao %A Ari Benbasat %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 175-176 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633389 %X We describe a system that we have developed to capture detailed, multimodal gesture expressed at the foot. It is embodied in a pair of shoes, each of which measures 16 degrees of freedom (tactile, inertial, positional). No tethers or wires are attached to the shoes; data is directly telemetered wirelessly off each foot to a remote base station and host computer, yielding full state updates at 50 Hz. This system, having evolved over 3 years, has been used for real-time expressive performance by a diverse set of artists, including gymnasts, jugglers, and dancers. Ongoing work is exploring the extraction of high-level podiatric gesture. %M C.CHI.2000.2.177 %T Privacy and information integrity in wearable computing and ubiquitous computing %S Interactive posters %A Jennica Falk %A Staffan Bjork %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 177-178 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633390 %X Wearable and ubiquitous computing are two computing paradigms with different views on privacy and information integrity. We present terms that help provide a framework for understanding these, and describe a prototype device that combines attributes from both, challenging presumptions about these paradigms. By looking at narrow application areas, we argue that it is possible to find applications that merge wearable computing and ubiquitous computing. %M C.CHI.2000.2.179 %T Shifting from "high fidelity" to "low fidelity" algorithm visualization technology %S Interactive posters %A Christopher Hundhausen %A Sarah Douglas %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 179-180 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633391 %X Traditional algorithm visualization software supports the creation of "high fidelity" visualizations, which depict the target algorithm for arbitrary input, and have the polished look of textbook figures. Drawing on the findings of ethnographic studies we conducted in an undergraduate algorithms course, we have developed SALSA/ALVIS, a markedly different kind of algorithm visualization software that enables students to construct and present their own "low fidelity" visualizations. Unlike "high fidelity" visualizations, "low fidelity" visualizations depict the target algorithm for a few, carefully-selected input data sets, and have an unpolished look. In addition, they can be viewed both forwards and backwards, and dynamically marked up and modified, making them well-suited for mediating student-instructor discussions about algorithms. %M C.CHI.2000.2.181 %T Successful user interface design from efficient computer algorithms %S Interactive posters %A Gary Marsden %A Harold Thimbleby %A Matt Jones %A Paul Gillary %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 181-182 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633392 %X Exploiting standard computer science algorithms, we designed a more efficient user interface for a mobile phone. In experiments, the new design was found to be not only more efficient but preferred by users. %M C.CHI.2000.2.183 %T The sense of physically crossing paths: creating a soft initiation in HyperMirror communication %S Interactive posters %A Osamu Morikawa %A Juli Yamashita %A Yukio Fukui %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 183-184 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633393 %X In this report we discuss adding a new sensor which allows the user to perceive changes in HyperMirror space. The sensation caused by the tactile displays allows the user to perceive other users' movements. The tactile signal is not intrusive, although it works to arouse attention. It is possible to immerse oneself in the HyperMirror conversation environment without paying constant attention to the screen. %M C.CHI.2000.2.185 %T NEM: "novice expert ratio method" a usability evaluation method to generate a new performance measure %S Interactive posters %A Haruhiko Urokohara %A Kenichi Tanaka %A Kazuyoshi Furuta %A Michiyo Honda %A Masaaki Kurosu %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 185-186 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633394 %X NEM is a new evaluation method that generates a quantitative measure in terms of the usability of any specific system. In this method, at each step of the operational procedure in the situation of the usability testing, the ratio of time required for a novice user to that of an expert user is used to generate an NE ratio. The time required by the expert user is thought to represent the minimum time to operate the system. Hence, regardless of the absolute amount of time required by the user, the magnitude of the ratio can be regarded as a measure to represent the difficulty in using that system for the novice user. By applying this method to the evaluation of the car navigation system, it was confirmed that this method is quite useful in identifying the procedural step that has a usability problem. %M C.CHI.2000.2.187 %T WAP: designing for small user interfaces %S Interactive posters %A Albrecht Schmidt %A Henning Schroder %A Oliver Frick %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 187-188 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633395 %X Current and upcoming WAP-capable mobile phones introduce new user interfaces where standard methods for application design often fail. Automated translation of HTML to WML produces screen layouts and input mechanisms that are often not useable on a mobile phone. In this paper we suggest a structured approach for building WAP application and in particular the development of the user interface. First we give a brief summary on the discriminating feature of a phone interface and on mechanisms to build applications on WAP devices. Then we provide guidelines on how to port from Web to WAP and how to develop WAP-Applications. We finally introduce the WAP application that led to our findings. %M C.CHI.2000.2.189 %T Evaluation criteria for scaffolding in learner-centered tools %S Interactive posters %A Chris Quintana %A Eric Fretz %A Joseph Krajcik %A Elliot Soloway %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 189-190 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633396 %X Learner-centered design (LCD) is a design approach for developing software that supports learners (i.e., work novices) to do and learn new work tasks. For our LCD process, we are focusing on evaluating scaffolding, i.e., features that support the doing (and in turn, the learning) of a task in a "learning by doing" fashion. To evaluate the role of scaffolding features on a learner's developing understanding, we present a set of evaluation criteria for distilling richer evaluation data about scaffolding. We will use these criteria to evaluate Symphony, a LCD tool for students learning the science inquiry process. %M C.CHI.2000.2.191 %T Flicking through page-based documents with thumbnail sliders and electronic dog-ears %S Interactive posters %A Aldo Hoeben %A Pieter Jan Stappers %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 191-192 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633397 %X Current interfaces for electronic page-based documents, such as books or magazines, offer support for navigation based on explicit reference (hyperlinks) or page-numbers. These methods don't resemble the view of page-content a reader has when browsing paper documents. In this paper we describe a method for navigation based on the coarse mental image readers have of a page they have seen before. We discuss experience from using two implementations and ongoing work on a Designer's Sketchbook, where the method is further developed. %M C.CHI.2000.2.193 %T Enabling easy access to digital geographic information: SNIG's usability history %S Interactive posters %A Fatima Bernardo %A Joana Hipolito %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 193-194 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633398 %X The National System for Geographic Information (SNIG) is available on the Interact (http://snig.cnig.pt) since 1995. In this Interactive Poster, we present the work that has been done to adequate SNIG interface to a wider range of professional and non-professional users. %M C.CHI.2000.2.195 %T A 15 year path of usability development in Europe %S Interactive posters %A Martin Maguire %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 195-196 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633399 %X This paper presents, in summary form, the development and dissemination of usability ideas and methods in Europe as experienced via a series of European Commission supported projects. In briefly presenting the projects' achievements and outstanding issues, it mirrors some of the history of usability in a wider context. Thus it is intended to inform delegates, especially those from outside Europe, of some of the usability research and development activities that have taken place while at the same time raising questions that are still live. %M C.CHI.2000.2.197 %T A bench for all moods %S Interactive posters %A Antonietta Grasso %A Alain Karsenty %A Dave Snowdon %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 197-198 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633400 %X At XRCE we explored a new type of interface, the CommunityWall, based on public large screen displays. A CommunityWall is an interactive device that monitors and collects information and comments from a group of people sharing a physical location, be it an office setting site or a neighbourhood in a town. The CommunityWall display device is a large screen with interaction features like pen based scribbling and touch-screen manipulation. Here we describe how to extend its functionality and embed it in public benches to support community awareness. The work originated by an internal reflection at XRCE about how to augment the work setting (comprising a beautiful park) with awareness support. While the CommunityWall application has been implemented and deployed for testing in a workgroup at XRCE, the bench is at the level of system design. %M C.CHI.2000.2.199 %T Edge effects: the design challenge of the pervasive interface %S Invited session: opening plenary %A John Thackara %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 199-200 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633402 %X In biology they describe as 'the edge effect' the tendency for a greater variety and density of organisms to cluster in the boundaries between communities. As in nature, so too in a networked economy: variety, density and interaction are success factors. The trouble is that most of us work inside traditional environments, not between them -- in a company, profession, or university. Stuck in boxes, we miss what's going on at the edge. My talk at CHI is therefore about two edge developments that are transforming our work in fundamental ways: pervasive computing, and social agendas for innovation. %M C.CHI.2000.2.201 %T On-line TV viewing: a new consumer experience %S Invited session: interactive services %A Hendrik A. Harwig %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 201 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633404 %X In addition to reviewing the technology trends in the TV world of consumer electronics, we will discuss how these developments will influence the consumer experience. The move from one-way TV viewing to interaction within a networked environment will require new ways of user system interaction. The paper will address the changes in merging the world of TV with multimedia content delivery: * The TV experience 'today'. 'Passive viewing' of broadcasters content. Consumers' expectations of the interface; reliable, simple to use, providing a social function. * Likely scenario's for further development; lean backward social interaction through the TV versus lean forward individual interaction with the PC, * The impact of digital technologies and IP becoming pervasive for transport, projections of how TV oriented services will grow, and the likely players in the change from traditional broadcasting to networked access for multimedia content delivery, * From 'just TV' to distributed home entertainment systems, to real two-way consumer communication and attractive e-commerce services, * Television viewing and accessibility of services becoming more personalized and pervasive through a variety of devices (TV, portable communication and entertainment devices like Personal Information Assistants). The paper will discuss the likely impact of these developments on the consumer experience and the issues and challenges facing the consumer-oriented industries in the move to convergence: * Providing a secure, private and pleasant ambience through networked devices and applications in the home, * Extending the ambience of the home to the experience on the move, * Maintaining simplicity for the consumer in a networked environment through interoperability, context awareness and familiar interfaces, * Coping with the daily flood of content, finding what you want anytime, anywhere through personalization and preemptive storage and archiving. Consumers need to be involved in the process. More in-depth global consumer studies on regional attitudes and perceptions need to be done. Co-development and evaluation of solutions need to be performed in feasibility and usability labs like the Philips Home Lab under construction. The paper will show examples of how consumer electronics companies are dealing with these challenges and provide some insights into the type of solutions we may expect to see in homes of the near future. %M C.CHI.2000.2.202 %T Pervasive information access and the rise of human-information interaction %S Invited session: interactive services %A Peter Lucas %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 202 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633405 %X In a world of pervasive, "invisible" computing, people will interact with information objects, not computers. We must learn to design these objects with as much care as we now design computer interfaces. %M C.CHI.2000.2.203 %T The art of beyond the desktop %S Invited session %A Panu Korhonen %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 203-204 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633407 %X In this session, members from the industry representing different areas of Beyond the Desktop theme will discuss the future challenges of HCI. %M C.CHI.2000.2.205 %T Sufficiently advanced technology: using magic to control the world %S Invited session: closing plenary %A Kim Binsted %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 205-206 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633409 %X Like magic, technology gives us power over the world. Human-computer interaction (HCI) research is concerned with how we wield that power. Here I look at how storytellers imagine magic, and try to apply some of these ideas to technology. %M C.CHI.2000.2.207 %T The methods of our madness: research on experimental documents %S Organization overviews: challenges to design %A Anne Balsamo %A Matt Gorbet %A Steve Harrison %A Scott Minneman %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 207-208 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633411 %X Research on Experimental Documents (RED) is the moniker for a small, interdisciplinary research group at Xerox PARC. We are eight researchers involved in the creation of new genres based on emerging media and technologies. We employ methods of speculative design and iterative prototyping while working in the mode of a design studio. Our current project, which we'll use as illustrative material, is the design and construction of twelve interactive exhibits for show in a hands-on technology museum. %M C.CHI.2000.2.209 %T The PLAY research group: entertainment and innovation in Sweden %S Organization overviews: challenges to design %A Lars Erik Holmquist %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 209-210 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633412 %X In a short time the research group PLAY has established an unorthodox but effective work style, where a creative approach to research in information technology is combined with a strong focus on achieving high-quality results. Being a young research group (both regarding the time it has existed and the average age of its members) has presented PLAY with both challenges and opportunities. We face the challenge of building a credible basis for research in the academic community, but also think that we have the opportunity to contribute innovative results to the research community and our industrial partners. %M C.CHI.2000.2.211 %T Interaction design at Pixar Animation Studios %S Organization overviews: challenges to design %A Karon Weber %A Kitt Hirasaki %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 211-212 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633413 %X In this paper, we describe the work of the interaction design group at Pixar Animation Studios. We illustrate some techniques we are employing to understand the practices and needs of our user community. Also highlighted are some of the challenges we face designing within a production-engineering environment. %M C.CHI.2000.2.213 %T User-System Interaction Technology (USIT): a UI research group of Philips Electronics %S Organization overviews: beyond the desktop: augmenting everyday places and things %A Rene Collier %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 213-214 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633415 %X This overview presents the User-System Interaction Technology (USIT) group of Philips Research. We discuss the department's origin, mission and strategy, its core capabilities and two sample projects that illustrate research objectives for the mid- and long-term, respectively. %M C.CHI.2000.2.215 %T Living laboratories: the future computing environments group at the Georgia Institute of Technology %S Organization overviews: beyond the desktop: augmenting everyday places and things %A Gregory D. Abowd %A Christopher G. Atkeson %A Aaron F. Bobick %A Irfan A. Essa %A Blair MacIntyre %A Elizabeth D. Mynatt %A Thad E. Starner %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 215-216 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633416 %X The Future Computing Environments (FCE) Group at Georgia Tech is a collection of faculty and students that share a desire to understand the partnership between humans and technology that arises as computation and sensing become ubiquitous. With expertise covering the breadth of Computer Science, but focusing on HCI, Computational Perception, and Machine Learning, the individual research agendas of the FCE faculty are grounded in a number of shared living laboratories where their research is applied to everyday life in the classroom (Classroom 2000), the home (Aware Home), the office (Augmented Offices), and on one's person (Wearable Computing). %M C.CHI.2000.2.217 %T Xerox Research Centre Europe (XRCE) %S Organization overviews: beyond the desktop: augmenting everyday places and things %A Allan MacLean %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 217-218 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633417 %X Xerox Research Centre Europe (XRCE) is the European arm of the Xerox Research and Technology organization. The focus of the Centre is on combining technology, business processes, and work practices to help people work smarter and faster. %M C.CHI.2000.2.219 %T Usability research in Nokia: evolution, motivation and trust %S Organization overviews: mobile communication %A Panu Korhonen %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 219-220 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633419 %X The Usability Group in the Nokia Research Center is a research team with members in Finland, Japan and soon China. The group has evolved during the last five years from a simple usability evaluation group to cover many aspects of usability. We describe the stages of the evolution and discuss the role of employee motivation and customer trust in the process. %M C.CHI.2000.2.221 %T User centered research and design at Motorola %S Organization overviews: mobile communication %A Larry Marturano %A David Wheatley %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 221-222 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633420 %X In this overview, we describe how user-centered research and design have been established within Motorola and how it is organized to support both short-term development programs and longer-term research. Motorola is a global company and has a distributed HCI community. The challenges of coordinating this geographical and disciplinary diversity are addressed. %M C.CHI.2000.2.223 %T Making usability engineering happen: Center for Usability Research & Engineering (CURE) %S Organization overviews: mobile communication %A Verena Giller %A Manfred Tscheligi %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 223-224 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633421 %X CURE is an usability organization active in a variety of national and international initiatives and projects. The whole usability engineering cycle is covered and a wide range of application domains is supported. In particular the integration of usability engineering in day to day development is a major challenge. %M C.CHI.2000.2.225 %T The interactive collaborative environments laboratory %S Organization overviews: virtual worlds and virtual communities %A Adrian Bullock %A Anneli Avatare %A Lennart Fahlen %A Emmanuel Frecon %A Par Hansson %A Bino Nord %A Kristian Simsarian %A Marten Stenius %A Olov Stahl %A Anders Wallberg %A Karl Petter Akesson %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 225-226 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633423 %X We overview the Interactive Collaborative Environments laboratory at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science. %M C.CHI.2000.2.227 %T Digital city project: NTT open laboratory %S Organization overviews: virtual worlds and virtual communities %A Jun-ichi Akahani %A Katherine Isbister %A Toru Ishida %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 227-228 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633424 %X In this paper, we present an organizational overview of the NTT Open Laboratory's Digital City Project. %M C.CHI.2000.2.229 %T TeleCHI: an on-line community for HCI professionals %S Organization overviews: virtual worlds and virtual communities %A Liwana S. Bringelson %A Tom Carey %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 229-230 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633425 %X This paper describes a new online community for HCI knowledge leaders across Canada. This community, TeleCHI, establishes a venue for experts and knowledge apprentices to network, practice and critique the tools and resources of HCI. TeleCHI events are discussed along with how this community is supported by a model for integrated telelearning communities. %M C.CHI.2000.2.231 %T Interval research corporation %S Organization overviews: user centered design processes %A Bonnie Johnson %A Arati Prabhakar %A Debby Hindus %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 231-232 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633427 %X As the future approaches, and broadband industries begin to offer new forms of interactivity to set top boxes, Interval's focus, along with our approach to HCI, is changing. While we will continue to do a broad range of work, much of our HCI effort will be directed toward creating interfaces for rich, networked applications. We are well positioned for this because of our tradition of understanding humans as psychological/psychophysical creatures, technology users, and consumers. %M C.CHI.2000.2.233 %T From behaviour to innovation at Nortel Networks %S Organization overviews: user centered design processes %A Mike Atyeo %A Judith Ramsay %A Judith Rattle %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 233-234 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633428 %X In this paper we outline the role of Design Interpretive in Nortel Networks. In particular, we describe our approach to designing innovative product concepts derived from observation of human behaviour. %M C.CHI.2000.2.235 %T Design in harmony with human life %S Organization overviews: user centered design processes %A David J. Gilmore %A Velma L. Velazquez %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 235-236 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633429 %X Achieving harmony between human life and technological design requires a strong understanding of the diversity and variety in both people and technology, as well as processes for bringing the two together. At IDEO we strive to embrace diversity, often including extreme users in our user-centered research as well as more representative individuals. Instead of just capturing what people do or say that they do, we interact with them in their usual environments and try to understand why they do what they do. Experiential prototyping has become important to us during the design phase, where we design experiences which capture the important qualities of the current or the intended user experience. Exposure to these experience prototypes has proved very effective in helping designers to achieve greater empathy with the users of their products, as well as enabling rapid evaluations of how design changes impact the user experience. %M C.CHI.2000.2.237 %T User-interface design books: educating the masses or preaching to the converted? %S Panel %A Jeff Johnson %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 237-238 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633431 %X Increasingly, computer-based products and services are designed by people having little or no training in UI design. If this continues, usability and productivity will fall. Individuals in the CHI community have responded to this problem by writing a plethora of UI design books. A recent survey by the panel organizer counted 100 such books. Broken into rough categories, they are: * Platform-specific style-guides: 12. * Platform-independent guidelines and handbooks: 40. * Task-analysis, participatory and contextual methods: 7. * Usability engineering, testing, evaluation methods: 7. * Edited collections on design-related HCI: 14. * Web UI design: 9. * Graphic design for UIs: 5. * Business analysis of usability and user-centered design: 4. * General design: 2. One can ask whether these books are reaching their intended audience. The vast majority of the UI programmers -- even some of the UI designers -- at the panel organizer's client companies have heard of very few, if any, of these books. The sheer number of books may be a hindrance to their achieving their purpose. How are developers supposed to determine which ones will most useful to them? %M C.CHI.2000.2.239 %T Non-contractual trust, design, and human and computer interactions %S Panel %A Elisabeth Davenport %A Mark Dibben %A Batya Friedman %A Steven Marsh %A Howard Rosenbaum %A Harold Thimbleby %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 239-240 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633432 %X How might trust be a component of human-computer based interaction? There are a number of dimensions involving different combinations of humans, systems and computer agents. Recent studies of trust in the workplace indicate that trust has many attributes, and that representations of trust in the virtual workplace must take account of differences in emphasis. [1] The panel members will work with a number of 'real world' scenarios that illustrate different aspects pertinent to trust and the morality of interactions %M C.CHI.2000.2.241 %T Interactionary: a live UI design competition %S Panel %A Scott Berkun %A Debbie Cargile %A Christopher Konrad %A Sarah Zuberec %A Bruce Tognazzini %A Steve Rodgers %A Richard Buchanan %A Isabela Ancona %A Alex Little %A Zayera Khan %A Shel Kimen %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 241-242 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633433 %X This experimental panel is an attempt to demonstrate the dynamic and impromptu parts of the interaction design process. Teams of designers, usability engineers and program managers will design solutions to interaction problems live on stage, in front of the audience. %M C.CHI.2000.2.243 %T Story spaces: interfaces for children's voices %S Panel %A Justine Cassell %A Kimiko Ryokai %A Allison Druin %A Jack Klaff %A Brenda Laurel %A Nichole Pinkard %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 243-244 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633434 %X Interactive narrative was, until a couple of years ago, more a topic of discussion in ACM Multimedia than in the CHI community. And where children were concerned, the issue was mostly how to make storybooks for children more interactive by adding sound, animation, etc. More recently, however, both narrative and interfaces for children have received significant attention. The two concerns join in the topic of how to create storytelling spaces to support children's own storytelling voice. Until now, nevertheless, there has been no comprehensive discussion at CHI of what it means to design for children to produce narrative in the context of technology. This panel, then, gathers researchers with a diverse set of perspectives to discuss what it means to support children as producers of tales. %M C.CHI.2000.2.245 %T Scaling for the masses: usability practices of the web's most popular sites %S Panel %A Jared M. Spool %A Laura Borns %A Eleri Dixon %A Kevin Knabe %A Josh Paluch %A David Shen %A Marie Tahir %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 245-246 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633435 %X This panel will include representatives from some of the web's most popular sites. Each reaches millions of users monthly and has its own business model and goals that differ from the others. The panelists will discuss the usability issues confronting sites that serve very large audiences, such as: how best to conduct usability testing on sites with large audiences, how large internal teams can work with multiple contractors and vendors to achieve a usable site, how internationalization affects usability goals, how the rise of new advertising models will affect site usability, and what can be learned from the sites already in existence. The moderator will encourage the audience to ask questions of the panelists and share their own experiences and advice. %M C.CHI.2000.2.247 %T Smart toys: brave new world? %S Panel %A Herman D'Hooge %A Linda Dalton %A Helen Shwe %A Debra Lieberman %A Claire O'Malley %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 247-248 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633436 %X Technology is changing the way children play. But should we be excited or worried about the introduction of technology into children's toys? This panel of smart toy experts will examine the advantages and disadvantages of technologically-enhanced play and will discuss potential psychological and developmental consequences of electronic playthings. Furthermore, the panel will explore how to evaluate smart toys and how to create usability guidelines for high-tech toys. %M C.CHI.2000.2.249 %T Supporting communication and collaboration practices in safety-critical situations %S Short talks: communication and collaboration %A Paul J. Camp %A James M. Hudson %A Russell B. Keldorph %A Scott Lewis %A Elizabeth D. Mynatt %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 249-250 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633438 %X In this paper, we present the Firefighter Communication System -- a system designed to enhance and improve firefighter communication during a crisis situation such as a structural fire. The system we present is a half-duplex communication system with an audio horizon for officers and a full-duplex system for standard firefighters. We also address the design for the company commander who simultaneously participates in both systems. These initial designs are the result of ethnographic-style investigations into firefighting practice combined with iterative design. %M C.CHI.2000.2.251 %T Communicating facial affect: it's not the realism, it's the motion %S Short talks: communication and collaboration %A Sheryl M. Ehrlich %A Diane J. Schiano %A Kyle Sheridan %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 251-252 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633439 %X Designers of video-mediated communication and affective computing applications must make tradeoffs to deal with limited bandwidth. Typically spatial resolution and color are preserved at the expense of temporal resolution and accuracy. Our data suggest that this may not be the appropriate tradeoff for communicating facial affect; preserving motion is critical and may even compensate for major losses in image realism. %M C.CHI.2000.2.253 %T What's happening?: the community awareness application %S Short talks: communication and collaboration %A Qiang Alex Zhao %A John T. Stasko %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 253-254 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633440 %X This article introduces the "What's Happening" desktop application for maintaining and enhancing community awareness. "What's Happening" uses a small visualization display and animation to provide unobtrusive information delivery and lightweight chat-room support. The article also discusses our early experiences with the system. %M C.CHI.2000.2.255 %T Interacting with music in a social setting %S Short talks: communication and collaboration %A Ali Mazalek %A Tristan Jehan %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 255-256 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633441 %X This paper describes the design of a new system for interacting with music in a social setting. MusiCocktail allows users to influence certain parameters of a pre-composed and pre-recorded piece of music in the way they mix their beverages at a social gathering. This new form of interaction with music enables group participation in the creation of a rich musical environment. %M C.CHI.2000.2.257 %T Why conversational agents should catch the eye %S Short talks: communication and collaboration %A Roel Vertegaal %A Robert Slagter %A Gerrit van der Veer %A Anton Nijholt %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 257-258 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633442 %X We studied whether the gaze direction of users indicates whom they are speaking or listening to in multiparty conversations. Results show when someone is listening or speaking to individuals, there is indeed a high probability that the person looked at is the person listened (p=88%) or spoken to (p=77%). We implemented these findings in a multi-agent conversational system that uses eye input to gauge which agent the user is listening or speaking to. %M C.CHI.2000.2.259 %T Shared reality: physical collaboration with a virtual peer %S Short talks: communication and collaboration %A J. Cassell %A M. Ananny %A A. Basu %A T. Bickmore %A P. Chong %A D. Mellis %A K. Ryokai %A J. Smith %A H. Vilhjalmsson %A H. Yan %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 259-260 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633443 %X We describe a novel interface, in which a human and embodied conversational agent share a seamlessly integrated virtual and physical environment. This type of interface, in which objects are passed from the real to the virtual world, has potential applications in unsupervised learning, collaborative work, and entertainment. We introduce Sam, our first implementation of such an interface, which allows children to engage in natural storytelling play with real objects, in collaboration with a virtual playmate who shares access to those real objects. %M C.CHI.2000.2.261 %T BinScroll: a rapid selection technique for alphanumeric lists %S Short talks: information retrieval and visualization %A Juha Lehikoinen %A Mika Roykkee %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 261-262 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633445 %X We present a new, efficient technique to find an alphanumeric item in a sorted list. Our technique, called BinScroll, is based on binary search, the well-known computer science search algorithm. BinScroll can be used with a minimum of four buttons, making it ideal for keyboardless mobile use. It can also be implemented with a minimum of three lines of text, making it suitable for devices with limited screen space. Our initial evaluation showed that after 15 minutes of training, a novel user is able to locate any item from a list of 10,000 movie names in 14 seconds on average. %M C.CHI.2000.2.263 %T Control menus: execution and control in a single interactor %S Short talks: information retrieval and visualization %A Stuart Pook %A Eric Lecolinet %A Guy Vaysseix %A Emmanuel Barillot %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 263-264 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633446 %X We propose a new type of contextual pop-up menu called a control menu. These menus combine the selection of an operation and the control of this operation. They integrate up to two scroll bars or spin-boxes and thus allow users to keep their attention focused on the menu during the operation. Control menus can have sub-menus, and also retain the novice and expert modes of use found in marking menus. We describe control menus and how they are useful in different types of user interfaces. A program incorporating our control menus can be tested at http://www.infobiogen.fr/services/zomit/. %M C.CHI.2000.2.265 %T PowerView: structured access to integrated information on small screens %S Short talks: information retrieval and visualization %A Staffan Bjork %A Lars Erik Holmquist %A Peter Ljungstrand %A Johan Redstrom %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 265-266 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633447 %X The PowerView application shows how non-standard graphical user interfaces, together with the introduction of links between data of different types, can ease the interaction with digital information on small mobile devices. The information visualization technique used provides a structured and efficient way of displaying information and allows navigation using only four operators. Links between data entries further improve the system by presenting related information together, even when the data belongs to different information domains, User evaluation has shown that the system is as easy to use by novice users as systems based on well-known user interface models. %M C.CHI.2000.2.267 %T The trouble with shortcuts %S Short talks: information retrieval and visualization %A Andrew Howes %A Stephen J. Payne %A Amelia Woodward %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 267-268 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633448 %X Shortcut icons are often provided for commands that are used most frequently. However, there is no published evidence to support the view that shortcuts improve a user's overall efficiency. A preliminary experiment is reported that investigates the effect of shortcuts on performance time, both for the commands for which shortcuts are provided and for those for which they are not. The results suggest that shortcuts may in some circumstances have an overall effect of slowing users down. %M C.CHI.2000.2.269 %T Improving user performance on Boolean queries %S Short talks: information retrieval and visualization %A John F. Pane %A Brad A. Myers %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 269-270 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633449 %X The accurate formulation of boolean expressions is a notorious problem in programming languages as well as database and web query tools. Users have demonstrated great difficulty with the common textual method for specifying these queries, which uses the boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT, partly because these words are used inconsistently in natural languages. This paper proposes a tabular boolean query language that avoids the need to use named operators, provides a concrete distinction between conjunction and disjunction, and makes grouping more explicit. A study comparing this tabular language with textual boolean expressions found that untrained users perform better when they express their queries in the tabular language, and about equally well when interpreting queries written in either language. We conclude that systems can benefit by adopting a tabular notation for query formulation. %M C.CHI.2000.2.271 %T Menus beyond the desktop metaphor %S Short talks: information retrieval and visualization %A Fred A. Voorhorst %A Helmut Krueger %A Martin Bichsel %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 271-272 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633450 %X Augmented Reality systems integrate real and virtual objects, allowing for a new view on the implementation of menus. This paper describes experimental research in support of making menus grasp-able, i.e. easily accessible. %M C.CHI.2000.2.273 %T Trials and tribulations of using an eye-tracking system %S Short talks: multimodal interaction %A Susan K. Schnipke %A Marc W. Todd %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 273-274 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633452 %X This paper's focus is on the challenges associated with collecting eye-tracking data. Despite operator training conducted by the manufacturer, one year of experience with eye-tracking and extensive calibration, the data collection success rate in the current investigation was very low; only six out of sixteen participants (37.5%) were successfully eye-tracked. We discuss possible explanations for this low success rate, and why we do not currently believe that eye-tracking is ready to be employed in usability laboratories. %M C.CHI.2000.2.275 %T The smart floor: a mechanism for natural user identification and tracking %S Short talks: multimodal interaction %A Robert J. Orr %A Gregory D. Abowd %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 275-276 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633453 %X We have created a system for identifying people based on their footstep force profiles and have tested its accuracy against a large pool of footstep data. This floor system may be used to identify users transparently in their everyday living and working environments. We have created user footstep models based on footstep profile features and have been able to achieve a recognition rate of 93%. We have also shown that the effect of footwear is negligible on recognition accuracy. %M C.CHI.2000.2.277 %T A tangible interface for controlling robotic toys %S Short talks: multimodal interaction %A James Patten %A Laurie Griffith %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 277-278 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633454 %X We present a device for developing simple event-driven programs to control robotic toys. To construct a program, the user connects events to actions to be taken in response to those events. We represent these associations as pictures connected by pieces of physical string. This work is one of our initial explorations of the use of string in tangible user interfaces. %M C.CHI.2000.2.279 %T Hash visualization in user authentication %S Short talks: multimodal interaction %A Rachna Dhamija %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 279-280 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633455 %X Although research in security has made tremendous progress over the past few years, most security systems still suffer by failing to account for human factors. People are slow and unreliable at processing long and meaningless strings, yet many security applications depend on this skill. For example, a major problem in user authentication is that people have difficulties in choosing and memorizing secure passwords. In this paper, we have investigated how the usability and security of user authentication systems can be improved by replacing text strings with structured images. %M C.CHI.2000.2.281 %T Investigating auditory direct manipulation: sonifying the Towers of Hanoi %S Short talks: multimodal interaction %A Fredrik Winberg %A Sten Olof Hellstrom %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 281-282 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633456 %X This paper presents a study of an auditory version of the game "Towers of Hanoi". In this study, we have compared three different strategies for continuous presentation of the objects. The focus for this study is to investigate the nature of auditory direct manipulation, where continuous presentation is one of the key aspects. The results show that the differences between the strategies need to be explored further by experimentation. Additionally, much effort has to be put on the learning phase of the auditory interface and the mouse interaction has to be investigated further. %M C.CHI.2000.2.283 %T The embroidered musical ball: a squeezable instrument for expressive performance %S Short talks: multimodal interaction %A Gili Weinberg %A Maggie Orth %A Peter Russo %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 283-284 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633457 %X In this paper, we describe the Embroidered Musical Ball, a soft, tactile computer/MIDI musical instrument, that lets untrained children, novices and/or professionals perform and manipulate expressive and detailed music with simple everyday physical hand gestures such as squeezing and stretching. Our new embroidered pressure sensors replace the hard, bulky and awkward continuous control sensors common in most computer instruments, i.e., sliders, knobs and buttons. The combination of this light and easily physically manipulated instrument with a new, immersive approach to musical software allows players to expressively explore music with an immediacy not experienced in traditional instruments, which emphasize years of training to learn the precise control of pitches, timing, levels and various expression instructions. Instead, the musical ball lets players manipulate and explore a complete musical composition that has been mapped to different embroidered sensors. This allows players to immediately squeeze and mold the ball to perform the pre-composed music in an expressive manner. %M C.CHI.2000.2.285 %T Is user involvement harmful or useful in the early stages of product development? %S Short talks: design issues %A Sari Kujala %A Martti Mantyla %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 285-286 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633459 %X Not much empirical evidence has been presented to evaluate the usefulness of user studies or the optimal amount of resources to allocate to them. This study is an initial step to understand the costs and benefits of user studies in the early stages of product development. In a case study a psychologist, who was not a designer, performed a user study and developed design propositions. The results were compared to a baseline design process with usability tests. The results show that the user study was useful although the investment of 46 person hours was modest. The design propositions based on the user study results made the product more usable and desirable to the users. %M C.CHI.2000.2.287 %T Elements that affect web credibility: early results from a self-report study %S Short talks: design issues %A BJ Fogg %A Jonathan Marshall %A Alex Osipovich %A Chris Varma %A Othman Laraki %A Nicholas Fang %A Jyoti Paul %A Akshay Rangnekar %A John Shon %A Preeti Swani %A Marissa Treinen %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 287-288 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633460 %X We conducted an online survey about Web credibility, which included over 1400 participants. People reported that Web site credibility increases when the site conveys a real-world presence, is easy to use, and is updated often. People reported that a Web site loses credibility when it has errors, technical problems, or distracting advertisements. Our study is an early effort to identify Web credibility elements and empirically investigate the effect of each. %M C.CHI.2000.2.289 %T Can computer-generated speech have gender?: an experimental test of gender stereotype %S Short talks: design issues %A Eun Ju Lee %A Clifford Nass %A Scott Brave %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 289-290 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633461 %X The present study examines if and how the "gender" of computer-generated speech affects the user's perception of the computer and their conformity to the computer's recommendation. Presented with a series of social-dilemma situations, participants made a decision after listening to the computer's argument for one of the two choices in a 2 (TTS gender: male vs. female) by 2 (participant gender: male vs. female) experiment. Consistent with gender stereotypes, the male-voiced computer exerted greater influence on the user's decision than the female-voiced computer and was perceived to be more socially attractive and trustworthy. More strikingly, gendered synthesized speech triggered social identification processes, such that female subjects conformed more to the female-voiced computer, while males conformed more to the male-voiced computer (controlling for the main effect). Similar identification effects were found on social attractiveness and trustworthiness of the computer. %M C.CHI.2000.2.291 %T Recommending from content: preliminary results from an e-commerce experiment %S Short talks: design issues %A Mark Rosenstein %A Carol Lochbaum %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 291-292 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633462 %X We are conducting an ongoing experiment into the effects of various forms of recommendations on consumer behavior at a web site. In this paper, we report on measures of the usefulness and effectiveness of recommendations based on content. During a three month period, we provided recommendations on over 2000 products at an e-commerce web site. To evaluate the effectiveness of recommendations on customer behavior, we collected three sets of metrics. First, we measured the rate at which recommendations were actually viewed by visitors. Second, we analyzed the paths visitors took through the recommendations. Finally, we measured the impact of recommended items on number of items purchased and on revenue. %M C.CHI.2000.2.293 %T The secret life of notebooks %S Short talks: design issues %A Steve Loughran %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 293-294 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633463 %X We describe the secret life of notebooks in the hands of mobile professionals who use them as desktop replacement machines. Usage logs reveal that there are four key contexts of use, each with their own separate requirements: desktop, meetings, home and travel. Dynamic detection of and adaptation to these contexts could enhance the value and usability of notebooks and their applications. %M C.CHI.2000.2.295 %T Websound: a generic web sonification tool allowing HCI researchers to dynamically create new access modalities %S Short talks: design issues %A Lori Stefano Petrucci %A Eric Harth %A Patrick Roth %A Assimacopoulos Andre %A Thierry Pun %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 295-296 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633464 %X The World Wide Web (WWW) has recently become the main source of digital information accessible everywhere and by everyone. Nevertheless, the inherent visual nature of Internet browsers makes the Web inaccessible to the visually impaired. To solve this problem, non-visual browsers have been developed. One of the new problems, however, with those non-visual browsers is that they often transform the visual content of HTML documents into textual information only, that can be restituted by a text-to-speech converter or a Braille device. The loss of spatial layout, and textual attributes such as boldface, italic, underline, color or even size should be avoided since they often bear visually important information. Moreover, typical non-visual Internet browsers do not allow visually impaired and sighted individuals to easily work together using the same environment. These new problems have to be solved with new alternative non-visual display techniques. This paper presents WebSound, a new generic Web sonification tool and its application to a 3D audio augmented Internet browser (Internet Explorer 5.0) developed at the University of Geneva. %M C.CHI.2000.2.297 %T The GOMS SIG: troubleshooting, lessons learned, novel applications, teaching techniques & future research %S Special interest groups %A Wayne D. Gray %A Bonnie E. John %A David E. Kieras %A Deborah A. Boehm Davis %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 297 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633466 %X GOMS is many things to many people, It is the only validated analytic usability evaluation method (UEM) in the field of human-computer interaction. It is being used by practitioners at some of the world's largest and some of the smallest software companies. It is a research agenda that is being pursued at universities the world over. It is a task analysis technique with roots in both cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence. It is a flexible tool that can be used with protocol analysis. It is a technique that makes detailed profiling possible. It is an important adjunct to usability testing. It is something that can be done at the early stages of the: design process. It is a way of intelligently playing what if games with interface possibilities. It is all of these things and more. %M C.CHI.2000.2.298 %T Collaborative information retrieval (CIR) %S Special interest groups %A Susan Dumais %A Jonathan Grudin %A Steven Poltrock %A Harry Bruce %A Raya Fidel %A Annelise Mark Pejtersen %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 298 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633467 %X Most information retrieval and management tools have been developed for use by individuals. For example, Web search interfaces, and online catalogs support individual searchers working on their own. In workplace and library settings, however, teamwork is becoming more and more prevalent. We use the term Collaborative Information Retrieval (CIR) to describe any activity that collectively resolves an information problem. Information retrieval is construed in the broadest sense and includes processes such as: problem identification, analysis of information needs, query formulation, retrieval interactions, and the presentation and analysis of results. In this SIG, we will explore how to better understand and support information access in collaborative team settings. An understanding of the social and organizational contexts in which CIR occurs will lead to the design of more useful systems. Several researchers have addressed aspects of CIR. In previous CHI meetings, Kidd (CHI'94) described how different people make different sense of the same information, Maltz and Ehrlich (CHI'95) outlined the key role that information gate keepers play, and several groups studied collaborative filtering. Some products support workgroup scheduling, document workflow, etc. But, none has brought together the variety of perspectives we believe are critical in fully understanding the CIR design space. %M C.CHI.2000.2.299 %T Cross-cultural user-interface design: what? so what? now what? %S Special interest groups %A Aaron Marcus %A Nuray Aykin %A Apala Lahiri Chavan %A Donald L. Day %A Emilie West Gould %A Pia Honold %A Masaaki Kurosu %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 299 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633468 %X CHI and other conferences recognize the importance of considering cross-cultural (including gender) communication issues in user-interface (UI) design. Classic texts about cultures are not sufficiently known in the SIGCHI community. Many consumer information appliances, or computer-based communication products, must be suitable for international, multi-cultural markets. The growth of and consequent immediate international access to the Web demand a response by UI designers to the issues of when and how user interfaces can be designed for global access yet account for local differences. Attendees will discuss with mentors challenges of designing UIs for international and/or multi-cultural use, in which metaphors, mental models, navigation, interaction, and/or appearance must be significantly adjusted to account for global and/or local needs. Issues to be discussed include the following: * What are the dimensions of culture? What research exists? * What are the differences among cultures, e.g., North American, European, Asian? How do they affect UIs? * How does we account for different references of icons, metaphors, organization, and navigation strategies? * Can we design locale-neutral user interfaces? What can/must be standardized or localized? * How can/should cultural diversity issues impact professional education? * Why do/don't businesses design for global markets? * How can we handle legal issues across cultures in the borderless Internet? %M C.CHI.2000.2.300 %T Including users with disabilities %S Special interest groups %A Lea T. Adams %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 300 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633469 %X This SIG will begin the information exchange on designing for disabilities for professionals who have not formally considered disabled communities as part of their user/subject base before. Until recently, only professionals working in the area of assistive technologies/devices focused on design for people with disabilities. However, more applications, software, products and services that have typically been targeted at the general population now have requirements that they be equally usable by the "normal" healthy population of users and by users with various disabilities (e.g., physical, sensory, cognitive). For example, in the United States, the FCC has mandated that all telecommunication devices and services used by the general population be accessible by people with disabilities whenever it is readily achievable (i.e., without much difficulty or expense). To the extent it is not readily achievable for these devices to be accessible, then they must be made compatible with commonly used assistive devices [2][3]. There are other mandates and standards that are heading in the same direction [1]. For professionals working on products, services, and applications that are or will soon be impacted by these types of mandates, the typical methods used for design, data collection, and test will be fundamentally altered. %M C.CHI.2000.2.301 %T Common industry format for usability test reports %S Special interest groups %A Jean Scholtz %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 301 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633470 %X In October of 1997, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) initiated an effort to increase the visibility of software usability. Participants from major software suppliers and customer organizations attended the first three workshops of the Industry USability Reporting (IUSR) project. They set the goals of the initiative: * Encourage software supplier and customer organizations to communicate more effectively about user needs and tasks, * Develop a common reporting format for sharing usability data with customer organizations, and * Conduct a Pilot Study to determine how well the usability reporting format works and to determine the value of using this format in software procurement. These consensus-building meetings identified the requirements for the common format and resulted in the Common Industry Format (CIF) for Usability Test Reports. The CIF is intended to promote incorporation of usability as part of the procurement decision-making process for interactive products. Usability professionals within supplier organizations can use the CIF to generate reports, and customer organizations can use the reports as a basis for corporate decision-making. The report itself is intended for two types of readers: (1) human factors or other usability professionals in customer organizations who are evaluating both the technical merit of usability tests and the usability of products, and (2) other technical professionals and managers who are using the test results to make business decisions. The first draft of the CIF, developed through this consensus of the IUSR industry participants, is now ready. Trial use of the CIF report format is being encouraged via the IUSR Pilot Study. The CIF, as well as details of the IUSR project and the Pilot Study, can be found at http:/www.nist.gov/iusr %M C.CHI.2000.2.302 %T A "bag of tricks" for web usability %S Special interest groups %A Thomas S. Tullis %A Eleri J. Dixon %A Harry M. Hersh %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 302 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633471 %X Web usability is a somewhat elusive concept. We think most people would agree that there is no magic "formula" or set of rules to follow that will guarantee a usable web site in all circumstances. Consequently, it's critical to have a comprehensive "bag of tricks" for evaluating the usability of any given web site. The purposes of this SIG are to share some of these evaluation techniques that we have found useful, to stimulate group discussion about what works and what doesn't, and to identify additional techniques. %M C.CHI.2000.2.303 %T HCI in education %S Special interest groups %A Kenneth R. Lee %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 303 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633472 %X The use of technology in education is burgeoning, especially in terms of distance and online education. At first, it appears that the tools used to support courses on line are simply tools used for video conferencing, EDI, and the like. Further investigation seems to support the idea that systems that support courses on line are qualitatively different from systems that support business activities or even a normal web site. When the organizers of the special interest group on Usability in Online/Distance Learning at CHI 99 were unable to attend, the group who attended took over the SIG and discussed topics having to do with usability in distance education. The purpose of this special interest group is to follow up on the discussion that was started there in a more formal manner. %M C.CHI.2000.2.304 %T Contextual design for creating new design concepts %S Special interest groups %A Karen Holtzblatt %A Hugh Beyer %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 304 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633473 %X Contextual techniques -- Contextual Design and other methods of field research -- are recognized by the industry as critical for the development of products that work for their users. But there is still uncertainty as to how these techniques can be used to drive the development of totally new products -- products that create new markets or transform their users' work in radical ways. If the work is completely changed, people say, then there is no work to study, so how can we do field research? This SIG explores answers to that question. We start with a real case from our own work as an example, then design field research approaches for cases proposed by participants. %M C.CHI.2000.2.305 %T Increasing the influence of usability practices within the design process %S Special interest groups %A Martin Maguire %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 305 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633474 %X This Special Interest Group will discuss the problems of integrating usability into the design process by comparing the experiences of practitioners from different countries. Consideration will then be given to what usability approaches work well in different parts of the world and in different application areas. The aim will be to identify some common principles or tactics for usability practice that can be applied, ideally in a range of situations, to make it more influential and the results more effective. %M C.CHI.2000.2.306 %T Interactive TV: a new interaction paradigm? %S Special interest groups %A Owen Daly Jones %A Rachel Carey %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 306 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633475 %X This SIG will bring together practitioners and researchers who are involved in the design of Interactive TV services (iTV). iTV services have been launched across much of Europe, as well as in the USA. However, most of the trials conducted on the feasibility of these services are commercially sensitive. Little is known publicly about what makes for a successful interactive TV service, and there are no established guidelines for the development of usable iTV services. The aims of this SIG are to: * share findings from recent usability studies of iTV services * discuss the implications of these findings for the design of future services * identify future research issues that should be addressed by the HCI community %M C.CHI.2000.2.307 %T Measuring web-site usability %S Special interest groups %A Jared M. Spool %A Tara Scanlon %A Lori Landesman %A Matthew Klee %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 307 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633476 %X Web design is still primarily an artistic endeavor. However, we are beginning to see empirical research results that tell us what pitfalls to avoid in order to create successful web sites. In this SIG, we will discuss the latest research results available. Web-site designers can share successful strategies and discuss questions still unanswered. This SIG also will be a forum for researchers to discuss methods and share objectives. Researchers will have an opportunity to interact with web-site designers to understand the research still required to identify the keys to successful design. Following the session, we intend to consolidate the discussion into a four-to-five page summary and send it to all participants. %M C.CHI.2000.2.308 %T Culturally-adapted products in the global market: dealing with the naysayers %S Special interest groups %A Thomas Plocher %A Pia Honold %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 308 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633477 %X Many major U.S. corporations, such as Siemens, Honeywell, Kodak and Motorola, are seeking growth through expanding their international markets. Market research indicates that key discriminators will be ease of use, minimal required training, and user productivity enhancement. But can these usability goals be achieved without careful attention to adapting user interfaces to the cultures of end users? There seems to be an imperative here to develop products that account for cultural characteristics, expectations, mental models, and preferences of target user groups. This said, a number of lingering questions and issues remain and often represent impediments to progress in this area. This SIG focuses on the following issues: 1. The homogenous global culture is taking over -- This argument suggests that we are all gradually moving toward one homogenous world culture in which characteristics of national culture will have little importance. McDonald's is viewed as the prototype of this trend. If this is the future, then why bother about cultural adaptation of products? The SIG discussion centers on evidence that "inner layer" cultural traits such as values and attitudes are rather deeply held and will persist over time even though more superficial and overt characteristics of culture may change. 2. Everyone thinks the same way -- There is a common notion that cultural differences in product usability are largely aesthetic, matters of appearance. But people basically think and go about their work the same way. Make the product "pretty", use the local language, and the product will be fine. Language and aesthetics are extremely important to product design. But so are culturally dependent ways of thinking, communicating, and decisionmaking. These characteristics are discussed, together with their implications for HCI design. 3. Developers cannot possibly understand the nuances of foreign cultures -- This argument holds that localization efforts are doomed because product developers can't possibly understand all the subtleties of foreign cultures. Practitioners from corporations who have addressed this issue discuss their experience with: regional development centers, local university partnerships, in-country focus groups and product testing conducted by HCI professionals from the target cultures. 4. Culturally adapted products cost too much -- A common argument is that localization increases the cost of product development disproportionately to the market advantage obtained. But what happens to sales when a poorly conceived product is introduced into a target culture? How can cultural sensitivity be incorporated into standard development processes? %M C.CHI.2000.2.309 %T "Learnability" testing in learner-centered design %S Special interest groups %A A. Kashif Asdi %A Beth H. Daniels %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 309 %K design, education, learner-centered design, teaching, usability, usability testing, user-centered design %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633478 %X In this SIG, we will provide a forum for discussing issues in learner-centered design and learner-centered usability testing. %M C.CHI.2000.2.310 %T Can we have spiritual experiences on-line? %S Special interest groups %A Michael J. Muller %A Ellen Christiansen %A Bonnie Nardi %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 310 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633479 %X Contemporary user interfaces emphasize attributes such as rapid delivery of information, immediate notification of events, real-time awareness, scope of visibility, and command and control. The user is poised for knowledge, power, and action. In this SIG, we invite members of the CHI community to help us explore a different area of human comprehension and action. We are concerned about issues of spiritual experience in the use of computers. What kinds of designs and electronic environments might permit, support, or augment spiritual experiences -- by individuals, and especially by groups of people who share a spiritual tradition? Curiously, we have not been able to find any publications relevant to this topic. We suspect that there is work going on in this area, and but we may not know how to search for it. We plan to conduct the SIG in three parts. The first part will be a plenary presentation of the topic, with a relatively formal, panel-like group discussion. In the second part of the session, we will change the "voice" in which we speak to a relatively quieter, contemplative mode, splitting into groups of fewer than ten people each. The groups may begin their discussions with ideas from the plenary part of the session, or they may immediately take up questions and experiences from their own membership. We will ask the small groups if they want to reconvene into a final plenary session to report back on their new understandings. Alternatively, we may ask people from each of the small groups to record their understandings or conclusions for us. If the outcomes appear to be of interest to the larger CHI community, we will write a report for SIGCHI Bulletin. %M C.CHI.2000.2.311 %T Towards a framework of methods on UI style guides %S Special interest groups %A Pieter Willems %A Jouke Verlinden %A Pieter Jan Troost %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 311 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633480 %X methods, organizational aspects, style guides %M C.CHI.2000.2.312 %T Incorporating usability techniques into the Web lifecycle %S Special interest groups %A Suzy Czarkowski %A Bobbi Sanford %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 312 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633481 %X As usability professionals, we know the appropriate methodology for incorporating usability into a product: define the user requirements; do task and workflow analysis; create a prototype; test the prototype on a sample of users; iterate the process, etc. Some of us have even been fortunate enough to put many of these methods into practice to design and deliver a usable product. However, how do usability professionals adhere to standard methodology when a company releases something new on its site every week or even every day? What kind of rapid usability methods are appropriate to fit into the Web lifecycle? How do we keep the business units from releasing something on the site just for the sake of keeping up with the competition, without any regard for its usability? %M C.CHI.2000.2.313 %T Personalization: a taxonomy %S Student posters %A Jan Blom %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 313-314 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633483 %X Personalization is here defined as a process of changing a system to increase its personal relevance. This may have a work or social motivation. A taxonomy of motivations is developed and illustrated by application to mobile phones and e-commerce Web pages. %M C.CHI.2000.2.315 %T Bubble trees the visualization of hierarchical information structures %S Student posters %A Richard Boardman %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 315-316 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633484 %X A tree visualization mechanism is proposed, based on the natural property of trees to recursively sub-categorize themselves into sub-trees. Each sub-tree is graphically represented as a bubble, which aggregates detail by enclosing lower-level information. Navigation and information retrieval are facilitated through an elegant set of browsing interactions. The interface is useful for tasks where users are required to develop a mental model of a classification system. The interactive nature of bubble trees allows users to explore and work out relationships for themselves. %M C.CHI.2000.2.317 %T Contextual inquiry: quantification and use in videotaped analysis %S Student posters %A Karen Cross %A Adrienne Warmack %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 317-318 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633485 %X Contextual Inquiry is a method developed by Beyer and Holtzblatt for grounding design in the context of the work being performed. In this paper, we describe our adaptation of the method to analyze videotaped presentations. Our goal was to find improvements for a slide presentation program currently in development, called 'SlideShow Commander.' Contextual Inquiry provided meaningful data on the structures and typical problems found in presentations, on which we based our design ideas. We then further analyzed and quantified the Contextual Inquiry data, beyond what Beyer and Holtzblatt suggest. This new step provided a means to prioritize the design suggestions, as well as a way to defend the potential commercial usefulness of the software. Deciding upon the value and direction of further effort is essential for software development; by using our adapted form of Contextual Inquiry, we were able to make and defend these decisions. %M C.CHI.2000.2.319 %T SimVis: an interaction model for exploring clinical data %S Student posters %A Goran Falkman %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 319-320 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633486 %X We present an interaction model for exploring clinical data, based on the computation of similarity measures. The model has been used in a tool (SimVis) that helps clinicians to classify and cluster clinical examination data. The user interaction is supported by the visualization of clusters and similarity measures. A first implementation of SimVis is described and discussed. %M C.CHI.2000.2.321 %T Learning and knowledge application: electronic versus printed material %S Student posters %A Kate Garland %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 321-322 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633487 %X Increasing use of computer technologies within teaching has important implications for learning. This study investigated levels of learning for print and electronically presented material. Identical material was presented in printed form or on an Intranet facility. A between-subjects design was used to test correct responses over four sessions. Ratings for confidence and for the nature in which each memory was recalled were obtained. The latter, 'awareness' [1], was used as a known, reliable measure [2] to reflect levels of memory indicating knowledge application. A significantly higher number of correct responses were found for the printed material. Memory awareness scores differed significantly. Age, sex and degree of computer expertise could not account for the between group variation. The findings suggest that computer based material may be cognitively assimilated and processed differently. %M C.CHI.2000.2.323 %T The reminder bracelet: subtle notification cues for mobile devices %S Student posters %A Rebecca Hansson %A Peter Ljungstrand %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 323-324 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633488 %X We are investigating new ways of conveying event notifications from mobile devices to their users. Our ambition has been to explore non-intrusive, or subtle ways of notifying users, to hide the technology and make room for aesthetic considerations. We argue that there is need for new ways of attracting a user's attention, while at the same time not disturbing other people. We have built a notification tool, the Reminder Bracelet, that is worn on the wrist and connected to a PDA. It notifies its user of scheduled events in a subtle and silent manner using light, color and patterns. Initial evalutations have shown that in a number of situations, the bracelet was preferred to the alert sound of a PDA or a mobile phone. %M C.CHI.2000.2.325 %T Interactive multimedia scenarios and role-playing %S Student posters %A Christian Hardless %A Malin Nilsson %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 325-326 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633489 %X In this paper, we describe the use of interactive multimedia scenarios for role-playing in groups as a learning activity. The motivation for this research is the need for learning activities that stimulate an interest for problematic issues, challenge current understandings and facilitate experience sharing between professionals. The learning activity has been used in a corporate training programme where 80 professionals, in 11 groups, participated. We highlight preliminary evaluation results that illustrate how they experienced the activity. %M C.CHI.2000.2.327 %T Exploring property-based document organization in a collaborative note-sharing system %S Student posters %A Jonathan Huang %A Joseph Michiels %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 327-328 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633490 %X This paper investigates the applicability of property-based document organization to NotePals, a collaborative note-sharing system [1,2]. The traditional hierarchical structure for organizing documents confines users to the file system's representation and prevents them from forming their own organization schemes, especially in a shared environment. We have designed and evaluated a low-fidelity prototype on a collaborative note-sharing system based on the idea of an organization system using document properties [3]. A user study confirmed the applicability of this concept to the task of managing notes. %M C.CHI.2000.2.329 %T Web TANGO: towards automated comparison of information-centric web site designs %S Student posters %A Melody Y. Ivory %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 329-330 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633491 %X Web site usability is even more critical as the number of sites grows exponentially and the number of users increases dramatically. We describe a new automated methodology and tool, Web TANGO, being developed to allow designers to explore alternative designs of information-centric web sites prior to implementation. %M C.CHI.2000.2.331 %T Forum contact space: serendipity in the workplace %S Student posters %A Phillip Jeffrey %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 331-332 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633492 %X This paper explores whether chance encounters which occur within the workplace can be reproduced within a virtual environment. Participants' interaction in the Forum Contact Space, a networked virtual world designed to support chance encounters, was investigated over a three month period. The initial findings suggest that chance encounters occurred as participants reported examples of interactions which triggered events that may not have occurred otherwise. Future research should explore whether Contact Space chance encounters for distributed team members produce a feeling of group cohesiveness or create an enhanced awareness of one's co-workers. %M C.CHI.2000.2.333 %T The designer's outpost: a task-centered tangible interface for web site information design %S Student posters %A Scott Klemmer %A Mark W. Newman %A Raecine Sapien %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 333-334 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633493 %X The Designer's Outpost is a tangible user interface that combines the affordances of paper and large physical workspaces with the advantages of electronic media to support information design of web sites. We are developing a system to support the practices used by designers during the early phases of information design. We have created and evaluated a low-fi prototype, and are implementing a revised design. Designers will interact with the system by writing on physical Post-it Notes, arranging them on the digital desk in related groups, and drawing links between them. The system tracks the Post-its using computer vision and captures links among Post-its and groups with a stylus. %M C.CHI.2000.2.335 %T Visualizing sequential data: a new detail-in-context layout %S Student posters %A Oliver Kuederle %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 335-336 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633494 %X Relationships between images are often of a sequential nature. Temporal sequences may include keyframes in an animation or frequently recorded satellite pictures. An example for spatial sequences is Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) as they show successive slices of a volume. When interacting with these images, the user may wish to see detailed information without losing the context. Detail-in-context techniques provide methods to display parts of the data in full detail without sacrificing contextual information. Studies have shown that it is important to match the user's mental model as well as the underlying structure of the data when designing a detail-in-context algorithm. This paper describes a new algorithm to visualize sequential data and an application of this technique to the display of MR images. %M C.CHI.2000.2.337 %T "Bloat": the objective and subject dimensions %S Student posters %A Joanna McGrenere %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 337-338 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633495 %X "Bloat", a term that has existed in the technical community for many years, is increasingly receiving attention in the popular press. However, it is seldom clear exactly what "bloat" is. Our extensive study of 53 users of a complex software application, Microsoft Word, Office97, provided an opportunity to explore the concept of "bloat" in detail. We specify the concept of "bloat" and argue that it has both objective and subjective dimensions. %M C.CHI.2000.2.339 %T Application of Fitts' law to eye gaze interaction %S Student posters %A Darius Miniotas %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 339-340 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633496 %X An experiment is described comparing the performance of an eye tracker and a mouse in a simple pointing task. Subjects had to make rapid and accurate horizontal movements to targets that were vertical ribbons located at various distances from the cursor's starting position. The dwell-time protocol was used for the eye tracker to make selections. Movement times were shorter for the mouse than for the eye tracker. Fitts' Law model was shown to predict movement times using both interaction techniques equally well. The model is thus seen to be a potential contributor to design of modern multimodal human-computer interfaces. %M C.CHI.2000.2.341 %T Should we take turns?: a test of CMC turn-taking formats %S Student posters %A Bruce Phillips %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 341-342 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633497 %X The present study investigated the role of turn-taking formats in real-time text-only computer mediated communication. In particular, I investigated the trade-off between ensuring smooth turn exchanges for allowing moment-by-moment collaboration between participants. A quantitative discourse analysis showed that, contrary to what popular models of dialogue would predict, users communicating with interfaces that imposed a turn-taking format produced less efficient dialogues and performed less well on collaborative brainstorming and recall tasks. %M C.CHI.2000.2.343 %T Evaluating international usability of virtual worlds %S Student posters %A Derek Poppink %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 343-344 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633498 %X The last five years have seen a rapid proliferation of graphical avatar-based virtual worlds and communities for entertainment and commercial purposes. Examples include worlds created by Microsoft, Sony, IBM, and others. Although these companies are trying to create new global forums for commerce, social interaction, and cooperative endeavors, there has been little analysis of how these worlds facilitate or constrain the participation of international users. The success of the virtual worlds is contingent upon the quality of the user's interactions, and the benefits of an internationally sensitive design include enhanced usability and larger markets. In this paper, I give a brief overview of virtual worlds and literature on cross-cultural comparisons, propose a set of variables for analyzing their cultural affordances, and make observations of selected virtual communities. %M C.CHI.2000.2.345 %T Design of virtual reality exposure therapy systems: task analysis %S Student posters %A Martijn Schuemie %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 345-346 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633499 %X Virtual reality can be used to treat phobias, but research in this subject is just beginning. This paper describes a task analysis of the therapy process based on direct observation. %M C.CHI.2000.2.347 %T TeleUS: design and implementation of telesonography %S Student posters %A Taly Sharon %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 347-348 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633500 %X This poster deals with telesonography. Telesonography is real-time video collaboration for remote ultrasound examinations. We present here a generalized design of an interactive videoconferencing system that supports the various fields of ultrasound expertise. The work here focuses on integrating such a system in the demanding environment of ultrasound examinations. Our design includes a logical model, open architecture, and appropriate user interface. This design was implemented in the TeleUS prototype, tested in a series of simulations and experiments, and proved adequate. %M C.CHI.2000.2.349 %T Supporting private information on public displays %S Student posters %A Garth Shoemaker %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 349-350 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633501 %X The research area of Single Display Groupware (SDG) looks at how to best support multiple users collaborating around a single computer [4]. One outstanding issue in SDG research concerns how to display private information on shared displays. This paper discusses a mechanism by which private information can be selectively displayed to specific users that are gathered around a shared display. A prototype system is presented that implements the mechanism through the use of adapted stereographic hardware. %M C.CHI.2000.2.351 %T WebAware: continuous visualization of web site activity in a public space %S Student posters %A Tobias Skog %A Lars Erik Holmquist %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 351-352 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633502 %X WebAware is a system that makes information about web site traffic available in a public space. The information is presented in a dynamic visualization, which is based on a map of the web site and designed to give an overview of how the site is constructed. Information about activity, such as the number of visitors and which area of the web site is most popular, is continuously reflected on the display. The application is designed to be shown on a wall-mounted public screen. Initial evaluations show that WebAware can act as an aesthetically pleasing information display, as well as a nice conversation piece. %M C.CHI.2000.2.353 %T Interactive linearisation in hypertext information access %S Student posters %A Thomas Tan %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 353-354 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633503 %X SearchLineariser makes use of information contained in hypertext link structure for the linearisation, display and interactive usage of web-site search results. A highly manipulable outline is used to display the linearised and 'editable' document within the web environment. The design and implementation of the system is outlined and possible extensions are discussed. %M C.CHI.2000.2.355 %T Immersion of Xwindow applications into a 3D workbench %S Student posters %A Alexandre Topol %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 355-356 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633504 %X The coexistence of 3D applications within 2D window managers is still difficult. We experiment a real-time immersion of Xwindow applications into a 3D scene and allow minimal interaction with them. We use the Xlib structures and routines to catch the position size, and graphical content of the widgets. %M C.CHI.2000.2.357 %T Bridging physical and virtual group meetings with a PC and multiple hand-held devices %S Student posters %A Mikael Wiberg %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 357-358 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633505 %X This paper describes the design of a physical/virtual meeting support system. The goal of the system is to function as a bridge between physical and virtual meetings. A use scenario is outlined, the system is described, and the underlying approach that has guided the design is presented. %M C.CHI.2000.2.359 %T Design patterns and framework for WIMP+ user interfaces design %S Student posters %A Yongmei Wu %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 359-360 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633506 %X The purpose of my HCI research is to use the Design Patterns approach to establish a framework to support designing WIMP+ User Interfaces. In this paper I will introduce the WIMP+ User Interfaces and the idea to use the Acquisition-Computation-Expression-Execution [6] (ACEE) Design Pattern to build the framework. %M C.CHI.2000.2.361 %T Basic research symposium %S Workshop %A Michael Twidale %A Jose Canas %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 361 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633508 %X The Basic Research Symposium is a special event with a seven-year history at CHI. It is a hybrid between a mini-conference and a workshop that presents an opportunity for researchers from different disciplines to share their visions by exchanging new developments and insights from their own fields. The goal of the Symposium is to provide an interactive forum to promote and enhance scientific discussions of developing research issues and areas. It has been central to the BRS to encourage the presentation of early-stage basic research to colleagues for informed feedback and critical review. The BRS draws together people with different backgrounds and research disciplines as well as different approaches to CHI practices. The attendees who come from academics and industry are engaged in research and development of CHI and represent many different disciplines such as CHI, computer science, psychology, communications, industrial design, art, history, graphics, anthropology, biology and many others. The symposium has always taken a broad view of "basic research", defining it to include research methods, and systems. Reports on novel applications that advance our scientific understanding are welcome. %M C.CHI.2000.2.362 %T Challenges in the multicultural HCI development environment %S Workshop %A Michael G. McKenna %A Henry Naftulin %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 362 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633509 %X This workshop will explore the cultural and linguistic issues of textual display design, visual design, intelligent agents, social interfaces, learning modalities, information retrieval, language handling, distributed systems, and integration of Unicode features. The workshop will focus on how frameworks and methodologies can aid in providing modular multicultural interaction design and seamless cultural and linguistic feature integration. %M C.CHI.2000.2.363 %T Pattern languages for interaction design: building momentum %S Workshop %A Richard Griffiths %A Lyn Pemberton %A Jan Borchers %A Adam Stork %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 363 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633510 %X The potential of pattern languages as a vehicle for the dissemination of human-computer interaction design knowledge has been recognized within the CHI community (e.g. [4]), stemming from the ideas of the architect Christopher Alexander, for recording the designs of 'living buildings' [1-2]. Patterns record the invariant property that must exist in a design detail which resolves the conflicting social, cognitive, and technological forces which are ubiquitiously present in constructions of that type. Patterns are interlinked into a network (a pattern language) so that details that are required to complete a design may be identified, and the larger issues surrounding a particular design decision may be recognized. These ideas have been taken up by the object-oriented computing community [5], developments there being recorded in the series of Pattern Language of Programing (PLoP) conferences. In that community it is the usefulness of patterns as a way of recording reusable design that has dominated. However, as Alexander pointed out in an invited address to OOPSLA '96, there are other, deeper aspects to patterns. As he envisaged pattern language, it records an aesthetic of design which makes for liveness, that 'quality without a name' which supports human well-being. Alexander has challenged the computing community to explore this aspect, and clearly, there is most scope for this exploration within the CHI community. Thus this workshop will: promote the development of pattern languages for interaction design; refine and develop the application of pattern languages in this area; develop understanding of the relationship between interaction design and software engineering patterns; extend the community of pattern writers. %M C.CHI.2000.2.364 %T Continuity in human computer interaction %S Workshop %A Giorgio P. Faconti %A Mieke Massink %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 364 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633511 %X Novel interaction techniques, such as gesture, speech, body expression recognition, haptic devices, and video, are characterized by the significance of the temporal aspects of interaction. Those techniques, especially when used in combination, require thinking of interaction over time intervals rather than at discrete points. The concept of Continuity in HCI is intended to distinguish these technologies because their modeling requires notions from continuous mathematics. Currently, knowledge relevant to the design of continuous interfaces is spread over many different disciplines such as theatre arts, semiotics, cognitive psychology, linguistics and various technically oriented disciplines in an often ad hoc and unrelated way. There is no theory of continuous interaction that can guide designers in a systematic way in the development of interfaces employing continuous technologies. %M C.CHI.2000.2.365 %T Designing interactive systems for 1-to-1 e-commerce %S Workshop %A Markus Stolze %A Jurgen Koenemann %A Daniela Handl %A Barbara Hayes Roth %A Joseph Kramer %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 365 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633512 %X E-commerce over the World-Wide Web has become a major application area for software development. The volume of goods and services transactions is rapidly growing. Economic theory and observations of the emerging markets suggest that e-commerce sellers will be driven towards offering personalized buying interactions and customized products to escape price wars, to create a distinguishable identity, and to establish longer lasting relationships with their customers. E-commerce applications providing personalized interaction is an interesting application area for a wide range of HCI research, including human searching and browsing in complex hypermedia spaces, information visualization, virtual reality, agent support for product selection, merchant selection, and negotiation, user modeling, and group-oriented work such as recommender systems. A large number of CHI professionals work actively on the design of commerce-oriented websites -- both for business-to-business as well as for business-to-consumer scenarios. Designers of e-commerce systems are in search for recommendations on what works or does not and are looking for new ideas, as the interest in previous activities on this topic (see below) has demonstrated. An indication for this are also the significant number of discussions on the CHI-WEB discussion group that center around HCI design issues for e-commerce applications. There is also an additional attractiveness to the domain as good design and good use of HCI principles can directly result in measurable outcomes showing that HCI can contribute to the bottom line; for example, if redesigns or new interactive features result in increases in sales, increases in eyeball share, reduction in aborted transactions, reduced return rates for ordered products and reduction in service calls. %M C.CHI.2000.2.366 %T Semiotic approaches to user interface design %S Workshop %A Clarisse S. de Souza %A Raquel O. Prates %A Simone D. J. Barbosa %A Ernest A. Edmonds %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 366 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633513 %X Hartson (1998) has pointed out that although people have studied interfaces and applied theories (mostly cognitive psychology) to them, and that the majority of the guidelines and principles applied have arisen mostly out of practice than theory. He claims that the HCI field, especially in real-world practice, could benefit a great deal more from theory. As the discipline whose aim is to investigate processes of communication and signification amongst agents in general, Semiotics is bound to contribute to the field of human-computer interaction with complementary perspectives, new methods and concepts, which can shed light on some of the major HCI challenges in design and evaluation. Viewing HCI as a complex human communication process, involving designers and users, and the mediation of communicative artifacts, Computer Semiotics and Semiotic Engineering, for instance, are some of the approaches in Applied Semiotics that directly address the issues bearing on human-computer interaction. The workshop aims to bring together researchers and practitioners of HCI and Semiotics and to give them the opportunity to discuss how the two fields can provide new knowledge and a new interdisciplinary research agenda in HCI. %M C.CHI.2000.2.367 %T National and international frameworks for collaboration between HCI research and practice %S Workshop %A Jeroen Ubink %A Piet Bogels %A Austin Henderson %A Gerard van der Heiden %A Joan Minstrell %A Lucas Noldus %A Matthias Rauterberg %A Alice Thomas %A Gerrit van der Veer %A Karel Vredenburg %A Willy Wong %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 367 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633514 %X This workshop will focus on methods of forging ties between industry practitioners and research communities. Furthermore the workshop focuses on the input that is required from government bodies to stimulate this collaboration. Participants will discuss enabling conditions for collaborative projects, based on the various practical research experiences of the participants. %M C.CHI.2000.2.368 %T Future mobile device user interfaces %S Workshop %A Satu Ruuska %A Kaisa Vaananen Vainio Mattila %A Matthias Schneider Hufschmidt %A Bruno Von Niman %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 368 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633515 %X Mobile communication and information processing is inherently different from stationary communication and information access. Mobile contexts of use and users' personal preferences strongly affect the way in which the terminal is operated via its user interface, the quantity and quality of the service content which users need to access through the terminal, and the interconnections to other devices and services in the users' environment. User interface design for mobile communication devices has not been a major research topic in the past. It is therefore necessary to set up research to lay the foundations for "good" user interface design for this class of devices. The goal of the workshop is to create understanding of the characteristics of the environments in which mobile devices fit in the future and to elaborate on the consequences on the user interface design of future communication devices. %M C.CHI.2000.2.369 %T Research directions in situated computing %S Workshop %A Michel Beaudouin-Lafon %A Wendy E. Mackay %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 369 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633516 %X The goal of this one-day workshop is to launch a special interest area within CHI concerning the concept of situated computing. The notions of context and situations of use have been at the center of a body of recent research. The time has come to create a community around this theme and define a corresponding research agenda. The workshop is organized around two main activities: presenting current research and discussing directions for future research. %M C.CHI.2000.2.370 %T Virtually collocated teams in the workplace %S Workshop %A Gloria Mark %A Steven Poltrock %A Jonathan Grudin %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 370 %K CSCW, collaborative work, teamwork, virtual collocation %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633517 %M C.CHI.2000.2.371 %T The what, who, where, when, why and how of context-awareness %S Workshop %A David R. Morse %A Stephen Armstrong %A Anind K. Dey %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 371 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633518 %X When humans talk with humans, they are able to use implicit situational information, or context, to increase the conversational bandwidth. This ability to use contextual information does not transfer well to human-computer interaction. Part of the problem is the impoverished mechanisms for providing input to computers. Another aspect of the problem is that often we don't know what contextual information is relevant, useful, or even how to use it. However, by improving the computer's access to its context, we can increase the richness of communication in human-computer interaction and make it possible to produce more useful computational services. %M C.CHI.2000.2.372 %T A compendium of practical techniques for HCI instruction %S Workshop %A Marian G. Williams %A Andrew Sears %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 372 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633519 %X HCI is a booming discipline. At CHI 99, the "jobs board" was overflowing with notices of available positions, while the "resume board" was nearly empty. Exhibitors who came to the conference to headhunt complained that nobody was looking for a job, because everybody already had one. The demand for HCI professionals is causing increased demand for undergraduate, graduate, certificate, and professional education programs. More programs mean more instructors, and more instructors mean more people trying to figure out how to teach in the ill-defined, multi-disciplinary field of HCI. There are textbooks and curriculum reports to help them decide what to teach. The results of this workshop will help them decide how to teach it. For curriculum ideas, instructors can consult the reports of the ACM SIGCHI Curriculum Development Group [1] and the NSF/DARPA workshop on New Directions in HCI [5]. For textbook suggestions, they can consult annotated reading lists by Gary Perlman [2], Andrew Sears [3], and others. For suggestions of instructional materials, they can see, for example, the website that accompanies the 3rd edition of Ben Shneiderman's textbook [4]. But there is nowhere they can turn where experienced HCI instructors say, "Here's my technique, here's some evidence that it's successful when I use it, and here's enough information about the materials and the methods that you can reproduce it in your own instructional setting."Like the "Famous CHI Educators Tell All" panel at CHI 98 [6], this workshop focuses on practical techniques for teaching HCI. The participants are accomplished HCI instructors from industry and academia, who offer techniques from their own instructional "toolkits" to be evaluated for practicality, reproducibility by other instructors, and success. Some of the techniques will end up in an anthology that will serve as a resource for HCI instructors. %M C.CHI.2000.2.373 %T Electronic communities: places and spaces, contents and boundaries %S Workshop %A Michael J. Muller %A Jessica Friedman %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 373 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633520 %X This workshop brings together four related areas of research and practice: * Electronic communities in CSCW (e.g., [5, 6]) * Communities of practice in management science (e.g., [2, 4]) * Places and spaces as constructed venues for collaborative work (e.g., [3]) * Boundaries and boundary objects as crucial areas for communication, collaboration, and articulation work (e.g., [1, 7, 8]) %M C.CHI.2000.2.374 %T Situated interaction in ubiquitous computing %S Workshop %A Albrecht Schmidt %A Walter Van de Velde %A Gerd Kortuem %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 374 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633521 %X The situations in which human-computer interaction takes place are increasingly varied, as computers become highly portable and embedded in everyday environments. Research reported from different communities (Wearable Computing, Mobile Computing, HCI, CSCW, Augmented Reality) indicates that awareness of situations can lead to improvement of human-computer interaction. We propose a workshop at CHI2000 to provide a forum to discuss situational awareness and situated interaction. With the availability of sensing technologies, such as measuring the surrounding light conditions, the motion of the user, the orientation of a display, users' position relative to an information appliance, the number of users in front of a device, users' emotional state (bio-sensors), etc., this situational context can be captured and used as additional input to the system. The interaction process can benefit from the additional knowledge about the situation [1]. %M C.CHI.2000.2.375 %T Social navigation: a design approach? %S Workshop %A Kristina Hook %A Alan Wexelblat %A Alan Munro %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 375 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633522 %X Social navigation has been proposed [1,2] as a means to help users navigate large information spaces. Through making other users actions visible we can follow them through the space and this will help us navigate. By information space, we mean anything from the interface to a normal application to large hypermedia spaces or virtual reality environments. Other users actions can be made visible in various ways: through direct social navigation (talking to or seeing individual users act), indirect social navigation (seeing the aggregated user behavior as in recommender system advice), or readwear (seeing how an object has been used by other users through its texture). %M C.CHI.2000.2.376 %T Natural-language interfaces %S Workshop %A David G. Novick %A Candace Kamm %A Nils Dahlback %B CHI00 %D 2000 %V 2 %P 376 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/633292.633523 %X The CHI research community has investigated a number of issues related to natural-language (NL) processing. These include usability of hypertext [e.g., 2], spoken-dialogue systems as interfaces [e.g., 8, 6, 7, 4], and multi-modal interaction [e.g., 1, 5]. While there were few NL-related papers before 1993, the number of CHI papers relating to NL issues has been increasing since then, particularly in the last two years. Yet the CHI-NL community remains fragmented, with several micro-communities each contributing individual perspectives that do not often get tied together. This workshop grows out of interest expressed at the CHI 99 special interest group on Natural Language in Computer-Human Interaction in creating a community for researchers and practitioners in the area of natural language processing in CHI. This objective will be met by exchanging views on cross-cutting issues related to the workshop topic, and by jointly creating a plan for further development of the NL-CHI community. Associated objectives include: * Building communication between people who primarily self-identify as belonging to the CHI or NL communities * Identifying opportunities for NL practitioners to improve their practice and for NL researchers to develop new techniques * Stimulating research towards improved NL interaction techniques fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI93a.BA %M C.CHI.93.3 %T Mixing Oil and Water? Ethnography versus Experimental Psychology in the Study of Computer-Mediated Communication %S Panel %A Andrew Monk %A Bonnie Nardi %A Nigel Gilbert %A Marilyn Mantei %A John McCarthy %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 3-6 %K Computer-medialed communication, Ethnography, Ethnomethodology, Experimental methods, Anthropology, Cognitive psychology, Experimental psychology, Sociology %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p3-monk/p3-monk.pdf %X N/A %M C.CHI.93.7 %T Preserving Knowledge in Design Projects: What Designers Need to Know %S Sharing Design Memory %A James D. Herbsleb %A Eiji Kuwana %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 7-14 %K Design tools, Design methods, Design rationale, User scenarios %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p7-herbsleb/p7-herbsleb.pdf %X In order to inform the design of technology support and new procedural methods for software design, we analyzed the content of real design meetings in three organizations, focusing in particular on the questions the designers ask of each other. We found that most questions concerned the project requirements, particularly what the software was supposed to do and, somewhat less frequently, scenarios of use. Questions about functions to be performed by software components and how these functions were to be realized were also fairly frequent. Rationales for design decisions were seldom asked about. The implications of this research for design tools and methods are discussed. %M C.CHI.93.15 %T From "Folklore" to "Living Design Memory" %S Sharing Design Memory %A Loren G. Terveen %A Peter G. Selfridge %A M. David Long %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 15-22 %K Organizational interfaces, Organizational design, Knowledge representation, Software productivity %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p15-terveen/p15-terveen.pdf %X We identify an important type of software design knowledge that we call community specific folklore and show problems with current approaches to managing it. We built a tool that serves as a living design memory for a large software development organization. The tool delivers knowledge to developers effectively and is embedded in organizational practice to ensure that the knowledge it contains evolves as necessary. This work illustrates important lessons in building knowledge management systems, integrating novel technology into organizational practice, and managing research-development partnerships. %M C.CHI.93.23 %T WHERE Did You Put It? Issues in the Design and Use of a Group Memory %S Sharing Design Memory %A Lucy M. Berlin %A Robin Jeffries %A Vicki L. O'Day %A Andreas Paepcke %A Cathleen Wharton %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 23-30 %K Collaborative work, Information sharing, Information search and retrieval, Group memory, Group conventions %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p23-berlin/p23-berlin.pdf %X Collaborating teams of knowledge workers need a common repository in which to share information gathered by individuals or developed by the team. This is difficult to achieve in practice, because individual information access strategies break down with group information -- people can generally find things that are on their own messy desks and file systems, but not on other people's. The design challenge in a group memory is thus to enable low-effort information sharing without reducing individuals' finding effectiveness. This paper presents the lessons from our design and initial use of a hypertext-based group memory, TeamInfo. We expose the serious cognitive obstacles to a shared information structure, discuss the uses and benefits we have experienced, address the effects of technology limitations, and highlight some unexpected social and work impacts of our group memory. %M C.CHI.93.31 %T Facile 3D Direct Manipulation %S Interacting in 3 Dimensions %A Dan Venolia %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 31-36 %K Interaction, Direct manipulation, Three dimensional graphics, Input devices, Audio output %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p31-venolia/p31-venolia.pdf %X An experimental 3D interface is described, including rendering acceleration hardware, a 3D mouse, and 3D interaction techniques. A 3D cursor, controlled by the augmented mouse, allows direct manipulation of 3D objects. Objects are selected by placing the tip of the cursor inside. Objects can be moved in 3D, or simultaneously moved and rotated using a technique called "tail-dragging." A method called "snap-to" helps users align objects. The interface is designed without using explicit modes or commands. Sounds accentuate the interaction. Details of the implementation and informal user observations are described, as well as topics for future work. %M C.CHI.93.37 %T Fish Tank Virtual Reality %S Interacting in 3 Dimensions %A Colin Ware %A Kevin Arthur %A Kellogg S. Booth %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 37-42 %K Virtual reality, Scientific visualization, Head coupled displays, Stereopsis %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p37-ware/p37-ware.pdf %X The defining characteristics of what we call "Fish Tank Virtual Reality" are a stereo image of a three dimensional (3D) scene viewed on a monitor using a perspective projection coupled to the head position of the observer. We discuss some of the relative merits of this mode of viewing as compared to head mounted stereo displays. In addition, we report the experimental investigation of the following variables: 1) whether or not the perspective view is coupled to the actual viewpoint of the observer, 2) whether stereopsis is employed. Experiment 1 involved the subjective comparison of pairs of viewing conditions and the results suggest that head coupling may be more important than stereo in yielding a strong impression of three dimensionality. Experiment 2 involved subjects tracing a path from a leaf of a 3D tree to the correct root (there were two trees intermeshed). The error rates ranged from 22% in the pictorial display, to 1.3% in the head coupled stereo display. The error rates for stereo alone and head coupling alone were 14.7% and 3.2% respectively. We conclude that head coupling is probably more important than stereo in 3D visualization and that head coupling and stereo combined provide an important enhancement to monitor based computer graphics. %M C.CHI.93.43 %T A Space Based Model for User Interaction in Shared Synthetic Environments %S Interacting in 3 Dimensions %A Lennart E. Fahlen %A Olov Stahl %A Charles Grant Brown %A Christer Carlsson %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 43-48 %K User interaction, 3D, Visualization, Communication, Distribution, Control, Resource sharing, CSCW, Virtual reality %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p43-fahlen/p43-fahlen.pdf %X In a distributed shared synthetic environment with provisions for high quality 3D visualization and interaction, it is possible to implement a powerful variant of a rooms/space metaphor based on the concept of presence or proximity between participants in 3D space. This kind of model can be used as an interface between the user and the computer, for overview and control of applications, file systems, networks and other computer resources, as well as for communication and collaboration with other users in the networked environment. We model proximity with a geometric volume of the immediate surroundings, the aura, of the participant's representation in the synthetic environment. This proximity, or aura, is used to establish presence at meetings, to establish communication channels and to provide interaction. %M C.CHI.93.49 %T HCI in the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University %S Overviews %A Bonnie E. John %A James H. Morris %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 49-50 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p49-john/p49-john.pdf %X People use computers to accomplish tasks. Consequently, understanding human capabilities and tasks is as important to the design of computer systems as understanding computer technologies. The School of Computer Science (SCS) at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) has become home to an interdisciplinary community that performs research on HCI issues, develops systems using HCI methods of design and evaluation, and trains students in the theory and skills necessary to become HCI professionals. %M C.CHI.93.51 %T Human Cognition Research Laboratory, The Open University (U.K.) %S Overviews %A Marc Eisenstadt %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 51-52 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p51-eisenstadt/p51-eisenstadt.pdf %X N/A %M C.CHI.93.53 %T The Integrated User-Support Environment (IN-USE) Group at USC/ISI %S Overviews %A Robert Neches %A Peter Aberg %A David Benjamin %A Brian Harp %A Liyi Hu %A Ping Luo %A Roberto Moriyon %A Pedro Szekely %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 53-54 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p53-neches/p53-neches.pdf %X Integrated user support environments are individual and cooperative-work systems which allow their users to perform a large quantity of their daily work on-line, and which do so by providing access to a comprehensive set of tools that interact smoothly with each other and present a uniform interface to the users. The INtegrated User-Support Environments (IN-USE) Group is developing a framework for facilitating construction of such systems. The framework is oriented toward assisting users who must timeshare between multiple, highly information-intensive data analysis and problem solving tasks. Our fundamental goals are to help developers quickly assemble support environments that offer reasonable default appearance and behavior, and to make it easy to then customize those environments as needed. %M C.CHI.93.55 %T MUSiC Video Analysis and Context Tools for Usability Measurement %S Demonstrations %A Miles Macleod %A Nigel Bevan %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 55 %K Usability evaluation, Metrics, Usability engineering, Observation, Video analysis %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p55-macleod/p55-macleod.pdf %X Analysis of interaction between users and a system, based on video-assisted observation, can provide a highly informative and effective means of evaluating usability. To obtain valid and reliable results, the people observed should be representative users performing representative work tasks in appropriate circumstances, and the analysis should be methodical. The MUSiC Performance Measurement Method (PMM) -- developed at NPL as part of the ESPRIT Project MUSiC: Metrics for Usability Standards in Computing -- provides a validated method for making and analysing such video recordings to derive performance-based usability metrics. PMM is supported by the DRUM software tool which greatly speeds up analysis of video, and helps manage evaluations. %M C.CHI.93.56 %T ADEPT -- Advanced Environment for Prototyping with Task Models %S Demonstrations %A Peter Johnson %A Stephanie Wilson %A Panos Markopoulos %A James Pycock %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 56 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p56-johnson/p56-johnson.pdf %X ADEPI is a novel design environment for prototyping user interfaces which allows the designer to construct an explicit model of the tasks that the user and computer will perform jointly. ADEPI incorporates task and user modelling components with a rapid prototyping user interface design tool to provide a user-task centred design environment. %M C.CHI.93.57 %T Software for the Usability Lab: A Sampling of Current Tools %S Panel %A Paul Weiler %A Richard Cordes %A Monty Hammontree %A Derek Hoiem %A Michael Thompson %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 57-60 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p57-weiler/p57-weiler.pdf %X This panel brings together usability professionals throughout the computer industry to demonstrate and discuss their usability lab software tools. These tools are specifically designed to improve the data collection and analysis process for usability labs. Their capabilities range from simple to complex and the panel will not only discuss the benefits of using the tools but also share the lessons learned during the design and development process. %M C.CHI.93.61 %T Do Algorithm Animations Assist Learning? An Empirical Study and Analysis %S Understanding Programming %A John Stasko %A Albert Badre %A Clayton Lewis %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 61-66 %K Software visualization, Algorithm animation, Empirical studies %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p61-stasko/p61-stasko.pdf %X Algorithm animations are dynamic graphical illustrations of computer algorithms, and they are used as teaching aids to help explain how the algorithms work. Although many people believe that algorithm animations are useful this way, no empirical evidence has ever been presented supporting this belief. We have conducted an empirical study of a priority queue algorithm animation, and the study's results indicate that the animation only slightly assisted student understanding. In this article, we analyze those results and hypothesize why algorithm animations may not be as helpful as was initially hoped. We also develop guidelines for making algorithm animations. %M C.CHI.93.67 %T Reducing the Variability of Programmers' Performance Through Explained Examples %S Understanding Programming %A David F. Redmiles %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 67-73 %K Software engineering, User interface, Knowledge representation, Semantic networks, Learning, Analogy, Programming plans %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p67-redmiles/p67-redmiles.pdf %X A software tool called EXPLAINER has been developed for helping programmers perform new tasks by exploring previously worked-out examples. EXPLAINER is based on cognitive principles of learning from examples and problem solving by analogy. The interface is based on the principle of making examples accessible through multiple presentation views and multiple representation perspectives. Empirical evaluation has shown that programmers using EXPLAINER exhibit less variability in their performance compared to programmers using a commercially available, searchable on-line manual. These results are related to other studies of programmers and to current methodologies in software engineering. %M C.CHI.93.74 %T Mental Representations of Programs by Novices and Experts %S Understanding Programming %A Vikki Fix %A Susan Wiedenbeck %A Jean Scholtz %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 74-79 %K Program comprehension, Mental representation of programs %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p74-fix/p74-fix.pdf %X This paper presents five abstract characteristics of the mental representation of computer programs: hierarchical structure, explicit mapping of code to goals, foundation on recognition of recurring patterns, connection of knowledge, and grounding in the program text. An experiment is reported in which expert and novice programmers studied a Pascal program for comprehension and then answered a series of questions about it designed to show these characteristics if they existed in the mental representations formed. Evidence for all of the abstract characteristics was found in the mental representations of expert programmers. Novices' representations generally lacked the characteristics, but there was evidence that they had the beginnings, although poorly developed, of such characteristics. %M C.CHI.93.80 %T Touch-Typing with a Stylus %S Typing, Writing and Gesture %A David Goldberg %A Cate Richardson %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 80-87 %K Stylus, Electronic pen, Handwriting, Printing, Recognition, Text entry, Pen-based computing, Shorthand %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p80-goldberg/p80-goldberg.pdf %X One of the attractive features of keyboards is that they support novice as well as expert users. Novice users enter text using "hunt-and-peck," experts use touch-typing. Although it takes time to learn touch-typing, there is a large payoff in faster operation. In contrast to keyboards, pen-based computers have only a novice mode for text entry in which users print text to a character recognizer. An electronic pen (or stylus) would be more attractive as an input device if it supported expert users with some analogue of touch-typing. We present the design and preliminary analysis of an approach to stylus touch-typing using an alphabet of unistrokes, which are letters specially designed to be used with a stylus. Unistrokes have the following advantages over ordinary printing: they are faster to write, less prone to recognition error, and can be entered in an "eyes-free" manner that requires very little screen real estate. %M C.CHI.93.88 %T Half-QWERTY: A One-Handed Keyboard Facilitating Skill Transfer from QWERTY %S Typing, Writing and Gesture %A Edgar Matias %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A William Buxton %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 88-94 %K Input devices, Input tasks, Human performance, One-handed keyboard, QWERTY, Portable computers, Disabled users, Skill transfer %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p88-matias/p88-matias.pdf %W http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/people/ematias/papers/ic93/ %X Half-QWERTY is a new one-handed typing technique, designed to facilitate the transfer of two-handed typing skill to the one-handed condition. It is performed on a standard keyboard, or a special half keyboard (with full-sized keys). In an experiment using touch typists, hunt-and-peck typing speeds were surpassed after 3-4 hours of practice. Subjects reached 50% of their two-handed typing speed after about 8 hours. After 10 hours, all subjects typed between 41% and 73% of their two-handed speed, ranging from 23.8 to 42.8 wpm. These results are important in providing access to disabled users, and for the design of compact computers. They also bring into question previous research claiming finger actions of one hand map to the other via spatial congruence rather than mirror image. %M C.CHI.93.95 %T Incremental Recognition in Gesture-Based and Syntax-Directed Diagram Editors %S Typing, Writing and Gesture %A Rui Zhao %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 95-100 %K Gestural interfaces, Pen-based computers, Diagram languages, Incremental recognition, Diagram editors %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p95-zhao/p95-zhao.pdf %X Diagram editing is an attractive application of gestural interfaces and pen-based computers which promise a new input paradigm where users communicate with computers in diagram languages by using gestures. A key problem in building gesture-based diagram editors is the recognition of handsketched diagrams. Existing approaches concentrate either on gesture recognition or on parsing visual languages, there has been a lack of integrated recognition concepts. This paper presents novel concepts and techniques based on an incremental paradigm of gesture recognition and a cooperative communication between modules for pattern recognition and for diagram parsing. These concepts and techniques have been used successfully to build several experimental gesture-based and syntax-directed diagram editors. %M C.CHI.93.101 %T Integrating Theoreticians' and Practitioners' Perspectives with Design Rationale %S Evolving Design %A Victoria Bellotti %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 101-106 %K Design rationale, Theoretical modelling, Multi-disciplinary integration, Design %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p101-bellotti/p101-bellotti.pdf %X QOC design rationale represents argumentation about design alternatives and assessments. It can be used to generate design spaces which capture and integrate information from design discussions and diverse kinds of theoretical analyses. Such design spaces highlight how different theoretical approaches can work together to help solve design problems. This paper describes an example of the generation of a multi-disciplinary QOC design space which shows how designers' deliberations can be augmented with design contributions from a combination of different theoretical HCI approaches. %M C.CHI.93.107 %T Management of Interface Design in HUMANOID %S Evolving Design %A Ping Luo %A Pedro Szekely %A Robert Neches %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 107-114 %K Interface-building tools and techniques, Design processes, Development tools and methods, Rapid prototyping, Interface design representation %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p107-luo/p107-luo.pdf %X Today's interface design tools either force designers to handle a tremendous number of design details, or limit their control over design decisions. Neither of these approaches taps the true strengths of either human designers or computers in the design process. This paper presents a human-computer collaborative system that uses a model-based approach for interface design to help designers search the design space effectively and construct executable specifications of application user interfaces. This human-in-the-loop environment focuses human designers on decision making, and utilizes the bookkeeping capabilities of computers for regular and tedious tasks. We describe (a) the underlying modeling technique and an execution environment that allows even incompletely-specified designs to be executed for evaluation and testing purposes, and (b) a tool that decomposes high-level design goals into the necessary implementation steps, and helps designers manage the myriad of details that arise during design. %M C.CHI.93.115 %T The Evolution of an Interface for Choreographers %S Evolving Design %A Tom W. Calvert %A Armin Bruderlin %A Sang Mah %A Thecla Schiphorst %A Chris Welman %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 115-122 %K Composition, Design, User interface, Dance, Complexity, Choreography, Human animation %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p115-calvert/p115-calvert.pdf %X This paper describes the evolution of the interface to Life Forms, a compositional tool for the creation of dance choreography, and highlights some of the important lessons we have learned during a six year design and implementation period. The lessons learned can be grouped into two categories: 1) Process, and 2) Architecture of the Interface. Our goal in developing a tool for choreography has been to provide computer-based creative design support for the conception and development of dance. The evolution was driven by feedback from the choreographers and users who were members of the development team, combined with our knowledge of current thinking on design and composition. Although the interface evolved in a relatively unconstrained way, the resulting system has many of the features that theoretical discussion in human interface design has projected as necessary. The Life Forms interface has evolved incrementally with one major discontinuity where adoption of a new compositional primitive required a completely new version. The choreography and composition of a dance is a complex synthesis task which has much in common with design. Thus, the lessons learned here are applicable to the development of interfaces to such applications as computer aided design. %M C.CHI.93.123 %T Human-Machine Perceptual Cooperation %S Structuring Images for Interaction %A Francis K. H. Quek %A Michael C. Petro %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 123-130 %K Human-computer interaction, Shared perception, Map conversion, Document image analysis, Telerobotics %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p123-quek/p123-quek.pdf %X The Human-Machine Perceptual Cooperation (HMPC) paradigm combines a human operator's high level reasoning with machine perception to solve spatio-perceptual intensive problems. HMPC defines two channels of interaction: the focus of attention (FOA) by which the user directs the attention of machine perception, and context. As the user moves the FOA across a display via a pointing device, a smart cursor operates proactively on the data, highlighting objects which satisfy the current context. The FOA permits foveal emphasis, enabling the user to vary motor precision with image clutter. HMPC provides for contexts at four levels of abstraction. This permits the efficiency of the system to degrade gracefully as data quality worsens. We describe a document analysis application to which HMPC is applied. In this project, a human operator works with a machine to convert scanned raster maps into vector format. %M C.CHI.93.131 %T VideoMAP and VideoSpaceIcon: Tools for Anatomizing Video Content %S Structuring Images for Interaction %A Yoshinobu Tonomura %A Akihito Akutsu %A Kiyotaka Otsuji %A Toru Sadakata %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 131-136 %K Video handling, Visual interface, Icon, Index, Image processing, Visualization %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p131-tonomura/p131-tonomura.pdf %X A new approach to interacting with stored video is proposed. The approach utilizes VideoMAP and VideoSpaceIcon. VideoMAP is the interface that shows the essential video features in an easy to perceive manner. VideoSpaceIcon represents the temporal and spatial characteristics of a video shot as an intuitive icon. A video indexing method supports both tools. These tools allow the user's creativity to directly interact with the essential features of each video by offering spatial and temporal clues. This paper introduces the basic concept and describes prototype versions of the tools as implemented in a video handling system. VideoMAP and VideoSpaceIcon are effective for video handling functions such as video content analysis, video editing, and various video applications which need an intuitive visual interface. %M C.CHI.93.137 %T Automatic Structure Visualization for Video Editing %S Structuring Images for Interaction %A Hirotada Ueda %A Takafumi Miyatake %A Shigeo Sumino %A Akio Nagasaka %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 137-141 %K Multimedia authoring, Video editing, Motion picture, Video structure, Visualization, Image recognition %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p137-ueda/p137-ueda.pdf %X We developed intelligent functions for the automatic description of video structure, and visualization methods for temporal-spatial video structures obtained by these functions as well as for the functions. The functions offer descriptions of cut separations, motion of the camera and filmed objects, tracks and contour lines of objects, existence of objects, and periods of existence. Furthermore, identical objects are automatically linked. Thus the visualization methods supported by object-links allow users to freely browse and directly manipulate the structure including descriptions and raw video data. %M C.CHI.93.142 %T Agentsheets: A Tool for Building Domain-Oriented Visual Programming Environments %S Demonstrations %A Alex Repenning %A Lennart E. Fahlen %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 142-143 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p142-repenning/p142-repenning.pdf %X Visual programming systems are supposed to simplify programming by capitalizing on innate human spatial reasoning skills. I argue that: (i) good visual programming environments should be oriented toward their application domains, and (ii) tools to build domain-oriented environments are needed because building such environments from scratch is very difficult. The demonstration illustrates how the visual programming system builder called Agentsheets addresses these issues and demonstrates several applications built using Agentsheets. %M C.CHI.93.144 %T Mondrian: A Teachable Graphical Editor %S Demonstrations %A Henry Lieberman %A Staffan Romberger %A Kerstin Severinson Eklundh %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 144 %K Programming by demonstration, Machine learning, Artificial intelligence, Graphical editing, End-user programming, Direct-manipulation interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p144-lieberman/p144-lieberman.pdf %X Mondrian is a object-oriented graphical editor that can learn new graphical procedures through programming by demonstration. A user can demonstrate a sequence of graphical editing commands on a concrete example to illustrate how the new procedure should work. An interface agent records the steps of the procedure in a symbolic form, using machine learning techniques, tracking relationships between graphical objects and dependencies among the interface operations. The agent generalizes a program that can then be used on "analogous" examples. The generalization heuristics set it apart from conventional "macros" that can only repeat an exact sequence of steps. The system represents user-defined operations using pictorial "storyboards" of examples. By bringing the power of procedural programming to easy-to-use graphical interfaces, we hope to break down the "Berlin Wall" that currently exists between computer users and computer programmers. %M C.CHI.93.145 %T Usability Measurement -- Its Practical Value to the Computer Industry %S Panel %A M. Maguire %A A. Dillon %A John Brooke %A Johan van Gerven %A Nigel Bevan %A Anna Maria Paci %A John Karat %A Brian Shackel %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 145-148 %K Usability measurement, Usability metrics, Usability evaluation, Industrial practice %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p145-maguire/p145-maguire.pdf %X This panel will consider the role of usability measurement in the design process. It will address the time needed to perform usability evaluations and compare this process with that of expert assessment. This topic will be discussed in the industrial context of developing computer products within strict timescales. However it will also be seen against the traditional problem of needing to set usability goals and to measure their achievement if usability is to be given the same priority as the more technical software engineering objectives. %M C.CHI.93.149 %T The Growth of Software Skill: A Longitudinal Look at Learning & Performance %S Skill Development %A Erik Nilsen %A HeeSen Jong %A Judith S. Olson %A Kevin Biolsi %A Henry Rueter %A Sharon Mutter %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 149-156 %K Models of the user, User-interface design issues, GOMS, Menu design %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p149-nilsen/p149-nilsen.pdf %X This research follows a group of users over time (16 months) as they progress from novice towards expert in their use of Lotus 1-2-3. Quantitative and qualitative measures of performance are compared with expert users having over three years of experience. The results indicate that the motor aspects of performance are relatively stable over time, while improvement in the cognitive components of the skill are dependent on aspects of the menu structure and how many things must be retrieved from memory, among other things. These results imply extensions to the Keystroke Level Model of skilled performance as well as suggest ways to design the user interfaces so as to speed the acquisition of expertise. %M C.CHI.93.157 %T Embedding Computer-Based Critics in the Contexts of Design %S Skill Development %A Gerhard Fischer %A Kumiyo Nakakoji %A Jonathan Ostwald %A Gerry Stahl %A Tamara Sumner %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 157-164 %K Generic critics, Specific critics, Interpretive critics, Design environments, Specification, Construction, Domain orientation, Perspectives, Critiquing systems %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p157-fischer/p157-fischer.pdf %X Computational critiquing mechanisms provide an effective form of computer-human interaction supporting the process of design. Critics embedded in domain-oriented design environments can take advantage of additional knowledge residing in these environments to provide less intrusive, more relevant critiques. Three classes of embedded critics have been designed, implemented, and studied: Generic critics use domain knowledge to detect problematic situations in the design construction. Specific critics take advantage of additional knowledge in the partial specification to detect inconsistencies between the design construction and the design specification. Interpretive critics are tied to perspective mechanisms that support designers in examining their artifact from different viewpoints. %M C.CHI.93.165 %T How to Aid Non-Experts %S Skill Development %A Mark Neerincx %A Paul de Greef %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 165-171 %K Intelligent interfaces, Help, Task analysis, Design, Summative evaluation, Usability testing %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p165-neerincx/p165-neerincx.pdf %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %X Aiding functions may be added to a computer system, so that users with insufficient knowledge can perform their tasks. The aiding should be integrated into the task execution of such users. Empirical knowledge is lacking about the conditions for successful aiding. We evaluated the on-line help system of the statistical software package SPSS/PC. It appears that the addition of help facilities to the system worsens the task performance and learning of novices substantially. In our view, the addition of help is harmful, because communication with the system is more complex as a result, whereas the help hardly provides the task support that novices need. De Greef et al. [5] provide two design principles that result in consistent communication and aiding in correspondence with users' needs: (i) the design of aiding functions is an integrated part of interface design and (ii) aiding is based upon an expert model of the users' task. We evaluated an interface for the statistical program HOMALS, which was designed according to these principles. As a consequence of the addition of aiding functions, non-expert users perform their tasks better and learn more. %M C.CHI.93.172 %T A Design Space for Multimodal Systems: Concurrent Processing and Data Fusion %S Voices and Faces %A Laurence Nigay %A Joelle Coutaz %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 172-178 %K Modality, Multimodal interaction, Taxonomy, Design space, Software architecture, Data fusion, Concurrency %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p172-nigay/p172-nigay.pdf %X Multimodal interaction enables the user to employ different modalities such as voice, gesture and typing for communicating with a computer. This paper presents an analysis of the integration of multiple communication modalities within an interactive system. To do so, a software engineering perspective is adopted. First, the notion of "multimodal system" is clarified. We aim at proving that two main features of a multimodal system are the concurrency of processing and the fusion of input/output data. On the basis of these two features, we then propose a design space and a method for classifying multimodal systems. In the last section, we present a software architecture model of multimodal systems which supports these two salient properties: concurrency of processing and data fusion. Two multimodal systems developed in our team, VoicePaint and NoteBook, are used to illustrate the discussion. %M C.CHI.93.179 %T VoiceNotes: A Speech Interface for a Hand-Held Voice Notetaker %S Voices and Faces %A Lisa J. Stifelman %A Barry Arons %A Chris Schmandt %A Eric A. Hulteen %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 179-186 %K Speech interfaces, Speech recognition, Non-speech audio, Hand-held computers, Speech as data %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p179-stifelman/p179-stifelman.pdf %X VoiceNotes is an application for a voice-controlled hand-held computer that allows the creation, management, and retrieval of user-authored voice notes -- small segments of digitized speech containing thoughts, ideas, reminders, or things to do. Iterative design and user testing helped to refine the initial user interface design. VoiceNotes explores the problem of capturing and retrieving spontaneous ideas, the use of speech as data, and the use of speech input and output in the user interface for a hand-held computer without a visual display. In addition, VoiceNotes serves as a step toward new uses of voice technology and interfaces for future portable devices. %M C.CHI.93.187 %T Communicative Facial Displays as a New Conversational Modality %S Voices and Faces %A Akikazu Takeuchi %A Katashi Nagao %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 187-193 %K User interface design, Multimodal interfaces, Facial expression, Conversational interfaces, Anthropomorphism %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p187-takeuchi/p187-takeuchi.pdf %X The human face is an independent communication channel that conveys emotional and conversational signals encoded as facial displays. Facial displays can be viewed as communicative signals that help coordinate conversation. We are attempting to introduce facial displays into computer-human interaction as a new modality. This will make the interaction tighter and more efficient while lessening the cognitive load. As the first step, a speech dialogue system was selected to investigate the power of communicative facial displays. We analyzed the conversations between users and the speech dialogue system, to which facial displays had been added. We found that conversation with the system featuring facial displays was more successful than that with a system without facial displays. %M C.CHI.93.194 %T Sign Language Interfaces %S Panel %A Nancy Frishberg %A Serena Corazza %A Linda Day %A Sherman Wilcox %A Rolf Schulmeister %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 194-197 %K Sign languages, Natural language processing, Computer assisted language learning, Multimedia, Intercultural issues in interface design, Gestural representation, Deaf %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p194-frishberg/p194-frishberg.pdf %X This panel will start to build the bridge between behavioral scientists who know deaf communities worldwide, their languages and cultures, and experts in technical disciplines relating to computers and human interfaces. %M C.CHI.93.198 %T Iterative Methodology and Designer Training in Human-Computer Interface Design %S Usability Assessment Methods %A Gregg (Skip) Bailey %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 198-205 %K Iterative design methodology, User interface specialists, Programmers %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p198-bailey/p198-bailey.pdf %X One of the most promising methods for user interface design is the iterative design methodology. To this point only case study support for this method has been given. There are still many unanswered questions about the effectiveness of this method. One difficulty encountered in user interface design is knowing what set of knowledge and skill the designer must possess to ensure good user interface design. Many different people have designed user interfaces for computer systems. These people came from a variety of backgrounds and viewpoints. Two of the most common groups involved in user interface design are human factors specialists and programmers. This study investigates these two issues. One factor in this study is the iterative design methodology. An empirical evaluation of this method was conducted. The strengths and weaknesses of this method are discussed. A second factor in this study is a comparison of human factors specialists and programmers in an actual user interface design task. The results of this study indicate that iterative design methodology can improve the usability of a product. The amount of the improvement may be constrained by the original design. This study also supports the use of human factors specialists in user interface design. A significant difference between designs produced by human factors specialists and programmers was found. %M C.CHI.93.206 %T A Mathematical Model of the Finding of Usability Problems %S Usability Assessment Methods %A Jakob Nielsen %A Thomas K. Landauer %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 206-213 %K Usability problems, Usability engineering, Poisson models, User testing, Heuristic evaluation, Cost-benefit analysis, Iterative design %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p206-nielsen/p206-nielsen.pdf %X For 11 studies, we find that the detection of usability problems as a function of number of users tested or heuristic evaluators employed is well modeled as a Poisson process. The model can be used to plan the amount of evaluation required to achieve desired levels of thoroughness or benefits. Results of early tests can provide estimates of the number of problems left to be found and the number of additional evaluations needed to find a given fraction. With quantitative evaluation costs and detection values, the model can estimate the numbers of evaluations at which optimal cost/benefit ratios are obtained and at which marginal utility vanishes. For a "medium" example, we estimate that 16 evaluations would be worth their cost, with maximum benefit/cost ratio at four. %M C.CHI.93.214 %T Estimating the Relative Usability of Two Interfaces: Heuristic, Formal, and Empirical Methods Compared %S Usability Assessment Methods %A Jakob Nielsen %A Victoria L. Phillips %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 214-221 %K Heuristic evaluation, Heuristic estimation, GOMS, User testing, Usability, User performance, Absolute performance, Relative performance, Cost-benefit estimates %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p214-nielsen/p214-nielsen.pdf %X Two alternative user interface designs were subjected to user testing to measure user performance in a database query task. User performance was also estimated heuristically in three different ways and by use of formal GOMS modelling. The estimated values for absolute user performance had very high variability, but estimates of the relative advantage of the fastest interface were less variable. Choosing the fastest of the two designs would have a net present value more than 1,000 times the cost of getting the estimates. A software manager would make the correct choice every time in our case study if decisions were based on at least three independent estimates. User testing was 4.9 times as expensive as the cheapest heuristic method but provided better performance estimates. %M C.CHI.93.222 %T An Evaluation of Earcons for Use in Auditory Human-Computer Interfaces %S Auditory Interfaces %A Stephen A. Brewster %A Peter C. Wright %A Alistair D. N. Edwards %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 222-227 %K Auditory interfaces, Earcons, Sonification %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p222-brewster/p222-brewster.pdf %X An evaluation of earcons was carried out to see whether they are an effective means of communicating information in sound. An initial experiment showed that earcons were better than unstructured bursts of sound and that musical timbres were more effective than simple tones. A second experiment was then carried out which improved upon some of the weaknesses shown up in Experiment 1 to give a significant improvement in recognition. From the results of these experiments some guidelines were drawn up for use in the creation of earcons. Earcons have been shown to be an effective method for communicating information in a human-computer interface. %M C.CHI.93.228 %T Synthesizing Auditory Icons %S Auditory Interfaces %A William W. Gaver %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 228-235 %K Interface techniques, Multimedia, Auditory interfaces, Sound %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p228-gaver/p228-gaver.pdf %X Auditory icons add valuable functionality to computer interfaces, particularly when they are parameterized to convey dimensional information. They are difficult to create and manipulate, however, because they usually rely on digital sampling techniques. This paper suggests that new synthesis algorithms, controlled along dimensions of events rather than those of the sounds themselves, may solve this problem. Several algorithms, developed from research on auditory event perception, are described in enough detail here to permit their implementation. They produce a variety of impact, bouncing, breaking, scraping, and machine sounds. By controlling them with attributes of relevant computer events, a wide range of parameterized auditory icons may be created. %M C.CHI.93.236 %T Computer Aided Conversation for Severely Physically Impaired Non-Speaking People %S Auditory Interfaces %A Norman Alm %A John Todman %A Leona Elder %A A. F. Newell %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 236-241 %K Human-computer interaction, User study, Interface design, User observation, Dialogue design, Discourse analysis, User interfaces, Retrieval models, Search process, Selection process, Disability, Speech synthesis %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p236-alm/p236-alm.pdf %X This paper reports the development of a computer-aided conversation prosthesis which is designed for severely physically impaired non-speaking people. The research methodology was to model aspects of conversational structure derived from the field of conversation analysis within a prototype conversational prosthesis. The prototype was evaluated in empirical investigations which also suggested successful strategies for carrying out satisfying conversation using such a system. Two versions have been built and tested, one using an able-bodied operator to test the feasibility of creating conversation from prestored material, the second being used by a physically impaired non-speaking operator. The prototype demonstrated the advantages of this interface design in helping the user to carry out natural sounding and satisfying conversations. %M C.CHI.93.242 %T MicroCentre, Dundee: Ordinary and Extra-Ordinary HCI Research %S Overviews %A Alan F. Newell %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 242-243 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p242-newell/p242-newell.pdf %X The main feature of the MicroCentre research group is a concern for users with a very wide range of characteristics. In addition to main-stream HCI research, it contains the largest academic group in the world investigating the application of computer systems for disabled people, and has a particular interest in systems for people with communication impairment. %M C.CHI.93.244 %T Human-Computer Interaction Research at Massey University, New Zealand %S Overviews %A Mark Apperley %A Chris Phillips %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 244-245 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p244-apperley/p244-apperley.pdf %X N/A %M C.CHI.93.246 %T The MultiG Research Programme -- Distributed Multimedia Applications on Gigabit Networks %S Overviews %A Bjorn Pehrson %A Yngve Sundblad %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 246-247 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p246-pehrson/p246-pehrson.pdf %X The MultiG research programme is an effort conducted in broad cooperation between academia and industry with public support. The main goals are to strengthen the academic infrastructure and industrial competitiveness, to integrate the major research sites in Sweden, and to demonstrate operating prototypes of novel applications and Gigabit networking concepts. The spirit of the program is similar to the spirit of the Gigabit research part of the US NREN effort. %M C.CHI.93.248 %T Flexible, Active Support for Collaboration with ConversationBuilder %S Demonstrations %A Simon M. Kaplan %A William J. Tolone %A Douglas P. Bogia %A Theodore A. Phelps %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 248 %K Collaboration environment %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p248-kaplan/p248-kaplan.pdf %X We overview the ConversationBuilder system and its demonstration at INTERCHI 93. %M C.CHI.93.249 %T A Groupware Engine Using UIMS Methodologies %S Demonstrations %A Lever Wang %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 249-250 %K Groupware, Computer supported cooperative work, User interface management system %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p249-wang/p249-wang.pdf %X This paper presents a groupware engine running under Microsoft's Windows developed using a User Interface Management System (UIMS). This groupware engine will demonstrate some of the important groupware features such as concurrency control, security, view control, and how these features are best implemented using a UIMS. By demonstrating these features in a groupware engine the advantages of applying the UIMS methodology will become self evident, as well as, the need for such a methodology. %M C.CHI.93.251 %T User Involvement in the Design Process: Why, When and How? %S Panel %A Jared Spool %A C. Dennis Allen %A Don Ballman %A Vivienne Begg %A Harold H. Miller-Jacobs %A Michael Muller %A Jakob Nielsen %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 251-254 %K Heuristic evaluation, Human factors, Participatory design, Rapid prototyping, User interface evaluation/methodology, User involvement %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p251-allen/p251-allen.pdf %X For years the CHI community has championed the importance of the user in system development. As many of us develop systems, we find that the concept of user involvement is not so easy to implement. Does one always strive to involve the user in the design process? Are there situations when the users should not be involved? What if the user is reluctant to change? How is user involvement handled when the user claims to know all the answers and wants to design the entire interface his or her way? What if the users, or even potential users are not available? How can user involvement be accomplished under these developmental restrictions? User Involvement, therefore, may be a goal -- not a given, and how to effect user involvement is not as straight forward as the text books convey! To assist the process of user interface development, many techniques have been developed such as Heuristic Evaluation, Participatory Design, Cognitive Walk Throughs, Task Analysis and Rapid Prototyping. These techniques vary considerably in the extent of user involvement that they require. This panel will attempt to match the technique with the degree of user involvement that the developer is faced with or can achieve. The issues discussed in this session are important to the entire user interface community. Developers will be happy to hear that they are not alone; others have similar problems with users. They will learn which of the techniques are best suited for each development situation. Methodologists will gain greater insight into the breadth and depth of working with, and attempting to satisfy various types of users. They may be able to better refine the technologies we now have available to meet the needs of user interface developers. %M C.CHI.93.255 %T Exploding the Interface: Experiences of a CSCW Network %S Conceptual Analysis of Users and Activity %A John Bowers %A Tom Rodden %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 255-262 %K Cooperative systems, User interface models, Observational studies, Organisational effects, CSCW %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p255-bowers/p255-bowers.pdf %X The development of human computer interaction has been dominated by the interface both as a design concept and as an artifact of computer systems. However, recently researchers have been re-examining the role of the interface in the user's interaction with the computer. This paper further examines the notion of the interface in light of the experiences of the authors in establishing a network to support cooperative work. The authors argue that the concept of the single interface which provides a focus for interaction with a computer system is no longer tenable and that richer conceptions of the inter-relationships between users and computer systems are needed. %M C.CHI.93.263 %T Searching for Unity among Diversity: Exploring the "Interface" Concept %S Conceptual Analysis of Users and Activity %A Kari Kuutti %A Liam J. Bannon %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 263-268 %K Interface, User interface management systems, Abstraction levels, Activity theory %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p263-kuutti/p263-kuutti.pdf %X Despite widespread interest in the human-computer interaction (HCI) field, there remains much debate as to appropriate conceptual frameworks for the field, and even confusion surrounding the meaning of basic terms in the field. HCI is seen by many as focusing on the design of interfaces to computer systems, yet exactly what is implied by this focus on "interfaces" is unclear. In this paper we show how a better understanding of what is meant by the interface is possible via the concept of abstraction levels. We show how this levels approach can clarify some ambiguities, and also how it can be related to different phases in the evolution of the human-computer interaction field itself. In this context, we are able to account for the recent interest in activity theory as a possible alternative framework for HCI work, while stressing the need for HCI research and design to consider each of the separate, but related, levels. %M C.CHI.93.269 %T The Cost Structure of Sensemaking %S Conceptual Analysis of Users and Activity %A Daniel M. Russell %A Mark J. Stefik %A Peter Pirolli %A Stuart K. Card %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 269-276 %K Sensemaking, Cost structure, Representation search, Representation shift, Learning loop, Information access %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p269-russell/p269-russell.pdf %X Making sense of a body of data is a common activity in any kind of analysis. Sensemaking is the process of searching for a representation and encoding data in that representation to answer task-specific questions. Different operations during sensemaking require different cognitive and external resources. Representations are chosen and changed to reduce the cost of operations in an information processing task. The power of these representational shifts is generally under-appreciated as is the relation between sensemaking and information retrieval. We analyze sensemaking tasks and develop a model of the cost structure of sensemaking. We discuss implications for the integrated design of user interfaces, representational tools, and information retrieval systems. %M C.CHI.93.277 %T Prototyping an Intelligent Agent through Wizard of Oz %S Demonstration Based Systems %A David Maulsby %A Saul Greenberg %A Richard Mander %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 277-284 %K Intelligent agent, Instructible system, Programming by demonstration, Wizard of Oz, Prototyping %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p277-maulsby/p277-maulsby.pdf %X Turvy is a simulated prototype of an instructible agent. The user teaches it by demonstrating actions and pointing at or talking about relevant data. We formalized our assumptions about what could be implemented, then used the Wizard of Oz to flesh out a design and observe users' reactions as they taught several editing tasks. We found: a) all users invent a similar set of commands to teach the agent; b) users learn the agent's language by copying its speech; c) users teach simple tasks with ease and complex ones with reasonable effort; and d) agents cannot expect users to point to or identify critical features without prompting. In conducting this rather complex simulation, we learned some lessons about using the Wizard of Oz to prototype intelligent agents: a) design of the simulation benefits greatly from prior implementation experience; b) the agent's behavior and dialog capabilities must be based on formal models; c) studies of verbal discourse lead directly to an implementable system; d) the designer benefits greatly by becoming the Wizard; and e) qualitative data is more valuable for answering global concerns, while quantitative data validates accounts and answers fine-grained questions. %M C.CHI.93.285 %T A Synergistic Approach to Specifying Simple Number Independent Layouts by Example %S Demonstration Based Systems %A Scott E. Hudson %A Chen-Ning Hsi %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 285-292 %K Layout specification, Programming by example, Grid-based layout, Generalization, End-user customization %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p285-hudson/p285-hudson.pdf %X A grid-based technique to specify simple number independent layouts by example is described. This technique was originally developed to support layout specification for a parallel program visualization system but can be applied to aid other simple graphical layout tasks as well. The technique works by allowing the user to construct an example layout using a grid-based interaction technique. This example can then be generalized into a layout algorithm which can be applied to create layouts of any size. However, rather than simply choosing the "best" generalization, the system described here takes a synergistic approach. New examples from a set of alternative generalizations are presented to the user so that they can guide and control the generalization process. This provides more understanding and control of the generalization process and typically allows a correct generalization to be constructed from only one small example. %M C.CHI.93.293 %T Marquise: Creating Complete User Interfaces by Demonstration %S Demonstration Based Systems %A Brad A. Myers %A Richard G. McDaniel %A David S. Kosbie %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 293-300 %K User interface software, User interface management systems, Interface builders, Demonstrational interfaces, Garnet %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p293-myers/p293-myers.pdf %X Marquise is a new interactive tool that allows virtually all of the user interfaces of graphical editors to be created by demonstration without programming. A "graphical editor" allows the user to create and manipulate graphical objects with a mouse. This is a very large class of programs and includes drawing programs like MacDraw, graph layout editors like MacProject, visual language editors, and many CAD/CAM programs. The primary innovation in Marquise is to allow the designer to demonstrate the overall behavior of the interface. To implement this, the Marquise framework contains knowledge about palettes for creating and specifying properties of objects, and about operations such as selecting, moving, and deleting objects. The interactive tool uses the framework to allow the designer to demonstrate most of the end user's actions without programming, which means that Marquise can be used by non-programmers. %M C.CHI.93.301 %T LogoMedia: A Sound-Enhanced Programming Environment for Monitoring Program Behavior %S Demonstrations %A Christopher J. DiGiano %A Ronald M. Baecker %A Russell N. Owen %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 301-302 %K Program auralization, Non-speech audio, Software visualization, Programming environments %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p301-digiano/p301-digiano.pdf %X Even for the programmer, computer software can be a mysterious black box. But what if the programmer were able to give the box a good shake and listen to things rattle inside? Are there tools like the doctor's stethoscope that can help programmers listen to the heartbeat of their software? These are the kinds of questions we decided to explore by building LogoMedia, a sound-enhanced programming environment. LogoMedia supports the ability to associate non-speech audio with program events while the code is being developed. These associations cause subsequent test runs of the program to generate and manipulate sounds which can aid in the comprehension and analysis of the program's behavior. %M C.CHI.93.303 %T A Telewriting System on a LAN Using a Pen-Based Computer as the Terminal %S Demonstrations %A Seiichi Higaki %A Hiroshi Taninaka %A Shinji Moriya %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 303 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p303-higaki/p303-higaki.pdf %X N/A %M C.CHI.93.304 %T Heuristics in Real User Interfaces %S Panel %A Brad A. Myers %A Richard Wolf %A Kathy Potosnak %A Chris Graham %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 304-307 %K Heuristics, Demonstrational interfaces, Artificial intelligence, Agents %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p304-myers/p304-myers.pdf %X It is the conventional wisdom in user interface design that direct manipulation is best and that interfaces should be predictable. This tends to argue against having a system "guess" or use heuristics or other AI approaches. However, an increasing number of today's successful software products do use heuristics in their interfaces. The heuristics are used to help guide the user and to perform tasks that would be too difficult to specify by conventional direct manipulation approaches. We believe that user interface designers will increasingly need to consider using heuristic techniques in their interfaces. This panel discusses a number of today's successful products using heuristics and the important HCI design issues such as feedback. %M C.CHI.93.308 %T Exploring the Applications of User-Expertise Assessment for Intelligent Interfaces %S Collecting User-Information for System Design %A Michel C. Desmarais %A Jiming Liu %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 308-313 %K User-expertise assessment, Probabilistic reasoning, Evidence aggregation, Entropy, Intelligent interfaces, Adaptive training systems, Knowledge spaces %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p308-desmarais/p308-desmarais.pdf %X An adaptive user interface relies, to a large extent, upon an adequate user model (e.g., a representation of user-expertise). However, building a user model may be a tedious and time consuming task that will render such an interface unattractive to developers. We thus need an effective means of inferring the user model at low cost. In this paper, we describe a technique for automatically inferring a fine-grain model of a user's knowledge state based on a small number of observations. With this approach, the domain of knowledge to be evaluated is represented as a network of nodes (knowledge units -- KU) and links (implications) induced from empirical user profiles. The user knowledge state is specified as a set of weights attached to the knowledge units that indicate the likelihood of mastery. These weights are updated every time a knowledge unit is reassigned a new weight (e.g., by a question-and-answer process). The updating scheme is based on the Dempster-Shafer algorithm. A User Knowledge Assessment Tool (UKAT) that employs this technique has been implemented. By way of simulations, we explore an entropy-based method of choosing questions, and compare the results with a random sampling method. The experimental results show that the proposed knowledge assessment and questioning methods are useful and efficient in inferring detailed models of user-expertise, but the entropy-based method can induce a bias in some circumstances. %M C.CHI.93.314 %T Planning for Multiple Task Work -- An Analysis of a Medical Reception Worksystem %S Collecting User-Information for System Design %A Becky Hill %A John Long %A Walter Smith %A Andy Whitefield %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 314-320 %K Medical reception, Planning and control, Multiple tasks %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p314-hill/p314-hill.pdf %X This paper presents an investigation of interactive worksystem planning in the multiple task work domain of medical reception. In an observational study of a medical reception worksystem, three different types of plan were identified: the task plan, the procedure plan and the activity plan. These three types of plan were required for effective working in the domain of medical reception, because of the many similar concurrent tasks, the frequency of behaviour switching between tasks and the need for consistency within the worksystem. It is proposed, therefore, that to design effective interactive human-computer worksystems for the domain of medical reception (and possibly for other work domains of a similar nature), the designer must specify the three different types of plan and the relationships between them. The three types of plan in medical reception are discussed in the context of design issues such as the allocation of planning structures. %M C.CHI.93.321 %T The Diary Study: A Workplace-Oriented Research Tool to Guide Laboratory Efforts %S Collecting User-Information for System Design %A John Rieman %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 321-326 %K Diary studies, Methodologies, Participatory design, Situated cognition, Exploratory learning %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p321-rieman/p321-rieman.pdf %X Methods for studying user behavior in HCI can be informally divided into two approaches: experimental psychology in the laboratory and observations in the workplace. The first approach has been faulted for providing results that have little effect on system usability, while the second can often be accused of yielding primarily anecdotal data that do not support general conclusions. This paper describes two similar approaches in another field, the study of animal behavior, and shows how they produce complementary results. To support similar complementary interactions between research approaches in the HCI field, the paper describes the diary study technique, a tool for research in the workplace that achieves a relatively high standard of objectivity. A diary study is reported that focuses on exploratory learning. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI93b.BA %M C.CHI.93.327 %T Turning Away from Talking Heads: The Use of Video-as-Data in Neurosurgery %S Video Support for Workplace Collaboration %A Bonnie A. Nardi %A Heinrich Schwarz %A Allan Kuchinsky %A Robert Leichner %A Steve Whittaker %A Robert Sclabassi %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 327-334 %K Multimedia, Video, Collaborative work, Task coordination, Computers and medicine %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p327-nardi/p327-nardi.pdf %X Studies of video as a support for collaborative work have provided little hard evidence of its utility for either task performance or fostering telepresence, i.e. the conveyance of a face-to-face like social presence for remotely located participants. To date, most research on the value of video has concentrated on "talking heads" video in which the video images are of remote participants conferring or performing some task together. In contrast to talking heads video, we studied video-as-data in which video images of the workspace and work objects are the focus of interest, and convey critical information about the work. The use of video-as-data is intended to enhance task performance, rather than to provide telepresence. We studied the use of video during neurosurgery within the operating room and at remote locations away from the operating room. The workspace shown in the video is the surgical field (brain or spine) that the surgeon is operating on. We discuss our findings on the use of live and recorded video, and suggest extensions to video-as-data including its integration with computerized time-based information sources to educate and co-ordinate complex actions among distributed workgroups. %M C.CHI.93.335 %T One is Not Enough: Multiple Views in a Media Space %S Video Support for Workplace Collaboration %A William Gaver %A Abigail Sellen %A Christian Heath %A Paul Luff %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 335-341 %K CSCW, Social interaction, Media spaces, Video %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p335-gaver/p335-gaver.pdf %X Media spaces support collaboration, but the limited access they provide to remote colleagues' activities can undermine their utility. To address this limitation, we built an experimental system in which four switchable cameras were deployed in each of two remote offices, and observed participants using the system to collaborate on two tasks. The new views allowed increased access to task-related artifacts; indeed, users preferred these views to more typical "face-to-face" ones. However, problems of establishing a joint frame of reference were exacerbated by the additional complexity, leading us to speculate about more effective ways to expand access to remote sites. %M C.CHI.93.342 %T How Fluent is Your Interface? Designing for International Users %S Perspectives and Illusions %A Patricia Russo %A Stephen Boor %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 342-347 %K User interface design, Internationalization, Localization, Cross-cultural differences %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p342-russo/p342-russo.pdf %X To successfully build bridges between worlds, user interface designers must increase their awareness of cross cultural differences, and make changes to the traditional software development process. Creating fluent interfaces for international markets goes beyond translating text and date, time, and number formats. This paper presents and explains a cross-cultural checklist of issues including text, local formats, images, symbols, colors, flow, and product functionality. Suggestions for an effective international product development cycle are provided. The suggested development cycle incorporates international design feedback and usability testing before the initial product is released. %M C.CHI.93.348 %T Representation in Virtual Space: Visual Convention in the Graphical User Interface %S Perspectives and Illusions %A Loretta Staples %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 348-354 %K User interfaces, Representation, Design, Three-dimensional graphics, Methodology, Art, Art history %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p348-staples/p348-staples.pdf %X The graphical user interface (GUI) typically provides a multi-windowed environment within a flat workspace or "desktop." Simultaneously, however, controls for executing commands within this interface are increasingly being rendered three-dimensionally. This paper explores ways in which the space of the GUI desktop might be literally and figuratively deepened through the incorporation of visual devices that have emerged during the history of art -- specifically, perspective and light effects. By enriching the visual vocabulary of the GUI, greater semantic complexity becomes sustainable. %M C.CHI.93.355 %T Principles, Techniques, and Ethics of Stage Magic and Their Potential Application to Human Interface Design %S Perspectives and Illusions %A Bruce Tognazzini %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 355-362 %K HCI design, Illusion, Design, Misdirection, Simulation, Dissimulation, Time, Response time, Magic, Magician, Principle, Technique, Ethics, Anthropomorphism, Characters, Theater %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p355-tognazzini/p355-tognazzini.pdf %X Magicians have been designing and presenting illusions for 5000 years. They have developed principles, techniques and ethical positions for their craft that this paper argues are applicable to the design of human/computer interfaces. The author presents a number of specific examples from magic and discusses their counterparts in human interface design, in hopes that human interface practitioners and researchers will, having recognized the applicability of magic, go further on their own to explore its domain. %M C.CHI.93.363 %T Perceptual vs. Hardware Performance in Advanced Acoustic Interface Design %S Panel %A Elizabeth M. Wenzel %A William W. Gaver %A Scott H. Foster %A Haim Levkowitz %A Roger Powell %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 363-366 %K Acoustic displays, Multimedia, Auditory perception, User-interface design issues, Human performance issues %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p363-wenzel/p363-wenzel.pdf %X This panel brings together experts in the field of non-speech auditory displays with points of view ranging from long-term basic research in human perception to the timely production of useable tools in commercial systems. The panel will examine issues of perceptual validity and engineering performance from several different perspectives representative of current work in the field, and discuss how such issues can or should impact decisions made during technology development. Panelists' perspectives include: levels of analysis in designing and using auditory interfaces (Gaver), an example of what can be learned about implementation requirements from low-level psychophysical studies (Wenzel), designing integrated systems to encompass sonification in a three-dimensional environment (Foster), issues in the study of information transfer in representational acoustic signals (Levkowitz), and the design of a generalized technology platform for acoustic signal presentation (Powell). %M C.CHI.93.367 %T Separations of Concerns in the Chiron-1 User Interface Development and Management System %S Model-Based UI Development Systems %A Richard N. Taylor %A Gregory F. Johnson %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 367-374 %K User interface management systems (UIMS), Modularization of UIMS, Concurrency, Event-based integration, Artists, GUI construction, Design %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p367-taylor/p367-taylor.pdf %X The development of user interfaces for large applications is subject to a series of well-known problems including cost, maintainability, and sensitivity to changes in the operating environment. The Chiron user interface development system has been built to address these software engineering concerns. Chiron introduces a series of layers that insulate components of an application from other components that may experience change. To separate application code from user interface code, user interface agents called artists are attached to application abstract data types. Operations on abstract data types within the application implicitly trigger user interface activities. Chiron also provides insulation between the user interface layer and the underlying system, artist code is written in terms of abstract depiction libraries that insulate the code from the specifics of particular windowing systems and toolkits. Concurrency is pervasive in the Chiron architecture. Inside an application there can be multiple execution threads; there is no requirement for a user interface listening/dispatching routine to have exclusive control. Multiple artists can be attached to a single application abstract data type, providing alternative forms of access by a single user or coordinated access and manipulation by multiple users. %M C.CHI.93.375 %T A Second Generation User Interface Design Environment: The Model and the Runtime Architecture %S Model-Based UI Development Systems %A Piyawadee "Noi" Sukaviriya %A James D. Foley %A Todd Griffith %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 375-382 %K Application model, User interface model, User interface generation, User interface design environment, Automatic help generation %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p375-sukaviriya/p375-sukaviriya.pdf %X Several obstacles exist in the user interface design process which distract a developer from designing a good user interface. One of the problems is the lack of an application model to keep the designer in perspective with the application. The other problem is having to deal with massive user interface programming to achieve a desired interface and to provide users with correct help information on the interface. In this paper, we discuss an application model which captures information about an application at a high level, and maintains mappings from the application to specifications of a desired interface. The application model is then used to control the dialogues at runtime and can be used by a help component to automatically generate animated and textual help. Specification changes in the application model will automatically result in behavioral changes in the interface. %M C.CHI.93.383 %T Beyond Interface Builders: Model-Based Interface Tools %S Model-Based UI Development Systems %A Pedro Szekely %A Ping Luo %A Robert Neches %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 383-390 %K UIMS, Design process, Interface builders, Model-based interface tools %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p383-szekely/p383-szekely.pdf %X Interface builders only support the construction of the menus and dialogue boxes of an application. They do not support the construction of interfaces of many application classes (visualization, simulation, command and control, domain-specific editors) because of the dynamic and complex information that these applications process. HUMANOID is a model-based interface design and construction tool where interfaces are specified by building a declarative description (model) of their presentation and behavior. HUMANOID's modeling language provides simple abstraction, iteration and conditional constructs to model the interface features of these application classes. HUMANOID provides an easy-to-use designer's interface that lets designers build complex interfaces without programming. %M C.CHI.93.391 %T Tivoli: An Electronic Whiteboard for Informal Workgroup Meetings %S Meetings and Collaborative Writing %A Elin Ronby Pedersen %A Kim McCall %A Thomas P. Moran %A Frank G. Halasz %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 391-398 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p391-pedersen/p391-pedersen.pdf %X This paper describes Tivoli, an electronic whiteboard application designed to support informal workgroup meetings and targeted to run on the Xerox Liveboard, a large screen, pen-based interactive display. Tivoli strives to provide its users with the simplicity, facile use, and easily understood functionality of conventional whiteboards, while at the same time taking advantage of the computational power of the Liveboard to support and augment its users' informal meeting practices. The paper presents the motivations for the design of Tivoli and briefly describes the current version in operation. It then reflects on several issues encountered in designing Tivoli, including the need to reconsider the basic assumptions behind the standard desktop GUI, the use of strokes as the fundamental object in the system, the generalized wipe interface technique, and the use of meta-strokes as gestural commands. %M C.CHI.93.399 %T The User-Centred Iterative Design of Collaborative Writing Software %S Meetings and Collaborative Writing %A Ronald M. Baecker %A Dimitrios Nastos %A Ilona R. Posner %A Kelly L. Mawby %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 399-405 %K Computer-supported cooperative work, Groupware, User-centred design, Iterative design, Behavioural research, Collaborative writing, Writing software, Synchronous and asynchronous writing %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p399-baecker/p399-baecker.pdf %X This paper presents the user-centred iterative design of software that supports collaborative writing. The design grew out of a study of how people write together that included a survey of writers and a laboratory study of writing teams linked by a variety of communications media. The resulting taxonomy of collaborative writing is summarized in the paper, followed by a list of design requirements for collaborative writing software suggested by the work. The paper describes two designs of the software. The first prototype supports synchronous writing and editing from workstations linked over local area and wide area networks. The second prototype also supports brainstorming, outlining, and document review, as well as asynchronous work. Lessons learned from the user testing and actual usage of the two systems are also presented. %M C.CHI.93.406 %T Take CoVer: Exploiting Version Support in Cooperative Systems %S Meetings and Collaborative Writing %A Anja Haake %A Jorg M. Haake %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 406-413 %K CSCW, Versioning, Cooperation modes, Alternative object states, Group awareness, Hypertext %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p406-haake/p406-haake.pdf %X Current CSCW applications support one or more modes of cooperative work. The selection of and transition between these modes is usually placed on the users. At IPSI we built the SEPIA cooperative hypermedia authoring environment supporting a whole range of situations arising during collaborative work and the smooth transitions between them. While early use of the system shows the benefits of supporting smooth transitions between different collaborative modes, it also reveals some deficits regarding parallel work, management of alternative documents, or reuse of document parts. We propose to integrate version support to overcome these limitations. This leads to a versioned data management and an extended user interface enabling concurrent users to select a certain state of their work, to be aware of related changes, and to cooperate with others either asynchronously or synchronously. %M C.CHI.93.414 %T Comparative Design Review: An Exercise in Parallel Design %S Panel %A Jakob Nielsen %A Randy Kerr %A Dan Rosenberg %A Gitta Salomon %A Heather Desurvire %A Rolf Molich %A Tom Stewart %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 414-417 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p414-nielsen/p414-nielsen.pdf %X Three user interface designers were asked to design interfaces for a given problem. These designs were made available to a group of usability specialists for heuristic evaluation. The reviewers will lead off the panel with specific questions to the designers regarding the usability aspects of their designs. The panel will feature a lively discussion of the designers' various approaches and solutions. %M C.CHI.93.418 %T Generating User Interfaces from Data Models and Dialogue Net Specifications %S Automated UI Generation %A Christian Janssen %A Anette Weisbecker %A Jurgen Ziegler %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 418-423 %K Automatic user interface design, Dialogue specification, Dialogue nets, User interface management systems %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p418-janssen/p418-janssen.pdf %X A method and a set of supporting tools have been developed for an improved integration of user interface design with software engineering methods and tools. Animated user interfaces for database-oriented applications are generated from an extended data model and a new graphical technique for specifying dialogues. Based on views defined for the data model, an expert system uses explicit design rules derived from existing guidelines for producing the static layout of the user interface. A petri net based technique called dialogue nets is used for specifying the dynamic behaviour. Output is generated for an existing user interface management system. The approach supports rapid prototyping while using the advantages of standard software engineering methods. %M C.CHI.93.424 %T Encapsulating Knowledge for Intelligent Automatic Interaction Objects Selection %S Automated UI Generation %A Jean M. Vanderdonckt %A Francois Bodart %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 424-429 %K Automatic user interface generation, Decision tree, Intelligent user interface, Interaction objects, Rule-based system %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p424-vanderdonckt/p424-vanderdonckt.pdf %X TRIDENT is a set of interactive tools that automatically generates a user interface for highly-interactive business-oriented applications. It includes an intelligent interaction objects selection based on three differents concepts. First, an object oriented typology classifies abstract interaction objects to allow a presentation independent selection. Second, guidelines are translated into automatic rules to select abstract interaction objects from both an application data model and a dialog model. Third, these guidelines are encapsulated in a decision tree technique to make the reasoning obvious to the user. This approach guarantees a target environment independent user interface. Once this specified, abstract interaction objects are mapped into concrete interaction objects to produce the observable interface. %M C.CHI.93.430 %T Providing High-Level Control and Expert Assistance in the User Interface Presentation Design %S Automated UI Generation %A Won Chul Kim %A James D. Foley %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 430-437 %K Automatic layout, Knowledge-based tool, Ul design process %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p430-kim/p430-kim.pdf %X Current user interface builders provide only low-level assistance, because they have knowledge of neither the application, nor the principles by which interface elements are combined effectively. We have developed a framework that unites the knowledge components essential for effective user interface presentation design. The framework consists of an application model (both a data model and a control model), a design process model that supports top-down iterative development, and graphic design knowledge that is used both to place dialog box elements such that their application dependent logical relationships are visually reinforced and to control design symmetry and balance. To demonstrate the framework's viability, we have constructed a tool based on encapsulated design knowledge that establishes high-level style preferences and provides expert assistance for the dialog box presentation design and menu structuring. %M C.CHI.93.438 %T Orienteering in an Information Landscape: How Information Seekers Get from Here to There %S Searching: Tools and Strategies %A Vicki L. O'Day %A Robin Jeffries %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 438-445 %K Information search, Information use, Intermediaries, Collaborative work %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p438-oday/p438-oday.pdf %X We studied the uses of information search results by regular clients of professional intermediaries. The clients in our study engaged in three different types of searches: (1) monitoring a well-known topic or set of variables over time, (2) following an information-gathering plan suggested by a typical approach to the task at hand, and (3) exploring a topic in an undirected fashion. In most cases, a single search evolved into a series of interconnected searches, usually beginning with a high-level overview. We identified a set of common triggers and stop conditions for further search steps. We also observed a set of common operations that clients used to analyze search results. In some settings, the number of search iterations was reduced by restructuring the work done by intermediaries. We discuss the implications of the interconnected search pattern, triggers and stop conditions, common analysis techniques, and intermediary roles for the design of information access systems. %M C.CHI.93.446 %T Using Icons to Find Documents: Simplicity is Critical %S Searching: Tools and Strategies %A Michael D. Byrne %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 446-453 %K Screen design, Icons, Empirical evaluation, Formal models of the user %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p446-byrne/p446-byrne.pdf %X A common task at almost any computer interface is that of searching for documents, which GUIs typically represent with icons. Oddly, little research has been done on the processes underlying icon search. This paper outlines the factors involved in icon search and proposes a model of the process. An experiment was conducted which suggests that the proposed model is sound, and that the most important factor in searching for files is the type of icons used. In general, simple icons (those discriminable based on a few features) seem to help users, while complex icons are no better than simple rectangles. %M C.CHI.93.454 %T Queries-R-Links: Graphical Markup for Text Navigation %S Searching: Tools and Strategies %A Gene Golovchinsky %A Mark Chignell %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 454-460 %K Querying, Text retrieval, Navigation, Hypertext, Pen-based interaction %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p454-golovchinsky/p454-golovchinsky.pdf %X In this paper we introduce a style of interaction (interactive querying) that combines features of hypertext with Boolean querying, using direct markup of text to launch queries. We describe two experiments that compare the relative ease of expressing Boolean queries as text versus a graphical equivalent. The results of these experiments show that the expression of queries in the graphical format is no more difficult than the textual equivalent. We then describe the Queries-R-Links system that we have developed at the University of Toronto. Queries-R-Links uses the graphical markup method to launch Boolean queries interactively using direct markup of text. This work represents significant progress towards information exploration systems that combine the useful features of information retrieval querying and hypertext browsing. %M C.CHI.93.461 %T The Applied Ergonomics Group at Philips %S Overviews %A Ian McClelland %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 461-462 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p461-mcclelland/p461-mcclelland.pdf %X The Applied Ergonomics (AE) group functions as a specialist support group within Corporate Design (CD). In January 1993 the AE group had 10 ergonomists, serving a staff of over 200 in CD. CD has responsibility for the industrial design of all Philips products. Philips has a diverse product portfolio covering consumer and professional applications, and operates in markets worldwide. Almost all the work of the AE group is for products using embedded software, some of which are called 'computers'. %M C.CHI.93.463 %T Information Design Methods and the Applications of Virtual Worlds Technology at WORLDESIGN, Inc. %S Overviews %A Robert Jacobson %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 463-464 %K Information design, Virtual worlds technology, Information environments, Industry, Applications, Collaborative design, Craft guilds %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p463-jacobson/p463-jacobson.pdf %X Information design is a new professional practice that systematically applies the lessons of human-computer interaction and human factors studies, communication theory, and information science to the presentation of complex data. WORLDESIGN, Inc., an information design studio, practices information design with an emphasis on virtual worlds technology in the service of its corporate, mostly industrial customers. %M C.CHI.93.465 %T The Silicon Graphics Customer Research and Usability Group %S Overviews %A Mike Mohageg %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 465-466 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p465-mohageg/p465-mohageg.pdf %X Silicon Graphics Computer Systems, Inc. is a leading supplier of visual processing computer systems. Our goal is to pioneer true 3D computing, to define new classes of visual computing, and to provide practical, beneficial, and cost-effective solutions for a variety of industries. The Customer Research and Usability Group provides usability consulting services to improve the competitive value and ease of use of products. We have been in existence since June of 1990. %M C.CHI.93.467 %T Filtered Suggestions %S Demonstrations %A Joris Verrips %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 467 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p467-verrips/p467-verrips.pdf %X MTYP is a program that helps to select texts or macros with very few keystrokes using Filtered Selections. Each newly typed in letter filters suggestions that contain it with a priority for uppercase letters. %M C.CHI.93.468 %T From Undo to Multi-User Applications -- The Demo %S Demonstrations %A Michael Spenke %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 468-469 %K User interface management systems, CSCW, Command objects, Undo, Dialog history %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p468-spenke/p468-spenke.pdf %X The object-oriented history mechanism of the GINA application framework and its relevance for multi-user applications are demonstrated. The interaction history of a document is represented as a tree of command objects. Synchronous cooperation is supported by replicating the document state and exchanging command objects. Asynchronous cooperation leads to different branches of the history tree which can later be merged. %M C.CHI.93.470 %T Common Elements in Today's Graphical User Interfaces: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly %S Panel %A A. Brady Farrand %A Marc Rochkind %A Jean-Marie Chauvet %A Bruce "Tog" Tognazzini %A David C. Smith %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 470-473 %K Graphical user interface design, Common GUI, Design esthetics %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p470-farrand/p470-farrand.pdf %X This panel will identify some of the similarities amongst the different familiar graphical user interfaces that make them seem so indistinguishable. This panel will then identify some of the similarities that don't belong in any modern user interface. %M C.CHI.93.474 %T Human Performance Using Computer Input Devices in the Preferred and Non-Preferred Hands %S Hands, Menus and Dr. Fitts %A Paul Kabbash %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A William Buxton %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 474-481 %K Hand comparisons, Computer input, Fitts' law %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p474-kabbash/p474-kabbash.pdf %X Subjects' performance was compared in pointing and dragging tasks using the preferred and non-preferred hands. Tasks were tested using three different input devices: a mouse, a trackball, and a tablet-with-stylus. The trackball had the least degradation across hands in performing the tasks, however it remained inferior to both the mouse and stylus. For small distances and small targets, the preferred hand was superior. However, for larger targets and larger distances, both hands performed about the same. The experiment shows that the non-preferred hand is more than a poor approximation of the preferred hand. The hands are complementary, each having its own strength and weakness. One design implication is that the non-preferred hand is well suited for tasks that do not require precise action, such as scrolling. %M C.CHI.93.482 %T The Limits of Expert Performance Using Hierarchic Marking Menus %S Hands, Menus and Dr. Fitts %A Gordon Kurtenbach %A William Buxton %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 482-487 %K Marking menus, Pie menus, Gestures, Pen based input, Accelerators, Input devices %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p482-kurtenbach/p482-kurtenbach.pdf %X A marking menu allows a user to perform a menu selection by either popping-up a radial (or pie) menu, or by making a straight mark in the direction of the desired menu item without popping-up the menu. A hierarchic marking menu uses hierarchic radial menus and "zig-zag" marks to select from the hierarchy. This paper experimentally investigates the bounds on how many items can be in each level, and how deep the hierarchy can be, before using a marking to select an item becomes too slow or prone to errors. %M C.CHI.93.488 %T Lag as a Determinant of Human Performance in Interactive Systems %S Hands, Menus and Dr. Fitts %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A Colin Ware %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 488-493 %K Human performance modeling, Lag, Feedback delay, Visual reality, Fitts' law, Speed-accuracy tradeoff %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p488-mackenzie/p488-mackenzie.pdf %X The sources of lag (the delay between input action and output response) and its effects on human performance are discussed. We measured the effects in a study of target acquisition using the classic Fitts' law paradigm with the addition of four lag conditions. At the highest lag tested (225 ms), movement times and error rates increased by 64% and 214% respectively, compared to the zero lag condition. We propose a model according to which lag should have a multiplicative effect on Fitts' index of difficulty. The model accounts for 94% of the variance and is better than alternative models which propose only an additive effect for lag. The implications for the design of virtual reality systems are discussed. %M C.CHI.93.494 %T Computer Image Retrieval by Features: Suspect Identification %S Finding and Keeping Information %A Eric Lee %A Thom Whalen %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 494-499 %K Computer image retrieval, Information retrieval, Feature retrieval %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p494-lee/p494-lee.pdf %X Correct suspect identification of known offenders by witnesses deteriorates rapidly as more are examined in mugshot albums. Feature approaches, where mugshots are displayed in order of similarity to witnesses' descriptions, attempt to increase identification success by reducing this number. A methodology is proposed for system design and evaluation based on experiments, computer simulations, and four classes of system performance measures: identification performance, retrieval rank, tolerance performance, and feature quality. This was used to develop a system for 640 mugshots of known offenders. In three empirical tests, over 90% of witness searches resulted in suspects retrieved in the first eight mugshots. %M C.CHI.93.500 %T Empirically-Based Re-Design of a Hypertext Encyclopedia %S Finding and Keeping Information %A Keith Instone %A Barbee Mynatt Teasley %A Laura Marie Leventhal %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 500-506 %K Hypertext, Design, Experiment, Empirical results, Usability, Navigation, Electronic encyclopedia %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p500-instone/p500-instone.pdf %X This paper reports on the processes used and guidelines discovered in re-designing the user interface of the hypertext encyclopedia, HyperHolmes. The re-design was based on the outcomes of a previous experiment and was evaluated experimentally. Results showed that the new system resulted in superior performance and somewhat different styles of navigation compared to the old system and to paper. The study provides empirical support for design guidelines relating to tiled windows, navigation tools, graphics and hierarchical navigation. %M C.CHI.93.507 %T Bridging the Paper and Electronic Worlds: The Paper User Interface %S Finding and Keeping Information %A Walter Johnson %A Herbert Jellinek %A Leigh Klotz, Jr. %A Ramana Rao %A Stuart Card %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 507-512 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p507-johnson/p507-johnson.pdf %X Since its invention millenia ago, paper has served as one of our primary communications media. Its inherent physical properties make it easy to use, transport, and store, and cheap to manufacture. Despite these advantages, paper remains a second class citizen in the electronic world. In this paper, we present a new technology for bridging the paper and the electronic worlds. In the new technology, the user interface moves beyond the workstation and onto paper itself. We describe paper user interface technology and its implementation in a particular system called XAX. %M C.CHI.93.513 %T Integrated CSCW Tools within a Shared 3D Virtual Environment %S Demonstrations %A Christer Carlsson %A Lennart E. Fahlen %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 513 %K CSCW, Virtual reality, Interactive 3D graphics, User interface %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p513-carlsson/p513-carlsson.pdf %X With the advance of computer graphics hardware and computer communication technology it is now possible to build personal interactive 3D interfaces. Our research goal is to use this technology to create CSCW environments. There are several problems with existing CSCW applications and environments. We specifically address three intimately connected problem areas: * awareness (what are other users doing?) * focus (where is my attention directed?) * interaction metaphors (how do I do something?) Our approach is to let each user be represented by a 3D icon ("body icon" and graphically model the user's input devices in 3D space. Users navigate between applications in 3D space and can meet and collaborate in the environment. There is a direct correspondence between a user's body icon, input devices and the actions taken by the user. We claim that this gives users a more detailed and natural understanding of other users activities than in conventional CSCW systems. By using direct (real world) metaphors in the interaction with applications, it is our hope that the cognitive load on the users is reduced and the awareness and focus effects are increased. %M C.CHI.93.514 %T The Paper Model for Computer-Based Writing %S Demonstrations %A Ann Fatton %A Staffan Romberger %A Kerstin Severinson Eklundh %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 514 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p514-fatton/p514-fatton.pdf %X When writing or reading on paper, we usually have a robust perception of the text as a spatial object with inherent structure. By a quick visual inspection of a book in our hands, and by flipping the pages for a few seconds, we get a preliminary feel for the size, structure and content of the text material. Not only are we guided by those physical cues in the process of approaching a new text, they also enable us to remember the text by its appearance and spatial arrangement (see e.g. [2]). In contrast, during on-screen writing and reading with a word processor, users often lack a global perspective of the text. In fact, the use of word processors has been shown to cause problems for writers in reading and evaluating long documents on the screen. The word processor is usually used on a small screen, showing only a very restricted part of the text at a time. Moreover, when the user makes revisions or shifts position in the text, the location of the text relative to the screen window varies. This contributes to writers lacking an adequate "sense of the text" when writing a long document [1]. %M C.CHI.93.515 %T The Human Guidance of Automated Design %S Formal Video Programme: Visualisation %A Lynne Colgan %A Robert Spence %A Paul Rankin %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 515 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p515-colgan/p515-colgan.pdf %X This 5-minute video describes the potential of automated design ('optimisation') and identifies associated difficulties which can be overcome by an interface allowing the designer to guide the automated design process. Within the context of electronic circuit design the video then shows a system, called CoCo, for the Control and Observation of Circuit Optimisation. Illustrations focus on graphical interfaces used for (a) describing the circuit, (b) describing the required performance and (c) the human guidance of the automated design of that circuit. Jargon has been suppressed so that workers in related fields can see the implications of the idea. %M C.CHI.93.516 %T Browsing Graphs Using a Fisheye View %S Formal Video Programme: Visualisation %A Marc H. Brown %A James R. Meehan %A Manojit Sarkar %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 516 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p516-brown/p516-brown.pdf %X The accompanying videotape demonstrates a system for viewing large graphs [2]. It's one of many possible implementations of a general framework for graphical fisheye views that we have developed. The graph in the video represents direct routes between major cities in the United States. An obvious way to see more detail about an area is to zoom into the graph. However, as the user zooms into an area, less of the graph is visible so the global structure of the graph is lost. This becomes more acute as the user pans the zoomed image. An alternate way to browse the graph is to use the graphical fisheye view technique. In a fisheye view, the area of interest is shown with detail while the rest of the structure is shown with successively less detail [1]. %M C.CHI.93.517 %T High Interaction Data Visualization Using Seesoft to Visualize Program Change History %S Formal Video Programme: Visualisation %A Joseph L. Stephen %A Stephen G. Eick %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 517 %K Direct manipulation, Graphical user interface, Scientific visualization %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p517-steffen/p517-steffen.pdf %X A problem in developing large software systems is understanding the source code. This problem is difficult because of the volume of code. The listing for a moderately sized system with 100,000 lines, printed 50 lines per page, would run 2,000 pages. This video shows a new software tool, Seesoft, that applies scientific visualization techniques to visualizing code. The visualization approach is to represent files in a directory in columns and the source code lines as rows of colored pixels. The indentation and length of each row of pixels corresponds to the actual code. The color of each row of pixels is determined by a statistic such as the age, programmer, or type of line, that we obtain from the change management system. The visual impression is that of a miniature picture of the source code with the indentation showing the usual C controls structure and the color showing the spatial distribution of the statistic. A user may adjust the display using direct manipulation techniques to discover interesting patterns in the code. Software engineering concepts such as complexity and bug fix on fix density can be visualized. The main interest of this work to the human factors community is the use of graphical user interface for selecting and combining statistics from a database, the effective use of hundreds of colors to display a mass of data, and the reduction of the pint-and-click direct manipulation metaphor to just pointing, e.g. something of interest will occur where ever the mouse points to on the display. %M C.CHI.93.518 %T Exploring Remote Images: A Telepathology Workstation %S Formal Video Programme: Visualisation %A Catherine Plaisant %A David A. Carr %A Hiroaki Hasegawa %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 518 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p518-plaisant/p518-plaisant.pdf %X Telemedicine is the practice of medicine over communication links. The physician being consulted and the patient are in two different locations. A first telepathology system has been developed by Corabi Telemetrics. It allows a pathologist to render a diagnosis by examining tissue samples or body fluids under a remotely located microscope. %M C.CHI.93.519 %T QOC in Action: Using Design Rationale to Support Design %S Formal Video Programme: Visualisation %A Diane McKerlie %A Allan MacLean %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 519 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p519-mckerlie/p519-mckerlie.pdf %X Design Rationale emphasises working with explicit representations not only of possible design solutions, but also of the reasons and processes behind them. Although the arguments for using Design Rationale are compelling, there is still very little experience of supplying the current approaches in practice. To explore its use in a practical setting we have been collaborating with the Open University using QOC (Questions, Options, Criteria) to design hypermedia interfaces for presenting course material (currently text books, course notes, and videos). This video illustrates some of the ways in which we have used QOC to support our activities. %M C.CHI.93.520 %T Touch-Typing with a Stylus %S Formal Video Programme: Novel Technologies %A David Goldberg %A Cate Richardson %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 520 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p520-goldberg/p520-goldberg.pdf %X Our approach to developing touch-typing for a stylus is based on introducing a special alphabet of unistrokes. Like touch-typing for keyboards, unistrokes have to be learned. Unistrokes have the following advantages over ordinary printing: * They are designed somewhat like error correcting codes. When written sloppily, they can still be distinguished from one another. * Each unistroke is a single pen-down/pen-up motion hence the name unistroke. Not only does this mean that recognition cannot have segmentation errors (that is, errors in determining which sets of strokes belong to a single multi-stroke letter), but it means that letters can unambiguously be written one on top of another. Thus unistrokes can be entered in a small box just big enough to hold one letter. * The unistrokes associated with the most common letters ('e', 'a', 't', 'i', 'r') are all straight lines, and hence arc fast to write. The unistroke design is being evaluated by having users send several e-mail messages per day using a stylus front-end to the Unix mail program. Based on measurements from this program, it appears that unistrokes may be able to support an entry rate as high as 3.5 letters/sec (touch typing is typically 6-7 letters/sec). The video gives the motivation for unistrokes, briefly shows text entry using a conventional pen-based interface [1], discusses the unistroke alphabet and how it was designed to be easy to learn, and then shows a skilled writer using unistrokes. %M C.CHI.93.521 %T ARGOS: A Display System for Augmenting Reality %S Formal Video Programme: Novel Technologies %A David Drascic %A Julius J. Grodski %A Paul Milgram %A Ken Ruffo %A Peter Wong %A Shumin Zhai %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 521 %K Stereoscopic displays, 3-D, Virtual reality, Remote manipulation, Teleoperation %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p521-drascic/p521-drascic.pdf %X This video describes the development of the ARGOS (Augmented Reality through Graphic Overlays on Stereovideo) system, as a tool for enhancing human-telerobot interaction, and as a more general tool with applications in a variety of areas, including image enhancement, simulation, sensor fusion, and virtual reality. %M C.CHI.93.522 %T Talking to Machines %S Formal Video Programme: Speech %A Christopher K. Cowley %A Dylan M. Jones %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 522 %K Speech, Recognition, Interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p522-cowley/p522-cowley.pdf %X The film shows how dialogue design and error correction strategies, informed by human factors research, can lead to the development of usable and profitable systems. It starts with a simulation of a truly conversational machine to show the level of performance necessary to compete with human recognition. Template matching recognition is clearly explained so that viewers can see how most devices actually work. The film then shows the Digital Equipment Corporation's DECvoice in a number of voice input and output scenarios which highlight typical design problems and solutions. It concludes with a set of guidelines which will help designers make reasoned decisions about when and how to use speech recognition and avoid the typical problems experienced by users. The film ends with an example of a system which, having been designed with the guidelines in mind, is usable, efficient, and practical within the constraints of contemporary technology. %M C.CHI.93.523 %T The ALFRESCO Interactive System %S Formal Video Programme: Speech %A Oliviero Stock %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 523 %K Natural language processing, Artificial intelligence, Multimediality %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p523-stock/p523-stock.pdf %X This work is aimed at building a dialogue system in which natural language is the basic communication channel, but the computer is seen as an active agent that allows a multimedia type interaction. In this way the means of communication are amplified, with the possibility of referring to images and other texts. ALFRESCO is an interactive system for a user interested in frescoes. It runs on a SUN 4 connected to a videodisc unit and a touchscreen. The particular videodisc in use includes images about Fourteenth Century Italian frescoes and monuments. The system, beside understanding and using language, shows images and combines film sequences. Images are active in that the user may refer to items by combining pointing with the use of linguistic demonstratives; for example, the user can point to a detail of a fresco and say "can I see another painting representing this^ saint?" Also, the system's linguistic output includes buttons that allow the user to enter in an hypertextual modality. The dialog may cause zooming into details or changing the focus of attention into other frescoes. The overall aim is not only to provide information, but also to promote other masterpieces that may attract the user. %M C.CHI.93.524 %T Hyperspeech %S Formal Video Programme: Speech %A Barry Arons %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 524 %K Speech user interfaces, Speech applications, Hypermedia, Speech as data, Speech recognition, Speech synthesis, Conversational interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p524-arons/p524-arons.pdf %X Hyperspeech is a speech-only hypermedia application that explores issues of speech user interfaces, navigation, and system architecture in a purely audio environment without a visual display. The system uses speech recognition input and synthetic speech feedback to aid in navigating through a database of digitally recorded speech segments. %M C.CHI.93.525 %T IMPACT: Interactive Motion Picture Authoring System for Creative Talent %S Formal Video Programme: Hypermedia and Multimedia %A Hirotada Ueda %A Takafumi Miyatake %A Satoshi Yoshizawa %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 525 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p525-ueda/p525-ueda.pdf %X We are developing a multimedia authoring system, called IMPACT [1]. It is not easy for non-professional users to get good quality motion pictures and to edit them, for instance, in order to create multimedia presentations that express their concepts. To make this kind of tasks feasible for everyone, image-recognition technology is applied. Visualization of the structure of motion pictures is also very important [2]. A couple of visualization technique are developed for time axis editing. %M C.CHI.93.526 %T Microcosm: An Open Hypermedia System %S Formal Video Programme: Hypermedia and Multimedia %A Hugh Davis %A Wendy Hall %A Adrian Pickering %A Rob Wilkins %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 526 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p526-davis/p526-davis.pdf %X Microcosm is an open hypermedia system within which it is possible to make and follow links from one multimedia document to another. The open nature of the system gives rise to a number of difficult user interface issues which are demonstrated in the video. %M C.CHI.93.527 %T Multimedia Documents as User Interfaces %S Formal Video Programme: Hypermedia and Multimedia %A M. Cecelia Buchanan %A Polle T. Zellweger %A Ken Pier %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 527-528 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p527-buchanan/p527-buchanan.pdf %X Previous work has demonstrated the use of documents as user interfaces, in which static document elements, such as words and pictures, become user interface interaction elements, such as menus and buttons [Bier 90]. In this videotape, we demonstrate our extension of this concept to dynamic multimedia documents, allowing user interface designers to create multimedia documents and to specify dynamic interaction elements within them. This video was taped from the screen of a Sun Microsystems SPARCstation 2. The audio portions of the multimedia documents were recorded and played back using TiogaVoice and the Etherphone voice management system [Zellweger 88]. %M C.CHI.93.529 %T Graphical Editing by Example %S Formal Video Programme: Programming by Example and Demonstration %A David Kurlander %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 529 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p529-kurlander/p529-kurlander.pdf %X Graphical editing, like many applications facilitated by computers, often involves repetitive tasks. To reduce repetition, programmers can write procedures to automate these tasks, however most users do not know how to program, and the repetitive tasks that they perform are frequently too specialized for the application programmer to anticipate. End users would benefit from the ability to customize and extend their applications for the tasks they usually perform. Programming by example systems and demonstrational interfaces aim to give end users this capability. Such systems are programmed simply by using the applications, rather than through an ancillary extension language. Innovative systems such as Pygmalion, Tinker, SmallStar, Peridot, Metamouse, and Eager have all explored ways of bringing more power to the non-programming end user [1]. The accompanying videotape demonstrates Chimera, a system built to explore new demonstrational techniques in the domains of graphical editing and interface building. %M C.CHI.93.530 %T Guiding Automation with Pixels: A Technique for Programming in the User Interface %S Formal Video Programme: Programming by Example and Demonstration %A Richard Potter %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 530 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p530-potter/p530-potter.pdf %X The video demonstrates how a user can program Triggers to automate the wrapping of a properly sized rounded rectangle around a preexisting text field in an unmodified copy of MacDraw II. MacDraw II conveniently places a gray bounding box around a selected field. Pixel pattern searches using pieces of this bounding box as the pattern give enough data access to determine the size and location of the text field. Triggers then simulates a series of keystrokes and mouse actions that create the rounded rectangle. Other examples from graphic and text domains are briefly shown. %M C.CHI.93.531 %T Inferring Graphical Constraints with Rockit %S Formal Video Programme: Programming by Example and Demonstration %A Solange Karsenty %A Chris Weikart %A James A. Landay %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 531 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p531-karsenty/p531-karsenty.pdf %X Graphical constraints define relations among graphical objects that must be maintained by an underlying system. The automatic maintenance of these relations has become important in increasing the functionality of graphical editors and user interface builders. Yet this increase in functionality has also brought the users of these tools the difficult task of specifying the constraints -- generally by writing mathematical equations that define the relations which must hold. The purpose of Rockit [2] is to identify the possible graphical constraints between objects in a scene and allow the user to quickly and easily choose and apply the desired constraints. Rockit is embedded in a graphical editor that allows the creation of application objects by direct manipulation. The user creates graphical objects and applies constraints to them. Typical objects include diagrams, circuits, flowcharts, and also standard application widgets. The supported constraints include connectors, aligners, and spacers. In this videotape, we illustrate our system through the construction of a slider. %M C.CHI.93.532 %T Tourmaline: Macrostyles by Example %S Formal Video Programme: Programming by Example and Demonstration %A Andrew J. Werth %A Brad A. Myers %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 532 %K Text formatting, Demonstrational interfaces, Programming by example, Inferences, Heuristics, Microstyles %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p532-werth/p532-werth.pdf %X Tourmaline is a system that simplifies the formatting of complicated headings and captions in a WYSIWYG word processor. The style systems of typical commercial word processors, although very useful, are too limited when a user needs to format items such as paper headings, which may contain many different styles within a single heading. The style systems of some batch oriented systems give the user more power by providing macro facilities to automatically format text, but these systems are extremely difficult to learn and use. Tourmaline uses demonstrational techniques [2] to combine the ease-of-use of WYSIWYG with the power of batch oriented text formatters. The system allows users to define macrostyles by example. A macrostyle is an abstract representation of a text object that allows different parts of the object to have completely different formatting attributes. %M C.CHI.93.533 %T The Active Badge System %S Formal Video Programme: CSCW %A Andy Hopper %A Andy Harter %A Tom Blackie %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 533-534 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p533-hopper/p533-hopper.pdf %X The Active Badge is used to provide information about where people are [Want et al. 1992, Want and Hopper 1992. It is battery powered, transmits in the infra-red spectrum and is approximately 60x60x8 millimetres. The transmissions take place every 15 seconds and identify the badge. Receivers are linked by wire to a computer and are placed so as to define cells for the coverage required. Normally they correspond to spaces occupied by one or a number of people. The badge has a light-dependent resistor used to reduce power consumption by decreasing the frequency of transmissions when in the dark. This also means that the user can switch the badge off by placing it in a pocket or face down on the table. Not all badge transmissions are picked up by a receiver, but by using simple algorithms in the receiving software the system can be made sufficiently accurate to be very useful. As well as transmitting the Active Badge can receive which makes possible a more secure system by using a one-way authentication function. Two buttons, two visible LEDs and a tone generator are available for simple interactions. Reciprocity of use is ensured by making badge information available to all computer screens in the organisation. %M C.CHI.93.535 %T IMAGINE: A Vision of Health Care in 1997 %S Formal Video Programme: Future Scenarios %A Steve Anderson %A Shiz Kobara %A Barry Mathis %A Ev Shafrir %B CHI93 %D 1993 %P 535 %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/169059/p535-anderson/p535-anderson.pdf %* (c) Copyright 1993 Association for Computing Machinery %X IMAGINE is a vision of health care in the year 1997 augmented by a variety of integrated information technologies. The film is not a literal prediction, but rather a projection of where current technologies are headed and what changes they will produce in the fields of medical diagnosis, patient care and hospital administration. Though produced at Hewlett-Packard, IMAGINE represents the capabilities of many companies and is a demonstration of open systems and their integration. The film's three scenarios highlight a range of situations. All pose problems in patient treatment or cost control, and in each it is information, delivered when and where it's needed, that provides the solutions. All of the medical procedures, information presentations, and interaction techniques were reviewed by experts in the fields concerned. Cardiologists, neurologists, pathologists, nurses and administrators provided abundant critical review to ensure accuracy. While this process was time consuming for such a fast paced film, it was felt to be essential for acceptance by the medical community. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI94-2b.BA %M C.CHI.94.2.69 %T The Effect of Evaluation and Redesign %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Thomas K. Landauer %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 69-70 %K Usability engineering, Usefulness, Productivity, Iterative design, Iteration, Efficiency, Measurement, Assessment, Evaluation, History of UCD, Benefits, Progress, Testing, Improvement, UCD, User centered design, Comparisons %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p69-landauer/p69-landauer.pdf %X It is clear that formative evaluation and redesign holds great promise for rapid progress. Projections suggest that ten years of widespread application of these methods could yield more than 20 times the gains that would be expected otherwise. %M C.CHI.94.2.71 %T The HCI Bibliography: Past, Present, and Future %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Gary Perlman %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 71-72 %K Human-computer interaction, Bibliographic information, Research aids, Distributed group work, Networks, Information sharing, Online/electronic publication %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p71-perlman/p71-perlman.pdf %X The HCI Bibliography is a free-access online bibliographic database on Human-Computer Interaction. The basic goal of the project is to put an electronic bibliography for most of HCI on the screens of all researchers, developers, educators and students in the field through anonymous ftp access, mail servers, and Macintosh and DOS floppy disks. In 1994, through the efforts of over 100 volunteers from 13 nations, the bibliography has grown to a resource of over 10,000 entries occupying over 10 megabytes, used by over 350 sites in 23 nations. This notice describes the contents of the database, how to access it, and its history. %M C.CHI.94.2.73 %T The ACM SIGCHI Education Survey %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Gary Perlman %A Jean Gasen %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 73-74 %K Computer and information science education, Curriculum, Human-computer interaction, Electronic / online survey administration %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p73-perlman/p73-perlman.pdf %X The HCI Education survey describes 68 programs, 162 faculty, and 139 courses in graduate-level education in human-computer interaction. In addition to the data files on each program, summary reports of programs, faculty, courses and other information have been generated. The survey was designed, conducted, analyzed, and distributed entirely online using Internet mail and ftp. The low cost and active nature of the medium of the survey administration and distribution makes it possible to have continuously updated information. %M C.CHI.94.2.75 DC %T Exploratory Learning of Interactive Devices %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Carol-Ina Trudel %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 75-76 %K Exploratory learning, User behaviour, Individual differences %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p75-trudel/p75-trudel.pdf %X The locus of this research is on the nature of exploratory learning of interactive devices. Exploratory Learning is a commonplace activity when people are faced with novel devices. It basically consists of "pressing buttons" and observing what happens. In this first series of experiments the performance of subjects exploring the various functions of a computer simulated digital watch was observed under three conditions: Unstructured (free exploration), Structured (given a list of goals) and Key Press Limit (restricted to 250 key presses). The main finding was that the latter group performed significantly better than the other two groups on a post-exploration questionnaire, and completed tasks significantly more efficiently on a post-exploration test. This finding is interpreted in terms of reflection: a limit on the number of moves permitted may encourage reflection, which is more beneficial to learning than the "mindless" exploration allowed on certain devices. %M C.CHI.94.2.77 %T Pointing in Entertainment-Oriented Environments: Appreciation versus Performance %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A J. H. D. M. Westerink %A K. van den Reek %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 77-78 %K Multi-media, Consumer products, Pointing devices, Fitts' Law, User appreciation, Performance measures %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p77-westerink/p77-westerink.pdf %X Pointing in multi-media applications for entertainment is investigated, more specifically the relation between (subjective) user appreciation of pointing devices and (objective) performance measures like time-to-target. %M C.CHI.94.2.79 %T Why You Can't Program Your VCR, or, Predicting Errors and Performance with Production System Models of Display-Based Action %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Wayne D. Gray %A Haresh Sabnani %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 79-80 %K Cognitive models, GOMS, D-TAG, ACT-R, VCR, Production systems, Errors, Performance, Display-based action, Symbolic theories of interactive tasks %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p79-gray/p79-gray.pdf %X We present a production rule model of display-based action for a humble yet error-prone task: programming a VCR. The system is data-driven in that the task goal is achieved in spite of partially specified plans by relying on changes in the display to trigger the creation of new goals. Knowledge in the system is partitioned into Task Knowledge, Display-Based Knowledge, and Device Specific Knowledge. Predictions are made regarding novice-level errors that are then compared to empirical data. The system is implemented in ACT-R, and uses Apple events to communicate with a VCR simulated in HyperCard. %M C.CHI.94.2.81 %T "FingeRing": A Full-Time Wearable Interface %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Masaaki Fukumoto %A Yasuhito Suenaga %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 81-82 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p81-fukumoto/p81-fukumoto.pdf %X A new interface concept for mobile computing, the "Full-time Wearable Interface", is proposed. By wearing tiny interface devices similar to watches or glasses all the time, the user can operate PDAs at any time desired. As the first study of such an interface, we propose the finger ring style chord keyboard named "FingeRing". FingeRing can be used with any typing surface such as the waist or thigh; no subsidiary devices like keys or pads are needed. FingeRing can be used anytime, anywhere, and in any situation including standing or walking. %M C.CHI.94.2.83 acmdl PDF link missing from contents because Balakrishnan spelled wrong %T Virtual Hand Tool with Force Feedback %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Ravin Balakrishnan %A Colin Ware %A Tim Smith %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 83-84 %K Force feedback, Haptics, Human performance, Virtual worlds %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p83-balakrishnan/p83-balakrishnan.pdf %X We present a system which simulates working with a hand held machine tool on a piece of soft material. A two degree-of-freedom force reflecting joystick allows the user to feel the reactive forces between the virtual toolkit and material. An experiment to investigate the effects on performance in a high precision task when the standard visual display is augmented by our force display system shows a 44% (p < 0.01) improvement in accuracy but with time to completion also increased (by 64%). Users of the system find force feedback to be useful and feel that the system is a realistic simulation of the real world task. %M C.CHI.94.2.85 DC %T Input Techniques for HCI in 3D Environments %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Shumin Zhai %A Paul Milgram %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 85-86 %K Input devices, Virtual reality, 3D interfaces, Psychomotor behaviour, Telerobotics %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p85-zhai/p85-zhai.pdf %X This poster is a summary of a long-term systematic investigation of 6 DOF input techniques for human computer interaction in 3D environments. It presents a taxonomic design space model and the major results of three experiments on various 6DOF input techniques. %M C.CHI.94.2.87 %T Electronic Meeting Assistance %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Stefanie Rather %A Michael Stupperich %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 87-88 %K CSCW, Electronic conferencing, Mobile computing, Electronic WhiteBoard, Wireless communication %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p87-rather/p87-rather.pdf %X An electronic Meeting Assistance tool is being developed as part of the ESPRIT Project 5233 [TELESTATION]. This tool has a general purpose approach for electronic assistance of people during meetings. The most frequent tasks carried out during meetings, and therefore assisted by the tool, are exchanging information, supporting presentations and jointly editing documents. To demonstrate this new way of handling information, a first prototype has been realized and a field test is performed in a hospital environment. %M C.CHI.94.2.89 DC %T A Framework for Information Sharing in Collaborative Applications %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A W. Keith Edwards %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 89-90 %K Collaborative applications, CSCW, Collaboration support environments %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p89-edwards/p89-edwards.pdf %X Collaborative applications can potentially have a great positive impact on the way groups of people work together. Unfortunately, collaborative applications are very hard to build. At the most basic level all collaborative applications facilitate information sharing. This project is looking at mechanisms for a particular class of information sharing in an attempt to make the construction of collaborative software easier. This work deals with the sharing of "coordinating" information. Coordinating information is information used to link a set of applications or processes together into a unified collaborative environment. The implementation portion of this work, called Intermezzo, provides programming models and runtime support to facilitate the sharing of coordinating information in collaborative applications. %M C.CHI.94.2.91 %T Using Cognitive Walkthrough for Evaluating a CSCW Application %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Anna-Lena Ereback %A Kristina Hook %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 91-92 %K Evaluation, Cognitive walkthrough, CSCW-applications, Meeting booking system %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p91-ereback/p91-ereback.pdf %X We studied the usefulness of the Cognitive Walkthrough method for evaluating an interface to a meeting booking system. We found that cognitive walkthrough is a useful method, but some alterations is needed. Specifically we found that the underlying theory of the method must be expanded, since goals may not be given in the same way as in single-user applications -- one user's goal is often affected by other users. We also found that the user descriptions should preferably be richer since there are several users involved, but that this makes the walkthrough very cumbersome. For comparison a video study was conducted. The studies proved that the Cognitive Walkthrough method was roughly as efficient in finding problems related to groupwork as the user study. %M C.CHI.94.2.93 DC %T Characterising the Social Salience of Electronically Mediated Communication %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Owen Daly-Jones %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 93-94 %K Communication media, Social salience, Conversational structure and process %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p93-daly-jones/p93-daly-jones.pdf %X A study was conducted to explore the impact of communication media on conversational structure, and to identify markers of the social salience of ensuing discussion. Sixteen subjects took part in a collaborative role-play exercise over two modes of communication; an audio link, and a video link with audio capabilities. Self-report measures highlighted the advantages of having a visual channel, in terms of assessing a partner's focus of attention and as an aid to teamwork. The value of a range of other measures (e.g. backchannel acknowledgements, and equivocal phrasings) are also reported on. In particular, there was some indication that collaborators in the audio condition found it harder to monitor understanding, being more likely to resort to explicitly questioning the remote partner. %M C.CHI.94.2.95 %T Conveying Emotion in Remote Computer-Mediated-Communication %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Krisela Rivera %A Nancy J. Cooke %A Anna L. Rowe %A Jeff A. Bauhs %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 95-96 %K Groupware, Computer-mediated-communication, Computer-supported-cooperative work, Distributed cognition %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p95-rivera/p95-rivera.pdf %X Having the capability to express emotion via remote Computer-Mediated-Communication (CMC) systems may enhance decision making. Thirty-two subjects participated in a simulated remote CMC group-decision-making session. Seventeen subjects had emotional icons available, although use of these icons was optional. The remaining 15 subjects did not have icons available. Dependent measures included frequency of icon usage, conformity, quality of decision, and responses to a subjective questionnaire. The results indicated that subjects used icons when available and liked using them. Finally, subjective questionnaire data indicated that having emotional icons available seemed to make geographically-dispersed CMC more appealing. %M C.CHI.94.2.97 %T A Comparison of Verbal Interaction in Literal and Virtual Shared Learning Environments %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Karl E. Steiner %A Thomas G. Moher %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 97-98 %K Computer supported cooperative work, Shared workspaces, Computer supported cooperative learning, Interactive learning environments, Constructive learning %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p97-steiner/p97-steiner.pdf %X We performed a study to examine the differences in verbal interaction between groups of young users working together at a single computer and groups working on a shared workspace at individual computers. Pairs of Kindergarten and First Grade students worked with the Graphic Story Writer (an interactive learning environment) at a single computer or at two networked computers running a shared workspace. A review of the student's verbal interactions showed that students in the shared workspace participated in fewer total verbal interactions, and participated in significantly fewer questions and answers. %M C.CHI.94.2.99 %T Is Knowing More Really Better? Effects of System Development Information in Human-Expert System Interactions %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Jeff A. Bauhs %A Nancy J. Cooke %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 99-100 %K Expert systems, Trust in machines, Human-expert system interactions %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p99-bauhs/p99-bauhs.pdf %X With the time, cost and effort involved in the development of expertise, expert systems have become more commonplace in the work environment. It has been suggested that in order to enhance human-expert system interactions, it is necessary to provide users with system development information. This research empirically examined the role that providing this information plays in new user interactions with expert systems. Results indicate that system information aided in calibrating users' confidence in accord with system reliability, but that it had little effect on users' willingness to take expert system advice and may even hunt users' willingness to continue consulting a particular expert system. %M C.CHI.94.2.101 DC %T Multiple Methods Mean More Minutes %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Marita Franzke %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 101-102 %K Display based systems, Multiple methods, Exploration, Retention, Versions %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p101-franzke/p101-franzke.pdf %X An experiment was conducted to produce a low-level description of the initial acquisition of skill with a display-based application. This experiment constituted of a situation in which interface-literate users explored new functionality in two versions of a graphing system. Performance on initial exploration trials is compared to performance on subsequent structure-equivalent trials that profit from previous experiences with the system, both at short and long time delays. Performance times for exploration and two different delay conditions are discussed. Preliminary data analyses indicate that several interactions were difficult to discover, but are well retained even after a one-week interval. Comparisons between the two versions suggest that the availability of more functions and multiple methods inflated our subjects' performance times during exploration and during later trials. %M C.CHI.94.2.103 DC %T Observing Users in Multimodal Interaction %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Daniel Salber %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 103-104 %K Multimodal interaction, Evaluation, Usability, Formal methods, Observation of users, Video, Groupware, CSCW, MediaSpace %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p103-salber/p103-salber.pdf %X My doctoral research focuses on the usability and usage of new computer technology such as interactive systems that support the combination different input media such as voice, gesture and video. I have contributed to the study of these systems in four complementary ways: the MSM framework helps classifying and reasoning about current and future "interactionally-rich" systems; I have also used formal methods to specify multimodal interaction; I have designed and developed the NEIMO multimodal Wizard of Oz platform, a tool for observing users using multimodal interaction and assessing usability issues; I am now working on computer-mediated communication and collaboration through audio and video. %M C.CHI.94.2.105 DC acmdl pdf link missing from contents %T Cost of Operations Affects Planfulness of Problem-Solving Behaviour %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Kenton O'Hara %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 105-106 %K Problem solving, Planning, Operator cost, 8-puzzle, Jump-slide puzzle, System response time, Error recovery %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p105-ohara/p105-ohara.pdf %X There is currently a debate in cognitive psychology between plan-based theories of action and more 'situated' accounts. I argue instead that there is a continuum between planned and situated action along which people shift according to various properties of the task. One such factor may be the cost of performing an action. This paper reports three experiments that examine this factor within the domain of problem solving. These manipulate different aspects of the user interface, each with a high profile as determinants of usability in the HCI literature. In all three experiments, the high cost condition was seen to encourage people to engage in advance planning, resulting in more efficient solutions, in terms of number of operations. %M C.CHI.94.2.107 %T User Acceptance of Handwritten Recognition Accuracy %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Mary J. LaLomia %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 107 %K Pen-based computers, Handwriting, Recognition accuracy %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p107-lalomia/p107-lalomia.pdf %X One disadvantage for an individual using handwriting to communicate with a computer is that their handwriting may not always be recognized correctly by current recognition technologies. We are attempting to answer the question of how high does recognition accuracy have to be for people to find the technology useful. We used a "Wizard of Oz" methodology to simulate different recognition accuracy rates that were output to a participant writing on a pen-based computer. Mode of presentation, type of writing pad and recognition rate were varied. After reviewing the errors, participants ruled the acceptability of the recognition rate under different conditions. In general, participants found a handwriting recognition rate of 97% or higher to be acceptable, however, this relationship was modulated by the different evaluation conditions. %M C.CHI.94.2.109 %T A Comparison of Usability Evaluations Conducted by Different Teams %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Anna L. Rowe %A Tammy Lowry %A Shannon L. Halgren %A Nancy J. Cooke %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 109-110 %K Usability, Interface evaluation, User interface, Design process %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p109-rowe/p109-rowe.pdf %X The wide variety of usability methods available to usability engineers offer many approaches to usability testing. However, different evaluation methodologies may lead to the identification of varying interface issues, and different interface designs may result. This study examined how different usability teams approach the same interface evaluation. The results indicate that different teams begin their evaluations in similar manners but tend to diverge after this point. Furthermore, different interface problems are identified by the teams. However, when similar issues are identified, the teams' redesign recommendations are similar. In general, the results indicate that several evaluators and several methods should be utilized to optimize the identification of interface issues. %M C.CHI.94.2.111 %T Wizard: Non-Wimp Oriented Prototyping of Direct Manipulative Behavior %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Martina Manhartsberger %A Manfred Tscheligi %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 111-112 %K Prototyping, User interface design tools, Direct manipulation %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p111-manhartsberger/p111-manhartsberger.pdf %X In spite of the number of user interface design and development systems developed in the past years there is still a lack of real prototyping tools supporting the iterative development of user interface design alternatives. The behavioral part of a user interface is often neglected or has to be implemented by low level programming. The Wizard Tool supports the prototyping of interface behavior especially for Non-WIMP interfaces at a very high level of abstraction. %M C.CHI.94.2.113 %T CHIRP: The Computer Human Interface Rapid Prototyping and Design Assistant Toolkit %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Robert J. Remington %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 113-114 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p113-remington/p113-remington.pdf %X This presentation includes a description and a demonstration video of the Computer Human Interface Rapid Prototyping (CHIRP) Toolkit. The CHIRP Toolkit architecture, planned capabilities, and the way in which computer human interface (CHI) designers interact with it to build and modify functional interactive scenarios are described. The presentation includes a sample of case studies that illustrate how the evolving CHIRP toolkit is being used to support CHI design for real world systems. %M C.CHI.94.2.115 %T Participatory Design for Sensitive Interface Parameters: Contributions of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients to Their Prosthetic Software %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Elliot Cole %A Parto Dehdashti %A Linda Petti %A Marlene Angert %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 115-116 %K Participatory design, Users with disabilities %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p115-cole/p115-cole.pdf %X Interface design is important in the design of prosthetic software for brain injury patients. Personal productivity modules demonstrated their ability to help patients when other rehabilitation methods had failed. However, the software was typically very sensitive to what are considered relatively minor design parameters. Patients were able to guide designers and their therapists in constructing highly effective interfaces. In some instances, the dimension which the patient was optimizing was not readily apparent, and consequently could not be achieved by other means. The research and poster has relevance the broader area of learning disabilities. %M C.CHI.94.2.117 %T Using a Game to Teach a Design Process %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Jared M. Spool %A Carolyn Snyder %A Don Ballman %A Will Schroeder %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 117-118 %K Usability testing, Usability evaluation, Prototyping, Low-fidelity prototyping, Process management, Product development, Practical techniques %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p117-spool/p117-spool.pdf %X The gap between theory and practice presents a perennial problem in teaching good interface design. To bridge this gap, we have developed a game that allows participants to prove to themselves how paper prototyping and usability testing can be used to quickly and effectively iterate the design of a product interface. It is an intense, fun, and thought-provoking experience. Participants not only learn new skills, but also how to apply them as a team to a complex problem under time and resource constraints. %M C.CHI.94.2.119 %T Actors, Hairdos & Videotape -- Informance Design: Using Performance Techniques in Multi-Disciplinary, Observation Based Design %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Colin Burns %A Eric Dishman %A William Verplank %A Bud Lassiter %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 119-120 %K Collaborative design, Iterative design, Participatory design, User-centred design, User interface design, User observations, Wizard of Oz, Role-play, Scenarios, Storyboards, Rapid prototyping %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p119-burns/p119-burns.pdf %X We have been developing a visualisation technique that we call Informance Design. We render scenarios as plays and interactive environments. Designer "actors" role-play as users with simple prototypes employed as "props". These performances open up informed dialogues between designers and an audience, to further explore the design issues raised. The use of performance techniques such as improvisation can promote multi-disciplinary, collaborative design work in ways that are as much visceral and experiential as intellectual and reflective. Informances, like user testing, are enactive and evaluative. Unlike user testing, they are intended to explore design ideas in ways that are generative rather than analytic. %M C.CHI.94.2.121 %T Visual Layout Techniques in Multimedia Applications %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Francois Bodart %A Jean Vanderdonckt %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 121-122 %K Graphical arts, Interaction objects, Interactive objects, Layout frame, Layout grid, Multimedia applications, Visual design, Visual techniques %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p121-bodart/p121-bodart.pdf %X The aim of this work is to explore and illustrate how techniques for visual communication can serve for laying out interaction and interactive objects in multimedia applications. These techniques have been extracted from visual literacy in order to be adapted to the area of multimedia applications. These applications are generally known and designed for their great feedback and power of interaction between simple interaction objects (e.g. list boxes, radio buttons, push buttons) and interactive objects (e.g. text, image, picture, video motion). Thirty groups of techniques are introduced by defining their opposites on a continuum. Combination of these techniques can provide a particular multimedia layout style as encountered in visual arts. To prove that such visual layout techniques are affordable, several examples are given, compared and discussed. %M C.CHI.94.2.123 %T Automatic Generation of a User Interface for Highly Interactive Business-Oriented Applications %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Jean Vanderdonckt %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 123-124 %K Business-oriented applications, Computer-aided generation, Criteria, Guidelines, Layout, Selection, Styleguide %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p123-vanderdonckt/p123-vanderdonckt.pdf %X The goal of this work is to prove that a designer can be able to generate as systematically as possible a first sketch of the presentation for an ergonomical user interface in the specific area of highly-interactive business-oriented applications. It basically consists of three foundations: (i) the corpus ergonomicus, a multi-purpose high-level styleguide; (ii) the SEGUIA tool which is able to assist the designer in the selection and layout tasks; (iii) the SIERRA tool which an on-line hypermedia documenting linguistic ergonomic criteria and guidelines defined in the corpus ergonomics. This work is integrated in the TRIDENT project which is a methodology and a supporting environment for developing highly-interactive business-oriented applications. %M C.CHI.94.2.125 acmdl pdf link missing because Kurosu spelled wrong %T Dual Task Model: An Evaluation Model for the Complex Operation %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Masaaki Kurosu %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 125-126 %K Operation model, Evaluation, Task analysis %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p125-kurosu/p125-kurosu.pdf %X An evaluation model for the dual task situation was developed. The model estimates the total duration of the operation for any bench-mark task based on the unit operations. %M C.CHI.94.2.127 %T An EPIC Model for a High-Performance HCI Task %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Scott D. Wood %A David E. Kieras %A David E. Meyer %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 127-128 %K User models, Cognitive architecture, Performance prediction, Human performance %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p127-wood/p127-wood.pdf %X EPIC is an architecture for computational models of human information processing that incorporates current results and theories from human performance. It combines detailed processors for different modalities with a production-system cognitive processor. An EPIC model was constructed for telephone operator tasks based on one protocol and then was validated against two other protocols for similar tasks. Total execution time and detailed keystroke-level inter-event times were predicted with good accuracy. It should be possible to construct such models on a routine basis to predict performance of interface designs involving multiple modalities and time-critical tasks. %M C.CHI.94.2.129 %T Dilemma -- A Tool for Rapid Manual Translation %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Jussi Karlgren %A Hans Karlgren %A Paul Pettersson %A Magnus Nordstrom %A Bengt Wahrolen %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 129-130 %K Natural language, Translation %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p129-karlgren/p129-karlgren.pdf %X Dilemma is a tool built to aid human translators in achieving higher productivity and better quality, by presenting lexical information which is automatically extracted from previous translations. The design decisions have been based on analyses of the human translation process. We present the ideas behind the tool, and outline the functionality. The system described has been used by professional translators with good results. %M C.CHI.94.2.131 DC %T Hierarchical Events in Graphical User Interfaces %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A David S. Kosbie %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 131-132 %K Hierarchical events, Event history, Application interface, Undo, Programming by demonstration %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p131-kosbie/p131-kosbie.pdf %X This poster describes part of the Ph.D. thesis work presented by the author in the 1994 CHI Doctoral Consortium. There are many uses of history mechanisms in modern graphical user interfaces, including Undo, Help, and Programming by Demonstration. Virtually all research into history mechanisms, however, presumes that the history is simply a linear sequence of unstructured events. People, however use computers to perform richly-structured tasks. The basic premise of this thesis is that including the task structure in the event history will allow Undo, PBD, and other history mechanisms to operate more correctly and in more situations. A second premise is that hierarchical event histories can be presented to end users in an understandable and useful manner. This poster describes Katie, an application environment which demonstrates the viability of these premises. %M C.CHI.94.2.133 %T PVAT: Development of a Video Analysis Tool %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Mihriban Whitmore %A Tim McKay %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 133-134 %K Video analysis, User evaluations %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p133-whitmore/p133-whitmore.pdf %X The Posture Video Analysis Tool (PVAT) was developed to provide a structured methodology for classifying microgravity working postures from video footage. A user evaluation was conducted to identify interface issues and required modifications to the software. Two raters were trained to use PVAT for analysis of a Shuttle mission video. Preliminary results indicate that PVAT was acceptable in terms of setup procedure, button labels and locations, and screen layout. However, the raters experienced eyestrain and had to take breaks every 15-25 minutes. As a follow-up, comprehensive usability testing of PVAT will be conducted using a pre-analyzed video to evaluate the inter- and intra-rater reliability. %M C.CHI.94.2.135 %T InHouse: An Information Manipulation Environment for Monitoring Parallel Programs %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Manfred Tscheligi %A Sabine Musil %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 135-136 %K Non-standard interface, Metaphors, User interface design, Prototyping, Non-WIMP paradigm, Parallel systems %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p135-tscheligi/p135-tscheligi.pdf %X Information Manipulation Environments (IME) are user interfaces for non standard application domains. They are visual, metaphor oriented, direct manipulative and problem oriented. This new kind of user interface is described and an example for one actual application of this concept is given. The chosen application domain was that of parallel programming. InHouse provides a user interface for user oriented monitoring of parallel system behaviour. Making the complex concepts of parallel systems as easy as possible for users not familiar with them is one of the main goals in the design of this specific IME. %M C.CHI.94.2.137 DC %T The Design of Animated Signs as Help %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A C. Dormann %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 137-138 %K User interface design, Help, Animation, Visual rhetorics %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p137-dormann/p137-dormann.pdf %X The theory of design might be more useful to graphical user interface design and animation than traditional methods. The rhetoric perspective is applied to the development of animated signs (i.e "icons"), specifically to animated help: the function of the interface sign is shown by a short animation. Then, a few principles of visual rhetorics are introduced such as metaphor, personification, etc. It will be explained how these principles could provide an attractive and enjoyable visual help system for a novice user. %M C.CHI.94.2.139 %T Examining Animated Algorithms: The Role of Problem Domain Experience and Problem Representation in Rule Development %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Faison P. Gibson %A F. Javier Lerch %A Mark Fichman %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 139-140 %K Rule development, Domain experience, Problem representation, Software design %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p139-gibson/p139-gibson.pdf %X One of the key activities in designing software is developing explicit rules or theories about the problem domain. We investigated two factors expected to influence rule development the designer's level of prior experience in the problem domain and the designer's problem representation. Our experimental results indicate that higher problem domain experience enhances subjects' ability to effectively consider multiple problem domain constraints and improves the likelihood of writing correct rules. Alternative problem representations focused subjects' attention toward or away from tractable units of analysis for writing rules. However, our problem representation manipulation did not affect the success rate for writing correct rules. %M C.CHI.94.2.141 %T The Visual Browsing Tool for Astrophysical Data Management %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Paul Pinkney %A Alice Bertini %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 141 %K Human-computer interaction, Graphical user interface, Scientific visualization, Astrophysical data management, Multi-spectral data analysis, Task-centered design, Structured query language, Client-server architecture %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p141-pinkney/p141-pinkney.pdf %X The Visual Browsing Tool (VBT) for Astrophysical Data Management is a software tool that allows interaction and visual exploration of astrophysical science mission databases containing heterogeneous data. The attributes characterizing these data include text, tables, images, and spectra. Visual browsing through a database allows graphical/textual representations of data in their most natural appearance. Such data carry spatial, spectral and temporal relations which are important for the scientists to collect and compare disparate information. The objective of the VBT is to provide a tool for visual exploration of and direct interaction with the content of astrophysical databases. %M C.CHI.94.2.142 %T Visual Access to Hyper-Information: Using Multiple Metaphors with Graphic Affordances %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Eviatar Shafrir %A Jafar Nabkel %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 142 %K Hyper-information, Online help, Metaphor, Affordance, Icon, Visual design, Visual language %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %O Color plates on page 483 %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p142-shafrir/p142-shafrir.pdf %X Finding answers in a maze of hyper-linked information is disorienting and frustrating for computer users. Online help for workstation applications is largely inaccessible, difficult to consume, and rarely used. Confronted by these large volumes, users ask themselves "where am I?" and "is what I'm looking for really here?" The poster presents an integrated product of information design with graphic affordances that together ease user access and exploration. Multiple recognizable metaphors visually couple hyperlinks with topics, helping each user create a predictable cognitive map of the information-space. The collaboration between learning products professionals and visual designers, practicing visual thinking techniques was instrumental in creating this integrated solution. %M C.CHI.94.2.143 %T Library Information Access Client %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A J. Ray Scott %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 143-144 %K Information access, Search and retrieve, Library client %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p143-scott/p143-scott.pdf %X The Library Information Access Client is a prototype client designed for the library user. This client allows the user to explore large numbers of information sources, issue queries to multiple information sources, and retrieve the results. The client uses the Workscape scripting capabilities as well as Workscape tools to provide the library patron with a complete information management environment. %M C.CHI.94.2.145 acmdl wrong second page number -- 147 -> 146 %T V: A Visual Query Language for a Multimodal Environment %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS %A Ivan Bretan %A Robert Nilsson %A Kent Saxin Hammarstrom %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 145-146 %K Visual language, Database query, Multimodal interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p145-bretan/p145-bretan.pdf %X V is a two-dimensional, visual, direct manipulation query language designed for use in a multimodal environment that includes a natural language processing component. The language has the expressiveness of at least full first order predicate logic, including some higher-order extensions that provide a framework within the language itself for navigating and browsing the query domain. The language focuses on the visualisation of the logic structure of queries and is intended as a complement to natural language, providing reification and persistence of discourse objects, together with support for bidirectional paraphrasing and user controlled discourse management. %M C.CHI.94.2.147 acmdl missing entry %T Social Action Posters %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS -- Social Action Posters %A Pamela A. Burke %A Michael J. Muller %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 147 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p147-burke/p147-burke.pdf %X At CHI'92, several hundred people joined a discussion of the events taking place in Los Angeles CA US -- the police actions, the civic demonstrations, and the insurrection in response to the first verdict in the Los Angeles Police - Rodney King beating case. We exchanged our experiences in working for social change. People spoke of their work in providing information access to disadvantaged groups, designing electronic methods for improving the democratic process, supporting community anti-bias commissions, implementing computer (and non-computer) literacy outreach programs, and much more. Many of us were sustained and renewed in our individual work. This meeting contributed to the formation of the SIGCHI Special Interest Area on Social Action. Through the social action posters program, we continue this exchange of information at CHI'94. In the Call for Participation, we encouraged people to submit work that focused on practical projects, solid achievements, and to communicate enough information so that others could develop similar or related projects of their own -- or could join an existing social action project. These criteria guided the review committee in its selection process. %M C.CHI.94.2.148 %T Computer Science Olympiad: Community Project for Disadvantaged Schools %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS -- Social Action Posters %A Donald Cook %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 148 %K Olympiad, Community project, Disadvantaged schools %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p148-cook/p148-cook.pdf %X The project that we established in 1990, has as its goal the introduction of computer technology into black schools, has now run successfully for three years. Our aim to teach a number of black pupils computer programming and problem solving, is being realized. The sub goal; to have at least one programmer among the finalists in the Computer Olympiad within three years, is not within our reach at this stage. The disruptions at the schools has severely impacted our efforts in the last two years. %M C.CHI.94.2.149 %T The Boston Peace and Justice Hotline: A Phone-Based Community Bulletin Board %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS -- Social Action Posters %A Paul Resnick %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 149-150 %K Social impact, Community, Phone-based interface, Bulletin board %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p149-resnick/p149-resnick.pdf %X Touch-tone telephones are the most widely available, best-networked computer terminals. Any civic networking project would do well to consider ways to leverage this resource, since even people who have never used a computer have access to touch-tone phones. I have conducted several tests of telephone bulletin boards, of which the most successful has been an event calendar for Boston area political activists. %M C.CHI.94.2.151 acmdl missing pdf link %T CAIS: A University-Based Social Action Project %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS -- Social Action Posters %A Dov Te'eni %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 151-152 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p151-teeni/p151-teeni.pdf %X By providing computer services to local not-for-profit organizations, the Cleveland Arts Information Systems project (CAIS) at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) is a vehicle for combining social action with teaching and research. Through its work with three target groups (cultural organizations, religious organizations and neighborhood centers), CAIS utilizes the University's resources to assist not-for-profit organizations in identifying and satisfying their computer needs. Therefore, CAIS effectively unites the University's academic mission with its mission to provide service to the surrounding community. %M C.CHI.94.2.153 %T Science-by-Mail %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS -- Social Action Posters %A Ellen A. White %A Marc E. Fusco %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 153-154 %K Science-by-mail, Science, Children, Volunteer, Social action %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p153-white/p153-white.pdf %X Science-by-Mail is a hands-on, experimental science activity program for children in grades 4-9 that is designed to be engaging, educational, and fun! Each participating child is matched with a volunteer pen-pal scientist who provides encouragement and guidance. They receive three "challenge packets" throughout the year containing information and materials related to an issue in science or technology. Communication between students and scientists about the packets forms the core of the interactions. A nationwide program developed by the Museum of Science, Boston, Science-by-Mail currently involves about 25,000 children and 2,500 scientists. %M C.CHI.94.2.157 %T Usability at Digital After 15 Years: Principles and Pitfalls %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS %A Elizabeth M. Comstock %A Dennis R. Wixon %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 157-158 %K Organizational overview, Usability methods %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p157-comstock/p157-comstock.pdf %X This overview describes the evolution of the Usability Expertise Center at Digital Equipment Corporation. %M C.CHI.94.2.159 %T HCI Research in Paderborn, Germany %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS %A Gerd Szwillus %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 159-160 %K 3-D-interaction, Visualization, Virtual reality, CSCW, Task analysis, Work analysis, User interface specification, User interface evaluation, User interface development tools, Graphical constraints, Pen-based interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p159-szwillus/p159-szwillus.pdf %X Research and development in Human-Computer Interaction in Paderborn is housed within two corporations: the Computer Science Department of the University of Paderborn and the CADLAB Institute, a joint R&D-Institute of the University and the SIEMENS-NIXDORF INFORMATIONSSYSTEME AG (SNI). SNI has evolved from the traditionally Paderborn based computer company NIXDORF AG, by beckoning part of the SIEMENS trust. CADLAB is half funded from SNI and half funded from the University. Its main goal is to provide an effective knowledge and technology transfer between the two organizations. The University of Paderborn has about 18000 students in a large number of mostly technically and pedagogically oriented departments. Paderborn itself is a small city with about 120000 inhabitants, and is situated right in the middle of the united Germany. %M C.CHI.94.2.161 %T "But, How Much Does It Cost?": Selling User Interface Design %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS %A Ingrid K. Towey %A James M. Gill, II %A Kurt W. Morehouse %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 161-162 %K User interface design, User testing, Minimalist manual, Documentation, Task analysis, Directed dialogs %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p161-towey/p161-towey.pdf %X Because Glaxo's purpose is to discover drugs and not to write software, proponents of user interface design and user testing at our company have had to sell the importance of HCI. This presentation outlines the strategies used to convince our management that user interface design and user testing are critical to the role of computing in the pharmaceutical industry. We also discuss how we have learned to use interface design principles in our projects and the approaches used to ensure that our work is cost-effective and contributes to the drug-discovery process. %M C.CHI.94.2.163 %T An Overview of Interval Research Corporation %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS %A David E. Liddle %A Meg Withgott %A Debby Hindus %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 163-164 %K Interaction research, Research organization, Business models %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p163-liddle/p163-liddle.pdf %X This short paper describes the background, philosophy, organization, staff, and business model of Interval Research Corporation. Several of Interval's research directions are briefly presented, including field ethnography, media manipulation, immersive narratives, cultural play, and virtual communities. %M C.CHI.94.2.165 %T Research at The Center for HCI Design -- City University %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS %A Alistair Sutcliffe %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 165-166 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p165-sutcliffe/p165-sutcliffe.pdf %X The Centre was formed in January 1991 as a focus of research excellence for human computer interface design within City University. The Centre concentrates on CHI-in-the-large, i.e. user centred design of complete applications rather than CHI-in-the-small for detailed design of widgets or small scale interactive artefacts. The principle theme is application of theory from cognitive science to the design process by methodological studies and research within the task artefact cycle tradition. Research sub themes are requirements engineering for interactive systems, design methods for graphical user interfaces, including study of complex 3D visualisation, methods and models for assessing human error and failure within the context of system level dependability, and integration of HCI with software engineering methods. Four major projects illustrate this work, the first two conduct basic research into the requirements analysis phase of systems engineering while the latter projects investigate modelling visual human computer communication and development of intelligent user interfaces. %M C.CHI.94.2.167 acmdl missing pdf link %T Communication and Cognitive Science Research in Linkoping %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS %A Yvonne Waern %A Sture Hagglund %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 167-168 %K Critiquing systems, Interface design, Natural language, Wizard of Oz %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p167-waern/p167-waern.pdf %X The research reported is interdisciplinary with contributions from psychology, artificial intelligence and linguistics. Questions approached are: design of user interfaces natural language understanding and generation, and critiquing systems. %M C.CHI.94.2.169 %T CMI and Ventana Corporation %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS %A Jay F. Nunamaker, Jr. %A Robert O. Briggs %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 169-170 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p169-nunamaker/p169-nunamaker.pdf %X The Center for the Management of Information (CMI) conducts research on designing, developing, and using electronic technology to make teams more productive. CMI conducts several streams of research: electronic meeting systems, process re-engineering, group interface, group memory, and multimedia support for distributed teams. %M C.CHI.94.2.171 %T The COMIC Research Project on CSCW %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS %A Tom Rodden %A Liam Bannon %A Kari Kuutti %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 171-172 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p171-rodden/p171-rodden.pdf %X This paper provides an overview of the COMIC (COmputer-based Mechanisms of Interaction in Cooperative work) project, an EC ESPRIT-funded Basic Research Project (No. 6225) on CSCW. The project aims to develop the theories and techniques necessary to support the development of future CSCW systems. The development of these systems needs to be informed by a range of disciplines that combine an understanding of the nature of co-operative work with the technology to support it within a real world setting. %M C.CHI.94.2.173 %T The Ontario Telepresence Project %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS %A Ron Riesenbach %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 173-174 %K Desk-top video, Media space, Inter-disciplinary research, User studies, CSCW %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p173-riesenbach/p173-riesenbach.pdf %X The Ontario Telepresence Project is an inter-disciplinary research effort between academics and industry scientists studying sociological issues associated with the deployment of advanced computer and video supported cooperative work systems. The project's focus is on the integration and packaging of existing computer, video and telecommunications systems and on the development of methodologies for their successful deployment in arms-length user sites. %M C.CHI.94.2.177 %T What HCI Designers Can Learn from Video Game Designers %S PANELS %A Randy Pausch %A Rich Gold %A Tim Skelly %A David Thiel %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 177-178 %K Video games, Design process, Direct manipulation, Input devices, Interface design, Design methodology, Consumer acceptance %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p177-pausch/p177-pausch.pdf %X Computer users have tasks they need to perform, and are therefore motivated to overcome poorly designed interfaces. With video games, there is no external motivation for the task -- if the game's interface is not compelling and entertaining, the product fails in the marketplace. Many aspects of game design, such as an attractor mode to draw users toward the game, have direct relevance to other domains, such as information kiosks. This panel will consist of video game designers who will relate their design methodologies, techniques, and other experiences which will help HCI designers create more compelling, engaging, and effective interfaces. The panel will consist of panelists' presentations followed by a large allocation of time for interaction with the audience's questions. The panelists' presentations will include demonstration examples drawn from coin-operated and computer-based games. %M C.CHI.94.2.179 %T Diversified Parallel Design: Contrasting Design Approaches %S PANELS %A Jakob Nielsen %A Tony Fernandes %A Annette Wagner %A Richard Wolf %A Kate Ehrlich %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 179-180 %K Internationalization %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p179-nielsen/p179-nielsen.pdf %X Three leading user interface designers were asked to design interfaces for a given problem. Each designer was asked to optimize the design for certain usage conditions, making this panel into a case study of diversified parallel design. The panel will feature a lively discussion of the designers' various approaches and solutions, including a discussion of their preliminary design solutions and their design process. Furthermore, in preparation for the panel, the designs have been made available to a usability specialist who will critique them and point out possible usability problems inherent in the designs. %M C.CHI.94.2.181 %T Guilty or Not Guilty? Human Factors Structured Methods on Trial %S PANELS %A John Long %A Simon Hakiel %A Leela Damodoran %A Bill Hefley %A Kee Yong Lim %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 181-182 %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p181-long/p181-long.pdf %X How well do structured human factors methods meet their requirements and so help solve the 'too-little-too-late' contribution of human factors to system design and development? This panel brings together industrial practitioners and academic researchers to put human factors structured methods on trial and to judge their fitness for purpose. Panelists share the same perspective, but their views differ within that perspective. When experts disagree, non-experts learn most. %M C.CHI.94.2.183 %T Approaches to Managing Deviant Behavior in Virtual Communities %S PANELS %A Amy Bruckman %A Pavel Curtis %A Cliff Figallo %A Brenda Laurel %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 183-184 %K Community, Standards, Behavior, Social versus technological approaches, Virtual communities, MUDs, Bulletin board systems (BBSs) %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p183-bruckman/p183-bruckman.pdf %X It is an unfortunate fact of life that where there are multi-user computer systems, there will be antisocial behavior. On bulletin board systems (BBSs), there are those who persist in being obscene, harassing, and libelous. In virtual worlds such as MUDS, there are problems of theft, vandalism, and virtual rape. Behavior is "deviant" if it is not in accordance with community standards. How are such standards developed? Should standards be established by system administrators and accepted as a condition of participation, or should they be developed by community members? Once a particular person's behavior is deemed unacceptable, what steps should be taken? Should such steps be taken by individuals, such as "filters" or "kill" files on BBSs, and "gagging" or "ignoring" on MUDS? Or should the administrators take action, banning an individual from the system or censoring their postings? What is the appropriate balance between centralized and decentralized solutions? (Figure 1). Figure 1: Approaches to Deviant Behavior: Two Continuums Technological Social Decentralized gagging (MUDs) feedback kill files (BBSs) from peers Centralized banishment (MUDs) feedback from account suspension BBSs) administration Gags and filters are computational solutions to deviant behavior. Are there appropriate social solutions? How effective are approaches like feedback from peers, community forums, and heart-to-heart chats with sympathetic system administrators? Are different approaches effective with communities of different sizes? What is the appropriate balance between social and technological solutions? %M C.CHI.94.2.185 %T Media Spaces and Their Application in K-12 and College Learning Communities %S PANELS %A Louis Gomez %A Rob Fish %A Sara Bly %A Yvonne Andres %A Sergio Canetti %A Barry Fishman %A Joseph Polman %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 185-186 %K Media spaces, Design, Collaborative learning, Education, Networking, Video %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p185-gomez/p185-gomez.pdf %X The CHI community has grappled with the design of media spaces in white collar settings for the past several years [1,2]. This forum is intended to challenge the assumptions made by that research in light of new settings presented by schools. We explore the opportunities that exist in media space research and design for K-12 and college learning communities. %M C.CHI.94.2.187 acmdl missing pdf link because Friedell should be first author %T Interaction Paradigms for Human-Computer Cooperation in Design %S PANELS %A Mark Friedell %A Sandeep Kochhar %A Joe Marks %A Steve Sistare %A Louis Weitzman %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 187-188 %K Cooperative design, Human-computer interaction, Interaction techniques, Graphical user interfaces, Design automation, Design methodologies, Automated design of graphical displays, Computer-aided design %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p187-friedell/p187-friedell.pdf %X Computer-aided-design (CAD) systems are now used to design all kinds of artifacts, from jet fighters to works of art. A major challenge in the design of a CAD system itself is the user interface (UI). Developing the UI to a CAD system raises myriad questions about input devices and techniques, display devices and techniques, and the details of the dialogue that relates the two. But these questions are ancillary to one central question: what is the fundamental nature of the interaction between human and computer in the design process supported by the CAD system? Is the design activity essentially manual, with the computer playing the role of passive tool, like a pen or paintbrush? Or is the computer augmenting the human designer by actively restricting available design choices, or by playing the role of critic or "improver"? Or maybe the interaction paradigm is one of "interactive evolution," in which the computer is responsible for generating design alternatives, with the human merely choosing among choices suggested by the machine. Or perhaps the computer performs the design process completely automatically, with a final acceptance check being the only human contribution? The panelists will describe these different paradigms for human-computer cooperation in a set of related CAD systems and prototypes and discuss the conditions under which each paradigm might be most useful. %M C.CHI.94.2.189 %T Is HCI Education Getting a Passing Grade from Industry? %S PANELS %A Gary Perlman %A Arye R. Ephrath %A Thomas T. Hewett %A John Long %A S. Joy Mountford %A Jenny Preece %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 189-190 %K Computer and information science education, Curriculum, Project and people management, Staffing, Training, Human factors, Management, Education %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p189-perlman/p189-perlman.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/~perlman/papers/chi94edu.html %X ACM SIGCHI is expending more and more effort on HCI education, funding a variety of projects, including a curriculum report, an IFIP working group, and a survey of programs. Is SIGCHI directing its resources wisely and effectively? Who are the consumers of HCI education, and who are their employers? What should be the direction of HCI education in the 90's? Panelists from industry and academia will "face off" to debate what industry wants, needs, and is getting from HCI education. %M C.CHI.94.2.191 acmdl missing pdf link because Leventhal spelled wrong %T Designing for Diverse Users: Will Just a Better Interface Do? %S PANELS %A Laura Leventhal %A Barbee Teasley %A Daryl Stone %A Ann-Marie Lancaster %A Aaron Marcus %A Bonnie Nardi %A Jakob Nielsen %A Masaaki Kurosu %A Rachelle Heller %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 191-192 %K Diversity, Internationalization, Interface design %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p191-leventhal/p191-leventhal.pdf %X An important challenge to user interface designers is meeting the needs of users who differ in gender, culture, age, and/or abilities. At least two strategies have emerged: to design different interfaces for each group or to just design good interfaces. The panel will discuss approaches to and issues related to accommodating diversity. %M C.CHI.94.2.193 %T Debating the Media Space Design Space %S PANELS %A Victoria Bellotti %A Robert Fish %A Robert Kraut %A Paul Dourish %A Bill Gaver %A Annette Adler %A Sara Bly %A Marilyn Mantei %A Gale Moore %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 193-194 %K Media spaces, Accessibility, Connections models, Communication, Privacy, Social and technical perspectives, User participation, Iterative design, Design rationale %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p193-bellotti/p193-bellotti.pdf %X Why do Audio Video (AV) communications infrastructures differ so widely in sane of their key features? What factors led designers and researchers to choose radically different solutions to the same design problems? This panel brings together users, researchers and key designers to expose their rationale and debate some of the issues which are currently being confronted in the development of such technology. %M C.CHI.94.2.195 %T Beyond Accuracy, Reliability, and Efficiency: Criteria for a Good Computer System %S PANELS %A Batya Friedman %A Nancy Leveson %A Ben Shneiderman %A Lucy Suchman %A Terry Winograd %B CHI94 %D 1994 %V 2 %P 195 %K Computer system design, Information systems, Social implications of computers, Standards %* (c) Copyright 1994 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/259963/p195-friedman/p195-friedman.pdf %X This panel invites the CHI community to examine the select set of criteria that we typically use to judge the quality of systems-in-use in society. In addition to accuracy, reliability, and efficiency, panelists draw on their design and research experiences to offer a diversity of perspectives on what makes a good computer system good. Discussion emphasizes safety, computing in the service of human needs, the artful integration of computer systems into their sites of use, and ethical considerations. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI95-1.BA %T Display Navigation by an Expert Programmer: A Preliminary Model of Memory %S Papers: Cognitive Models %A Erik M. Altmann %A Jill H. Larkin %A Bonnie E. John %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.3 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 3-10 %K Psychology of programming, User models, Expert programmers, Display navigation, Program comprehension, Memory, Learning, Soar %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/ea_bdy.htm %X Skilled programmers, working on natural tasks, navigate large information displays with apparent ease. We present a computational cognitive model suggesting how this navigation may be achieved. We trace the model on two related episodes of behavior. In the first, the user acquires information from the display. In the second, she recalls something about the first display and scrolls back to it. The episodes are separated by time and by intervening displays, suggesting that her navigation is mediated by long-term memory, as well as working memory and the display. In the first episode, the model automatically learns to recognize what it sees on the display. In the second episode, a chain of recollections, cued initially by the new display, leads the model to imagine what it might have seen earlier. The knowledge from the first episode recognizes this image, leading the model to scroll in search of the real thing. This model is a step in developing a psychology of skilled programmers working on their own tasks. %T Predictive Engineering Models Using the EPIC Architecture for a High-Performance Task %S Papers: Cognitive Models %A David E. Kieras %A Scott D. Wood %A David E. Meyer %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.11 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 11-18 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/dek_bdy.htm %X Engineering models of human performance permit some aspects of usability of interface designs to be predicted from an analysis of the task, and thus can replace to some extent expensive user testing data. Human performance in telephone operator tasks was successfully predicted using engineering models constructed in the EPIC (Executive Process-Interactive Control) architecture for human information-processing, which is especially suited for modeling multimodal, complex tasks. Several models were constructed on an a priori basis to represent different hypotheses about how users coordinate their activities to produce rapid task performance. All of the models predicted the total task time with useful accuracy, and clarified some important properties of the task. %T Modeling Time-Constrained Learning in a Highly Interactive Task %S Papers: Cognitive Models %A Malcolm I. Bauer %A Bonnie E. John %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.19 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 19-26 %K Learning, GOMS, Soar, Cognitive models %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/mib_bdy.htm %X We investigate whether a memory-based learning procedure can explain the development of expertise within the time-constraints of a fast-paced highly interactive task. Our computational cognitive model begins with novice-like knowledge of a domain, and through experience converges on behavior that matches a pre-existing GOMS model of expert human performance. The model coordinates perception, comprehension, strategic planning, learning, memory, and motor action to respond to the time demands of the task while continually improving its performance. Because the model was constructed within the Soar architecture, it is able to make predictions of learning and performance time. %T KidSim: End User Programming of Simulations %S Papers: Programming by Example %A Allen Cypher %A David Canfield Smith %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.27 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 27-34 %K End user programming, Simulations, Programming by demonstration, Graphical rewrite rules, Production systems, Programming by example, User programming %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/ac1bdy.htm %X KidSim is an environment that allows children to create their own simulations. They create their own characters, and they create rules that specify how the characters are to behave and interact. KidSim is programmed by demonstration, so that users do not need to learn a conventional programming language or scripting language. Informal user studies have shown that children are able to create simulations in KidSim with a minimum of instruction, and that KidSim stimulates their imagination. %T Building Geometry-Based Widgets by Example %S Papers: Programming by Example %A Dan R. Olsen, Jr. %A Brett Ahlstrom %A Douglas Kohlert %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.35 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 35-42 %K Widgets, Demonstrational interfaces, Toolkit builder, User interface software %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/dro2bdy.htm %X Algorithms are presented for creating new widgets by example. The basic model is one of an editable picture which can be mapped to control information. The mappings are learned from examples. The set of possible maps is readily extensible. %T Interactive Sketching for the Early Stages of User Interface Design %S Papers: Programming by Example %A James A. Landay %A Brad A. Myers %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.43 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 43-50 %K User interfaces, Design, Sketching, Gesture recognition, Interaction techniques, Programming-by-demonstration, Pen-based computing, Garnet, SILK %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/jal1bdy.htm %X Current interactive user interface construction tools are often more of a hindrance than a benefit during the early stages of user interface design. These tools take too much time to use and force designers to specify more of the design details than they wish at this early stage. Most interface designers, especially those who have a background in graphic design, prefer to sketch early interface ideas on paper or on a whiteboard. We are developing an interactive tool called SILK that allows designers to quickly sketch an interface using an electronic pad and stylus. SILK preserves the important properties of pencil and paper: a rough drawing can be produced very quickly and the medium is very flexible. However, unlike a paper sketch, this electronic sketch is interactive and can easily be modified. In addition, our system allows designers to examine, annotate, and edit a complete history of the design. When the designer is satisfied with this early prototype, SILK can transform the sketch into a complete, operational interface in a specified look-and-feel. This transformation is guided by the designer. By supporting the early phases of the interface design life cycle, our tool should both ease the development of user interface prototypes and reduce the time needed to create a final interface. This paper describes our prototype and provides design ideas for a production-level system. %T Information Foraging in Information Access Environments %S Papers: Information Access %A Peter Pirolli %A Stuart Card %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.51 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 51-58 %K Information foraging theory, Information access %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/ppp_bdy.htm %X Information foraging theory is an approach to the analysis of human activities involving information access technologies. The theory derives from optimal foraging theory in biology and anthropology, which analyzes the adaptive value of food-foraging strategies. Information foraging theory analyzes trade-offs in the value of information gained against the costs of performing activity in human-computer interaction tasks. The theory is illustrated by application to information-seeking tasks involving a Scatter/Gather interface, which presents users with a navigable, automatically computed, overview of the contents of a document collection arranged as a cluster hierarchy. %T TileBars: Visualization of Term Distribution Information in Full Text Information Access %S Papers: Information Access %A Marti A. Hearst %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.59 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 59-66 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/mah_bdy.htm %X The field of information retrieval has traditionally focused on textbases consisting of titles and abstracts. As a consequence, many underlying assumptions must be altered for retrieval from full-length text collections. This paper argues for making use of text structure when retrieving from full text documents, and presents a visualization paradigm, called TileBars, that demonstrates the usefulness of explicit term distribution information in Boolean-type queries. TileBars simultaneously and compactly indicate relative document length, query term frequency, and query term distribution. The patterns in a column of TileBars can be quickly scanned and deciphered, aiding users in making judgments about the potential relevance of the retrieved documents. %T An Organic User Interface for Searching Citation Links %S Papers: Information Access %A Jock D. Mackinlay %A Ramana Rao %A Stuart K. Card %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.67 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 67-73 %K Information visualization, Search, Browsing, Access management, Information retrieval, Organic user interfaces, Data fusion, Hypertext, Citation graphs %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/jdm_bdy.htm %X This paper describes Butterfly, an Information Visualizer application for accessing DIALOG's Science Citation databases across the Internet. Network information often involves slow access that conflicts with the use of highly-interactive information visualization. Butterfly addresses this problem, integrating search, browsing, and access management via four techniques: 1) visualization supports the assimilation of retrieved information and integrates search and browsing activity, 2) automatically-created "link-generating" queries assemble bibliographic records that contain reference information into citation graphs, 3) asynchronous query processes explore the resulting graphs for the user, and 4) process controllers allow the user to manage these processes. We use our positive experience with the Butterfly implementation to propose a general information access approach, called Organic User Interfaces for Information Access, in which a virtual landscape grows under user control as information is accessed automatically. %T End-User Training: An Empirical Study Comparing On-Line Practice Methods %S Papers: End-User Training and Help %A Susan Wiedenbeck %A Patti L. Zila %A Daniel S. McConnell %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.74 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 74-81 %K Training, Practice methods, Exercises, Guided-exploration, Minimal manual, End-users, Tutorials %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/sw_bdy.htm %X An empirical study was carried out comparing three kinds of hands-on practice in training users of a software package: exercises, guided-exploration, and a combination of exercises and guided-exploration. Moderate to high experience computer users were trained. Subjects who were trained with exercises or the combined approach did significantly better in both time and errors than those trained using guided-exploration. There were no significant differences between the exercise and the combined approach groups. Thus, it appears that the better performance of these groups can be attributed to the exercise component of their practice. %T A Comparison of Still, Animated, or Nonillustrated On-Line Help with Written or Spoken Instructions in a Graphical User Interface %S Papers: End-User Training and Help %A Susan M. Harrison %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.82 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 82-89 %K Graphical user interfaces, On-line help, Visuals, User interface components %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/smh_bdy.htm %X Current forms of on-line help do not adequately reflect the graphical and dynamic nature of modern graphical user interfaces. Many of today's software applications provide text-based on-line help to assist users in performing a specific task. This report describes a study in which 176 undergraduates received on-line help instructions for completing seven computer-based tasks. Instructions were provided in either written or spoken form with or without still graphic or animated visuals. Results consistently revealed that visuals, either still graphic or animated, in the on-line help instructions enabled the users to significantly perform more tasks in less time and with fewer errors than did users who did not have visuals accompanying the on-line help instructions. Although users receiving spoken instructions were faster and more accurate for the initial set of tasks than were users receiving written instructions, the majority of subjects preferred written instructions over spoken instructions. The results of this study suggest additional empirically-based guidelines to designers for the development of effective on-line help. %T Dynamic Generation of Follow Up Question Menus: Facilitating Interactive Natural Language Dialogues %S Papers: End-User Training and Help %A Vibhu O. Mittal %A Johanna D. Moore %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.90 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 90-97 %K Hyper-media, Natural language, Intelligent systems, User interface components, Usability engineering %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/vm_bdy.htm %X Most complex systems provide some form of help facilities. However, typically, such help facilities do not allow users to ask follow up questions or request further elaborations when they are not satisfied with the systems' initial offering. One approach to alleviating this problem is to present the user with a menu of possible follow up questions at every point. Limiting follow up information requests to choices in a menu has many advantages, but there are also a number of issues that must be dealt with in designing such a system. To dynamically generate useful embedded menus, the system must be able to, among other things, determine the context of the request, represent and reason about the explanations presented to the user, and limit the number of choices presented in the menu. This paper discusses such issues in the context of a patient education system that generates a natural language description in which the text is directly manipulable -- clicking on portions of the text causes the system to generate menus that can be used to request elaborations and further information. %T A Generic Platform for Addressing the Multimodal Challenge %S Papers: Multimodal Interfaces %A Laurence Nigay %A Joelle Coutaz %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.98 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 98-105 %K Multimodal interactive systems, Software design, Software architecture, I/O devices, Interaction languages, Data fusion %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/lmn_bdy.htm %X Multimodal interactive systems support multiple interaction techniques such as the synergistic use of speech and direct manipulation. The flexibility they offer results in an increased complexity that current software tools do not address appropriately. One of the emerging technical problems in multimodal interaction is concerned with the fusion of information produced through distinct interaction techniques. In this article, we present a generic fusion engine that can be embedded in a multi-agent architecture modelling technique. We demonstrate the fruitful symbiosis of our fusion mechanism with PAC-Amodeus, our agent-based conceptual model, and illustrate the applicability of the approach with the implementation of an effective interactive system: MATIS, a Multimodal Airline Travel Information System. %T Developing Dual Interfaces for Integrating Blind and Sighted Users: The HOMER UIMS %S Papers: Multimodal Interfaces %A Anthony Savidis %A Constantine Stephanidis %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.106 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 106-113 %K UIMS, Aids for the impaired, Programming environments %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/sa_bdy.htm %X Existing systems which enable the accessibility of Graphical User Interfaces to blind people follow an "adaptation strategy"; each system adopts its own fixed policy for reproducing visual dialogues to a non-visual form, without knowledge about the application domain or particular dialogue characteristics. It is argued that non-visual User Interfaces should be more than automatically generated adaptations of visual dialogues. Tools are required to facilitate non-visual interface construction, which should allow iterative design and implementation (not supported by adaptation methods). There is a need for "integrated" User Interfaces which are concurrently accessible by both sighted and blind users in order to prevent segregation of blind people in their working environment. The concept of Dual User Interfaces is introduced as the most appropriate basis to address this issue. A User Interface Management System has been developed, called HOMER, which facilitates the development of Dual User Interfaces. HOMER supports the integration of visual and non-visual lexical technologies. In this context, a simple toolkit has been also implemented for building non-visual User Interfaces and has been incorporated in the HOMER system. %T Improving GUI Accessibility for People with Low Vision %S Papers: Multimodal Interfaces %A Richard L. Kline %A Ephraim P. Glinert %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.114 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 114-121 %K Workstation interfaces, Assistive technology, Low vision, Screen magnification, X window system %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/rlk_bdy.htm %X We present UnWindows V1, a set of tools designed to assist low vision users of X Windows in effectively accomplishing two mundane yet critical interaction tasks: selectively magnifying areas of the screen so that the contents can be seen comfortably, and keeping track of the location of the mouse pointer. We describe our software from both the end user's and implementor's points of view, with particular emphasis on issues related to screen magnification techniques. We conclude with details regarding software availability and plans for future extensions. %T Collaborative Tools and the Practicalities of Professional Work at the International Monetary Fund %S Papers: Studying Work %A Richard Harper %A Abigail Sellen %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.122 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 122-129 %K CSCW, Work practice, Ethnography, Paper documents, Groupware, Professional work, International Monetary Fund %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/rh_bdy.htm %X We show how an ethnographic examination of the International Monetary Fund in Washington, D.C. has implications for the design of tools to support collaborative work. First, it reports how information that requires a high degree of professional judgement in its production is unsuited for most current groupware tools. This is contrasted with the shareability of information which can 'stand-alone'. Second, it reports how effective re-use of documents will necessarily involve paper, or 'paper-like' equivalents. Both issues emphasise the need to take into account social processes in the sharing of certain kinds of information. %T Telephone Operators as Knowledge Workers: Consultants Who Meet Customer Needs %S Papers: Studying Work %A Michael J. Muller %A Rebecca Carr %A Catherine Ashworth %A Barbara Diekmann %A Cathleen Wharton %A Cherie Eickstaedt %A Joan Clonts %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.130 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 130-137 %K Telephone operators, Knowledge work, Expertise, Skilled performance, Participatory design, Participatory analysis %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/mm1_bdy.htm %X We present two large studies and one case study that make a strong case for considering telephone operators as knowledge workers. We describe a quantitative analysis of the diversity of operators' knowledge work, and of how their knowledge work coordinates with the subtle resources contained within customers' requests. Operators engage in collaborative query refinement with customers, exhibiting a rich set of skilled performances. Earlier reports characterized the operators' role as an intermediary between customer and database. In contrast, we focus on operator's consultative work in which they use computer systems as one type of support for their primarily cognitive activities. Our results suggest that knowledge work may be a subtle feature of many jobs, not only those that are labeled as such. Our methodology may be useful for the analysis of other domains involving skilled workers. %T Ethics, Lies and Videotape... %S Papers: Studying Work %A Wendy E. Mackay %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.138 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 138-145 %K HCI professional issues, Video editing, Ethics, Social computing %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/wem1bdy.htm %X Videotape has become one of the CHI community's most useful technologies: it allows us to analyze users' interactions with computers, prototype new interfaces, and present the results of our research and technical innovations to others. But video is a double-edged sword. It is often misused, however unintentionally. How can we use it well, without compromising our integrity? This paper presents actual examples of questionable videotaping practices. Next, it explains why we cannot simply borrow ethical guidelines from other professions. It concludes with a proposal for developing usable ethical guidelines for the capture, analysis and presentation of video. %T Multidisciplinary Modeling in HCI Design ...In Theory and in Practice %S Papers: Usability Analysis: From Research to Practice %A Victoria Bellotti %A Simon Buckingham Shum %A Allan MacLean %A Nick Hammond %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.146 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 146-153 %K Theory, Cognitive modelling, Formal methods, Design practice, Argumentation, Design rationale, Media spaces, Multidisciplinary %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/vb_bdy.htm %X In one of the largest multidisciplinary projects in basic HCI research to date, multiple analytic HCI techniques were combined and applied within an innovative design context to problems identified by designers of an AV communication system, or media space. The problems were presented to user-, system- and design-analysts distributed across Europe. The results of analyses were integrated and passed back to the designers, and to other domain experts, for assessment. The aim of this paper is to illustrate some theory-based insights gained into key problems in media space design and to convey lessons learned about the process of contributing to design using multiple theoretical perspectives. We also describe some obstacles which must be overcome if such techniques are to be transferred successfully to practice. %T Design Space Analysis as "Training Wheels" in a Framework for Learning User Interface Design %S Papers: Usability Analysis: From Research to Practice %A J. W. van Aalst %A T. T. Carey %A D. L. McKerlie %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.154 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 154-161 %K HCI education, Design space analysis, Design rationale, Design skills, Interactive multimedia %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/tcy_bdy.htm %X Learning about design is a central component in education for human-computer interaction. We have found Design Space Analysis to be a useful technique for students learning user interface design skills. In the FLUID tool described here, we have combined explicit instruction on design, worked case studies, and problem exercises for learners, yielding an interactive multimedia system to be incorporated into an HCI design course. FLUID is intended as a "training wheels" for learning user interface design. In this paper, we address the question of how this form of teaching might mediate and extend the learning process and we present our observations on Design Space Analysis as a training wheels aid for learning user interface design. %T Practical Education for Improving Software Usability %S Papers: Usability Analysis: From Research to Practice %A John Karat %A Tom Dayton %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.162 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 162-169 %K HCI education, Technology transfer, Participatory design, User-centered design, Usability engineering, Design problem-solving %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/jk_bdy.htm %X A usable software system is one that supports the effective and efficient completion of tasks in a given work context. In most cases of the design and development of commercial software, usability is not dealt with at the same level as other aspects of software engineering (e.g., clear usability objectives are not set, resources for appropriate activities are not given priority by project management). One common consequence is the assignment of responsibility for usability to people who do not have appropriate training, or who are trained in behavioral sciences rather than in more product-oriented fields such as design or engineering. Relying on our experiences in industrial settings, we make personal suggestions of activities for the realistic and practical alternative of training development team members as usability advocates. Our suggestions help meet the needs specified in the recent Strong et al. [21] report on human-computer interaction education, research, and practice. %T Evolution of a Reactive Environment %S Papers: Learning from Design Experiences %A Jeremy R. Cooperstock %A Koichiro Tanikoshi %A Garry Beirne %A Tracy Narine %A William Buxton %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.170 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 170-177 %K Case studies, CSCW, Intelligent systems, Reactive environments, Home automation, Design rationale, Office applications %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/jrc_bdy.htm %X A basic tenet of "Ubiquitous computing" (Weiser, 1993 [13]) is that technology should be distributed in the environment (ubiquitous), yet invisible, or transparent. In practice, resolving the seeming paradox arising from the joint demands of ubiquity and transparency is less than simple. This paper documents a case study of attempting to do just that. We describe our experience in developing a working conference room which is equipped to support a broad class of meetings and media. After laying the groundwork and establishing the context in the Introduction, we describe the evolution of the room. Throughout, we attempt to document the rationale and motivation. While derived from a limited domain, we believe that the issues that arise are of general importance, and have strong implications on future research. %T The High-Tech Toolbelt: A Study of Designers in the Workplace %S Papers: Learning from Design Experiences %A Tamara Sumner %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.178 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 178-185 %K Design, Design environments, Domain-orientation, End user modifiability, Iterative design, Interoperability, Tailorability, Task-specificity %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/trs_bdy.htm %X Many design professionals assemble collections of off-the-shelf software applications into toolbelts to perform their job. These designers use several different tools to create a variety of design representations. This case study shows how designers evolve initially generic toolbelts through a process of domain-enriching to make their own domain-specific design environments. Comparing this practice with theoretical findings concerning design processes highlights the benefits and limitations of this toolbelt approach. A key benefit is its flexible support for creating and evolving multiple design representations. A key limitation is how it hinders iterative design by making it difficult for designers to maintain consistency across the different design representations. This limitation could be remedied if tools could be extended or "tuned" to support the observed domain-enriching process. Such tuning would enable designers to extend tools during use to: (1) support important domain distinctions and (2) define dependencies between different design representations based on these domain distinctions. %T Time Affordances: The Time Factor in Diagnostic Usability Heuristics %S Papers: Learning from Design Experiences %A Alex Paul Conn %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.186 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 186-193 %K Usability engineering, Heuristics, Time delay, Affordances, Taxonomy, Principles, Design rationale, Practical guidelines %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/apc_bdy.htm %X A significant body of usability work has addressed the issue of response time in interactive systems. The sharp increase in desktop and networked systems changes the user's focus to a more active diagnostic viewpoint. Today's more experienced networked user is now engaged in complicated activities for which the issue is whether the system is carrying out the appropriate task and how well it is proceeding with tasks that may vary in response time from instantaneous to tens of minutes. We introduce the concept of a time affordance and a set of principles for determining whether the diagnostic information available to the user is rich enough to prevent unproductive and even destructive actions due to an unclear understanding of progress. %T Recommending and Evaluating Choices in a Virtual Community of Use %S Papers: Using the Information of Others %A Will Hill %A Larry Stead %A Mark Rosenstein %A George Furnas %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.194 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 194-201 %K Human-computer interaction, Interaction history, Computer-supported cooperative work, Organizational computing, Browsing, Set-top interfaces, Resource discovery, Video on demand %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/wch_bdy.htm %X When making a choice in the absence of decisive first-hand knowledge, choosing as other like-minded, similarly-situated people have successfully chosen in the past is a good strategy -- in effect, using other people as filters and guides: filters to strain out potentially bad choices and guides to point out potentially good choices. Current human-computer interfaces largely ignore the power of the social strategy. For most choices within an interface, new users are left to fend for themselves and if necessary, to pursue help outside of the interface. We present a general his tory-of-use method that automates a social method for informing choice and report on how it fares in the context of a fielded test case: the selection of videos from a large set. The positive results show that communal history-of-use data can serve as a powerful resource for use in interfaces. %T Pointing the Way: Active Collaborative Filtering %S Papers: Using the Information of Others %A David Maltz %A Kate Ehrlich %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.202 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 202-209 %K Collaborative filtering, Information retrieval, Hypertext, World Wide Web, Lotus Notes %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/ke_bdy.htm %X Collaborative filtering is based on the premise that people looking for information should be able to make use of what others have already found and evaluated. Current collaborative filtering systems provide tools for readers to filter documents based on aggregated ratings over a changing group of readers. Motivated by the results of a study of information sharing, we describe a different type of collaborative filtering system in which people who find interesting documents actively send "pointers" to those documents to their colleagues. A "pointer" contains a hypertext link to the source document as well as contextual information to help the recipient determine the interest and relevance of the document prior to accessing it. Preliminary data suggest that people are using the system in anticipated and unanticipated ways, as well as creating information "digests". %T Social Information Filtering: Algorithms for Automating "Word of Mouth" %S Papers: Using the Information of Others %A Upendra Shardanand %A Patti Maes %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.210 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 210-217 %K Social information filtering, Personalized recommendation systems, User modeling, Information retrieval, Intelligent systems, CSCW %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/us_bdy.htm %X This paper describes a technique for making personalized recommendations from any type of database to a user based on similarities between the interest profile of that user and those of other users. In particular, we discuss the implementation of a networked system called Ringo, which makes personalized recommendations for music albums and artists. Ringo's database of users and artists grows dynamically as more people use the system and enter more information. Four different algorithms for making recommendations by using social information filtering were tested and compared. We present quantitative and qualitative results obtained from the use of Ringo by more than 2000 people. %T A Comparison of User Interfaces for Panning on a Touch-Controlled Display %S Papers: Navigating and Scaling in 2D Space %A Jeff A. Johnson %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.218 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 218-225 %K Touch display, Touchscreen, Panning, Scrolling, Navigation %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/jaj2bdy.htm %X An experiment was conducted to determine which of several candidate user interfaces for panning is most usable and intuitive: panning by pushing the background, panning by pushing the view/window, and panning by touching the side of the display screen. Twelve subjects participated in the experiment, which consisted of three parts: 1) subjects were asked to suggest panning user interfaces that seemed natural to them, 2) subjects each used three different panning user interfaces to perform a structured panning task, with experimenters recording their performance, and 3) subjects were asked which of the three panning methods they preferred. One panning method, panning by pushing the background, emerged as superior in performance and user preference, and slightly better in intuitiveness than panning by touching the side of the screen. Panning by pushing the view/window fared poorly relative to the others on all measures. %T Pre-Screen Projection: From Concept to Testing of a New Interaction Technique %S Papers: Navigating and Scaling in 2D Space %A Deborah Hix %A James N. Templeman %A Robert J. K. Jacob %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.226 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 226-233 %K Interaction techniques, Empirical studies, Pre-screen projection, Egocentric projection, Formative evaluation, User tasks, Input devices and strategies, Interaction styles, Input/output devices, Polhemus tracker, Visualization, Metaphors, User interface component %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/dh_bdy.htm %X Pre-screen projection is a new interaction technique that allows a user to pan and zoom integrally through a scene simply by moving his or her head relative to the screen. The underlying concept is based on real-world visual perception, namely, the fact that a person's view changes as the head moves. Pre-screen projection tracks a user's head in three dimensions and alters the display on the screen relative to head position, giving a natural perspective effect in response to a user's head movements. Specifically, projection of a virtual scene is calculated as if the scene were in front of the screen. As a result, the visible scene displayed on the physical screen expands (zooms) dramatically as a user moves nearer. This is analogous to the real world, where the nearer an object is, the more rapidly it visually expands as a person moves toward it. Further, with pre-screen projection a user can navigate (pan and zoom) around a scene integrally, as one unified activity, rather than performing panning and zooming as separate tasks. This paper describes the technique, the real-world metaphor on which it is conceptually based, issues involved in iterative development of the technique, and our approach to its empirical evaluation in a realistic application testbed. %T Space-Scale Diagrams: Understanding Multiscale Interfaces %S Papers: Navigating and Scaling in 2D Space %A George W. Furnas %A Benjamin B. Bederson %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.234 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 234-241 %K Zoom views, Multiscale interfaces, Fisheye views, Information visualization, GIS, Visualization, User interface components, Formal methods, Design rationale %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/gwf_bdy.htm %X Big information worlds cause big problems for interfaces. There is too much to see. They are hard to navigate. An armada of techniques has been proposed to present the many scales of information needed. Space-scale diagrams provide an analytic framework for much of this work. By representing both a spatial world and its different magnifications explicitly, the diagrams allow the direct visualization and analysis of important scale related issues for interfaces. %T User Embodiment in Collaborative Virtual Environments %S Papers: Advanced Media for Collaboration %A Steve Benford %A John Bowers %A Lennart E. Fahlen %A Chris Greenhalgh %A Dave Snowdon %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.242 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 242-249 %K Virtual reality, CSCW, Embodiment %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/sdb_bdy.htm %X This paper explores the issue of user embodiment within collaborative virtual environments. By user embodiment we mean the provision of users with appropriate body images so as to represent them to others and also to themselves. By collaborative virtual environments we mean multi-user virtual reality systems which explicitly support co-operative work (although we argue that the results of our exploration may also be applied to other kinds of collaborative system). The main part of the paper identifies a list of embodiment design issues including: presence, location, identity, activity, availability, history of activity, viewpoint, actionpoint, gesture, facial expression, voluntary versus involuntary expression, degree of presence, reflecting capabilities, physical properties, active bodies, time and change, manipulating your view of others, representation across multiple media, autonomous and distributed body parts, truthfulness and efficiency. Following this, we show how these issues are reflected in our own DIVE and MASSIVE prototype systems and also show how they can be used to analyse several other existing collaborative systems. %T Providing Assurances in a Multimedia Interactive Environment %S Papers: Advanced Media for Collaboration %A Doree Duncan Seligmann %A Rebecca T. Mercuri %A John T. Edmark %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.250 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 250-256 %K Auditory I/O, Communication, Virtual reality, Visualization, Graphics, Teleconferencing, Telepresence, User-interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/dds_bdy.htm %X In ordinary telephone calls, we rely on cues for the assurance that the connection is active and that the other party is listening to what we are saying. For instance, noise on the line (whether it be someone's voice, traffic sounds, or background static from a bad connection) tells us about the state of our connection. Similarly, the occasional "uhuh" or muffled sounds from a side conversation tells us about the focus and activity of the person on the line. Conventional telephony is based on a single connection for communication between two as such, it has relatively simple assurance needs. Multimedia, multiparty systems increase the complexity of the communication in two orthogonal directions, leading to a concomitant increase in assurance needs. As the complexity of these systems and services grows, it becomes increasingly difficult for users to assess the current state of these services and the level of the user interactions within the systems. We have addressed this problem through the use of assurances that are designed to provide information about the connectivity, presence, focus, and activity in an environment that is part virtual and part real. We describe how independent network media services (a virtual meeting room service, a holophonic sound service, an application sharing service, and a 3D augmented reality visualization system) were designed to work together, providing users with coordinated cohesive assurances for virtual contexts in multimedia, multiparty communication and interaction. %T A Virtual Window on Media Space %S Papers: Advanced Media for Collaboration %A William W. Gaver %A Gerda Smets %A Kees Overbeeke %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.257 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 257-264 %K CSCW, Groupwork, Media spaces, Video %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/wwg1bdy.htm %X The Virtual Window system uses head movements in a local office to control camera movement in a remote office. The result is like a window allowing exploration of remote scenes rather than a flat screen showing moving pictures. Our analysis of the system, experience implementing a prototype, and observations of people using it, combine to suggest that it may help overcome the limitations of typical media space configurations. In particular, it seems useful in offering an expanded field of view, reducing visual discontinuities, allowing mutual negotiation of orientation, providing depth information, and supporting camera awareness. The prototype we built is too large, noisy, slow and inaccurate for extended use, but it is valuable in opening a space of possibilities for the design of systems that allow richer access to remote colleagues. %T Virtual Reality on a WIM: Interactive Worlds in Miniature %S Papers: Innovative Interaction I %A Richard Stoakley %A Matthew J. Conway %A Randy Pausch %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.265 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 265-272 %K Virtual reality, Three-dimensional interaction, Two-handed interaction, Information visualization %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/rws_bdy.htm %X This paper explores a user interface technique which augments an immersive head tracked display with a hand-held miniature copy of the virtual environment. We call this interface technique the Worlds in Miniature (WIM) metaphor. In addition to the first-person perspective offered by a virtual reality system, a World in Miniature offers a second dynamic viewport onto the virtual environment. Objects may be directly manipulated either through the immersive viewport or through the three-dimensional viewport offered by the WIM. In addition to describing object manipulation, this paper explores ways in which Worlds in Miniature can act as a single unifying metaphor for such application independent interaction techniques as object selection, navigation, path planning, and visualization. The WIM metaphor offers multiple points of view and multiple scales at which the user can operate, without requiring explicit modes or commands. Informal user observation indicates that users adapt to the Worlds in Miniature metaphor quickly and that physical props are helpful in manipulating the WIM and other objects in the environment. %T The "Prince" Technique: Fitts' Law and Selection Using Area Cursors %S Papers: Innovative Interaction I %A Paul Kabbash %A William Buxton %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.273 missing %D 1995 %V 1 %P 273-279 %K Input techniques, Graphical user interfaces, Fitts' law, Haptic input %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %X In most GUIs, selection is effected by placing the point of the mouse-driven cursor over the area of the object to be selected. Fitts' law is commonly used to model such target acquisition, with the term A representing the amplitude, or distance, of the target from the cursor, and W the width of the target area. As the W term gets smaller, the index of difficulty of the task increases. The extreme case of this is when the target is a point. In this paper, we show that selection in such cases can be facilitated if the cursor is an area, rather than a point. Furthermore, we show that when the target is a point and the width of the cursor is W, that Fitts' law still holds. An experiment is presented and the implications of the technique are discussed for both 2D and 3D interfaces. %T Applying Electric Field Sensing to Human-Computer Interfaces %S Papers: Innovative Interaction I %A Thomas G. Zimmerman %A Joshua R. Smith %A Joseph A. Paradiso %A David Allport %A Neil Gershenfeld %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.280 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 280-287 %K User interface, Input device, Gesture interface, Non-contact sensing, Electric field %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/tgz_bdy.htm %X A non-contact sensor based on the interaction of a person with electric fields for human-computer interface is investigated. Two sensing modes are explored: an external electric field shunted to ground through a human body, and an external electric field transmitted through a human body to stationary receivers. The sensors are low power (milliwatts), high resolution (millimeter) low cost (a few dollars per channel), have low latency (millisecond), high update rate (1 kHz), high immunity to noise (>72 dB), are not affected by clothing, surface texture or reflectivity, and can operate on length scales from microns to meters. Systems incorporating the sensors include a finger mouse, a room that knows the location of its occupant, and people-sensing furniture. Haptic feedback using passive materials is described. Also discussed are empirical and analytical approaches to transform sensor measurements into position information. %T Learning to Write Together Using Groupware %S Papers: Technology at Work %A Alex Mitchell %A Ilona Posner %A Ronald Baecker %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.288 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 288-295 %K CSCW, Groupware, Group work, Collaborative writing, Learning to write, Novice writers, Ethnography %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/am_bdy.htm %X Most studies of collaborative writing have focused on mature writers who have extensive experience with the process of writing together. Typically, these studies also deal with short, somewhat artificial tasks carried out in a laboratory, and thus do not extend over a period of time as real writing usually does. This paper describes an ethnographic study of collaborative writing by two groups of 4 grade six students using synchronous collaborative writing software for one hour per week over a 12 week period. Despite initially having little appreciation of what it means to write together, and no experience in synchronous collaborative writing, both groups produced nearly one dozen short collaboratively conceived, written, and edited documents by the end of the study. A careful analysis of video tape records, written documents, questionnaires, and interviews demonstrated the importance of concepts such as awareness, ownership, and control in the writing process, and highlighted many examples of strengths and weaknesses in the writing software. %T Electronic Futures Markets versus Floor Trading: Implications for Interface Design %S Papers: Technology at Work %A Satu S. Parikh %A Gerald L. Lohse %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.296 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 296-303 %K Futures trading, Automated exchange, Trading pits, Interface design, Electronic markets %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/jll_bdy.htm %X The primary concern in designing an interface for an electronic trading system is the impact on market liquidity [9]. Current systems make use of efficient order-execution algorithms but fail to capture elements of the trading floor that contribute to an efficient market [9]. We briefly describe tasks conducted in futures pit trading and current off-hours electronic trading systems. Understanding the tasks helps define key components to an interface for electronic trading. These include visualization of the market and its participants, a trading process which allows active participation and price discovery as well as concurrent interaction among each of the participants. %T Dinosaur Input Device %S Papers: Technology at Work %A Brian Knep %A Craig Hayes %A Rick Sayre %A Tom Williams %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.304 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 304-309 %K Entertainment applications, Motion capture, Animation %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/bk_bdy.htm %X We present a system for animating an articulate figure using a physical skeleton, or armature, connected to a workstation. The skeleton is covered with sensors that monitor the orientations of the joints and send this information to the computer via custom-built hardware. The system is precise, fast, compact, and easy to use. It lets traditional stop-motion animators produce animation on a computer without requiring them to learn complex software. The working environment is very similar to the traditional environment but without the nuisances of lights, a camera, and delicate foam-latex skin. The resulting animation lacks the artifacts of stop-motion animation, the pops and jerkiness, and yet retains the intentional subtleties and hard stops that computer animation often lacks. %T Dynamic Stereo Displays %S Papers: Visual Display Techniques %A Colin Ware %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.310 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 310-316 %K Stereo displays, Virtual reality, 3D displays %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/cw_bdy.htm %X Based on a review of the facts about human stereo vision, a case is made that the stereo processing mechanism is highly flexible. Stereopsis seems to provide only local additional depth information, rather than defining the overall 3D geometry of a perceived scene. New phenomenological and experimental evidence is presented to support this view. The first demonstration shows that kinetic depth information dominates stereopsis in a depth cue conflict. Experiment 1 shows that dynamic changes in effective eye separation are not noticed if they occur over a period of a few seconds. Experiment 2 shows that subjects who are given control over their effective eye separation, can comfortably work with larger than normal eye separations when viewing a low relief scene. Finally, an algorithm is presented for the generation of dynamic stereo images designed to reduce the normal eye strain that occurs due to the mis-coupling of focus and vergence cues. %T Transparent Layered User Interfaces: An Evaluation of a Display Design to Enhance Focused and Divided Attention %S Papers: Visual Display Techniques %A Beverly L. Harrison %A Hiroshi Ishii %A Kim J. Vicente %A William A. S. Buxton %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.317 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 317-324 %K Display design, Evaluation, Transparency, User interface design, Interaction technology %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/blh_bdy.htm %X This paper describes a new research program investigating graphical user interfaces from an attentional perspective (as opposed to a more traditional visual perception approach). The central research issue is how we can better support both focusing attention on a single interface object (without distraction from other objects) and dividing or time sharing attention between multiple objects (to preserve context or global awareness). This attentional trade-off seems to be a central but as yet comparatively ignored issue in many interface designs. To this end, this paper proposes a framework for classifying and evaluating user interfaces with semi-transparent windows, menus, dialogue boxes, screens, or other objects. Semi-transparency fits into a more general proposed display design space of "layered" interface objects. We outline the design space, task space, and attentional issues which motivated our research. Our investigation is comprised of both empirical evaluation and more realistic application usage. This paper reports on the empirical results and summarizes some of the application findings. %T User-Centered Video: Transmitting Video Images Based on the User's Interest %S Papers: Visual Display Techniques %A Kimaya Yamaashi %A Yukihiro Kawamata %A Masayuki Tani %A Hidekazu Matsumoto %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.325 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 325-330 %K Networks or communication, Digital video, Compression, User's interest, Computing resources %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/ky_bdy.htm %X Many applications, such as video conference systems and remotely controlled systems, need to transmit multiple video images through narrow band networks. However, high quality transmission of the video images is not possible within the network bandwidth. This paper describes a technique, User-Centered Video (UCV), which transmits multiple video images through a network by changing quality of the video images based on a user's interest. The UCV assigns a network data rate to each video image in proportion to the user's interest. The UCV transmits video images of interest with high quality, while degrading the remaining video images. The video images are degraded in the space and time domains (e.g., spatial resolution, frame rate) to fit them into the assigned data rates. The UCV evaluates the degree of the user's interest based on the window layouts. The user thereby obtains both the video images of interest, in detail, and the global context of video images, even through a narrow band network. %T Visualizing Complex Hypermedia Networks through Multiple Hierarchical Views %S Papers: Creating Visualizations %A Sougata Mukherjea %A James D. Foley %A Scott Hudson %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.331 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 331-337 %K Hypermedia, Overview diagrams, Information visualization, Hierarchization %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/sm_bdy.htm %X Our work concerns visualizing the information space of hypermedia systems using multiple hierarchical views. Although overview diagrams are useful for helping the user to navigate in a hypermedia system, for any real-world system they become too complicated and large to be really useful. This is because these diagrams represent complex network structures which are very difficult to visualize and comprehend. On the other hand, effective visualizations of hierarchies have been developed. Our strategy is to provide the user with different hierarchies, each giving a different perspective to the underlying information space to help the user better comprehend the information. We propose an algorithm based on content and structural analysis to form hierarchies from hypermedia networks. The algorithm is automatic but can be guided by the user. The multiple hierarchies can be visualized in various ways. We give examples of the implementation of the algorithm on two hypermedia systems. %T SageBook: Searching Data-Graphics by Content %S Papers: Creating Visualizations %A Mei C. Chuah %A Steven F. Roth %A John Kolojejchick %A Joe Mattis %A Octavio Juarez %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.338 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 338-345 %K Data-visualization, Data-graphic design, Automatic presentation, Intelligent interfaces, Content-based search, Image-retrieval, Information-retrieval %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/mcc_bdy.htm %X Currently, there are many hypertext-like tools and database retrieval systems that use keyword search as a means of navigation. While useful for certain tasks, keyword search is insufficient for browsing databases of data-graphics. SageBook is a system that searches among existing data-graphics, so that they can be reused with new data. In order to fulfill the needs of retrieval and reuse, it provides: 1) a direct manipulation, graphical query interface; 2) a content description language that can express important relationships for retrieving data-graphics; 3) automatic description of stored data-graphics based on their content; 4) search techniques sensitive to the structure and similarity among data-graphics; 5) manual and automatic adaptation tools for altering data-graphics so that they can be reused with new data. %T Finding and Using Implicit Structure in Human-Organized Spatial Layouts of Information %S Papers: Creating Visualizations %A Frank M. Shipman, III %A Catherine C. Marshall %A Thomas P. Moran %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.346 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 346-353 %K Emergent structure, Spatial diagrams, Spatial structure recognition, Informal systems, Hypermedia %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/fms_bdy.htm %X Many interfaces allow users to manipulate graphical objects, icons representing underlying data or the data themselves, against a spatial backdrop or canvas. Users take advantage of the flexibility offered by spatial manipulation to create evolving lightweight structures. We have been investigating these implicit organizations so we can support user activities like information management or exploratory analysis. To accomplish this goal, we have analyzed the spatial structures people create in diverse settings and tasks, developed algorithms to detect the common structures we identified in our survey, and experimented with new facilities based on recognized structure. Similar recognition-based functionality can be used within many common applications, providing more support for users' activities with less attendant overhead. %T Comparison of Face-To-Face and Distributed Presentations %S Papers: Making Choices for Communication %A Ellen A. Isaacs %A Trevor Morris %A Thomas K. Rodriguez %A John C. Tang %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.354 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 354-361 %K Distributed presentations, Distance learning, Computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), Video conferencing, Multimedia, Organizational communication %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/ei_bdy.htm %X As organizations become distributed across multiple sites, they are looking to technology to help support enterprise-wide communication and training to distant locations. We developed an application called Forum that broadcasts live video, audio, and slides from a speaker to distributed audiences at their computer desktops. We studied how distributed presentations over Forum differed from talks given in face-to-face settings. We found that Forum attracted larger audiences, but the quality of interaction was perceived to be lower. Forum appeared to provide more flexible and effective use of slides and other visual materials. On the whole, audiences preferred to watch talks over Forum but speakers preferred to give talks in a local setting. The study raises issues about how to design this technology and how to help people discover effective ways of using it. %T What Mix of Video and Audio is Useful for Small Groups Doing Remote Real-Time Design Work? %S Papers: Making Choices for Communication %A Judith S. Olson %A Gary M. Olson %A David K. Meader %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.362 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 362-368 %K Group support system, Remote work, Concurrent editing, Small group behavior, Desktop video %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/jso_bdy.htm %X This study reports the second in a series of related studies of the ways in which small groups work together, and the effects of various kinds of technology support. In this study groups of three people worked for an hour and a half designing an Automated Post Office. Our previous work showed that people doing this task produced higher quality designs when they were able to use a shared-editor to support their emerging design. This study compares the same kinds of groups now working at a distance, connected to each other both by this shared editor and either with high-quality stereo audio or the same audio plus high-quality video. The video was arranged so that people made eye contact and spatial relations were preserved, allowing people to have a sense of who was doing what in a way similar to that in face-to-face work. Results showed that with video, work was as good in quality as that face-to face; with audio only, the quality of the work suffered a small but significant amount. When working at a distance, however, groups spent more time clarifying to each other and talking longer about how to manage their work. Furthermore, groups rated the audio-only condition as having a lower discussion quality, and reported more difficulty communicating Perceptions suffer without video, and work is accomplished in slightly different manner, but the quality of work suffers very little. %T Designing SpeechActs: Issues in Speech User Interfaces %S Papers: Making Choices for Communication %A Nicole Yankelovich %A Gina-Anne Levow %A Matt Marx %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.369 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 369-376 %K Speech interface design, Speech recognition, Auditory I/O, Discourse, Conversational interaction %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/ny_bdy.htm %X SpeechActs is an experimental conversational speech system. Experience with redesigning the system based on user feedback indicates the importance of adhering to conversational conventions when designing speech interfaces, particularly in the face of speech recognition errors. Study results also suggest that speech-only interfaces should be designed from scratch rather than directly translated from their graphical counterparts. This paper examines a set of challenging issues facing speech interface designers and describes approaches to address some of these challenges. %T Integrating Task and Software Development for Object-Oriented Applications %S Papers: Design Tools %A Mary Beth Rosson %A John M. Carroll %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.377 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 377-384 %K Prototyping, Design tools, Scenarios, Object-oriented programming, Software engineering, Design rationale %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/mbr1body.htm %X We describe an approach to developing object-oriented applications that seeks to integrate the design of user tasks with the design of software implementing these tasks. Using the Scenario Browser -- an experimental environment for developing Smalltalk applications -- a designer employs a single set of task scenarios to envision and reason about user needs and concerns and to experiment with and refine object-oriented software abstractions. We argue that the shared context provided by the scenarios promotes rapid feedback between usage and software concerns, so that mutual constraints and opportunities can be recognized and addressed early and continuingly in the development process. %T Using Computational Critics to Facilitate Long-Term Collaboration in User Interface Design %S Papers: Design Tools %A Uwe Malinowski %A Kumiyo Nakakoji %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.385 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 385-392 %K Usability engineering, Collaborative design, Design rationale, User interface design environments, Critiquing systems, End-user adaptation, Process control %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/um_bdy.htm %X User interface design and end-user adaptation during the use of the system should be viewed as an ongoing collaborative design process among interface designers and end-users. Existing approaches have focused on the two activities separately and paid little attention to integration of the two by supporting their asynchronous collaboration over a long period of time throughout the evolution of the interface design. Our knowledge-based domain-oriented user interface design environments serve both as design media and as communication media among interface designers and end-users. An embedded computational critiquing mechanism not only identifies possible problematic situations in a design for user interface designers and end-users but also facilitates asynchronous communication among stakeholders. The presentation of critiquing messages often triggers designers and end-users to articulate design rationale by describing how they responded to the critiques. The recorded design rationale mediates collaboration among end-users and user interface designers during the end-user adaptation and redesign of the interface by providing background context for a design decision. %T A Theoretically Motivated Tool for Automatically Generating Command Aliases %S Papers: Design Tools %A Sarah Nichols %A Frank E. Ritter %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.393 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 393-400 %K HCI design tools, Keystroke-Level Model, Design problem solving %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/fer_bdy.htm %X A useful approach towards improving interface design is to incorporate known HCI theory in design tools. As a step toward this, we have created a tool incorporating several known psychological results (e.g., alias generation rules and the keystroke model). The tool, simple additions to a spreadsheet developed for psychology, helps create theoretically motivated aliases for command line interfaces, and could be further extended to other interface types. It was used to semi-automatically generate a set of aliases for the interface to a cognitive modelling system. These aliases reduce typing time by approximately 50%. Command frequency data, necessary for computing time savings and useful for arbitrating alias clashes, can be difficult to obtain. We found that expert users can quickly provide useful and reasonably consistent estimates, and that the time savings predictions were robust across their predictions and when compared with a uniform command frequency distribution. %T A Focus+Context Technique Based on Hyperbolic Geometry for Visualizing Large Hierarchies %S Papers: Information Visualization %A John Lamping %A Ramana Rao %A Peter Pirolli %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.401 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 401-408 %K Hierarchy display, Information visualization, Fisheye display, Focus+Context technique %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/jl_bdy.htm %X We present a new focus+context (fisheye) technique for visualizing and manipulating large hierarchies. Our technique assigns more display space to a portion of the hierarchy while still embedding it in the context of the entire hierarchy. The essence of this scheme is to lay out the hierarchy in a uniform way on a hyperbolic plane and map this plane onto a circular display region. This supports a smooth blending between focus and context, as well as continuous redirection of the focus. We have developed effective procedures for manipulating the focus using pointer clicks as well as interactive dragging, and for smoothly animating transitions across such manipulation. A laboratory experiment comparing the hyperbolic browser with a conventional hierarchy browser was conducted. %T GeoSpace: An Interactive Visualization System for Exploring Complex Information Spaces %S Papers: Information Visualization %A Ishantha Lokuge %A Suguru Ishizaki %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.409 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 409-414 %K Interactive techniques, Intelligent interfaces, Cartography, Multi-layer, Graphics presentation, Activation spreading network %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/il_bdy.htm %X This paper presents a reactive interface display which allows information seekers to explore complex information spaces. We have adopted information seeking dialogue as a fundamental model of interaction and implemented a prototype system in the mapping domain -- GeoSpace -- which progressively provides information upon a user's input queries. Domain knowledge is represented in a form of information presentation plan modules, and an activation spreading network technique is used to determine the relevance of information. The reactive nature of the activation spreading network, combined with visual design techniques, such as typography, color and transparency enables the system to support the information seeker in exploring the complex information space. The system also incorporates a simple learning mechanism which enables the system to adapt the display to a particular user's preferences. GeoSpace allows users to rapidly identify information in a dense display and it can guide a users' attention in a fluid manner while preserving overall context. %T Enhanced Dynamic Queries via Movable Filters %S Papers: Information Visualization %A Ken Fishkin %A Maureen C. Stone %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.415 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 415-420 %K Viewing filter, Lens, Database query, Dynamic queries, Magic lens, Visualization %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/kpf_bdy.htm %X Traditional database query systems allow users to construct complicated database queries from specialized database language primitives. While powerful and expressive, such systems are not easy to use, especially for browsing or exploring the data. Information visualization systems address this problem by providing graphical presentations of the data and direct manipulation tools for exploring the data. Recent work has reported the value of dynamic queries coupled with two-dimensional data representations for progressive refinement of user queries. However, the queries generated by these systems are limited to conjunctions of global ranges of parameter values. In this paper, we extend dynamic queries by encoding each operand of the query as a Magic Lens filter. Compound queries can be constructed by overlapping the lenses. Each lens includes a slider and a set of buttons to control the value of the filter function and to define the composition operation generated by overlapping the lenses. We demonstrate a system that supports multiple, simultaneous, general, real-valued queries on databases with incomplete data, while maintaining the simple visual interface of dynamic query systems. %T Turning Research into Practice: Characteristics of Display-Based Interaction %S Papers: Applying Cognitive Analysis to Design %A Marita Franzke %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.421 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 421-428 %K Exploration, Retention, Display-based systems, Direct manipulation, Cognitive theory, Cognitive walkthrough, Experimental method %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/mf_bdy.htm %X This research investigates how several characteristics of display-based systems support or hinder the exploration and retention of the functions needed to perform tasks in a new application. In particular it is shown how the combination of the type of interface action, the number of interaction objects presented on the screen, and the quality of the label associated with these objects interact in supporting discovery and retention of the functionality embedded in those systems. An experiment is reported which provides empirical evidence for Polson & Lewis's CE+ theory of exploratory learning of computer systems [11]. It also extends this theory and therefore leads to a refinement of the cognitive walkthrough procedure that was derived from it. The study uses an experimental method that combines observations from realistically complex task scenarios with a detailed analysis of the observed performance. %T Learning and Using the Cognitive Walkthrough Method: A Case Study Approach %S Papers: Applying Cognitive Analysis to Design %A Bonnie E. John %A Hilary Packer %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.429 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 429-436 %K Usability engineering, Inspection methods, Cognitive Walkthrough %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/bej1bdy.htm %X We present a detailed case study, drawn from many information sources, of a computer scientist learning and using Cognitive Walkthroughs to assess a multi-media authoring tool. This study results in several clear messages to both system designers and to developers of evaluation techniques: this technique is currently learnable and usable, but there are several areas where further method-development would greatly contribute to a designer's use of the technique. In addition, the emergent picture of the process this evaluator went through to produce his analysis sets realistic expectations for other novice evaluators who contemplate learning and using Cognitive Walkthroughs. %T What Help Do Users Need?: Taxonomies for On-Line Information Needs and Access Methods %S Papers: Applying Cognitive Analysis to Design %A A. W. Roesler %A S. G. McLellan %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.437 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 437-441 %K On-line help, Taxonomy, User interface, Usability, Empirical evaluation, Methodology %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/sgm_bdy.htm %X The feasibility of using a general on-line help taxonomy scheme as the starting point for our interactive graphical applications' on-line help specifications was investigated. We assumed that using such a taxonomy would make it easier for users of the help system, regardless of the application used. The literature, software conferences, trade shows, and the like point to enormous differences of opinion about what help even IS, much less how it should be designed, accessed, displayed, stored, or maintained. While much research described sound design principles and access methods, very little was available on WHAT to organize or access. Our effort on defining a taxonomy for on-line help was based upon three tests: * Test1, a Wizard-of-Oz usability study of an application that identified what types of on-line help our interactive software users actually ask for; * Test2, a test that validated a general taxonomy for on-line help content for help providers, based on the results of Test1, and a general taxonomy of access methods derived from these content types; and * Test3, a repeat of Test1, substituting a prototype help system for Wizard-of-Oz help that successfully validated the usability of both on-line help content and access taxonomies for help users. This paper summarizes the results of all three tests, highlighting the proposed taxonomies and key findings about them from Test2. Together, the results from all tests indicate that a general taxonomy of information needs and the taxonomy of access methods to particular information types make it easy both for help providers to understand what information they need to supply and for help users to find the help they need quickly. %T Bricks: Laying the Foundations for Graspable User Interfaces %S Papers: Innovative Interaction II %A George W. Fitzmaurice %A Hiroshi Ishii %A William Buxton %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.442 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 442-449 %K Input devices, Graphical user interfaces, Graspable user interfaces, Haptic input, Two-handed interaction, Prototyping, Computer augmented environments, Ubiquitous computing %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/gwfz_bdy.htm %X We introduce the concept of Graspable User Interfaces that allow direct control of electronic or virtual objects through physical handles for control. These physical artifacts, which we call "bricks," are essentially new input devices that can be tightly coupled or "attached" to virtual objects for manipulation or for expressing action (e.g., to set parameters or for initiating processes). Our bricks operate on top of a large horizontal display surface known as the "ActiveDesk." We present four stages in the development of Graspable UIs: (1) a series of exploratory studies on hand gestures and grasping; (2) interaction simulations using mock-ups and rapid prototyping tools; (3) a working prototype and sample application called GraspDraw; and (4) the initial integrating of the Graspable UI concepts into a commercial application. Finally, we conclude by presenting a design space for Bricks which lay the foundation for further exploring and developing Graspable User Interfaces. %T Situated Facial Displays: Towards Social Interaction %S Papers: Innovative Interaction II %A Akikazu Takeuchi %A Taketo Naito %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.450 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 450-455 %K User interface design, Multimodal interfaces, Facial expression, Anthropomorphism, Subliminal involvement %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/at_bdy.htm %X Most interactive programs have been assuming interaction with a single user. We propose the notion of "Social Interaction" as a new interaction paradigm between multiple humans and computers. Social interaction requires that first a computer has the multiple participants model, second its behaviors are not only determined by internal logic but also affected by perceived external situations, and finally it actively joins the interaction. An experimental system with these features was developed. It consists of three subsystems, a vision subsystem that processes motion video input to examine an external situation, an action/reaction subsystem that generates an action based on internal logic of a task and a situated reaction triggered by perceived external situation, and a facial animation subsystem that generates a three-dimensional face capable of various facial displays. From the experiment using the system with a number of subjects, we found that subjects generally tended to try to interpret facial displays of the computer. Such involvement prevented them from concentrating on a task. We also found that subjects never recognized situated reactions of the computer that were unrelated to the task although they unconsciously responded to them. These findings seem to imply subliminal involvement of the subjects caused by facial displays and situated reactions. %T GloveTalkII: An Adaptive Gesture-to-Formant Interface %S Papers: Innovative Interaction II %A Sidney Fels %A Geoffrey Hinton %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.456 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 456-463 %K Gesture-to-speech device, Gestural input, Speech output, Speech acquisition, Adaptive interface, Talking machine %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/ssf_bdy.htm %X Glove-TalkII is a system which translates hand gestures to speech through an adaptive interface. Hand gestures are mapped continuously to 10 control parameters of a parallel formant speech synthesizer. The mapping allows the hand to act as an artificial vocal tract that produces speech in real time. This gives an unlimited vocabulary, multiple languages in addition to direct control of fundamental frequency and volume. Currently, the best version of Glove-TalkII uses several input devices (including a Cyberglove, a ContactGlove, a polhemus sensor, and a foot-pedal), a parallel formant speech synthesizer and 3 neural networks. The gesture-to-speech task is divided into vowel and consonant production by using a gating network to weight the outputs of a vowel and a consonant neural network. The gating network and the consonant network are trained with examples from the user. The vowel network implements a fixed, user-defined relationship between hand-position and vowel sound and does not require any training examples from the user. Volume, fundamental frequency and stop consonants are produced with a fixed mapping from the input devices. One subject has trained for about 100 hours to speak intelligibly with Glove-TalkII. He passed through eight distinct stages while learning to speak. He speaks slowly with speech quality similar to a text-to-speech synthesizer but with far more natural-sounding pitch variations. %T Pictures as Input Data %S Papers: Pictures and Programming %A Douglas C. Kohlert %A Dan R. Olsen, Jr. %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.464 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 464-471 %K Visual languages, Picture parsing, Picture-based applications %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/dck_bdy.htm %X This paper suggests that there exists a large class of inherently graphical applications that could use pictures as their primary input data. These applications have no need to store input data in any other format and thus eliminate the need to do conversions between input data and a graphical representation. Since the graphical representation is the only representation of the data, such applications allow users to edit an application's input data by manipulating pictures in a drawing editor. Such an environment would be ideal for users of pen-based machines since data would not have to be entered via a keyboard, instead a gesture based drawing editor could be used. CUPID, which is a tool for Creating User-Interfaces that use Pictures as Input Data, is presented. %T Planning-Based Control of Interface Animation %S Papers: Pictures and Programming %A David Kurlander %A Daniel T. Ling %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.472 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 472-479 %K Animation, Planning, User interface management systems, UIMS, User interface components, 3D interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/djk_bdy.htm %X Animations express a sense of process and continuity that is difficult to convey through other techniques. Although interfaces can often benefit from animation, User Interface Management Systems (UIMSs) rarely provide the tools necessary to easily support complex, state-dependent application output, such as animations. Here we describe Player, an interface component that facilitates sequencing these animations. One difficulty of integrating animations into interactive systems is that animation scripts typically only work in very specific contexts. Care must be taken to establish the required context prior to executing an animation. Player employs a precondition and postcondition-based specification language, and automatically computes which animation scripts should be invoked to establish the necessary state. Player's specification language has been designed to make it easy to express the desired behavior of animation controllers. Since planning can be a time-consuming process inappropriate for interactive systems, Player precompiles the plan-based specification into a state machine that executes far more quickly. Serving as an animation controller, Player hides animation script dependencies from the application. Player has been incorporated into the Persona UIMS, and is currently used in the Peedy application. %T Bridging the Gulf Between Code and Behavior in Programming %S Papers: Pictures and Programming %A Henry Lieberman %A Christopher Fry %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.480 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 480-486 %K Programming environments, Psychology of programming, Debugging, Educational applications, Software visualization %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/hl_bdy.htm %X Program debugging can be an expensive, complex and frustrating process. Conventional programming environments provide little explicit support for the cognitive tasks of diagnosis and visualization faced by the programmer. ZStep 94 is a program debugging environment designed to help the programmer understand the correspondence between static program code and dynamic program execution. Some of ZStep 94's innovations include: * An animated view of program execution, using the very same display used to edit the source code * A window that displays values which follows the stepper's focus * An incrementally-generated complete history of program execution and output * "Video recorder" controls to run the program in forward and reverse directions and control the level of detail displayed * One-click access from graphical objects to the code that drew them * One-click access from expressions in the code to their values and graphical output %T Implicit Structures for Pen-Based Systems within a Freeform Interaction Paradigm %S Papers: Pen Interfaces %A Thomas P. Moran %A Patrick Chiu %A William van Melle %A Gordon Kurtenbach %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.487 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 487-494 %K Freeform interaction, Implicit structure, Pen-based systems, Scribbling, Whiteboard metaphor, Informal systems, Recognition-based systems, Perceptual support, List structures, Gestural interfaces, User interface design %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/tpm_bdy.htm %X This paper presents a scheme for extending an informal, pen-based whiteboard system (Tivoli on the Xerox LiveBoard) to provide a structured editing capability without violating its free expression and ease of use. The scheme supports list, text, table, and outline structures over handwritten scribbles and typed text. The scheme is based on the system temporarily perceiving the "implicit structure" that humans see in the material, which is called a WYPIWYG (What You Perceive Is What You Get) capability. The design techniques, principles, trade-offs, and limitations of the scheme are discussed. A notion of "freeform interaction" is proposed to position the system with respect to current user interface techniques. %T Back to the Future: Pen and Paper Technology Supports Complex Group Coordination %S Papers: Pen Interfaces %A Steve Whittaker %A Heinrich Schwarz %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.495 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 495-502 %K CSCW, Ethnography, Group work, Co-ordination, Group memory, Interpersonal communications, Media, Software development %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/sjw_bdy.htm %X Despite a wealth of electronic group tools for co-ordinating the software development process, instead we find many groups choosing apparently outmoded "material" tools in critical projects. To understand the limitations of current electronic tools, we studied two groups, contrasting the effectiveness of both kinds of tools. We show that the size, public location and physical qualities of material tools engender certain crucial group processes that current on-line technologies fail to support. A large wallboard located in a public area promoted group interaction around the board, it enabled collaborative problem solving, as well as informing individuals about the local and global progress of the project. Furthermore, the public nature of the wallboard encouraged greater commitment and updating. However, material tools fall short on several other dimensions such as distribution, complex dependency tracking, and versioning. We believe that some of the benefits of material tools should be incorporated into electronic systems and suggest design alternatives that could bring these benefits to electronic systems. %T Recognition Accuracy and User Acceptance of Pen Interfaces %S Papers: Pen Interfaces %A Clive Frankish %A Richard Hull %A Pam Morgan %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.503 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 503-510 %K Pen-based input, Handwriting recognition %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/papers/crf_bdy.htm %X The accuracy of handwriting recognition is often seen as a key factor in determining the acceptability of hand-held computers that employ a pen for user interaction. We report the results of a study in which the relationship between user satisfaction and recogniser performance was examined in the context of different types of target application. Subjects with no prior experience of pen computing evaluated the appropriateness of the pen interface for performing three different tasks that required translation of handwritten text. The results indicate that the influence of recogniser performance on user satisfaction depends on the task context. These findings are interpreted in terms of the task-related costs and benefits associated with handwriting recognition. Further analysis of recognition data showed that accuracy did not improve as subjects became more practised. However, substantial gains in accuracy could be achieved by selectively adapting the recogniser to deal with a small, user-specific subset of characters. %T Designing the PenPal: Blending Hardware and Software in a User-Interface for Children %S Design Briefings: Interfaces for Children %A Philippe Piernot %A Ramon M. Felciano %A Roby Stancel %A Jonathan Marsh %A Marc Yvon %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.511 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 511-518 %K Hardware and software integration, User-centered design for children, Internet and multimedia application, Educational application, Portable computing %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/dsgbrief/ppp_bdy.htm %X As part of the 1994 Apple Interface Design Competition, we designed and prototyped the PenPal, a portable communications device for children aged four to six. The PenPal enables children to learn by creating images and sending them across the Internet to a real audience of friends, classmates, and teachers. A built-in camera and microphone allow children to take pictures and add sounds or voice annotations. The pictures can be modified by plugging in different tools and sent through the Internet using the PenPal Dock. The limited symbolic reasoning and planning abilities, short attention span, and pre-literacy of children in this age range were taken into account in the PenPal design. The central design philosophy and main contribution of the project was to create a single interface based on continuity of action between hardware and software elements. The physical interface flows smoothly into the software interface, with a fuzzy boundary between the two. We discuss the design process and usability tests that went into designing the PenPal, and the insights that we gained from the project. %T Amazing Animation: Movie Making for Kids %S Design Briefings: Interfaces for Children %A Shannon L. Halgren %A Tony Fernandes %A Deanna Thomas %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.519 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 519-524 %K Interface design, Kids software, Designing for children, Testing children %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/dsgbrief/slh_bdy.htm %X The development of the interface for Amazing Animation was a challenging, unique, and a rewarding experience for our Interface Design Group at Claris. Given the constraints of a very tight timeframe and working with a user population we were unfamiliar with, our group was able to make numerous improvements which had a tremendous impact on the product's usability. This having been our first time designing for and testing children, we learned volumes about this unique user population. Design assumptions and testing methodologies used in adult products must all be reworked for kids. This paper describes the progression of Amazing Animation interface and points out the lessons learned about testing and designing for kids along the way. %T Drag Me, Drop Me, Treat Me Like an Object %S Design Briefings: Redesigning Existing Products %A Annette Wagner %A Patrick Curran %A Robert O'Brien %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.525 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 525-530 %K Computer-human interface, Direct manipulation, Drag and drop, Common Desktop Environment, Icons, Drag icons, Motif 1.2 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/dsgbrief/aw_bdy.htm %X This design briefing covers the major human interface design issues encountered in the development of the Common Desktop Environment Drag and Drop Convenience Application Programming Interface. The presentation will walk through the icon development, user testing and the different problems and solutions that arose during development. %T The Effects of Practical Business Constraints on User Interface Design %S Design Briefings: Redesigning Existing Products %A Debra Hershmann %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.531 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 531-537 %K Iterative design, Resource constraints, Compromise, Prototyping, Usability testing %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/dsgbrief/dhn_bdy.htm %X In a business environment, resource, budget and schedule constraints profoundly affect a product's user interface design. This paper describes the design of a graphical workflow application as it was affected by compromise between management, design and development during the product life cycle. The product is tracked from its initial implementation as a highly functional utility with a non-standard user interface, to its brief life as a prototype representing the ultimate workflow tool. Primary focus is on the third, most recent version, and the design problems that arose in delivering a highly usable interface within practical, real world constraints. %T Replacing a Networking Interface "From Hell" %S Design Briefings: Managing Complex Data %A Roxanne F. Bradley %A Linn D. Johnk %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.538 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 538-545 %K User-centered design, Usability release criteria, Usability inspections, Comparative usability testing %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/dsgbrief/ldj_bdy.htm %X A multidisciplinary design team at Hewlett-Packard (HP) has successfully designed a new user interface for a network troubleshooting tool. Users felt that the new interface let them focus on the task of network troubleshooting, thus freeing them from the details of the interface and its underlying implementation. The design team believes that the success achieved is due to the process used and the multidisciplinary aspect of the team. This design review describes the process followed by the design team, the difficulties encountered, the results obtained from a comparative evaluation of the new and existing product interfaces, and the lessons learned. %T User-Centered Development of a Large-Scale Complex Networked Virtual Environment %S Design Briefings: Managing Complex Data %A Thomas W. Mastaglio %A Jeanine Williamson %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.546 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 546-552 %K User-centered development, User evaluations, User optimization team, Concurrent engineering, Integrated development, Spiral system development %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/dsgbrief/twm_bdy.htm %X An integrated development team comprised of industry engineers, government engineers, and user community representatives is developing a large-scale complex networked virtual environment for the United States Army. The effort is organized into concurrent engineering teams responsible for each system component. Prototypical users who are formally called a User Optimization Team are an integral part of the development effort. The system under development is the Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT). It is comprised of a network of simulators and workstations which interface with a virtual environment representing real world terrain. The nature of these systems requires user involvement in all phases of systems engineering, software development, and testing. The development organization and the usability engineering approaches used are mosaics of engineering skills, knowledge and HCI techniques. %T Neither Rain, Nor Sleet, Nor Gloom of Night: Adventures in Electronic Mail %S Design Briefings: Interfaces for Communication %A Maria Capucciati %A Patrick Curran %A Kimberly Donner O'Brien %A Annette Wagner %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.553 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 553-557 %K User interface design, Electronic mail, Design collaboration, Common Desktop Environment %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/dsgbrief/mc_bdy.htm %X This Design Briefing tells the story of the design and implementation of Mailer, an electronic mail application being built as part of the Common Desktop Environment, a UNIX-based desktop. The design is notable in that it incorporates past usability data, new toolkit widgets, and compliance with a user interface style that was being written at the time the interface was being designed. In addition, Mailer is the product of a collaborative effort within and across companies, where the design is orchestrated among software developers, human interface engineers, and technical writers across the hall and across the country. %T The Interchange Online Network: Simplifying Information Access %S Design Briefings: Interfaces for Communication %A Ron Perkins %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.558 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 558-565 %K On-line service, Information design, Information space, Electronic publishing, Hypertext, Hypermedia, Interface design, Usability testing, Information retrieval %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/dsgbrief/rdp_bdy.htm %X The AT&T Interchange Online Network is an online service designed to foster a sense of community while making it easy for customers to find information. This briefing describes how numerous design iterations aided by usability testing led to progressive refinement of the interface, specifically the information space layout for navigation. By combining context and content, Interchange allows orientation in a large information space. It becomes possible to understand all that is contained in a specific area at a glance. One design goal was to leverage editorial expertise while simultaneously taking advantage of publishing models extended to a very large online information space. Our overriding objective was to create an elegant, modern, and professional information service that values the time of busy people. Testing showed that even people who had never used an online service successfully navigated the large information space and enjoyed using Interchange. At the time of this writing, Interchange is at a Beta test stage and the design may be modified by the time the briefing is presented. %T Articulating a Metaphor through User-Centered Design %S Design Briefings: Designing with Metaphors %A H. J. Moll-Carrillo %A Gitta Salomon %A Matthew Marsh %A Jane Fulton Suri %A Peter Spreenberg %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.566 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 566-572 %K User-centered design, Design process, Product design, User observation, Metaphor, Book, Tab, Application, Document, Container %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/dsgbrief/hmc_bdy.htm %X TabWorks book metaphor enhances the standard Windows user interface, providing an alternative way to organize applications and documents in a familiar, easy to use environment. The TabWorks interface was designed collaboratively by IDEO and XSoft and was based on a concept developed at Xerox PARC. This briefing describes how a user-centered approach affected the design of the TabWorks user interface: how the metaphor's visualization evolved and how interaction mechanisms were selected and designed. %T Designing a "Front Panel" for Unix: The Evolution of a Metaphor %S Design Briefings: Designing with Metaphors %A Jay Lundell %A Steve Anderson %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.1.573 %D 1995 %V 1 %P 573-579 %K Metaphor, Front panel, Software design, Visual design, Workspaces, Dashboard %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/dsgbrief/sra_bdy.htm %X The Front Panel component of the Common Desktop Environment is a culmination of several year's effort in designing a "dashboard-like" element for graphical Unix desktop systems. This design was a cooperative effort between graphic design artists, human factors professionals, and software designers, and eventually became a cross-company effort as it was adopted for the Common Desktop Environment. We describe the processes that emerged to support this design, and make observations about how metaphors may evolve over time. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI95-2b.BA %T What You See, Some of What's in the Future, And How We Go About Doing It: HI at Apple Computer, Inc. %S Organization Overviews %A Don Norman %A Jim Miller %A Austin Henderson %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.155 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 155 %K Organizational overview, Organizational structure, Technology transfer %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/orgover/dan_bdy.htm %X In this organizational overview we cover some of the critical aspects of human interface research and application at Apple or, as we prefer to call it, the "User Experience." We cover what we do, where we are going (as much as we are permitted to say in public), and how we are organized. Some of our innovations in the product process and in the transfer of research from the laboratories to product should be of special interest to the HCI community. %T Usability at Eastman Kodak Company: A Study in Group Collaboration %S Organization Overviews %A Elizabeth Rosenzweig %A Cay Lodine %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.156 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 156-157 %K Interaction, Research organizations, User testing, Design guidelines, Collaborative development, Organizational context, Development tools and methods %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/orgover/er_bdy.htm %X This presentation describes the Kodak Boston Development Center Usability Laboratory and its collaborative work within the larger Eastman Kodak Company corporate environment. The unique product development process, resultant user interface guidelines and subsequent products are discussed. In addition, a description of the collaborative work within the larger corporation is described. %T Interface Evaluation, Design and Research at Intel %S Organization Overviews %A Jean Scholtz %A Paul Sorenson %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.158 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 158-159 %K Usability, Interface design, Usability research %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/orgover/jcs1bdy.htm %X At Intel, usability engineers are currently seen as vital contributors to our goal of making the PC appear everywhere! Intel has in the past been predominately a hardware company. However, the scope at Intel is being broadened to software in order to illustrate the usefulness of new hardware technology. As more leading edge software is being produced, usability has become an important process at Intel. %T FRIEND21 Project: Two-Tiered Architecture for 21st-Century Human Interfaces %S Organization Overviews: Cognitive Modeling %A Hajime Nonagaki %A Hirotada Ueda %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.160 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 160-161 %K Symbolic environment, Symbolic context, Two-tiered HI architecture, Metaware, Agency model %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/orgover/hn_bdy.htm %X The FRIEND21 Project, which ended on March 31, 1994, is briefly described and its final results are presented. The FRIEND21 Project conducted research into human interfaces having two-tiered architecture consisting of "metaware" and "agency model." This approach attempts to deal with human-interface issues from the very top layer of a symbolic and cognitive environment constructed between the user and the machine to the bottom layer of machine functions organized into the agency model. %T HCI at New Mexico State University %S Organization Overviews: Cognitive Modeling %A Douglas J. Gillan %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.162 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 162-163 %K Organization overview, University, Cognitive models %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/orgover/dg1_bdy.htm %X HCI at New Mexico State University has a dual focus -- the development of cognitive theory in a real-world context and the application of cognitive principles and methods to interface design. Graduate training exhibits that dual focus, with general training in experimental psychology and statistical methods, as well as specialized training in HCI design, prototyping, and evaluation. Faculty research centers around the development of cognitive models of computer users, with particular emphasis on multivariate methods for modeling user knowledge, such as Pathfinder networks. %T Interaction Design at IDEO Product Development %S Organization Overviews: HCI Consulting %A Peter Spreenberg %A Gitta Salomon %A Phillip Joe %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.164 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 164-165 %K Interaction design, Information design, Multimedia, Human factors, User interface, Prototyping, Hardware integration, User-centered design %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/orgover/ps1bdy.htm %X IDEO Product Development is a multidisciplinary consultancy with offices worldwide. This overview describes how interaction design personnel within the San Francisco and London offices work with other disciplines such as human factors and industrial design to apply a five step, user-centered approach to product development. Three broad areas of interaction design work and the IDEO design process are described. %T User Interface Engineering: Fostering Creative Product Development %S Organization Overviews: HCI Consulting %A Jared M. Spool %A Carolyn Snyder %A Will Schroeder %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.166 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 166-167 %K Prototyping, Low-fidelity prototyping, Process management, Product development, Contextual inquiry, Modeling, Practical techniques, Group dynamics %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/orgover/jsl2_bdy.htm %X User Interface Engineering is a seven-year old company researching and consulting on what makes products usable. Our mission is to encourage and foster creative product development teams that build applications users will use and value. We do this not only by demonstrating the technology used in building better product interfaces, but also through the processes which produce that technology. We accomplish this through research, training, consulting, and publication. Training, consulting and publication serve to transfer the techniques and technologies developed in our research. Our work emphasizes innovative applications of usability to the challenges facing today's product developers. %T Integrated Software Usability Services %S Organization Overviews: HCI Consulting %A Christel Dehaes %A Kris Vanstappen %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.168 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 168-169 %K HCI services, User interface design, User documentation %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/orgover/chv_bdy.htm %X The Human Interface Group is a consulting firm specialising in software usability. Their services cover the complete software development cycle. The integration of user interface design (from conceptual design to usability testing) and user documentation (from documentation plan to localisation, DTP and packaging) makes them excellent partners for large international companies that develop software. %T Creative Prototyping Tools: What Interaction Designers Really Need to Produce Advanced User Interface Concepts %S Panels %A Manfred Tscheligi %A Stephanie Houde %A Raghu Kolli %A Aaron Marcus %A Michael Muller %A Kevin Mullet %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.170 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 170-171 %K Prototyping, Interaction design, Visual design, Participatory design, Industrial design, Non standard user interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/panels/mt_bdy.htm %X Prototyping is an important, well accepted and compelling technique for any person dealing with the design of effective communication between people and technology. We all use some "tool" to enlive our ideas and to tell our stories to all of the other people involved during development of new and alternative user interface concepts. The word "tool" covers all sorts of means to tell these stories. Available prototyping tools run behind the need of interaction designers in particular with the goal to invent new forms of interaction. Do they really deserve the name "prototyping" tool? Based on the experiences of the panelists the panel should discuss the current situation and proclaim thinking in the direction of more designer oriented and flexible prototyping support. Panelists should discuss their vision of an "ideal" prototyping environment useful for designers and not only suited for programmers. The discussion should include support for the whole activity of innovation (from high level conceptual design and idea sketching to detailed design activities) and support for non style guide oriented interaction designs. At the beginning of the panel a short introduction to the main issues of the panel is given by the moderator. This will be followed by the initial position presentations of the panelists. The panelists cover the topic by addressing their experiences based on their different backgrounds and fields of experience. Examples will be provided. Time will be reserved for interaction with the audience. At the end of the panel the panelists will be asked to give a personal summary of the discussion and will be particularly asked to address the most important parts of their dreams of an ideal prototyping tool. The panel is closed by a short resume. %T Retrospective Views on Apple Computer's Interface Design Project %S Panels %A S. Joy Mountford %A Stephanie Houde %A Ron Baecker %A Sergio Canetti %A Yvonne Rogers %A Tom Bellman %A Robert Girling %A Patrick Meehan %A Magnus Ramage %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.172 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 172-173 %K Design process, Teaching HCI, Relationship between industry & academia %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/panels/sjm_bdy.htm %X This panel will illustrate, through personal anecdotes, first hand experiences of being involved with the Apple Computer Interface Design Project. This project was initiated to better prepare and train students for real world interaction design problems. This was accomplished by sponsoring a specific project within the university curriculum system. All of the panel participants have been directly involved with the Apple Interface Design Project over the last few years, 1991-94. They represent different sides of the partnership. The faculty who constructed courses around the Apple brief and students who designed interaction prototypes as part of the project class. This will be an open discussion between students and faculty about the benefits and problems encountered. We aim to examine future roles that industry could play in shaping project topics to facilitate more real world design problem experiences. %T 3D or Not 3d: "More is Better" or "Less is More"? %S Panels %A Kevin Mullet %A Diane J. Schiano %A George Robertson %A Joel Tesler %A Barbara Tversky %A Kevin Mullet %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.174 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 174-175 %K Visualization, 3D Graphics, User interface design %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/panels/km_bdy.htm %X The rapid growth in platform-level support for real-time 3D rendering and animation has recently created an explosion of public interest in adding to the dimensionality of the user interface, and the SIGCHI community has been a major source of activity in this area. This panel considers several points of view on the ever-increasing use of 3D visual representations in the user interface itself. We aim to help distinguish between conditions under which "more" truly is better -- from a user-centered perspective -- and those in which a well-designed 2D solution would serve as well or even better. Panelists will offer examples of applications in which 3D is highly essential or completely unnecessary. %T Discount or Disservice? Discount Usability Analysis -- Evaluation at a Bargain Price or Simply Damaged Merchandise? %S Panels %A Wayne D. Gray %A Michael E. Atwood %A Carolanne Fisher %A Jakob Nielsen %A John M. Carroll %A John Long %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.176 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 176-177 %K Discount usability, Guidelines, Analysis and evaluation techniques %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/panels/wg_bdy.htm %X The panel will focus on Jakob Nielsen's Discount Usability approach and guidelines. Nielsen has single handily restored guidelines to CHI. After being discredited because of the sheer impracticality of using 1000+ guidelines, Nielsen has been working hard to convince practitioners that all they need to know about usability can be summarized in 10 guidelines. This may be a real disservice. While using 10 guidelines may be better than using none, do people who have learned Nielsen's 10 think that they now know all they need to know about usability? The panel proposes a wide-ranging, public discussion of these issues. %T Interface Styles: Direct Manipulation versus Social Interactions %S Panels %A Lynn Streeter %A Sara Kiesler %A Clifford Nass %A Ben Shneiderman %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.178 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 178 %K Agents, Personality, Direct manipulation, Social interaction, Social actors %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/panels/lsr_bdy.htm %X This panel will debate whether, when, and why interfaces should take on human characteristics, such as assume particular personality styles, interact with user in socially meanful terms, use natural language as a means of communicating, etc. Some will argue that interfaces are enhanced by judicious use of social interactions styles while others argue that that users prefer direct control and manipulation of interfaces to anthropomorphic interaction styles, as seen in talking automobiles or talking automatic teller machines. Some panelists will argue that under appropriate circumstances social characteristics can enhance the interface and make it more likable by the user. Other panelists will argue that data has repeatedly shown that social interaction styles are eshewed by users. This debate is particularly timely given the widespread interest ins software agents and how they should be designed. There are several behaviors agents could display (anthropomorphic presentation, adaptive behavior, accept vague goal specification, give the user just what is need, work while the user sleeps or work in places that the user is not physically present). Which of these are important to include or exclude from an interface will be debated. %T Browsing vs. Search: Can We Find a Synergy? %S Panels %A Jock D. Mackinlay %A Polle T. Zellweger %A Mark Chignell %A George Furnas %A Gerard Salton %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.179 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 179-180 %K Information access, Browsing, Search, Querying, Navigation, Information visualization %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/panels/mz_bdy.htm %X This panel seeks a synergy between two common user interface approaches for information access: browsing and search. Panelists from a variety of backgrounds including information retrieval and hypertext will give short presentations suggesting what the synergy might be from their individual perspectives. The panelists and the audience will then jointly discuss how to achieve an overall synergy. %T The NSF/ARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Initiative: Opportunities for HCI Research %S Panels %A William Hefley %A Ann Bishop %A Barbara Buttenfield %A Joseph Hanes %A Scott Stevens %A Nancy Van House %A Terry Winograd %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.181 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 181-182 %K Digital libraries, Multimedia, User interface design %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/panels/wmh_bdy.htm %X In September, 1994, the National Science Foundation (NSF) awarded six research projects a total of $24.4 million to develop new technologies for digital libraries. A joint initiative of NSF, the Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the projects' focus is to dramatically advance the means to collect, store, and organize information in digital forms, making it available for networked search and retrieval. Exciting opportunities exist for research in human-computer interaction with huge libraries of digital information. Panel members discuss the individual projects and HCI implications. %T The Anti-Mac: Violating the Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines %S Panels %A Stuart Card %A Don Gentner %A Jakob Nielsen %A Austin Henderson %A Don Norman %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.183 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 183-184 %K Computer-human interface, Macintosh human interface, Metaphor, Direct manipulation, User control, WYSIWYG, User interface design, WIMP interface, Language, Computer agents, Objects, Attributes, Futurism %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/panels/gen_bdy.htm %X Graphical computer interfaces have become the norm. They are based on a number of principles such as metaphor, see-and-point, direct manipulation, user control, and WYSIWIG. The Anti-Mac project explored alternative interfaces that might result from violating the principles behind conventional graphical interfaces. What emerges is a human-computer interface based on language, a richer representation of objects, expert users, skilled agents, and shared control. %T Creativity: Interacting with Computers %S Panels %A Ernest Edmonds %A Gerhard Fischer %A S. Joy Mountford %A Frieder Nake %A Douglas Riecken %A Robert Spence %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.185 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 185-186 %K Creativity, Interaction, Design, Art, Emergence, Distribution, Concurrency %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/panels/eae_bdy.htm %X Much traditional HCI research has concentrated on routine, well-defined and stable, tasks or low level computer support for complex tasks, e.g. spell-checking for someone writing a book. Increasingly, however, interest is moving to the support of people involved in creative tasks. This is the topic of the panel. Design and the visual arts will be used as typical examples of creative work and visions of computer futures and their cultural and social implications are explored. %T From Our Past to Our Future: User Interfaces Over the Lifespan %S Panels %A Maddy D. Brouwer-Janse %A Jane Fulton Suri %A Roger Coleman %A Sandra Edwards %A James L. Fozard %A David V. Keyson %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.187 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 187-188 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/panels/mb_bdy.htm %X The design of user interfaces for consumer products and services for different generations of users presents problems which have been rarely addressed by the HCI community. How can designers meet the needs of senior citizens, the "elderboom" of the 2000's, if they themselves are of the computer game and "edutainment" generation? Or, how do we design for children, having passed childhood long ago, and with guidelines that are lagging behind technological development? The panel will address user interface design issues that concern the lifespan of people and products as they relate to the rapid change in our population distribution. %T Mapping the Design Process: Visualizing What We Don't See %S Panels %A Daniel Boyarski %A Virginia Howlett %A Scott Mathis %A David Peters %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.189 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 189-190 %K Development and design process, Interdisciplinary teamwork, Problem solving, Visualization %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/panels/djb_bdy.htm %X The process of developing and designing software varies widely across projects and development teams. There are short-term projects and endless ones; small teams and large ones; clearly defined objectives and goals defined on the fly. What is common to most of these efforts is that they are not simple and easy endeavors, developed in linear fashion with predictable results. They are also rarely documented in visual terms, say as process maps with artifacts as exemplars, that can later be studied and improved upon. Within the HCI community, we tend to focus on parts of the process -- such as user models or evaluation methods -- and less often consider the life and shape of the process as a whole. Because of time constraints, development teams are rarely afforded the time to reflect on a completed project, or even a particular phase of a project. How did it turn out? Did we achieve what we set out to do? What worked well and what didn't? What would we do differently next time? Time to reflect on the process employed ends up being time well spent, as such reflection informs future projects, benefitting everyone by saving time and resources. The idea behind this panel is to make the design process explicit. We will do this by showing how three interface design projects progressed from start to finish. Mapping each project's process makes visual a seemingly abstract process. By graphically representing a complex procedure, we are able to see the parts and how they relate to each other within the whole. These are three very different projects from three very different companies; in fact, the situations and constraints could not be more varied. This affords us the chance to compare and contrast design process maps. %T Dealing with Complexity: Uniting Agents and Direct Manipulation %S Panels %A Doug Riecken %A Pattie Maes %A Ben Shneiderman %A David Canfield Smith %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.191 missing %D 1995 %V 2 %P 191-192 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %X N/A %T CHI Conference User Feedback Session %S Panels %A Kevin M. Schofield %A Gene Lynch %A Michael Tauber %A Bill Curtis %A Rodney Fuller %A Terry Roberts %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.193 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 193-194 %K User feedback, CHI conference, Conference design %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/panels/kms_bdy.htm %X One can think of the annual CHI conference as the HCI community's own piece of "groupware". Since we as a community advocate user participation in the design process, it is fitting that we should devote time during the conference to soliciting feedback from our users. This session will provide an opportunity for conference attendees to critique the conference and to provide suggestions for improving the conference in the future. Panelists will also raise broader issues about the long-term direction of our field and how the conference can best serve that evolution. %T The Design Challenge -- Creating a Mosaic Out of Chaos %S Plenary Session: Opening %A Joan Greenbaum %A Morten Kyng %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.195 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 195-196 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/plenary/jg_bdy.htm %X As designers we usually find ourselves -- and our designs -- in complex organizational settings, where diverse and often conflicting interests co-exist. Yet design is often seen as a process where the 'one best solution' is developed instead of allowing the rich mosaic of conflicting perspectives to be brought to light. Sooner or later the official pictures of the foreground are contradicted by current practice and create conflicts that may seriously jeopardize systems built on them. With hindsight we can see how this happened, for example in the 1960's and '70's when mainframe system software was designed to follow the automation-like flow of production work, controlling work process and workers and dividing labour and tasks. In the 1980's, despite the use of new software tools and the emphasis on PC-based applications, designers focused on the tasks and procedures of given work flows instead of embarking on approaches that would have allowed them to learn about how new software might be appropriated, put to use and tailored in an organization. We argue that these are not simple mistakes. They are partly due to the failure of our methods and techniques -- and more broadly to the failure of system design practice -- to seriously confront political, social and economic issues, allowing power, politics and perspectives to stay hidden. In order to address these issues, some background assumptions about work and users must be challenged, together with ideas about tools and techniques. %T Learning from Diversity: Interactive TV, Computers, and the Frontier of the Cognitive Sciences %S Plenary Session: Closing %A Scott McDonald %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.197 mnissing %D 1995 %V 2 %P 197 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %X The digital revolution has promoted the convergence of technologies that heretofore have been in separate spheres: television, computers, and telephones. Yet the dynamics of human interaction with these technologies retain some important differences. Indeed, the early testing of interfaces for interactive television indicates that the "conventional wisdom" derived from work in one sphere may not be wholly applicable to the creation of interfaces in the other spheres. Even after the digital data streams feeding all three technologies converge into one irreducible "atomic" substructure of zeroes and ones, the social contexts in which the three technologies are used may limit the transferability of interface design generalizations across the spheres. The current development scene, though unruly, chaotic, and competitive, offers a unique opportunity to use the diversity of approaches not only to develop optimal user interfaces, but also to advance the formulation of more general theories about human cognition and perception. Individual tiles do not automatically make a mosaic; they need to be organized to create some picture or design. As we work on our separate and diverse interfaces, we should not fail to meet this larger challenge of theory development. %T Designing Glyphs to Exploit Patterns in Multidimensional Datasets %S Short Papers: Information Visualization %A Christopher Joslyn %A Clayton Lewis %A Brigitta Domik %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.198 missing ?? texture %D 1995 %V 2 %P 198-199 %K Glyphs, Iconic displays, Multidimensional data, Pattern detection, Visualization, Visual perception %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %X Designing glyphs for revealing patterns in multidimensional data has been largely a trial-and-error process. We suggest that characteristics of human texture perception can provide useful guidance, allowing more effective glyphs to be designed. Using a combination of empirical study of existing glyphs and analysis of the Bergen and Landy [1] model of texture perception, we developed improved versions of existing glyphs and a new glyph, all effective in revealing certain simple regularities in data. %T Livemap -- A System for Viewing Multiple Transparent and Time-Varying Planes in Three Dimensional Space %S Short Papers: Information Visualization %A Robert Silvers %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.200 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 200-201 %K Layers, Transparency, Planes, Visualization, Stereo %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/rss_bdy.htm %X Livemap dynamically combines related components of time-varying data to provide a context-relevant view into an information landscape. Livemap facilitates a display of increased density by layering content that contains transparent elements and provides utility to help abstract areas of interest. %T Automatic Generation of Starfield Displays Using Constraints %S Short Papers: Information Visualization %A Scott E. Hudson %A Ian Smith %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.202 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 202-203 %K Starfield displays, Visualization techniques, Constraints, Graphical user interfaces, Dynamic query filters, Automatic generation %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/ies_bdy.htm %X In this paper we present an constraint-based approach to the automatic generation of starfield displays for use with dynamic query filters. This approach automatically transforms a specification of the data to be displayed into a dynamic query filter interface whose results are shown to the user in a starfield display. This transformation is accomplished by translating the data specification into a specification for a one-way constraint system and accompanying user interface objects. Both of these are compiled into fast, executable code to create a final program. %T Visualising Complex Interacting Systems %S Short Papers: Information Visualization %A Nick Drew %A Bob Hendley %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.204 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 204-205 %K VR, Object-orientation, Software visualisation, Complex systems %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/nsd_bdy.htm %X The work described here is concerned with enhancing the visualisation of complex software systems (in particular object-oriented systems [4]). The major concern is to provide a powerful and concrete visual representation of such abstract systems, through which a user can move seamlessly from viewing the architectural structure to considering low level detail. The main approaches are to use virtual reality techniques and self organising systems. %T Issues of Gestural Navigation in Abstract Information Spaces %S Short Papers: Information Visualization %A David Allport %A Earl Rennison %A Lisa Strausfeld %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.206 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 206-207 %K Gestural navigation, Conceptual navigation models, Input devices, Abstract information spaces %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/dea_bdy.htm %X Navigating large multidimensional information spaces presents a set of unique problems for user interface design. The key challenge is not to provide fast and accurate object manipulation, but to prevent the user from getting "lost", and to provide an intuitive way to move through the space. We have developed an interface that uses electrostatic field sensing to interpret natural hand gestures as motion controllers. We are investigating the conceptual models that provide intuitive mappings from hand gestures to movements in multidimensional information space. %T Financial Viewpoints: Using Point-of-View to Enable Understanding of Information %S Short Papers: Information Visualization %A Lisa Strausfeld %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.208 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 208-209 %K Information visualization, 3D interactive graphics, Financial visualization, Point-of-view, Embodied virtual space, User interface metaphors %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/lss_bdy.htm %X This paper presents Financial Viewpoints, an experimental interactive 3D information space that spatially and volumetrically represents a portfolio of seven mutual funds. 3D point-of-view is used to represent context and context shifts in the information and to allow users to view multiple representations of the information in a single, continuous environment. This project is the first in a larger and ongoing research effort to explore the notion of embodied virtual space. %T Audio Augmented Reality: A Prototype Automated Tour Guide %S Short Papers: Audio Interfaces %A Benjamin B. Bederson %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.210 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 210-211 %K Interactive user interfaces, Multiscale and zoomable interfaces, Authoring, Information navigation, Hypertext, Information visualization %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/bbb_bdy.htm %X Large information spaces are often difficult to access efficiently and intuitively with traditional window and icon-based interfaces. In this paper, we demonstrate Pad++, a graphical interface system based on zooming. Objects can be placed in the graphical workspace at any size, and zooming is a basic interaction technique for navigating. The goal is to provide simple methods for visually navigating complex information spaces that ease the burden of locating information while maintaining an intuitive sense of location and of relationships between information objects. %T Speaker Segmentation for Browsing Recorded Audio %S Short Papers: Audio Interfaces %A Donald D. Kimber %A Lynn D. Wilcox %A Francine R. Chen %A Thomas P. Moran %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.212 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 212-213 %K Multi-media, Auditory I/O, Speaker segmentation, Speaker identification, Audio indexing, Browsing %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/dgk_bdy.htm %X Audio recording is an easy way to capture the content of meetings, group discussions, or conversations. However the sequential nature of the media makes good indexing essential to the effective use of the recorded audio. One kind of index is speaker identity. We describe a system which automatically divides a multi-speaker recording into speaker segments and displays this information graphically. The tool allows a user to easily access the parts of a recording where given people are talking. %T Ear Tracking: Visualizing Auditory Localization Strategies %S Short Papers: Audio Interfaces %A William Joseph King %A Suzanne J. Weghorst %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.214 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 214-215 %K Binaural audio, Virtual acoustic displays, Auditory perception, Position tracking, Adaptive interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/wjk_bdy.htm %X Auditory displays are an ongoing topic of human computer interaction research and have been shown to be beneficial in human interfaces. Further, binaural spatial acoustic displays are a topic of increasingly active research. As these virtual acoustic displays become more predominant, new methods for measuring user's perceptions and the display's effectiveness become necessary. A novel method for examining virtual acoustic displays, specifically localization strategies within these displays, is presented. This method is analogous to eye tracking in visual displays. Such a method may be useful in the evaluation of virtual acoustic displays and in the design of adaptive acoustic displays. %T A Metaphor for the Visually Impaired: Browsing Information in a 3D Auditory Environment %S Short Papers: Audio Interfaces %A Mauricio Lumbreras %A Gustavo Rossi %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.216 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 216-217 %K Hypermedia, Auditory I/O, Aids for the impaired, Metaphors, Virtual reality %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/ml_bdy.htm %X In this paper we propose a conversational metaphor to provide an easy access to an information base in the context of a 3D aural environment. This approach tries to exploit the hearing sense at the outmost. We show that this approach allows us to build or to adapt current hypermedia interfaces so that they can be used by blind people. We analyze how to represent the static architecture of a virtual environment in which the user travels, comparing it with existing initiatives for enabling the visually impaired to have access to computer systems. We discuss how a (blind) user navigates through the environment, how he can manage and control the flow of information and how he gets oriented in this aural framework. %T AudioStreamer: Exploiting Simultaneity for Listening %S Short Papers: Audio Interfaces %A Chris Schmandt %A Atty Mullins %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.218 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 218-219 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/cs_bdy.htm %X AudioStreamer exploits peoples' ability to separate the mix of sounds that arrive at our ears into distinct sources to more effectively browse multiple simultaneous channels of real-time or stored audio. AudioStreamer's listener interface enhances our ability to selectively attend to the source of greatest interest by making it acoustically prominent. It also augments our ability to perceive events in the audio channels which are out of focus by auditorially alerting us to salient events on those channels. The main contributions of AudioStreamer are the use of spatial separation and simultaneous listening for audio document retrieval and modeling listener interest to enhance the effectiveness of simultaneous listening. %T Musical vs. Real World Feedback Signals %S Short Papers: Audio Interfaces %A Cynthia A. Sikora %A Linda Roberts %A La Tondra Murray %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.220 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 220-221 %K Auditory feedback, Auditory icons, Earcons, Sound %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/csa_bdy.htm %X Sound families comprised of either musical sounds (abstract musical signals), communications sounds (based on traditional electronic signals), or real world sounds (based on naturally occurring, nonmusical events) were designed to provide auditory feedback in a graphical user interface. Typical business users mapped the sounds to functions and rated their confidence in the functional mapping. The sounds which mapped well to functions were then tested within the context of a graphical user interface business communications simulation. Users rated the pleasantness and appropriateness of each sound and selected the best sound for each function. In general, real world sounds mapped most reliably to the functions. However, users consistently preferred musical sounds to the real world sounds. Of the eleven feedback signals selected for specific functions four were communications based and seven were musical. None of the real world auditory signals were acceptable. %T Visual Annotation of Links in Adaptive Hypermedia %S Short Papers: Agents and Anthropomorphism %A Peter Brusilovsky %A Leonid Pesin %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.222 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 222-223 %K User models, Adaptive hypermedia, Adaptive navigation support %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/plb_bdy.htm %X Visual annotation of links is a new technique for adaptive navigation support in adaptive educational hypermedia. This paper explains briefly this technique and reports preliminary experimental results of its evaluation. The results show that adaptive visual annotation is helpful and can reduce user floundering in hyperspace. %T Conceptually Adapted Hypertext for Learning %S Short Papers: Agents and Anthropomorphism %A Kelvin Clibbon %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.224 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 224-225 %K Adaptive hypertext, Hypertext based learning, Conceptual modelling, Learning styles %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/kc_bdy.htm %X Cognitive overload and disorientation limits the effectiveness of hypertext for learning. By cognitively adapting a hypertext system to the user and by providing instructional cues, the effects of these problems might be reduced. A quasi-experimental evaluation study is reported, with a view to testing the efficacy of this theory. %T "It's the Computer's Fault" -- Reasoning about Computers as Moral Agents %S Short Papers: Agents and Anthropomorphism %A Batya Friedman %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.226 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 226-227 %K Computer agents, Computer ethics, Intelligent agents, Social computing, Social impact %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/bf2_bdy.htm %X Typically tool use poses few confusions about who are understand to be the moral agent for a given act. But when the "tool" becomes a computer, do people attribute moral agency and responsibility to the technology ("it's the computer's fault")? Twenty-nine male undergraduate computer science majors were interviewed. Results showed that most students (83%) attributed aspects of agency -- either decision-making and/or intentions -- to computers. In addition, some students (21%) consistently held computers morally responsible for error. Discussion includes implications for computer system design. %T Can Computer Personalities be Human Personalities? %S Short Papers: Agents and Anthropomorphism %A Clifford Nass %A Youngme Moon %A BJ Fogg %A Byron Reeves %A Chris Dryer %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.228 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 228-229 %K Agents, Personality, Individual differences, Computers are social actors %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/cns_bdy.htm %X The present study demonstrates that (1) computer personalities can be easily created using a minimal set of cues, and (2) that people will respond to these personalities in the same way they would respond to similar human personalities. The present study focuses on the similarity-attraction hypothesis, which predicts that people will prefer to interact with others who are similar in personality. In an experiment (N = 48), dominant and submissive subjects were randomly matched with either a dominant or submissive computer. When a computer was endowed with the properties associated with dominance or submissiveness, subjects recognized the computer's personality type along only that dimension. In addition, subjects not only preferred the similar computer, but they were more satisfied with the interaction. The findings demonstrate that personality does not require richly defined agents, sophisticated pictorial representations, natural language processing, or artificial intelligence. Rather, even the most superficial manipulations are sufficient to produce personality, with powerful effects. %T A Model of Optimal Exploration and Decision Making in Novel Interfaces %S Short Papers: Agents and Anthropomorphism %A Bob Rehder %A Clayton Lewis %A Bob Terwilliger %A Peter Polson %A John Rieman %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.230 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 230-231 %K User models, Exploratory behavior %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/br_bdy.htm %X Users attempting to interact with an application for the first time are confronted with the problem of determining which command to execute in order to accomplish their goals. A "rational analysis" was conducted in order to determine how users ought to behave when faced with this decision problem. The resulting model is able to account at a qualitative level for a number of behaviors that users actually exhibit when trying to use a new application. %T The Use of an Automatic "To Do" List to Guide Structured Interaction %S Short Papers: Agents and Anthropomorphism %A Ian Rogers %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.232 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 232-233 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/ipr_bdy.htm %X Knowledge-driven editors can improve productivity by taking care of the low-level details of a design artifact, and by guiding the user through an interaction. Despite this, editors that dictate their knowledge too strongly can actually reduce usability by forbidding a sequence of interactions that the user has planned -- a sequence that may be the most natural to the user. This paper introduces the use of an automatically managed "To Do" list as the primary method for the knowledge agent to communicate to the user. The "To Do" list guides the user to a correctly constructed design artifact, without overly constraining the user. %T Evaluating Program Representation in a Demonstrational Visual Shell %S Short Papers: UI Specification and Programming %A Francesmary Modugno %A Albert Corbett %A Brad A. Myers %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.234 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 234-235 %K End-user programming, Programming by demonstration, Visual language, Visual shell, Pursuit %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/mod_bdy.htm %X For Programming by Demonstration (PBD) systems to reach their full potential, a program representation is needed so users can view, edit and share programs. We designed and implemented two equivalent representation languages for a PBD desktop similar to the MacIntosh Finder. One language graphically depicts the program's effects. The other language describes the program's actions. A user study showed that both languages enabled users with no prior programming experience to generate and comprehend programs, and that the first language doubled users' abilities to generate programs. %T Virtual Slots: Increasing Power and Reusability for User Interface Development Languages %S Short Papers: UI Specification and Programming %A Francisco Saiz %A Javier Contreras %A Roberto Moriyon %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.236 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 236-237 %K Constraints, Reusability, User interface implementation, Libraries %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/fsz_bdy.htm %X An extension to constraint-based user interface development languages is shown. It permits the abstract representation of constraints which must be applied to objects that are not accessible in the moment of the constraint definition. Using this mechanism, more modularity is achieved, as each part of information is stored where it is needed. Richer libraries of reusable objects can therefore be built in a natural way. %T Students' Use of Animations for Algorithm Understanding %S Short Papers: UI Specification and Programming %A Judith Wilson %A Irvin R. Katz %A Giorgio Ingargiola %A Robert Aiken %A Nathan Hoskin %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.238 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 238-239 %K AI education, Visual reasoning %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/jwn_bdy.htm %X Our goal in this pilot study is to explore students' behavior as they learn about two search algorithms, observing the role of algorithm animations. We find that alternative animations of the same algorithm may provide different information and facilitate different types of reasoning. %T Abstract Specification of User Interfaces %S Short Papers: UI Specification and Programming %A Ole Lauridsen %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.240 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 240-241 %K Interface design, Automatic generation of user interface, Design process %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/ol1_bdy.htm %X The paper discusses automation of user interface design and proposes a user interface design method that combines the use of formal semantic specification and rapid user interface builders. Based on formalized design rules, a user interface design proposal can be derived from the functionality of an application. The advantages of this method are: Automation of parts of the design process, automatic design evaluation, and automatic mapping to multiple user interface toolkits. The method will ease the transition from the functional design of an application to the user interface design by a semantically driven design of user interfaces. %T Interface Engineering in an Office Information Appliance %S Short Papers: UI Specification and Programming %A Constance Fleuriot %A David Y. Lees %A Robert D. Macredie %A Peter J. Thomas %A John F. Meech %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.242 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 242-243 %K Information appliances, Metaphors, Intelligent systems, Information management, Time management, Office applications %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/fle_bdy.htm %X This paper describes Wells, a prototype information appliance that supports communication, information exchange and information management between co-workers. The appliance is particularly targeted on the requirements of the relationship between managers and their assistants. Wells aims to integrate and coordinate a range of information devices such as phones, faxes, and email and incorporate it with diary-based information. In more general terms, Wells provides an opportunity to explore the issues of personal information management and the design of interfaces to appliances to support these activities [1]. %T Building Non-Visual Interaction through the Development of the Rooms Metaphor %S Short Papers: UI Specification and Programming %A Anthony Savidis %A Constantine Stephanidis %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.244 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 244-245 %K Metaphors, Non-visual interaction, Interface toolkits, Aids for the impaired %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/sce_bdy.htm %X Today, there are no tools for supporting non-visual User Interface construction. Computer-based applications accessible by blind users are merely non-visual reproductions [2] of interactive software designed for sighted users. Moreover, the above approaches explicitly employ the Desktop metaphor for non-visual interaction. It is evident that there is a the need for: (i) the design of interaction metaphors appropriate for blind users, and (ii) a software developer's library for building non-visual User Interfaces on the basis of these new metaphors. In this context: (a) a methodology for metaphor development has been constructed, (b) a metaphor called Rooms (not to be confused with other systems) has been designed, and (c) a toolkit for developing Rooms-based non-visual interfaces, called COMONKIT, has been developed. %T The TrackPad -- A Study on User Comfort and Performance %S Short Papers: Pens and Touchpads %A Ahmet E. Cakir %A Gisela Cakir %A Thomas Mller %A Pieter Unema %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.246 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 246-247 %K Input device, TrackPad, Touchpad, Postural discomfort, EMG %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/aec1bdy.htm %X The user study on the TrackPad, a new touch tablet technology input device, was designed to investigate the impact of the use of the device on the biomechanical load and postural comfort of the users. In a one day test, the subjects, experienced Macintosh users, performed tests and worked on tasks, using a portable computer, that were organized to resemble normal office tasks and measure performance. The tasks included intensive use of the keyboard. The performance was measured by text editing tasks and eight Fitts's Tests with two levels of difficulty. The biomechanical load was measured and evaluated by means of EMG and postural (motion) analyses. General comfort and postural comfort was evaluated with questionnaires. The analyses of the EMG-measurements yielded no indication of progressive fatigue or increased muscular load from one session to the next. On the contrary, the recorded EMG-levels showed a decrease in muscular activity. The postural analyses indicated that undue deviation, extension, or flexion of the hands, which may cause discomfort, generally did not occur. The average values were within the limits given by the physiology of the human arm. However, personal preferences for the arm posture were highly different. When performing the text editing task with the TrackPad, during the training session, the subjects had already achieved a performance equivalent to 65% of mouse performance. A performance of more than 90% was achieved after two hours and 100% in the fifth hour session. This means that the learning period for such tasks will in practice be accomplished within one working day. The average performance achieved with the TrackPad for the eight tasks with Fitts's Test, during the last session, was lower than that with the mouse, but the difference was not statistically significant. The results of this study indicate that the TrackPad can be used for everyday tasks without causing postural discomfort or fatigue. In some respects, this device may even be preferable to the mouse, if the users can achieve the same level of performance. %T BITS: Browsing in Time and Space %S Short Papers: Pens and Touchpads %A Antonio Eduardo Dias %A Joao Pedro Silva %A Antonio S. Camara %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.248 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 248-249 %K Virtual reality, Pen-based input, Metaphors, User interface components, Virtual ecosystems, Browsing in time and space %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/aed_bdy.htm %X Virtual ecosystems are virtual worlds representing real ecosystems. Humans have a limited perception of space and time and are poorly equipped to handle the flow of information generated in such environments. This paper focuses on the creation of an interface, BITS (Browsing In Time and Space), that allows users to browse through such a complex virtual world, interact with its objects and take notes. The pen and note-pad metaphor is used in an intuitive way, replicating a real pen and note-pad. A new concept of the use of this metaphor arises with the use of the space and time sliders. %T Translucent History %S Short Papers: Pens and Touchpads %A Andreas Genau %A Axel Kramer %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.250 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 250-251 %K Versioning, History-mechanism, Translucency, Interface metaphor, Pen-based interface %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/ag_bdy.htm %X This paper presents an approach that visualizes object history by using translucent presentations. It extends the typical sequential presentation of an object history by a concurrent presentation of the object contents through time. Our goal is to enable the fluid refinement and animation of graphically presented ideas while exposing the changes to objects as a whole and not just in discrete steps. Translucency, as a mechanism, works particularly well if the object content is sufficiently spatially distributed. %T Scribbler: A Tool for Searching Digital Ink %S Short Papers: Pens and Touchpads %A Alex Poon %A Karon Weber %A Todd Cass %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.252 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 252-253 %K Pen-based input, Digital ink, Information retrieval, Handwriting recognition, Handwriting matching %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/adp_bdy.htm %X Scribbler is a tool that enables users to search untranslated digital ink for target patterns such as words, symbols and simple sketches. By matching the raw stroke data instead of performing traditional handwriting recognition, Scribbler allows users to write quickly and naturally without being constrained to a particular writing style or a limited set of dictionary terms. This paper gives a brief description of the current implementation of Scribbler and discusses the results of a controlled experiment run to evaluate the matching engine's effectiveness. %T A Virtual Oval Keyboard and a Vector Input Method for Pen-Based Character Input %S Short Papers: Pens and Touchpads %A Minako Hashimoto %A Masatomo Togasi %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.254 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 254-255 %K Virtual oval keyboard, Vector input method, Wedge-shaped stroke, Pen-based character input %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/mh_bdy.htm %X This paper proposes a virtual oval keyboard whose shape is designed on the basis of the easily pointed area with a pen, and a vector input method where user can input both a vector and its origin with one wedge-shaped stroke. Since the shape of conventional virtual keyboards, a rectangle, is not suitable for rotational movement of a wrist, it forces much strain upon the wrist. And since non-alphabet keys frequently used in typing English texts, such as space, are assigned on the outside of alphabet key area on the conventional virtual keyboards, it is necessary to move the wrist excessively. The virtual oval keyboard fits a natural movement of a wrist, because a reclined oval is obtained as the easily pointed area by our experiment. In our preliminary experiment for evaluation, all subjects input faster with the virtual oval keyboard than with a conventional virtual keyboard. In the vector input method, four kinds of vectors enable users to input space, carriage return, back space and SHIFT at any position without moving a pen out of the alphabet key area. %T MEMO-PEN: A New Input Device %S Short Papers: Pens and Touchpads %A Shinji Nabeshima %A Shinichirou Yamamoto %A Kiyoshi Agusa %A Toshio Taguchi %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.256 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 256-257 %K Pen-based input, Input device, Pointing device %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/sn_bdy.htm %X We have developed a new input device, named MEMO-PEN. The MEMO-PEN is an ordinary ball point pen except for a capability of memorizing what it draws in itself. We can hold the handwriting in computers as it has been, and we can treat it as image data for favorite application. The pen is carrying a small CCD close to its tip to capture a series of not whole but partial snapshots in its memory. This paper presents a brief description of the MEMO-PEN system and an experiment on reconstructing a whole image from the partial snapshots. We also show that we can satisfactorily work out a whole image for 80% of more than 50 examples. %T Give and Take: Children Collaborating on One Computer %S Short Papers: Workplaces and Classrooms %A Kori Inkpen %A Kellogg S. Booth %A Steven D. Gribble %A Maria Klawe %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.258 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 258-259 %K CSCL, CSCW, Input devices, Interaction styles, Computers in education, Children %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/ki_bdy.htm %X When two children work together on one computer, it is necessary for them to share the input devices. This study examines the effects of having multiple mice with two different control passing protocols: Give and Take. The results suggest that having two mice instead of a single mouse affects the performance of a pair of children playing on a shared computer. This result was gender dependent in that girls solved the most puzzles in the Give condition while boys solved the most puzzles in the Take condition. Moreover, boys in the Take condition exhibited a larger number of exchanges of control than all other experimental conditions. %T Community Help: Discovering Tools and Locating Experts in a Dynamic Environment %S Short Papers: Workplaces and Classrooms %A Carlos Maltzahn %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.260 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 260-261 %K Group work, Help systems, Group memory, Unix, Research environments %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/cm_bdy.htm %X In a research community each researcher knows only a small fraction of the vast number of tools offered in the continually changing environment of local computer networks. Since the on-line or off-line documentation for these tools poorly support people in finding the best tool for a given task, users prefer to ask colleagues. However, finding the right person to ask can be time consuming and asking questions can reveal incompetence. In this paper we present an architecture to a community sensitive help system which actively collects information about Unix tools by tapping into accounting information generated by the operating system and by interviewing users that are selected on the basis of collected information. The result is a help system that continually seeks to update itself, that contains information that is entirely based on the community's perspective on tools, and that consequently grows with the community and its dynamic environment. %T Timespace in the Workplace: Dealing with Interruptions %S Short Papers: Workplaces and Classrooms %A Brid O'Conaill %A David Frohlich %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.262 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 262-263 %K Interruptions, Workplace communication, CSCW, Ethnography %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/boc_bdy.htm %X We report findings from an observational study on the nature of interruptions in the workplace. The results show that in most cases, (64%), the recipient received some benefit from the interruption. However in just over 40% of interruptions the recipient did not resume the work they were doing prior to the interruption. Some implications for time management and communication technology are presented. %T Parallel Design in the Classroom %S Short Papers: Workplaces and Classrooms %A Saila Ovaska %A Kari-Jouko Raiha %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.264 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 264-265 %K Parallel design, Expert and novice designers, HCI education %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/so_bdy.htm %X In parallel design the main goal is to produce design ideas worth investigating further. We have used a design problem previously solved by three experts as the term assignment in our HCI class. We discuss the wealth of solutions produced by the students and their relationship to the expert solutions. Together, the students could come up with more interesting ideas than the experts. On the other hand, for choosing one solution for further development the expert solutions stood out. %T Why are Computer Manuals So Bad? %S Short Papers: Workplaces and Classrooms %A Charles Woodson %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.266 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 266-267 %K Mental models, Computer manuals, Documentation, User training, Online help, Educational applications %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/cwn_bdy.htm %X Two experiments examined the utility of restructured help information as an aid to new users learning the UNIX commands trn and tin. In both experiments, the help information was reorganized to reflect the conceptual model or mental organization inferred from users response to questions, rather than the dictionary-like organization favored by programmers. A retention test showed higher scores on questions about the program, and student ratings indicated a higher opinion of the instruction they received, greater self-confidence in their knowledge. This paper concludes that the difficulties new users have with most computer manuals is the lack of correspondence between the user's schemata or mental model of the task, and the programmers conceptualization of the task upon which the manual is usually based. %T Reducing Visual Stress Symptoms of VDT Users with Prescription Eyeglasses %S Short Papers: Workplaces and Classrooms %A Erik Nilsen %A David Fencsik %A Aidan Smith %A Linda Solares %A Scott Stratton %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.268 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 268-269 %K VDT, Eye strain, Visual symptoms %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/eln_bdy.htm %X The use of Video Display Terminals (VDT's) in modern information processing environments is associated with a variety of visual stress symptoms including eye strain, headaches, blurry vision and neck/shoulder pain. This study evaluates a method of prescribing computer specific glasses to improve vision and reduce symptoms. Thirty-seven computer users who suffer from VDT related visual symptoms wore two pairs of prescription eyeglasses for two weeks each in a double blind crossover experiment. The experimental glasses were prescribed using a Gaussian image testing device and the control glasses were prescribed using a standard paper Snellen chart. Data was collected on the frequency and severity of symptoms in their regular work environment as well as in a controlled laboratory setting. Results indicate that the experimental eyeglasses were preferred overall (p<.05). Visual stress symptoms were significantly reduced in frequency and severity for the eyeglasses prescribed using the Gaussian image testing device. %T Oh What a Tangled Web We Weave: Metaphor and Mapping in Graphical Interfaces %S Short Papers: Behavioral Issues and Studies %A William W. Gaver %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.270 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 270-271 %K Mapping, Metaphor, Semiotics %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/wwg2bdy.htm %X The relations among graphical representations, computer functionality, and everyday objects are more complex than terms like "the desktop metaphor" may suggest. While metaphors in the everyday world highlight similarities between preexisting entities, interface metaphors create new ones. New computer entities can also be created without metaphor, when existing elements are combined by conceptual structuring. Naming such constructs, however, may involve yet another metaphor, between the functionality suggested graphically and that implied by the name. In sum, interface representations -- which can only be called "metaphors" metaphorically -- are complex and confusing, but this leads to a flexibility and power that may be lost if simpler mappings are used. %T To Influence Time Perception %S Short Papers: Behavioral Issues and Studies %A Erik Geelhoed %A Peter Toft %A Suzanne Roberts %A Patrick Hyland %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.272 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 272-273 %K CSCW, Time perception, User interface %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/egd_bdy.htm %X Within IT there are no studies on how to reduce waiting time perception. We demonstrate the relevance of this issue within the context of synchronous voice and data communication and conclude that waiting time perception can be reduced. %T A Poor Quality Video Link Affects Speech But Not Gaze %S Short Papers: Behavioral Issues and Studies %A Andrew F. Monk %A Leon Watts %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.274 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 274-275 %K Video communication, CSCW, Analysis of conversation %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/afm_bdy.htm %X Thirty two members of the general public worked remotely from one another in pairs on some simple joint tasks. All the pairs had high quality audio links and were able to see one another's faces through an on-screen video image. For half the pairs this image was small (40 x 65 mm) and for the other half it was large (103 x 140mm). The conversations were analysed in terms of gaze focus (looking at the video image or elsewhere) and speech (speaking or silent). It is concluded that the small video image results in more formal and less fluent verbal interaction but gaze behaviour is unaltered. %T Improved Reasoning with Convince Me %S Short Papers: Behavioral Issues and Studies %A Patricia Schank %A Michael Ranney %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.276 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 276-277 %K Connectionism, Reasoning, Instruction %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/psk_bdy.htm %X This paper describes Convince Me, a tool for generating and analyzing arguments. Results indicate that the system makes people better reasoners while they employ it, and yields transfer to situations unsupported by the software. %T Looking and Lingering as Conversational Cues in Video-Mediated Communication %S Short Papers: Behavioral Issues and Studies %A Herbert L. Colston %A Diane J. Schiano %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.278 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 278-279 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/hlc_bdy.htm %X A study is described in which observers rated the difficulty people had in solving problems, based either upon simply how long the person looked at each problem, or also how long his or her gaze lingered on it after being instructed to move on. Initial results show a linear relationship between gaze duration and rated difficulty, with lingering as an added significant factor. These findings are discussed in terms of the role(s) gaze cues play in tracking understanding in conversations, with implications for the design of video-mediated communication (VMC) systems. %T Dynamic What-If Analysis: Exploring Computational Dependencies with Slidercells and Micrographs %S Short Papers: Behavioral Issues and Studies %A Staffan Truve %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.280 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 280-281 %K Spreadsheet, Dynamic queries, What-if analysis %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/st_bdy.htm %X The use of spreadsheets for what-if analyses can be simplified by allowing cell values to be set by small sliders and displayed as micro-graphs. The sliders define a range in which a cell value will be varied, and the graphs illustrate how other cell values vary when the slider-cell has a value in that range. The resulting mode of operation emphasizes interaction between the system and the user in searching for a desirable value of a cell, and also illustrates the stability of that value by showing the value in a context around it. %T A Comparison of Four Navigation Techniques in a 2D Browsing Task %S Short Papers: Usability Evaluation %A Victor Kaptelinin %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.282 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 282-283 %K Windows, Navigation techniques %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/vk_bdy.htm %X Four window navigation techniques were compared in the experiment: scroll bars, dragging, and two modifications of a "bird's eye view." It was found that standard scroll bar navigation was associated with the slowest performance and was rated by the subjects as least preferable. The best performance and the highest preference ranks were observed under the "bird's eye view" conditions. Individual differences between subjects and the potential role of task specificity are discussed. %T The Effect of Computer Experience on Subjective and Objective Software Usability Measures %S Short Papers: Usability Evaluation %A George V. Kissel %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.284 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 284-285 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/gvk_bdy.htm %X In the user-centered approach to software design and development, end-users act as evaluators in usability tests at various points during the development life-cycle. Some usability professionals argue that these usability tests simply reflect the preferences of the participants and should not be used in place of objective performance measures. In an attempt to strengthen the validity of the user-centered approach, the present study examined the association between subjective preference measures and objective performance measures in relation to the user's hardware and software use and familiarity. The results suggest that not only do the subjective ratings of end-user evaluators often differ from objective performance measures, but also that this relationship is dependent on the user's past computer experience. %T Apple Guide: A Case Study in User-Aided Design of Online Help %S Short Papers: Usability Evaluation %A Kevin Knabe %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.286 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 286-287 %K Online help, User studies, Instructional design %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/kjk_bdy.htm %X Apple Guide, the new online help system in Macintosh system software, provides a standard human interface to online help on the Macintosh. It is the culmination of extensive study at Apple of how users can work most effectively with online help. This paper summarizes several of the major studies in Apple's research, briefly describing the research methods used, major findings, and how those findings contributed to the design of Apple Guide. %T Why are Geographic Information Systems Hard to Use? %S Short Papers: Usability Evaluation %A Carol Traynor %A Marian G. Williams %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.288 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 288-289 %K Geographic information systems, Participatory design, Task analysis %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/ct_bdy.htm %X Geographic Information System (GIS) software evolved out of the fields of geography, cartography, and database management. As a result, off-the-shelf GIS software requires the user to have or to acquire considerable knowledge of these fields. Navigation through the interfaces of most off-the-shelf GIS software is difficult because they support a system architecture view, rather than a view of the user's work. These problems are compounded for users with little computing experience. In many workplaces, a single technical user becomes the local GIS expert, and acts as a surrogate for other users who have neither the expertise to use the software nor the resources to acquire that expertise. In this paper, we summarize our analysis of what makes GIS so hard to use, and describe our research directions toward designing effective GIS software for non-specialist users. %T User Action Graphing Effort (UsAGE) %S Short Papers: Usability Evaluation %A Dana Uehling %A Karl Wolf %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.290 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 290-291 %K Usability testing, User interface design, TAE Plus %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/dlu_bdy.htm %X This paper describes a prototype usability test tool which will automate detection of serious usability problems. The tool records the actions that a user makes while performing a predefined application task. Currently the tool supports only user interfaces created with TAE Plus. Prior to a usability testing session, an "expert" user is recorded performing a task. The recording becomes a performance baseline. Later, during actual usability testing, a "novice" user is recorded performing the same task. The action recordings of the two users are then compared by the tool and the comparison results are shown graphically. The hypothesis is that by graphically comparing the actions of an expert and average novice users, a usability analyst can quickly figure out where usability problems (e.g. confusion with menu choices) arise with the user interface. %T Apparent Usability vs. Inherent Usability: Experimental Analysis on the Determinants of the Apparent Usability %S Short Papers: Usability Evaluation %A Masaaki Kurosu %A Kaori Kashimura %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.292 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 292-293 %K Usability, Screen layout %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/mk_bdy.htm %X Correlational analysis of the evaluation data of the apparent usability with the inherent usability measures revealed that the apparent usability is more strongly affected by the aesthetic aspects than the inherent usability. %T Diagram Entry Mechanisms in Graphical Environments %S Short Papers: Drawing, Painting and Sketching %A Wayne Citrin %A Jeffrey D. McWhirter %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.294 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 294-295 %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/wc_bdy.htm %X Although great strides have been made in the last 10-15 years in the development of systems that use graphical representations, very little work has been done in developing systems that help users input and edit diagrams efficiently. This paper describes an ongoing project addressing the design of one such feature of a graphical editor: diagram entry. We show how knowledge of the syntax and semantics of the language being edited allows us to design a more intelligent diagram entry facility. %T 3D Painting: Paradigms for Painting in a New Dimension %S Short Papers: Drawing, Painting and Sketching %A Julie Daily %A Kenneth Kiss %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.296 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 296-297 %K 3D painting, Contextual inquiry, Direct manipulation, Texture mapping %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/jdy_bdy.htm %X This paper describes the design process of an innovative digital 3D paint program. The system enables industrial designers to paint surface details directly on rough 3D models for the first time. Contextual inquiry into designers' work inspired a real-world metaphor of painting a physical model. This provided the foundation for making 3D tools as natural to use as 2D. Familiar 2D digital painting paradigms, such as brushes, layers, and masks, were extended to 3 dimensions without adding complexity to the interface. Our informal evaluation sessions have shown that with a cursory introduction, designers who have never seen the interface were able to paint 3D models as easily as they could sketch. %T Some Effects of Angle of Approach on Icon Selection %S Short Papers: Drawing, Painting and Sketching %A Thomas G. Whisenand %A Henry H. Emurian %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.298 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 298-299 %K Icon selection, Fitts' Law, Input devices, Human performance modeling %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/tgw_bdy.htm %X Over the past decade, research related to various aspects of human-computer interactions has become increasingly prominent within the human factors field. In that regard, the speed and accuracy of human motor movements associated with computer input devices has often been modeled by Fitts' law. However, most such analyses have not considered the angle of movement as a factor. Accordingly, the present study investigated the effects of the angle of approach for a mouse as the input device to select icon-like targets presented on a VDT. The angle of approach had a significant effect on movement time. %T Color Adaptive Graphics: What You See in Your Color Palette Isn't What You Get! %S Short Papers: Drawing, Painting and Sketching %A Suguru Ishizaki %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.300 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 300-301 %K Color, Simultaneous contrast, Color palette, Visual communication, Information graphics %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/si_bdy.htm %X The color you perceive in a typical color palette is always different from the color you perceive when it is used in your color document because of simultaneous color contrast effect -- a phenomenon in which humans perceive the same physical color differently against different background. The effect is particularly problematic in the visual design of information graphics, in terms of its reliability and communicative quality. This paper presents a prototype of a color adaptive graphic system where simultaneous contrast effect is automatically adjusted such that the color perceived in a palette is preserved when it is used against various background colors. %T Mark Your Calendar! Learning Personalized Annotation from Integrated Sketch and Speech %S Short Papers: Drawing, Painting and Sketching %A Robin L. Kullberg %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.302 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 302-303 %K Multi-modal interface, Sketch input, Speech input, Interaction design, Intelligent learning agent %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/rkb_bdy.htm %X An intelligent agent learns the user's personal sketch annotations by gathering, integrating, and interpreting sketch and speech input. This agent-assisted, multi-modal interaction affords a natural and adaptable approach to graphical annotation of a personal datebook. %T Hyperbolic User Interfaces for Computer Aided Architectural Design %S Short Papers: Drawing, Painting and Sketching %A Volkmar Hovestadt %A Oliver Gramberg %A Oliver Deussen %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.304 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 304-305 %K Computer Aided Architectural Design (CAAD), Information visualization, Fisheye technique, Focus+Context technique, Interaction %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/vho_bdy.htm %X We present basic ideas and a prototypical implementation of a graphical user interface intended for the architectural design process. The interface integrates CAD-like object manipulation and navigation through large data sets. Navigation and working area are not separated as done in prior work. Geometric transformations produce a deformed but controllable display of the data in the border area of the working window while normal working is possible in the untransformed center. The arrangement allows the user to shift directly from construction tasks to navigation tasks. Data reduction techniques have been implemented in order to reduce the cost of transformation and display. %T An Experimental Evaluation of Video Support for Shared Work-Space Interaction %S Short Papers: Multimodal Interfaces %A Mark Apperley %A Masood Masoodian %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.306 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 306-307 %K CSCW, Video, Evaluation, Shared work-space %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/mda_bdy.htm %X An experimental evaluation of video support for shared work-space software is described. Groups of two users worked simultaneously and cooperatively on a problem using Aspects on Macintosh computers in one of four scenarios. Each of these scenarios provided a different form of supplementary communication: audio only, reduced frame-rate video, standard video, and full face-to-face communication. Although the audio link had been found to be essential in an earlier pilot study, in this experiment there was no discernible difference in performance between any of the four scenarios. Nevertheless, users indicated that they were more comfortable with the face-to-face situation. %T Voicefax: A Shared Workspace for Voicemail Partners %S Short Papers: Multimodal Interfaces %A David Frohlich %A Owen Daly-Jones %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.308 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 308-309 %K Multimedia messaging, Asynchronous communication, Workspace, Annotation, Voicemail, Fax, Pen %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/df_bdy.htm %X We report a pen-based study in which we provided voicefax facilities for the recording of animated voice, writing and gesture on a document background. The findings reflect some cumulative benefits of combining written and spoken media for asynchronous communication. %T Exploring Tabla Drumming Using Rhythmic Input %S Short Papers: Multimodal Interfaces %A jae Hun Roh %A Lynn Wilcox %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.310 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 310-311 %K Multi-media, Tactile or gestural I/O, Auditory I/O, Intelligent systems, Educational applications, Music applications %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/rwx_bdy.htm %X We describe a system that enables the use of rhythmic input for exploring Indian tabla drumming. Rhythms drummed by the user on a pair of drum pads are mapped to tabla phrases using a hidden Markov model based recognizer. The recognized tabla phrases are played back to the user, while an animated visual representation of the phrase is displayed. %T An Empirical Study of Collaborative Wearable Computer Systems %S Short Papers: Multimodal Interfaces %A Jane Siegel %A Robert E. Kraut %A Bonnie E. John %A Kathleen M. Carley %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.312 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 312-313 %K Wearable computers, Empirical studies, Collaborative work, Vehicle maintenance %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/js_bdy.htm %X We report an empirical study of aircraft maintenance workers using wearable visual interfaces and collaborative systems to support troubleshooting and repair work. Preliminary results suggest gains in coordination and ease of work when users have shared hypertext, video and audio capability. Study results are being used to inform design and rapid prototyping of wearable systems for use in vehicle maintenance systems. %T Pointing on a Computer Display %S Short Papers: Multimodal Interfaces %A Evan Graham %A Christine L. MacKenzie %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.314 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 314-315 %K Human performance modelling, Input devices, Fitts' law, Pointing %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/edg_bdy.htm %X Pointing movements with the hand were used to control directly a cursor to point to targets on a graphical display with different gain settings. A detailed analysis of both the cursor and hand movements showed how features of the movements scale over a wide range of distances and target widths. Cursor movements showed gain effects, while hand movements were relatively unaffected by gain. The results suggest that considering the behaviour of the hand, rather than the cursor, will lead to more effective modelling of human performance with certain types of pointing devices. %T Negative Inertia: A Dynamic Pointing Function %S Short Papers: Multimodal Interfaces %A R. C. Barrett %A E. J. Selker %A J. D. Rutledge %A R. S. Olyha %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.316 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 316-317 %K Pointing devices, Isometric joystick, Transfer functions, Index of performance %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/rcb_bdy.htm %X In-keyboard isometric joysticks can give better performance than mice for mixed typing/pointing tasks. The continuing challenge is to improve such devices to the point that they are preferable even for pure pointing tasks. Previous work has improved joystick performance by considering user perception and motor skills. This paper considers the dynamics of the pointing operation. A dynamic transfer function for an isometric joystick is described which amplifies changes in the applied force to increase responsiveness without loss of control. User tests show a 7.8 +/- 3.5% performance improvement over a standard non-dynamic joystick. This feature has been incorporated into the TrackPoint III from IBM. %T The Audible Web: Auditory Enhancements for Mosaic %S Short Papers: Web Browsing %A Michael C. Albers %A Eric Bergman %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.318 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 318-319 %K Auditory interface, World-Wide Web, WWW, Mosaic user interface, Mosaic, WWW browsers %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/mca_bdy.htm %X Interest in the World-Wide Web (WWW), a collection of hypermedia information distributed across the Internet, has exploded with the advent of Mosaic, a graphical user interface for navigating the WWW. In spite of Mosaic's popularity, studies have found usability problems in the original interface, especially with regard to feedback, terminology, and adherence to GUI guidelines [2,4]. This paper reports on a preliminary investigation of auditory feedback as one approach to enhancing Mosaic's user interface. The Audible Web is Mosaic embedded with non-speech auditory cues intended to aid user monitoring of data transfer progress, provide feedback for user actions, and to provide content feedback to aid navigation of the WWW. %T A New Paradigm for Browsing the Web %S Short Papers: Web Browsing %A Marc H. Brown %A Robert A. Shillner %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.320 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 320-321 %K Interactive user interfaces, Information navigation, Interaction techniques, World-Wide Web, Mosaic %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/mhb2_bdy.htm %X This paper introduces DeckScape, a World-Wide Web browser based on a "deck" metaphor. A deck is a collection of Web pages; as the user traverses links, new pages appear on top of the current deck. All retrievals are done using a background thread, so the visible pages in all decks remain active at all times. Users can circulate through the pages in a deck, move and copy pages between decks, and so on. Our primary innovation is the use of decks as a general-purpose way to organize material such as hotlists, query results, and breadth-first expansions. %T CyberBELT: Multi-Modal Interaction with a Multi-Threaded Documentary %S Short Papers: Web Browsing %A Joshua Bers %A Sara Elo %A Sherry Lassiter %A David Tames %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.322 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 322-323 %K Multi-modal interaction, Interactive documentary, Information exploration, Dynamic story-telling system %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/elo_bdy.htm %X CyberBELT allows a viewer to interact with a multi-threaded documentary using a multi-modal interface. The viewer interacts with the documentary by speaking, pointing and looking around the display. The viewer selects the threads of the story to follow or lets the system navigate through the story. Feedback from the viewer evolves the story to present concepts she is interested in. We discuss the suitability of combining multi-modal interaction and multi-threaded narrative. %T VGrep: A Graphical Tool for the Exploration of Textual Documents %S Short Papers: Web Browsing %A Jeffrey D. McWhirter %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.324 ?? erickson %D 1995 %V 2 %P 324-325 %K Word search, Visualization %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/jdm2bdy.htm %X Discovering the content and structure of textual files through keyword based search is a common task of computer users. However, the results of such a search is often difficult to understand and to use. This paper describes VGrep, a tool that facilitates keyword based search through large textual documents. VGrep provides the ability to formulate queries and present the results of the queries in an abstract graphical representation. %T Showing the Context of Nodes in the World-Wide Web %S Short Papers: Web Browsing %A Sougata Mukherjea %A James D. Foley %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.326 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 326-327 %K Hypermedia, Visualization, Structural analysis, World-Wide Web %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/sm2bdy.htm %X This paper talks about a method to show the context of nodes in the World-Wide Web. World-Wide Web presents a lot of information to the user. Consequently, it suffers from the famous lost in hyperspace problem. One way to solve the problem is to show the user where they are in the context of the overall information space. Since the overall information space is large, we need to show the node's context with respect to only the important nodes. In this paper we discuss our method of showing the context and show some examples of our implementation. %T Interaction Design for Shared World-Wide Web Annotations %S Short Papers: Web Browsing %A Martin Rscheisen %A Christian Mogensen %A Terry Winograd %B CHI95 %M C.CHI.95.2.328 %D 1995 %V 2 %P 328-329 %K Mosaic, World-Wide Web, Group annotation, Collaborative filtering, Seal of approval %* (c) Copyright 1995 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/proceedings/shortppr/cmn_bdy2.htm %X We describe the interaction design for a set of facilities that enable users of an augmented version of the NCSA Mosaic browser to read, write, and filter for annotations on arbitrary segments of World-Wide Web documents, and share them with any other such user. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI96-2b.BA %M C.CHI.96.2.169 %T Long-Term Interaction: Learning the 4 Rs %S SHORT PAPERS: Collaborative Systems %A Alan Dix %A Devina Ramduny %A Julie Wilkinson %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 169-170 %K Interruptions, Reminders, Events, Workflow %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Dix/dix_txt.htm %X In long-term interaction (over minutes, hours, or days) the tight cycle of action and feedback is broken. People have to remember that they have to do things, that other people should do things and why things happen when they do. This paper describes some results of a study into long-term processes associated with the running of the HCI'95 conference. The focus is on the events which trigger the occurrence of activities. However, during the study we also discovered a recurrent pattern of activities and triggers we have called the 4Rs. For a longer report see [2]. %M C.CHI.96.2.171 %T Walking the Walk is Doing the Work: Flexible Interaction Management in Video-Supported Cooperative Work %S SHORT PAPERS: Collaborative Systems %A Steinar Kristoffersen %A Tom Rodden %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 171-172 %K Video, Communication, Multimedia, Space, Mobility %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Kristoffersen/kri_txt.htm %X This paper considers the effects of video-based communication systems on individual, local mobility in the everyday, practical 'space' of work. Previous academic research emphasises how video can extend and enhance space. We found, doing a focused ethnography, that video, in a trade-off between 'real' and 'virtual' mobility, restricted the use of personal, workaday, physical space. Issues thus raised for design of video-based systems are: physical mobility in workaday space during sessions; modal and temporal switching between different means of communication; individual work during collective activities; and, alternating between tasks as part of articulating the work. %M C.CHI.96.2.173 %T Office Monitor %S SHORT PAPERS: Alternative Methods of Interaction %A Nicole Yankelovich %A Cynthia D. McLain %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 173-174 %K Conversational interaction, Speech interface design, Office automation %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Yankelovich/yn_txt.html %X The Office Monitor is a walk-up speech system in an office setting. We present strategies developed to address design issues which emerged during a pre-design study. A follow-up user study showed that although effective, these strategies were inadequate; therefore, we propose design modifications. %M C.CHI.96.2.175 %T Visual Access for 3D Data %S SHORT PAPERS: Alternative Methods of Interaction %A David J. Cowperthwaite %A M. Sheelagh %A T. Carpendale %A F. David Fracchia %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 175-176 %K Distortion viewing, 3D interaction %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Cowperthwaite/djc.htm %X We describe a novel solution to the problem of occlusion in viewing three-dimensional data. A distortion function is used to clear a line of sight to previously obscured interior elements. %M C.CHI.96.2.177 %T An Interface Strategy for Promoting Reflective Cognition in Children %S SHORT PAPERS: Children and Other Learners %A Kamran Sedighian %A Maria M. Klawe %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 177-178 %K Representation, Reflective cognition, Children, Education, Mathematical computer games %X We present a strategy for interface design in mathematical computer games. Our goal is to encourage children to consciously think about the underlying mathematical concepts while playing. We believe our strategy and our experiences leading to its formulation can provide useful insights for the design of educational software in general. %M C.CHI.96.2.179 %T Design Issues Involving Entertainment Click-Ons %S SHORT PAPERS: Children and Other Learners %A Douglas Super %A Marvin Westrom %A Maria Klawe %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 179-180 %K Click-ons, Edutainment, Interface design, Log files, Games, Mathematics, Children, Motivation %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Westrom/wm_txt.htm %X Preliminary results and methodology is reported for the effectiveness of entertainment click-ons in edutainment software. Indices for findability, popularity and effectiveness are discussed. School and home use data were obtained from log files built for Counting on Frank, a CD-ROM math adventure for ages 8-12 published by EA Kids in late 1994. %M C.CHI.96.2.181 %T Children's Collaboration Styles in a Newtonian MicroWorld %S SHORT PAPERS: Children and Other Learners %A Andy Cockburn %A Saul Greenberg %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 181-182 %K Computer supported collaborative learning, Microworlds %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Greenberg/sg4txt.htm %X TurboTurtle is a animated multi-user microworld that children use to explore concepts in Newtonian physics. It is a groupware system where students, each on their own computer, can simultaneous control the microworld and gesture in a shared view. Observations of pairs of young children using TurboTurtle highlight extremes in collaboration styles, from conflict to smooth interaction. %M C.CHI.96.2.183 %T ASK Jasper: Performance Support for Students %S SHORT PAPERS: Children and Other Learners %A Ray Bareiss %A Susan M. Williams %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 183-184 %K Educational applications, Performance support, Hypermedia %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Bareiss/br_txt.htm %X This paper describes ASK Jasper, a hypermedia performance support system that provides a structured work environment and in-context help and advice to students as they learn the concepts and skills of empirical geometry through solving a complex design problem. %M C.CHI.96.2.185 %T Designing Pedagogical Screen Savers %S SHORT PAPERS: Children and Other Learners %A Chris DiGiano %A Michael Eisenberg %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 185-186 %K Screen savers, Programmable applications, Software design, Chart'n'Art %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/DiGiano/dgc_txt.htm %X The burgeoning complexity of professional application software -- the proliferation of interface options, available functionality, and end-user languages -- has resulted in the need to think creatively about ways in which such software may be made more learnable. This paper describes one promising technique -- the pedagogical screen saver -- whose purpose is to introduce users to application functionality, entertainingly and unobtrusively, during the program's "idle time." We describe a running prototype of such a screen saver for a programmable charting application. %M C.CHI.96.2.187 %T Using Cognitive Dimensions in the Classroom as a Discussion Tool for Visual Language Design %S SHORT PAPERS: Children and Other Learners %A Nicholas P. Wilde %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 187-188 %K Cognitive dimensions, Visual languages, Design and evaluation techniques %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Wilde/wn_txt.html %X Green's cognitive dimensions framework has been put forth as a defined vocabulary for discussing HCI design [3]. To be a useful discussion tool, we must agree on common definitions of the cognitive dimensions, and the dimensions need to be such that an educated user would be able to apply them correctly and consistently. I report on using the cognitive dimensions framework as a tool for discussion in a graduate level class on visual programming languages, and the class's experience applying the framework. %M C.CHI.96.2.189 %T The Usability of Scribble Matching %S SHORT PAPERS: Scribbling, Sketching, Drawing, and Writing %A David Frohlich %A Richard Hull %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 189-190 %K Pen, Handwriting, Retrieval, Usability %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Frohlich/fd_txt.html %X Scribble matching is a facility developed for pen-computers which allows users to search electronic ink. Here we report our first user evaluation of scribble matching in a scribble phonebook application. 12 users each retrieved 40 phone numbers using combinations of scribble look-up, text look-up and manual browsing. Scribble look-up was preferred to the other two methods despite problems in remembering original handwritten labels in the phonebook. %M C.CHI.96.2.191 %T What Architects See in Their Sketches: Implications for Design Tools %S SHORT PAPERS: Scribbling, Sketching, Drawing, and Writing %A Masaki Suwa %A Barbara Tversky %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 191-192 %K Design sketch, Sketching tools, Architectural design, Protocol analysis, Creativity %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Suwa/sm_txt.htm %X Freehand sketches are essential for crystallizing ideas in the early stages of design. Through the act of putting ideas down on paper and inspecting them, designers see new relations and features that suggest ways to refine and revise their ideas. We claim that seeing different types of information in sketches is the driving force in revising design ideas. Our retrospective protocol analysis revealed that sketches make apparent to designers not only perceptual features but also inherently non-visual functional relations, allowing them to extract function from perception in sketches. This has implications for ways that future sketching tools can stimulate designers to come up with creative ideas. %M C.CHI.96.2.193 %T Sketching Storyboards to Illustrate Interface Behaviors %S SHORT PAPERS: Scribbling, Sketching, Drawing, and Writing %A James A. Landay %A Brad A. Myers %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 193-194 %K Gestures, Design, Sketching, Interaction techniques, SILK %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Landay/jal2txt.htm %X Current user interface construction tools make it difficult for a user interface designer to illustrate the behavior of an interface. These tools focus on specifying widgets and manipulating details such as colors. They can show what the interface will look like, but make it hard to show what it will do. For these reasons, designers prefer to sketch early interface ideas on paper. We have developed a tool called SILK that allows designers to quickly sketch an interface electronically. Unlike paper sketches, this electronic sketch is interactive. The designer can illustrate behaviors by sketching storyboards, which specify how the screen should change in response to user actions. %M C.CHI.96.2.195 %T EtchaPad -- Disposable Sketch Based Interfaces %S SHORT PAPERS: Scribbling, Sketching, Drawing, and Writing %A Jonathan Meyer %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 195-196 %K User interfaces, Zoomable interfaces, Sketching, Interaction techniques, Pad++, Pen based computing %X This paper describes a paradigm in which the user creates simple drawings or 'sketches' of user interfaces and then interacts directly with those sketches. It introduces EtchaPad, a system utilizing this technology to implement a drawing package. Several EtchaPad widget types are described, including buttons, sliders, and compound widgets. %M C.CHI.96.2.197 %T Considerations for Electronic Idea-Creation Tools %S SHORT PAPERS: Scribbling, Sketching, Drawing, and Writing %A I. M. Verstijnen %A R. Stuyver %A J. M. Hennessey %A C. C. van Leeuwen %A R. Hamel %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 197-198 %K CAD-tools, Paper & pencil sketching, Creativity, Discovery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Verstijnen/ver_txt.htm %X Recent research into the psychology of paper-and-pencil sketching reveals two ongoing interacting processes during a creative process. The first of these processes can easily be performed in mental imagery and hence is not supported by sketching, the second is hard to perform before the mental eye, and hence is supported by sketching. It is argued that, in order to be intuitive, electronic sketching tools must meet the requirements of firstly not impeding the first of the two processes and secondly support and enhance the second process. %M C.CHI.96.2.199 %T Augmenting Real-World Objects: A Paper-Based Audio Notebook %S SHORT PAPERS: Scribbling, Sketching, Drawing, and Writing %A Lisa J. Stifelman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 199-200 %K Speech interfaces, Speech as data %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Stifelman/lst_txt.htm %X The Audio Notebook allows a user to capture and access an audio recording of a lecture or meeting in conjunction with notes written on paper. The audio recording is synchronized with the user's handwritten notes and page turns. As a user flips through physical pages of notes, the audio scans to the start of each page. Audio is also accessed by pointing with a pen to a location in the notes or using an audio scrollbar. A small observational study of users in real settings was performed. The prototype did not interfere with the user's normal interactions yet gave reassurance that key ideas could be accessed later. In future work, automatic segmentation of the recorded speech using acoustic cues will be combined with user activity to structure the audio. %M C.CHI.96.2.201 %T Task Elaboration or Label Following: An Empirical Study of Representation in Human-Computer Interaction %S SHORT PAPERS: Design Methodology %A Robert B. Terwilliger %A Peter G. Polson %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 201-202 %K Empirical studies, Cognitive models %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Terwilliger/tr_txt.htm %X A study measured the time experienced Macintosh users took to create a graph from pre-existing data, including the assignment of variables to axes in a dialog box. The study revealed that the task took less time when the items in the dialog box were labeled in terms of one problem representation, even when the instructions were written in terms of another. The Kitajima and Polson model explains this as resulting from the problem representation being elaborated with task-specific schemata during the instruction comprehension process. %M C.CHI.96.2.203 %T When Using the Tool Interferes with Doing the Task %S SHORT PAPERS: Design Methodology %A Susan S. Kirschenbaum %A Wayne D. Gray %A Brian D. Ehret %A Sheryl L. Miller %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 203-204 %K Problem space, Submarines, Usability %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Gray/wg_txt.htm %X How much time the user spends working on a task versus fiddling with the tool is an important aspect of usability. The concept of the ratio and distribution of tool-only operations to total operations is proposed to capture this aspect. %M C.CHI.96.2.205 %T Supporting Awareness of Others in Groupware (Suite Summary) %S SHORT PAPERS: Supporting Awareness of Others in Groupware (Short Papers Suite) %A Carl Gutwin %A Saul Greenberg %A Mark Roseman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 205 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Gutwin/cg1txt.htm %X N/A %M C.CHI.96.2.206 %T Peepholes: Low Cost Awareness of One's Community %S SHORT PAPERS: Supporting Awareness of Others in Groupware (Short Papers Suite) %A Saul Greenberg %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 206-207 %K Groupware, Contact facilitation, Awareness, Coordination %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Greenberg2/sg1txt.htm %X In distributed communities, media spaces supply people with an awareness of who is around by displaying video or periodic snapshots of common areas and offices. This in turn facilitates casual interaction. Peepholes is a low cost alternative. Instead of video, iconic presence indicators show the availability of people in a virtual community. If people are absent, a user can 'ambush' them by asking the system to announce their return. When interaction is desired, people can easily contact one another because communication software is just a button-press away. %M C.CHI.96.2.208 %T Workspace Awareness for Groupware %S SHORT PAPERS: Supporting Awareness of Others in Groupware (Short Papers Suite) %A Carl Gutwin %A Saul Greenberg %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 208-209 %K Workspace awareness, Groupware, CSCW %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Gutwin2/cg2txt.htm %X Shared physical workspaces allow people to maintain up-to-the minute knowledge about others' interaction with the workspace. This knowledge is workspace awareness, part of the glue that allows groups to collaborate effectively. In this paper, we present the concept of workspace awareness as a key for groupware systems that wish to support the fluid interaction evident in face-to-face collaboration. We discuss why workspace awareness is difficult to support in groupware systems, and then present a conceptual framework that groupware designers can use as a starting point for thinking about and supporting awareness. %M C.CHI.96.2.210 %T Workspace Awareness Support with Radar Views %S SHORT PAPERS: Supporting Awareness of Others in Groupware (Short Papers Suite) %A Carl Gutwin %A Saul Greenberg %A Mark Roseman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 210-211 %K Radar views, Widgets, Workspace awareness %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Gutwin3/cg3txt.htm %X Real-time groupware systems often let each participant control their own view into a shared workspace. This strategy can reduce awareness about where and how others are interacting with the document or the workspace artifacts. We have designed a number of awareness widgets to help people regain this awareness. In this paper we present several radar views that provide awareness information on top of a global overview of the workspace. Our displays give lightweight access to information about others' locations and activities, providing for richer person-to-person interaction in groupware systems. %M C.CHI.96.2.212 %T A Fisheye Text Editor for Relaxed-WYSIWIS Groupware %S SHORT PAPERS: Supporting Awareness of Others in Groupware (Short Papers Suite) %A Saul Greenberg %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 212-213 %K Groupware, Fisheye views, Awareness, Visualization %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Greenberg3/sg2txt.htm %X Participants in a real-time groupware conference require a sense of awareness about other people's interactions within a large shared workspace. Fisheye views can afford this awareness by assigning a focal point to each participant. The fisheye effect around these multiple focal points provides peripheral awareness by showing people's location in the global context, and by magnifying the area around their work to highlight interaction details. An adjustable magnification function lets people customize the awareness information to fit their collaboration needs. A fisheye text editor illustrates how this can be accomplished. %M C.CHI.96.2.214 %T A Usability Study of Workspace Awareness Widgets %S SHORT PAPERS: Supporting Awareness of Others in Groupware (Short Papers Suite) %A Carl Gutwin %A Mark Roseman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 214-215 %K Groupware, CSCW, Awareness, Usability %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Gutwin4/cg4txt.htm %X Groupware systems that use large shared workspaces generally provide only limited awareness information about other collaborators in the workspace. We are designing a set of groupware widgets to provide this missing information. This paper describes a usability study of a number of such widgets. The study has both validated our intuitions about the need for workspace awareness information, and revealed the strengths and weaknesses of several current designs. %M C.CHI.96.2.216 %T Models of Work Practice: Can they Support the Analysis of System Designs? (Suite Summary) %S SHORT PAPERS: Models of Work Practice (Short Papers Suite) %A William Newman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 216 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Newman/summary.ps %X N/A %M C.CHI.96.2.217 %T Designing for User Acceptance using Analysis Techniques based on Responsibility Modelling %S SHORT PAPERS: Models of Work Practice (Short Papers Suite) %A Richard Harper %A William Newman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 217-218 %K Analytical models, Responsibilities, Design heuristics %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Newman/paper-1.ps %X An initial hurdle encountered by new information systems is user acceptance, and many systems fail this test at great cost to customers and developers. We have investigated methods, based on models of users' responsibilities, for assessing a system's likelihood of acceptance or rejection. We describe an instance of testing a design heuristic based on responsibility modelling. %M C.CHI.96.2.219 %T Agenda Benders: Modelling the Disruptions Caused by Technology Failures in the Workplace %S SHORT PAPERS: Models of Work Practice (Short Papers Suite) %A Margery Eldridge %A William Newman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 219-220 %K Diary studies, Productivity, Usability, Technology failures %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Newman/paper-2.ps %X There is a need to understand the impact of technology failures on work. In the studies reported here, subjects' plans at the start of each day were compared with their eventual accomplishments, and failures to carry out plans were investigated. A number of sources of disruption were identified; they included technology failures, which had a particular tendency to act as "agenda benders," preventing the completion of important activities. %M C.CHI.96.2.221 %T Modelling Last-Minute Authoring: Does Technology Add Value or Encourage Tinkering? %S SHORT PAPERS: Models of Work Practice (Short Papers Suite) %A William Newman %A Margery Eldridge %A Richard Harper %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 221-222 %K Documents, Authoring, Diary studies %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Newman/paper-3.ps %X To measure the productivity gained from computer-based authoring systems, account must be taken of changes in the way the work is organised. An analysis of economists' authoring work, based on diary studies, suggests that much of this is performed at the last minute, just in time to meet deadlines. Benefits gained from word processing appear to be offset by authors' tendency to tinker with documents up to the last minute. %M C.CHI.96.2.223 %T Supporting Doctor-Patient Interaction: Using a Surrogate Application as a Basis for Evaluation %S SHORT PAPERS: Models of Work Practice (Short Papers Suite) %A Alex Dennis %A William Newman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 223-224 %K Medical information systems, Expert-client interaction, Evaluation %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Newman/paper-4.ps %X Interactive systems to support experts in consultation with clients, such as systems for general practitioners (GPs), need to be tested under realistic conditions. However this presents risks to the client, and hence a similar but less risk-prone "surrogate" application may be chosen. We describe an attempt to conduct a comparative evaluation of three technologies for GP support by applying them to careers counselling as a surrogate. While the task appeared to be adequately supported, we were unable to measure the impact of the technologies on conversational turntaking. We make some suggestions on how to avoid this problem in future experiments of this kind. %M C.CHI.96.2.225 %T Moving Motion Metaphors %S SHORT PAPERS: Technologies for Virtual Interactions %A Colin Ware %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 225-226 %K Metaphors, 3D interaction %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Ware/wc1_txt.htm %X A class of visual metaphors is introduced in which simple animation conveys meaning about motion metaphorically. Antecedents in the form of static metaphors for visually conveying motion are discussed, followed by two examples of moving motion metaphors. The second is an integral part of a new heads-up flying interface for navigating 3D environments. Some concluding remarks are made concerning the practical uses of moving motion metaphors. %M C.CHI.96.2.227 %T Effectiveness of Spatial Level of Detail Degradation in the Periphery of Head-Mounted Displays %S SHORT PAPERS: Technologies for Virtual Interactions %A Benjamin Watson %A Neff Walker %A Larry F. Hodges %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 227-228 %K Immersive virtual environments, Virtual reality, Level of detail, Head-mounted displays, Usability, Search %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Watson/wb_txt.html %X Many researchers have proposed degradation of peripheral visual detail as a technique that can both improve frame rates in virtual environments systems, and minimize perceptual impact. A user study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of this technique when used with head-mounted displays. Primary dependent measures were search time on correctly performed trials and percentage of all trials performed incorrectly. Results showed that a substantial amount of peripheral detail can be eliminated before user performance is impacted. The performance impact of peripheral detail degradation will vary greatly with task difficulty, although it should be useful even in the most taxing environments. %M C.CHI.96.2.229 %T Getting a Grasp on Virtual Reality %S SHORT PAPERS: Technologies for Virtual Interactions %A Richard J. Aldridge %A Karen Carr %A Rupert England %A John F. Meech %A Tony Solomonides %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 229-230 %K Evaluation, Input devices, Interaction technology, Touch and force feedback, Virtual reality %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Meech/mj_txt.htm %X This paper describes the development and initial evaluation of a novel system for providing force-feedback to a user's' hand in a virtual environment. The development addresses the problem of providing simple (robust and low cost) but effective sensory cues to assist a user in grasping virtual objects. The approach is to provide approximate but distinctive 'solidity' feedback, which together with visual cues creates the sensation of having grasped an object. The initial evaluations indicate that user response is very favourable. %M C.CHI.96.2.231 %T Fast Haptic Textures %S SHORT PAPERS: Technologies for Virtual Interactions %A Juhani O. Siira %A Dinesh K. Pai %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 231-232 %K Haptic, Stochastic, Texture %X We present a fast algorithm for generating haptic texture for simulations of virtual environments. The method is based on surface roughness analysis and is usable on a variety of force feedback haptic interfaces. %M C.CHI.96.2.233 %T Vection with Large Screen 3D Imagery %S SHORT PAPERS: Technologies for Virtual Interactions %A Kathy Lowther %A Colin Ware %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 233-234 %K Vection, Virtual environments %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Lowther/lk_txt.htm %X Vection is the illusory impression of self motion that can be obtained when an observer views a large screen display containing a rotating or translating pattern. To aid in our construction of an interactive large screen interface to virtual 3D environments, we conducted studies to determine the factors which induce a sense of vection. We found that having a foreground frame and a stereo display increased vection. If subjects moved when the display was being observed then vection decreased. However, if the perspective was coupled to their head position while they moved then vection was restored. %M C.CHI.96.2.235 %T High Fidelity for Immersive Displays %S SHORT PAPERS: Technologies for Virtual Interactions %A Gernot Schaufler %A Tomasz Mazuryk %A Dieter Schmalstieg %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 235-236 %K Virtual reality, Head tracking, Immersion, Lag, Prediction, Uniform frame rates, Impostors %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Schmalstieg/sd_txt.htm %X Head-tracked immersive displays suffer from lag and non-uniform frame rates. A novel rendering architecture is proposed that combines head prediction with dynamic impostors for 3-D image correction and achieves bounded frame rates and significantly reduced lag. %M C.CHI.96.2.237 %T Electronic Mail Previews Using Non-Speech Audio %S SHORT PAPERS: News and Mail %A Scott E. Hudson %A Ian Smith %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 237-238 %K Non-speech audio, Audio icons, Audio glances, Email, Flash card interfaces %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Hudson/hs_txt.htm %X Conventional (visual) glances give a quick overview of the overall properties of an object. An audio glance presents a similar overview aurally rather than visually. This paper describes an audio glance for electronic mail messages. This dynamically constructed non-speech sound is designed to summarize the important properties of a message into a concise sound so that one may quickly preview a set of email messages to determine their important properties. This allows the user to make a quick assessment of, for example, the existence of messages from particular users or groups, or of responses to a recent message of importance. Along with the audio glance technique we present a "flash card" interface which provides very rapid access to the glance. %M C.CHI.96.2.239 %T Grassroots: Providing a Uniform Framework for Communicating, Sharing Information, and Organizing People %S SHORT PAPERS: News and Mail %A Kenichi Kamiya %A Martin Roscheisen %A Terry Winograd %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 239-240 %K Activity-level interface integration, E-mail, Newsgroups %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Kamiya/kk_txt.html %X People currently use a disparate set of systems such as e-mail, newsgroups, hypermail, shared Web hotlists, hierarchical indexes, etc. for activities which often cut across the boundaries implicit in each of these systems. Grassroots is a system that provides a uniform user-conceptual model to functionalities currently found in such systems, while not requiring people to give up other systems. It is designed to co-exist with and leverage from existing systems. A prototype implementation has been completed based on a Web http proxy. %M C.CHI.96.2.241 %T The Telephony Customer Interface: Five Perspectives on Problems and Solutions (Suite Summary) %S SHORT PAPERS: The Telephony Customer Interface (Short Papers Suite) %A John Chin %A Gregory Tatchell %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 241 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Tatchell/tg2_txt.htm %X Collectively, this suite of five papers illustrate the diverse set of issues that should be addressed to formulate a strategic path towards resolving existing and growing usability problems found in telecommunications. Specifically, there are three main thrusts applied in developing profitable and competitive new services: 1) identifying sources of usability problems 2) exploring potential design solutions that address current and future user needs 3) implementing prototypes to assess the feasibility of design concepts. %M C.CHI.96.2.242 %T Problems with the Existing Telephony Customer Interface: The Pending Eclipse of Touch-Tone and Dial-Tone %S SHORT PAPERS: The Telephony Customer Interface (Short Papers Suite) %A Gregory R. Tatchell %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 242-243 %K Phone-based interfaces, Intelligent agents, Personal agents, Voice recognition %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Tatchell2/tg1_txt.htm %X The existing telephony customer interface is based on the input of commands to the telephone system via the touch tone pad of a standard telephone set. The services activated by these commands are hard to learn, easy to forget and confusing because of this restrictive user interface. A solution to ease of use problems (and the 30 others associated with the existing touch-tone telephony interface) requires a new interface. The success of the graphical user interface in the PC industry suggests the following question for the telephone industry: "Is it possible to achieve the same quantum increase in ease-of-use with the customer interface in the telephony industry as was achieved in the PC industry?" This and four associated mini-papers explore both the problems that exist and solutions that can be considered. %M C.CHI.96.2.244 %T Making a Simple Interface Complex: Interactions among Telephone Features %S SHORT PAPERS: The Telephony Customer Interface (Short Papers Suite) %A Nancy Griffeth %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 244-245 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Griffeth/gn_txt.htm %X Without features, the telephone interface is simple and can easily be taught to a child, but the proliferation of telephone features makes the telephone's behavior hard for an adult to understand. The difficulty arises not just from the need to learn several ways of using the telephone, but also from the interactions among features, which can cause each feature to behave differently in the presence of other features. In this paper, we describe some of the problems feature interactions present to telephone users, and discuss their extent. %M C.CHI.96.2.246 %T From Interactions to Interfaces: Butlers, Job Descriptions and Personal Agents %S SHORT PAPERS: The Telephony Customer Interface (Short Papers Suite) %A Dave Darville %A David Hignett %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 246-247 %K Communication services, Personal assistants, Interactions, Personal agents %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Darville/dd_txt.htm %M C.CHI.96.2.248 %T Personality Trait Attributions to Voice Mail User Interfaces %S SHORT PAPERS: The Telephony Customer Interface (Short Papers Suite) %A John P. Chin %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 248-249 %K Phone-based interfaces, Voice mail, Personality, Agents %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Chin/chin.htm %X The present study assesses user perceptions of current voice mail systems and identifies desirable traits that should be incorporated in future agent-based products. Both novices and experts ascribed similar personality traits to voice mail user interfaces: practical, intelligent, courteous, efficient, straight-forward, sophisticated, methodical, progressive and alert. Surprisingly, significantly more experts desired a more imaginative personality than novices. Moreover, 20% of the experts did not associate imaginative with voice mail systems tested. The results suggest that future voice mail user interface for experts should project an imaginative quality. %M C.CHI.96.2.250 %T Technical Considerations in the Design of an Intelligent Agent Using Automated Speech Recognition (ASR) %S SHORT PAPERS: The Telephony Customer Interface (Short Papers Suite) %A Don Xiangdong Cai %A Kenneth Chan %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 250-251 %K Agents, Interface design, Prototyping, Voice recognition, Network & Communication %X The objective of this paper is to discuss the impacts of the ASR technology on the design of an intelligent agent. Using ASR as the primary User Interface (UI) technology, the intelligent agent defines the fifth generation telephone customer interface which solves the problems with the touch-tone interface of the existing telephony services. To identify issues and search for solutions of the design of an intelligent agent, a prototype to demonstrate the concepts of the design was developed and used for customer researches. Based on our research and experiences, the technical issues identified and suggestions are presented in this paper. %M C.CHI.96.2.252 %T Animation in a Demonstrational Interface Builder %S SHORT PAPERS: Development Tools %A Gene L. Fisher %A Hsin-Hui Sung %A Suzanne H. Nguyen %A Thang D. Nguyen %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 252-253 %K Animation, Demonstrational interfaces, Interface builders, User interface management systems %X This paper describes the integration of animation capabilities into a demonstrational interface builder. Basic interface behavior is defined using a technique called stimulus-response demonstration. To support animation, a number of new primitives have been added to specify paths, animated sprites, and timing control. These new capabilities have been smoothly integrated with the stimulus/response mechanism to provide high-level animation control. This integration permits animations to be manipulated in a number of useful and interesting ways. %M C.CHI.96.2.254 %T Early Prototyping Based on Executable Task Models (PostScript) %S SHORT PAPERS: Development Tools %A Birgit Bomsdorf %A Gerd Szwillus %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 254-255 %K Task model, Executable task model, Temporal relations, Prototyping, User-interface design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/S1034_Bomsdorf/chi96.ps %X Research has shown the great importance of task models for the design of human-computer interfaces. In this paper we develop a task model enriched with more complex relations between tasks. This model can be executed and dependent on the abstraction level of the development process graphical representations or early ideas of screen layout can be attached to it. With this technique, prototypes can be used very early in the design process, improving the capabilities to evaluate the model. %M C.CHI.96.2.256 %T Models that Shape Design %S SHORT PAPERS: Models That Shape Design (Short Papers Suite) %A Peter Johnson %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 256 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Johnson/jp_txt.htm %X Modelling is a common ground for both research and practice in human computer interaction. For example, various human factors models are used to evaluate the quality and efficiency of interactive systems. Similarly, system designers employ a range of modelling techniques in the analysis, construction and development of interactive systems. This suite of papers considers some examples of the various classes of models that form an important part of HCI. %M C.CHI.96.2.257 %T Towards a Framework of Design Models %S SHORT PAPERS: Models That Shape Design (Short Papers Suite) %A Mathilde Bekker %A Stephanie Wilson %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 257-258 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Bekker/bw_txt.htm %X This paper presents a framework for examining design models (e.g. task models, dialogue models) and their usage in the design process (e.g. elicitation, evaluation). The framework provides a basis for describing design methods in terms of the models they incorporate, for exploring the common ground between methods and for analysing studies of design in practice. The ideas are exemplified in a discussion of the use of task models in three design methods. Keywords Design methods, models, design support, task models. %M C.CHI.96.2.259 %T Task Model Support for Cooperative Analysis %S SHORT PAPERS: Models That Shape Design (Short Papers Suite) %A Eamonn J. O'Neill %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 259-260 %K Cooperative analysis, Task modelling %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/ONeill/one_txt.htm %X Software usability is a function of how well the software supports the user's situated tasks, so it is important for the software developer to acquire a sound knowledge of the user's roles, tasks and working environment. The research reported here assumes that the user is a primary source of such knowledge and examines how this knowledge may feed directly into the software developer's understanding through user-developer cooperation in analysis and modelling. This short paper briefly reports on the use of task models as representations to support cooperative analysis and concludes that task models provide a useful common ground for user-developer communication and cooperation. %M C.CHI.96.2.261 %T Predictive Evaluation Using Task Knowledge Structures %S SHORT PAPERS: Models That Shape Design (Short Papers Suite) %A Fraser Hamilton %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 261-262 %K Models, Conceptual design, TKS, Prediction, Evaluation %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Hamilton/hf_txt.htm %X Task Knowledge Structures (TKS) are models of users' domain tasks. These TKS models are being utilised within the design process to facilitate design generation and early evaluation of interactive systems. By understanding the knowledge users possess of their domain, we believe that we can support designers in generating designs in a principled manner. Often it may be desirable to change the ways in which users perform their tasks, e.g. to improve task efficiency. However, in changing the nature of users' tasks it is possible to introduce learning problems. We are attempting to produce a framework for predicting what difficulties users might have in using the new system by comparing the knowledge they currently have about their domain to the knowledge required to interact effectively with a system designed to support their goals in that domain. %M C.CHI.96.2.263 %T Beyond Task Analysis: Exploiting Task Models in Application Implementation %S SHORT PAPERS: Models That Shape Design (Short Papers Suite) %A Michael J. Smith %A Eamonn J. O'Neill %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 263-264 %K Task models, Application implementation, Workflow %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Smith_M/sm_txt.htm %X This paper briefly reports how task models may be exploited in software development beyond early analysis and specifically within application implementation. We describe three ways in which task models have been used directly to support application implementation and briefly touch upon how such use impacts upon the usability of the resulting application. %M C.CHI.96.2.265 %T Continuous and Explicit Dialogue Modelling %S SHORT PAPERS: Models That Shape Design (Short Papers Suite) %A Thomas Elwert %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 265-266 %K Human-computer interaction, User interface design, Dialogue model, Graphical dialogue notation %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Elwert/et_txt.htm %X Dialogue modelling represents an important stage in the User Interface (UI) development process. Existing UI development methodologies do not reflect sufficiently this importance by including an explicit dialogue model which covers all levels of dialogue modelling and uses a uniform notation. The paper argues the need for an explicit dialogue model and its continuous development to improve the homogeneity of the entire UI development process. Further, the paper outlines such a model-based approach which supports continuous and explicit dialogue modelling. %M C.CHI.96.2.267 %T Negotiating User-Initiated Cancellation and Interruption Requests %S SHORT PAPERS: Models %A Manuel A. Perez-Quinones %A John L. Sibert %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 267-268 %K Cancellations, Interruptions, Human-computer dialogues %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Perez-Quinones/map2txt.htm %X Interruptions and cancellations are important parts of a user interface, yet they are treated as special cases in user interface design and notations. In an effort to build a dialogue notation that allows for effective definition of these commands or user turns, we present a behavioral definition of interruptions and cancellations. We show several examples of how our definition accounts for different forms of behavior. The behavioral definitions provided here are a step towards providing better support for the definition and implementation of these turns. %M C.CHI.96.2.269 %T An Interface Design Tool Based on Explicit Task Models %S SHORT PAPERS: Models %A Tom Hinrichs %A Ray Bareiss %A Lawrence Birnbaum %A Gregg Collins %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 269-270 %K Model-based interface design tools, Task analysis %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Hinrichs/th_txt.htm %X Producing high-quality, comprehensible human interfaces is a difficult, labor-intensive process that requires experience and judgment. In this paper, we describe an approach to assisting this process by using explicit models of the user's task to drive the interface design and to serve as a functional component of the interface itself. The task model helps to ensure that the resulting interface directly and transparently supports the user in performing his task, and serves as a scaffolding for providing in-context help and advice. By crafting a library of standardized, reusable tasks and interface constructs, we believe it is possible to capture some of the design expertise and to amortize much of the labor required for building effective user interfaces. %M C.CHI.96.2.271 %T GroupWeb: A WWW Browser as Real Time Groupware %S SHORT PAPERS: Working Together Near and Far %A Saul Greenberg %A Mark Roseman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 271-272 %K Word wide web, Groupware, Shared visual workspaces %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Greenberg4/sg3txt.htm %X GroupWeb is a browser that allows group members to visually share and navigate World Wide Web pages in real time. Its groupware features include document and view slaving for synchronizing information sharing, telepointers for enacting gestures, and relaxed "what you see is what I see" views to handle display differences. A groupware text editor lets groups create and attach annotations to pages. An immediate application of GroupWeb is as a presentation tool for real time distance education and conferencing. %M C.CHI.96.2.273 %T Do-I-Care: A Collaborative Web Agent %S SHORT PAPERS: Working Together Near and Far %A Brian Starr %A Mark S. Ackerman %A Michael Pazzani %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 273-274 %K Computer-supported cooperative work, CSCW, Social filtering, Collaboration, World Wide Web %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Starr/sb_txt.htm %X Social filtering and collaborative resource discovery mechanisms often fail because of the extra burden, even tiny, placed on the user. This work proposes an innovative World Wide Web agent that uses a model of collaboration that leverages the natural incentives for individual users to easily provide for collaborative work. %M C.CHI.96.2.275 %T TeamRooms: Groupware for Shared Electronic Spaces %S SHORT PAPERS: Working Together Near and Far %A Mark Roseman %A Saul Greenberg %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 275-276 %K Groupware, CSCW, Shared electronic spaces %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Roseman/mr_txt.htm %X Teams whose members are in close physical proximity often rely on team rooms to serve both as meeting places and repositories of the documents and artifacts that support the team's projects. TeamRooms is a prototype groupware system designed to fill the role of a team room for groups whose members can work both co-located and at a distance. Facilities in TeamRooms allow team members to collaborate either in real-time or asynchronously, and to customize their shared electronic space to suit their needs. %M C.CHI.96.2.277 %T Guidelines for Designing Usable World Wide Web Pages %S SHORT PAPERS: Working Together Near and Far %A Jose A. Borges %A Israel Morales %A Nestor J. Rodriguez %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 277-278 %K Usability testing, Interaction design, World Wide Web, WWW pages design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Rodriguez/rn_txt.htm %X The proliferation of World Wide Web pages with poor usability is a serious problem because these pages waste user time, discourage exploration and could be responsible for a large amount of unnecessary traffic on the Internet. To alleviate this problem, we are proposing a set of simple guidelines for designing usable Web pages. The guidelines were compiled from a heuristic evaluation of existing Web sites. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the usability of home pages designed with the proposed guidelines. The experiment demonstrated that designers of Web pages can improve the usability of home pages by applying these guidelines. %M C.CHI.96.2.279 %T Creating User Manuals for Use in Collaborative Design %S SHORT PAPERS: Working Together Near and Far %A Harold Thimbleby %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 279-280 %K User manuals, Formal specification, Concurrent engineering %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Thimbleby/th_txt.htm %X User manuals are usually written by technical authors after the design of the device has been committed for production. If the manual's review leads to insight into the design, it is too late. Meanwhile, if the design is modified, the manual may be inaccurate. This paper describes an example language for creating accurate and complete manuals from formal specifications. We show how it can be used to improve part of the Flight Crew Operating Manual for the Airbus A320 fly-by-wire airplane. The technique is easy to implement, can be generalised to other domains, and contributes to concurrent engineering practice -- increasing common ground between engineers, users and HCI practitioners. %M C.CHI.96.2.281 %T Creating Image Context Using Image Trees %S SHORT PAPERS: Working Together Near and Far %A Erik Wistrand %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 281-282 %K Visualization, ImageTree, Dynamic layout, Image display, Image context, Art, WWW %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Wistrand/index.html %X Presenting artwork such as paintings, graphics and other images over networks creates several problems, including loss of context, loss of image resolution and bandwidth rate problems. This paper presents a method, ImageTrees, for displaying images which attempts to solve these problems. Applications may be WWW applications, or other media where image resolution and bandwidth problems arise. %M C.CHI.96.2.283 %T Engineering Ethnography in the Home %S SHORT PAPERS: Real World Usage Patterns %A Michael Mateas %A Tony Salvador %A Jean Scholtz %A Doug Sorensen %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 283-284 %K Ethnography, Home computing, Ubiquitous computing %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Mateas/mm_txt.html %X To inform the design and development of domestic computing systems, we performed a pilot ethnographic study of the home. The resulting model of domestic activity shows that the implicit design assumptions of the personal computer are inappropriate for the home. Our model suggests that small, integrated, computational appliances are a more appropriate domestic technology than the monolithic PC. %M C.CHI.96.2.285 %T Visualisation of Entrenched User Preferences %S SHORT PAPERS: Real World Usage Patterns %A Judy Kay %A Richard C. Thomas %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 285-286 %K Editors, Long term field studies, Temporal aspects of usability, Visualisation of behaviour %X A group of 63 students has been studied during three years of editor use. We have examined their long term evolution and here report the variation with accumulated experience in preference between two file-write commands. It is clear that while about 75% of students fixed their preferences early, about 25% did not. We present a clear example of spontaneous, long-term changes by individuals which collectively fit a pattern. %M C.CHI.96.2.287 %T Adaptive Agents and Personality Change: Complimentary versus Similarity as Forms of Adaptation %S SHORT PAPERS: Agents %A Youngme Moon %A Clifford I. Nass %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 287-288 %K Adaptivity, Agents, Complementarity, Personality, Similarity, Social psychology %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Moon/moon.html %X The idea that computer agents should be adaptive is a well-accepted tenet in the software industry. The concept of adaptivity is rarely defined in explicit terms, however. On the one hand, adaptivity could mean change in the direction of similarity; on the other hand, an agent could adapt in the direction of complementarity. The question for software developers is, Which type of adaptivity -- similarity or complementarity -- does the user prefer? To investigate this question, a laboratory experiment was conducted (N=88). Results indicate that, consistent with the gain-loss literature in the field of social psychology, subjects preferred interacting with a computer that became similar to themselves over time. %M C.CHI.96.2.289 %T The Representation of Agents: Anthropomorphism, Agency, and Intelligence %S SHORT PAPERS: Agents %A William Joseph King %A Jun Ohya %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 289-290 %K Agents, Anthropomorphism, Facial expression, User interface design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/King/kw_txt.htm %X Agents have become a predominant area of research and development in human interfaces. A major issue in the development of these agents is how to represent them and their activities to the user. Anthropomorphic forms have been suggested, since they provide a great degree of subtlety and afford social interaction. However, these forms may be problematic since they may be inherently interpretted as having a high degree of agency and intelligence. An experiment is presented which supports these contentions. %M C.CHI.96.2.291 %T Using Force Feedback to Enhance Human Performance in Graphical User Interfaces %S SHORT PAPERS: Thought Pieces for Interaction Technology %A Louis Rosenberg %A Scott Brave %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 291-292 %K Force feedback, Haptic interface, Manual performance %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Rosenberg/rl_txt.htm %X This project uses a force feedback joystick to enhance user interaction with standard graphical user interface paradigms. While typical joystick and mouse devices are input-only, force feedback controllers allow physical sensations to be reflected to a user. Tasks that require users to position a cursor on a given target can be enhanced by applying physical forces to the user that aid in targeting. For example, an attractive force field implemented at the location of a graphical icon can greatly facilitate target acquisition and selection of the icon. It has been shown that force feedback can enhance a users ability to perform basic functions within graphical user interfaces. %M C.CHI.96.2.293 %T Cyberguide: Prototyping Context-Aware Mobile Applications %S SHORT PAPERS: Thought Pieces for Interaction Technology %A Sue Long %A Dietmar Aust %A Gregory Abowd %A Chris Atkeson %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 293-294 %K Mobile computing, Ubiquitous computing, Location-aware applications, Newton/PDA %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Abowd/gda1txt.htm %X We are interested in prototyping future computing environments. In this paper, we present the Cyberguide project, which is building prototypes of handheld, intelligent tour guides that provide information to a tourist based on knowledge of position and orientation. We will describe features of existing Cyberguide prototypes and discuss important research issues that have emerged in context-aware applications development in a mobile environment. %M C.CHI.96.2.295 %T Flying Fingers: A Tool for Three-Dimensional Shared Workspace %S SHORT PAPERS: Thought Pieces for Interaction Technology %A Akira Sakai %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 295-296 %K CSCW, Shared workspace, Spherical coordinates, WYSIWIS %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Sakai/as_txt.htm %X This paper describes Flying Fingers, which is a tool designed for remote collaboration, such as reviewing mock-ups generated in CAD system between designers in remote places. Flying Fingers can potentially be controlled by two-dimensional pointing devices such as mice, because it employs a spherical coordinate system. Moreover, it can be implemented using narrow bandwidth communication. %M C.CHI.96.2.297 %T SportScope: A User-Centered Design for Baseball Fans %S SHORT PAPERS: Thought Pieces for Interaction Technology %A David S. Cortright %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 297-298 %K User interface design, Consumer product design, Usability testing, Hardware/software integration, User-centered design, Apple design project, Baseball %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Cortright/cd_txt.html %X The 1995 Apple Design Project asked students to design a system that would bridge the gulf between the physical and virtual worlds. SportScope, a system which augments the user's experience at a professional baseball game, was designed for this project. A binocular-like video scope is the centerpiece of the design, enabling baseball fans to obtain up-to-the-minute information from objects within the stadium environment (such as players and billboards) using a simple point-and-shoot camera metaphor. Users provided feedback on the design at all stages of the design process and participated in prototype testing. %M C.CHI.96.2.299 %T Auditory Illusions for Audio Feedback %S SHORT PAPERS: Thought Pieces for Interaction Technology %A Michel Beaudouin-Lafon %A Stephane Conversy %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 299-300 %K Non-speech audio, Auditory icons, Auditory illusions, Feedback, Notification %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Beaudoin-Lafon/Mbl_txt.htm %X Sheppard-Risset tones are sounds that seem to go up (or down) indefinitely. We have designed an "elevator" sound based on this auditory illusion and have implemented it in the ENO audio system. The sound is synthesized in real-time and can be controlled in real-time through high-level parameters. We have used this sound for audio feedback when scrolling and for monitoring the progress of long system operations. %M C.CHI.96.2.301 %T Stretch Button Scrollbar %S SHORT PAPERS: Thought Pieces for Interaction Technology %A Daniel J. Smith %A Robert A. Henning %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 301-302 %K Scrollbar, Widget, Selection technology, Action/perception based control, Dynamic system %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Smith_D/sd_txt.html %X Previous research has examined the use of a scrollbar for item selection in very large lists. This report presents an alternative design based on an understanding of the action capabilities and perceptual feedback. Experimental results show substantial performance benefits when using the Stretch Button scrollbar compared to other designs. %M C.CHI.96.2.303 %T Finding the Cut of the Wrong Trousers: Fast Video Search Using Automatic Storyboard Generation %S SHORT PAPERS: Information Structure %A Peter J. Macer %A Peter J. Thomas %A Nouhman Chalabi %A John F. Meech %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 303-304 %K Visual search, Digital video, Video database, Query-by-visual-example, Information management %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Macer/mp_txt.htm %X The development of high capacity storage media and moving image file format standards (e.g. MPEG-2) have improved the quality of digital video and provided the possibility of enhanced digital video browsing techniques. This paper describes an approach to search and navigation in video databases which automatically identifies shots in a video sequence to present a single frame from each shot that best represents the shot as a whole. Using the approach a storyboard is generated which can be either visually scanned by the user, or searched using automatic techniques such as query-by-visual-example (QVE). %M C.CHI.96.2.305 %T Homer: A Pattern Discovery Support System %S SHORT PAPERS: Information Structure %A Garett Dworman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 305-306 %K Information retrieval, Pattern discovery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Dworman/dg_txt.htm %X Traditional research in information retrieval concentrates on retrieving documents. This paper introduces the idea that valuable information exists within a document collection as thematic patterns that can be found without looking at individual documents in the collection. This information is valuable in its own right and as an aid to the IR process, and is often not contained in any of the collection's documents. This paper introduces a pattern discovery support system, Homer, which aids users' search for patterns and some compelling anecdotal evidence. %M C.CHI.96.2.307 %T User Interface Evaluation in an Iterative Design Process: A Comparison of Three Techniques %S SHORT PAPERS: Usability Issues %A Pamela Savage %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 307-308 %K Usability inspections, Usability testing, User interface evaluation, Iterative design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Savage/sp_txt.html %X This paper compares the results of three different user interface evaluation techniques: expert reviews, user reviews, and interactive usability testing. Results from these techniques were obtained during the iterative design of a graphical user interface for an interactive multimedia messaging application. User reviews resulted in significantly more redesign of the user interface (UI), however, they also involved the most expense and effort to conduct. Expert review feedback tended to identify areas that required further user testing. A comparison of these techniques and the user interface design changes resulting from their feedback is discussed. The relative benefits and limitations of the techniques are addressed within the framework of an iterative design process. %M C.CHI.96.2.309 %T Don't Use a Product's Developers for Icon Testing %S SHORT PAPERS: Usability Issues %A Julie B. Holloway %A John H. Bailey %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 309-310 %K Icon, Developer, Student, User, Recognition, Usability, Preference %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Holloway/Hj_txt.htm %X This study compared the results of 10 software developers and 10 university students for icon recognition and preferences. There were 54 icons and 15 concepts, and each concept had two to four representative icons. First, participants attempted to match each icon with one of the 15 product concepts. Next, the participants were asked to pick the best icon from the ones specifically designed to represent each concept. The students correctly recognized more icons (M = 34.7) than the developers (M = 27.8), t(18) = 2.1, p < .05. The icons recognized most often by students and developers were different for two concepts, and the icons preferred most often by students and developers were different for four concepts. We believe that the data support the hypothesis that using product developers rather than representative users can result in incorrect decisions in icon usage. %M C.CHI.96.2.311 %T Visualizing Efficiency: A Technique to Help Designers Judge Interface Efficiency %S SHORT PAPERS: Usability Issues %A Andrew Sears %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 311-312 %K Efficiency, Visualization, Evaluation %X Efficiency is an important issue to consider when designing user interfaces. However, several small studies indicate that interface designers and evaluators are not particularly good at judging the efficiency of simple single screen interfaces. This paper introduces a visualization technique that allows designers to judge efficiency of an interface layout and reports on a pilot study that demonstrates the potential of this technique. %M C.CHI.96.2.313 %T Working with Marketing %S SHORT PAPERS: Usability Issues %A Mike Atyeo %A Charanjit Sidhu %A Gerry Cole %A Simon Robinson %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 313-314 %K Human factors, Marketing, Focus groups, Telecommunications %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/shortpap/Atyeo/am_txt.htm %X This paper describes our experiences in BT working with Marketing on a number of recently released and forthcoming telecommunications products. We believe that usability professionals will find it increasingly important to work with marketing professionals, and we provide practical advice for those who do so. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI96-2a.BA %M C.CHI.96.2.3 %T KAP -- A Prototyper for Technical Device Interfaces %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Prototyping %A Klaus Kespohl %A Gerd Szwillus %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 3-4 %K Prototyping, Formal specification, Design techniques, Development tools, Usability testing, Evaluation %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/demos/Kespohl/gs_txt.htm %X We present the tool KAP (Kespohl's Automaton Prototyper) for prototyping user interfaces of technical devices, such as VCRs, CD players, alarm clocks, answering machines, etc. The work is based on a formal specification language, DSN/2. KAP supports this notation -- as an editor, for adding interactive elements, and as an animation tool. The system was found suitable for performing user tests on several software models, including a CD player with realistic functionality; the results were verified against user testing on the real device. %M C.CHI.96.2.5 %T Demonstrating the Electronic Cocktail Napkin: A Paper-Like Interface for Early Design %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Prototyping %A Mark D. Gross %A Ellen Yi-Luen Do %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 5-6 %K Pen based systems, Design environments, Constraint-based graphics %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/demos/Gross/mdg_txt.htm %X We demonstrate the Electronic Cocktail Napkin, a pen based interface for conceptual design. The project goal is to support design by recognizing, interpreting, and managing drawings, and to serve as an interface for knowledge-based critiquing, simulation, and information retrieval. We demonstrate the Napkin's facilities for end-user programmable recognition and interpretation, drawing management, and multi-user collaboration. We show applications of the Napkin: (1) indexing visual databases and (2) a front end to a local area network design program. %M C.CHI.96.2.7 %T SHK: Single Hand Key Card for Mobile Devices %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Very Personal Computing %A Masakatsu Sugimoto %A Kimiyo Takahashi %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 7-8 %K Single hand keyboard, Mobile device, Input device, Input unit, Touch typing, Ambiguity resolution %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/demos/Sugimoto/ms_txt.htm %X A new input unit for mobile devices is discussed. High speed text input through touch typing and mouse data input is possible through an SHK: Single Hand Key card, "castanets operation", an ambiguity resolution logic applied word by word, and the other support software. %M C.CHI.96.2.9 %T Inhabited Digital Spaces %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Very Personal Computing %A Bruce Damer %A Christina Kekenes %A Terrel Hoffman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 9-10 %K Virtual reality, Social computing, Electronic community %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/demos/Damer/db_txt.htm %X The emergence of standards such as Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) has made shared, three dimensional virtual spaces available to the greater Internet community. When these spaces become inhabited by representations of people, often referred to as digital actors or avatars, a whole spectrum of social behavior will emerge. Prototypes of inhabited digital spaces have been hosted on the Internet since early 1995. Enough experience has been gained with these systems to produce an initial benchmark of their effectiveness from a user interface standpoint. Observation of social interaction in these spaces has also provided some interesting insights. A key finding is that there is a need for interdisciplinary collaboration between the technologists building digital worlds and specialists in community and social behavior. %M C.CHI.96.2.11 %T StarLogo: An Environment for Decentralized Modeling and Decentralized Thinking %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Education: Modeling and Tutoring %A Mitchel Resnick %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 11-12 %K Educational applications, End-user programming, Modeling %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/demos/Resnick/mjr_txt.htm %X StarLogo is programmable modeling environment designed to help nonexpert users (in particular, precollege students) model and explore decentralized systems, such as ant colonies and market economies. People often have difficulty understanding the workings of such systems. By using StarLogo, people can move beyond the "centralized mindset" -- that is, they begin to understand how patterns can arise through decentralized interactions, not from the dictates of a centralized authority. %M C.CHI.96.2.13 %T Design Concepts for an Instructional Tool: Teaching Abductive Reasoning in Antibody Identification %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Education: Modeling and Tutoring %A Jodi Heintz Obradovich %A Philip J. Smith %A Stephanie Guerlain %A Jack W. Smith, Jr. %A Sally Rudmann %A Larry Sachs %A John Svirbley %A Melanie Kennedy %A Patricia L. Strohm %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 13-14 %K Computer-aided instruction, Intelligent tutoring systems, Expert systems, Problem-based learning, Abduction, Medical diagnosis %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/demos/Obradovich/jho_txt.htm %X We have conducted a series of studies aimed at understanding how to design a tutoring system that will support students in expanding their knowledge of immunohematology and in developing their problem-solving skills in a problem-based learning environment [3]. Results from these studies have led to the development of an expert model of problem solving, the identification of common errors and misconceptions in solving such problems, and the development of a model of expert tutoring in this domain. Based on the results of these studies, we designed the Transfusion Medicine Tutor and evaluated its effectiveness in teaching medical technology students to solve antibody identification cases. In our initial evaluation of TMT, the students who used a version of the system with all tutoring functions turned on and with instructor assistance went from 0% correct on a pre-test case to 87%-93% correct on post-test cases. This compares with an improvement rate of 20% by students who used a passive version of the system with the intelligent tutoring functions turned off. The behavioral protocols collected as part of this study provide further evidence regarding the contribution of the task environment, the interface design, and the use of expert systems technology to detect and remediate errors (in cooperation with a human teacher) to the student's learning. %M C.CHI.96.2.15 %T MMVIS: A Multimedia Visual Information Seeking Environment for Video Analysis %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Video: Authoring and Indexing %A Stacie Hibino %A Elke A. Rundensteiner %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 15-16 %K Video analysis, Dynamic queries, Temporal query filters, Interactive visualizations, Trend discovery %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/demos/Hibino/sh2txt.htm %X Our MultiMedia Visual Information Seeking (MMVIS) environment is designed to support an exploratory approach to video analysis. Specialized subset, temporal, spatial, and motion dynamic query filters are tightly coupled with dynamic, user-customizable relationship visualizations to aid users in the discovery of data trends. Users can select two subsets (e.g., a subset of person P1 talking events) and then browse various relationships between them (e.g., browsing for temporal relationships such as whether events of type A frequently start at the same time as events of type B). The visualization highlights the frequencies of both the subsets and the relationships between them. This allows users to discover various relationships and trends without having to explicitly pre-code them. In this demonstration, we will focus on temporal analysis aspects of the system, presenting our temporal visual query language, temporal visualization, and an application to real CSCW data. %M C.CHI.96.2.17 %T MAD: A Movie Authoring and Design System %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Video: Authoring and Indexing %A Naomi Friedlander %A Ronald Baecker %A Alan J. Rosenthal %A Eric Smith %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 17-18 %K Iterative design, User-centred design, Multimedia systems, Multimedia documents, Authoring tools, Interactive graphics systems %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/demos/Friedlander/nlf_txt.htm %X MAD (Movie Authoring and Design) is a novel design and authoring system that facilitates the process of creating dynamic visual presentations. MAD aids this process by simultaneously allowing easy structure creation or modification of motion pictures and visualization of the result of those modifications. The principles behind MAD include hierarchical multimedia document representation, the flexible inclusion and combination of words, images, sounds, and video sequences, and real-time playback of a rough version of the final film at any time in the process. MAD represents a paradigm shift both from traditional methods of authoring and producing motion pictures and from modern multimedia authoring tools. Its development therefore required in-depth observation of a variety of users working on a variety of film-making projects. This demonstration will present the key concepts underlying MAD, demonstrate the current, second-generation prototype software, and review how we have worked with users in an iterative design process and how studies of the work of these users have informed key design issues. %M C.CHI.96.2.19 %T Visage: Dynamic Information Exploration %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Visualization %A Peter Lucas %A Steven F. Roth %A Cristina C. Gomberg %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 19-20 %K Data visualization, Graphics, Data exploration, User interface environment %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/demos/Lucas/lp_txt.html %X Visage is a prototype user interface environment for exploring and analyzing information. It represents an approach to coordinating visualizations and analytical tools in data-intensive domains. Visage is based on an information-centric approach to user interface design which strives to eliminate impediments to direct user access to information objects across applications and visualizations. Visage consists of a set of data manipulation operations, an intelligent system for generating a wide variety of data visualizations and a briefing tool that supports the conversion of visual displays used during exploration into interactive presentation slides. %M C.CHI.96.2.21 %T Using Animation to Aid Process Flow Visualization %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Visualization %A Brenda J. Burkhart %A Marc E. Fusco %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 21-22 %K Animation, Visualization, Simulation, Prototyping, Process flow %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/demos/Burkhart/mef_txt.htm %X Process flows are difficult to communicate to customers effectively, particularly if they are complex or involve multiple systems. We introduce some animation techniques that we rapidly prototyped so that systems engineering or system design proposals or decisions can be effectively communicated to customers. %M C.CHI.96.2.23 %T Lotus Notes Database Support for Usability Testing %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Tools for UI Analysis %A Mary Beth Butler %A Ericca Lahti %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 23-24 %K Usability testing, Lotus Notes, Groupware %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/demos/Butler/mbb_txt.htm %X This demonstration will show how we have built a collection of Lotus Notes databases containing usability results and techniques. Because we have these databases available, we can easily research past testing results, share information on common UI artifacts with geographically dispersed development teams, and efficiently develop strategies for testing new products and features. The intent of this demonstration is to show the characteristics of our system of databases that we find most important for supporting our work, and how our workgroup solution helps us accomplish our goals. %M C.CHI.96.2.25 %T QGOMS: A Direct-Manipulation Tool for Simple GOMS Models %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Tools for UI Analysis %A David V. Beard %A Dana K. Smith %A Kevin M. Denelsbeck %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 25-26 %K GOMS, Time motion analysis, Medical image display %X "GOMS models can be practical if the effort required to product them is commensurate with their limited practical accuracy." This demonstration details a direct manipulation tool for quickly building GOMS models. Advanced features allow rapid model construction and analysis. %M C.CHI.96.2.27 %T Providing Explicit Support for Social Constraints: In Search of the Social Computer %S Doctoral Consortium %A Ben Anderson %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 27-28 %K CSCW, System design, Social norms, Videoconferencing %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Anderson/ba_txt.htm %X This short paper outlines an approach to the design and implementation of systems that explicitly support the use of social, rather than technological, methods of control. This approach draws on recent developments in the social sciences, particularly sociology and anthropology, and builds upon current work in the development of 'Media Spaces' and other CSCW systems. %M C.CHI.96.2.29 %T Effects of Field of View on Task Performance with Head-Mounted Displays %S Doctoral Consortium %A Kevin Arthur %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 29-30 %K Head-mounted display, Field of view, Task performance, Adaptation, Spatial awareness, Presence, Simulator sickness %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Arthur/ka_txt.htm %X The goal of this research is to quantify the effects of a head-mounted display's field of view (FOV) on human performance of 3D tasks representative of those typically performed in virtual environments. %M C.CHI.96.2.31 %T A Computational Theory of Working Memory %S Doctoral Consortium %A Michael D. Byrne %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 31-32 %K Cognitive models, Individual differences, User models, GOMS, Human memory %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Byrne/mdb_txt.htm %X One of the key factors in understanding what interfaces will be easy to use is the limited capacity of the human information-processing system. This work outlines a theory of human working memory which is instantiated as a computational system called SPAN. Working memory and the related construct of short-term memory have a long history in psychology, and in the last decade have been used to explain differences in performance on a wide variety of tasks both at the individual level and between different age groups. The production system SPAN was constructed as an attempt to address working memory issues based on several well-established mechanisms such as decay, interference, and processing speed. One property unique to SPAN is its ability to model the use of external memory. It is this last property, combined with SPAN's explicit acknowledgment of individual differences, which gives it a great deal of promise in applications to HCI domains -- particularly in the prediction of errors. %M C.CHI.96.2.33 %T Putting Context into Design %S Doctoral Consortium %A Steven J. Clarke %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 33-34 %K Context, Design notations, Development tools, Design rationale, Activity theory %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Clarke/sjc_txt.html %X There are an increasing number of methods for using context in design. Unfortunately these methods are strong on the collection of contextual data but weak on ways to use the data in design. Furthermore, current methods suffer from bias which constrains the type of data collected by designers as well as the ways the data can be put to use. However, rather than eliminate these biases, we propose that designers should exploit them. This paper argues that this can be achieved by facilitating the creation of explicit links between the human context and the design specification and that this requires computer based support. Without such links, the use of context will be unsystematic and, potentially, ineffective. %M C.CHI.96.2.35 %T The Effects of Information Accuracy on User Trust and Compliance %S Doctoral Consortium %A Jean E. Fox %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 35-36 %K ATIS, Automated systems, Decision aids, Human-system trust, ITS, User acceptance %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Fox/jef_txt.htm %X Designers and manufacturers of new technology must understand the factors that influence consumers' decisions to purchase new high-tech products. One important factor in the decision is how much users trust the technology. Muir [5, 6] developed a theory of how people develop trust in automated systems. Several studies have supported her model. This proposed study will provide additional data to test this theory. The application to be studied is an Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS), which provides route navigation information to automobile drivers. The study will evaluate how inaccurate congestion information affects the users' trust in and compliance with the system's advice. These results will be important to ATIS developers, who need to know how accurate the systems must be to facilitate user acceptance. %M C.CHI.96.2.37 %T Harnessing the Interface for Domain Learning %S Doctoral Consortium %A David Golightly %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 37-38 %K Direct manipulation, 8-puzzle, Cognitive cost, Learning, Problem-solving %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Golightly/dag_txt.htm %X Making an interface less direct changes how the user learns about the particular domain they are acting upon. Different interfaces cause the user to interact in different ways. This affects how they build up information about the domain they are working in. The counterintuitive finding is that less easy to use interfaces can be beneficial to the domain learning process. Less direct interfaces cause the user to build a more verbalisable and transferable body of knowledge about the domain. The research outlined here is examining this learning process to draw conclusions about where the effect can be most usefully employed. %M C.CHI.96.2.39 %T Understanding the Role of Configuration Management Systems in Software Development %S Doctoral Consortium %A Rebecca E. Grinter %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 39-40 %K CSCW, Collaborative work, Software engineering, Empirical studies, Development tools, Group work, Configuration management systems %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Grinter/reg_txt.htm %X This paper describes a study of how software developers use a technology, software configuration management systems, in their work. The study uses qualitative methods in three case studies to find out how well configuration management systems support the coordination of software development work. Results from this study will help to inform the design of technologies that support group work and provide insights into the complexities of software development. %M C.CHI.96.2.41 %T Extending and Evaluating Visual Information Seeking for Video Data %S Doctoral Consortium %A Stacie Hibino %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 41-42 %K Video analysis, Dynamic queries, Temporal query filters, Interactive visualization %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Hibino/sh1txt.htm %X Extending and adapting the visual information seeking paradigm for video analysis would empower casual users to explore temporal, spatial, and motion relationships between video objects and events. Several extensions are required to accomplish this: extensions to dynamic queries to specify multiple subsets, customized temporal, spatial, and motion query filters, and the design of new spatio-temporal visualizations to highlight these relationships. In my thesis research, I am working on these extensions by combining a new multimedia visual query language with spatio-temporal visualizations into an integrated MultiMedia Visual Information Seeking (MMVIS) environment. This research summary describes my overall approach, research goals, and evaluation plan. %M C.CHI.96.2.43 %T Direct Learner Attention with Manipulation Styles %S Doctoral Consortium %A Shirley J. Holst %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 43-44 %K User interface design, Direct manipulation, Problem-solving, Cognitive psychology, Interactive learning %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Holst/sjh_txt.htm %X This paper investigates what aspects of a pupil's interaction with educational software are determinants of their learning. The work reported here considers whether the computer interface can be designed to encourage people to plan, to think more deeply about relevant information, and hence to learn more successfully. Findings reported here challenge the universal welcome given to graphical user interfaces. A number of pedagogical issues involved in designing educational software are raised. These suggest that designing with considerations other than ease-of-use is paramount. %M C.CHI.96.2.45 %T Formal Modelling of Task Interruptions %S Doctoral Consortium %A Francis Jambon %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 45-46 %K Interruptions, Interleaving, Formal methods, UAN %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Jambon/fj_txt.htm %X My doctoral research is concerned with the formal modelling of task interruptions. Although interruptions are significant events in human activities, current models and notations do not support their expression appropriately. My contribution to this problem is two-fold: the ISAU model which makes explicit the general structure of an interruption, and a UAN-based formal notation that would force designers to consider the right questions when developing a system. ISAU will be assessed using a real-world exemplar: the Data-Link system that supports communications between pilots from different aircraft's and air traffic controllers. %M C.CHI.96.2.47 %T Visualizing Patterns in the Execution of Object-Oriented Programs %S Doctoral Consortium %A Dean F. Jerding %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 47-48 %K Software visualization, Information visualization, Object-oriented programming, Design patterns %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Jerding/dfj_txt.htm %X The purpose of this research is to assist with the development and maintenance of object-oriented software by visualizing patterns of behavior in program executions. These patterns are manifested as repeated sequences of messages between objects and recurring instantiation of objects. It is hypothesized that interactive visualizations of the dynamic patterns in object-oriented systems will increase program understanding, allowing programmers to better perform design recovery and reengineering tasks. %M C.CHI.96.2.49 %L Information retrieval, User interfaces, Evaluation, Empirical studies, Relevance feedback %T Supporting Interactive Information Retrieval Through Relevance Feedback %S Doctoral Consortium %A Jurgen Koenemann %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 49-50 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Koenemann/Jk2_txt1.htm %X I investigated the interactive searching behavior of two groups of subjects using a novel best-match, ranked-output information retrieval (IR) engine to search a large, full-text document collection. The research focuses on the use of relevance feedback, a query reformulation tool. Ten searchers who had a background in IR were observed in the first study; 64 complete novices took part in a second experiment that systematically varied the user knowledge and user control of the feedback mechanism. Behavioral and performance data suggest that user control over relevance feedback benefits retrieval performance and user satisfaction. %M C.CHI.96.2.51 %T Interface Agents for Interacting with Virtual Environments %S Doctoral Consortium %A Britta Lenzmann %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 51-52 %K Interface agents, Interactive graphical system, User adaptation, Multimodal input, Open input %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Lenzmann/bl_txt.htm %X The basic rationale of my Ph.D. thesis is to enhance and simplify interaction with an interactive 3D graphical system. To relieve users from technical detail and allow them to communicate with the system in an intuitive and human-like manner, I am investigating three main aspects: adaptation to user preferences, multimodal input, and open and underspecified input. I use agent-based techniques to approach my solutions. %M C.CHI.96.2.53 %T Towards Organizational Learning: Growing Group Memories in the Workplace %S Doctoral Consortium %A Stefanie N. Lindstaedt %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 53-54 %K Design, System design, Design rationale, Group memory, Organizational learning, Collaborative work, CSCW, Participatory design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Lindstaedt/snl_txt.htm %X Designing domain-oriented systems requires knowledge both in system design and in the domain to be supported. Communication between domain experts and system developers is essential to elicit or activate this knowledge. Contextualized information, conveyed in ongoing communication and evaluation, sheds light on problems and solutions that may otherwise remain uncovered. This information is valuable beyond the particular situation in which it originates. Experiences of our L3D research group with industries and universities have shown that the tasks of activating and capturing communication about system design, relating it to prior experiences, and feeding new insights back into a group memory face a number of challenges. I am developing an interactive group memory management system called GIMMe for growing diverse group memories during software design to explore the issues surrounding these challenges. %M C.CHI.96.2.55 %T Improving Communication in Programming-by-Demonstration %S Doctoral Consortium %A Richard G. McDaniel %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 55-56 %K User interface software, Application builders, Programming-by-demonstration, Programming-by-example, Inductive learning %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/McDaniel_Richard/rgm_txt.htm %X The range of PBD systems can be significantly expanded by improving the user's expressiveness when communicating with the system. The techniques in my research include a new form of demonstrational interaction called nudges. Complementing nudges is a special form of selection which is used to give the system hints by identifying significant objects. A new deck-of-playing-cards metaphor is also introduced for specifying useful effects such as randomness and sequencing. The final techniques use objects for annotating examples such as behavior icons for manipulating and editing behaviors, and temporal ghosts to allow explicit references to past states. By fostering better communication between the author and the system, these techniques should allow the user with minimal programming expertise to create highly interactive software. %M C.CHI.96.2.57 %T Providing Awareness Information to Support Transitions in Remote Computer-Mediated Collaboration %S Doctoral Consortium %A Susan E. McDaniel %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 57-58 %K Awareness, CSCW, HCI %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/McDaniel_Susan/sem_doc.htm %X In my dissertation research I am exploring the questions of what comprises adequate information about the presence and activities of collaborators for the purpose of moving from asynchronous to synchronous work situations. The pertinent questions are: (1) What information do collaborators need to have about co-workers in order to coordinate these transitions? (2) Is there an alternative to video for supporting these transitions? (3) Can the important information that people need be distilled and displayed in textual or graphical forms that are low cost, but still lightweight? %M C.CHI.96.2.59 %T Toolkits for Multimedia Awareness %S Doctoral Consortium %A Ian Smith %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 59-60 %K Awareness, Multimedia, CSCW, Distributed work groups, Informal communication %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Smith/ies_txt.htm %X Informal communication and awareness of coworkers is an important factor in the effectiveness of work in office environments. This dissertation focuses on an architecture for the creation of prototype tools which allow distributed workgroups to collaborate more effectively by communicating informally. This architecture supports the investigation of the area of informal communication and awareness by allowing researchers to quickly develop new application prototypes from reusable components. %M C.CHI.96.2.61 %T Usability and the Software Production Life Cycle %S Doctoral Consortium %A Suziah Sulaiman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 61-62 %K Software quality, Usability, Software production life cycle, Software testing, Usability engineering, Capability Maturity Model (CMM) %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Sulaiman/ss_txt.htm %X For many types of systems it is as important that the usability is as good as the functionality. There have been various attempts during the last fifteen years or more to encourage developers to focus on usability during the life cycle. These have had only limited success in that they have affected certain companies without fundamentally changing the overall software development process. The aim of this study is to improve software quality by finding ways to integrate usability with software quality measurements throughout the life cycle and especially at early stages of development. %M C.CHI.96.2.63 %T Exploring the Information Landscape %S Doctoral Consortium %A Elaine G. Toms %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 63-64 %K Exploring, Browsing, Full-text, Newspapers, Navigation, Menus, Fish-eye views, Similarity measures, Informativeness, Information searching, Experimental study %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Toms/et_txt.htm %X Exploring or browsing is a process of searching in which the user recognizes the object of the search when they see it a human-driven and unstructured process. To examine this process, three navigational aids are experimentally manipulated: method of access, method of suggesting items to explore and method of navigation. A fourth aid, cues that influence exploration, are also assessed. The object of the study is to characterize browsing, to understand what facilitates browsing in an electronic environment, and to suggest an abstract representation of browsing. %M C.CHI.96.2.65 %T Multimedia, Mental Models and Complex Tasks %S Doctoral Consortium %A David Williams %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 65-66 %K Multimedia, Media selection, Mental models, Expressiveness, Tractability, Complex tasks %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/doctoral/Williams/dmw_dcon.html %X With the emergence of relatively cheap multimedia delivery systems incorporating bitmapped graphics and high fidelity continuous audio and video, there is an increasing need for the user interface designer to be informed in their choice of output media for a particular task. Our research is investigating the affect of different media on the formulation of mental models in the solution of complex tasks. The guiding principle is to understand why one medium has an advantage over another in a given task context. To do this one must examine how these media are utilised by the user. An experiment is outlined which will investigate this. %M C.CHI.96.2.67 %T Touchscreen Usability in Microgravity %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: CHI in Space %A Jurine A. Adolf %A Kritina L. Holden %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 67-68 %K Touchscreen, Input devices, Cursor control devices %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Adolf/aj_txt.html %X Touchscreen technology is well-suited for extreme environments, for example, microgravity. However, the usability of touchscreens has not been tested in this environment. The Human Factors and Ergonomics Laboratory (HFEL) at the NASA Johnson Space Center has conducted three evaluations of touchscreen usability both in a simulated weightless environment and on a space shuttle mission. Preliminary findings suggest that touchscreens were preferred for those tasks with larger touch areas, but not for precise positioning. Not anticipated though was the hand fatigue experienced by astronauts. Complete results will be available. %M C.CHI.96.2.69 %T A Wearable Computer for Use in Microgravity Space and Other Non-Desktop Environments %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: CHI in Space %A Edgar Matias %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A William Buxton %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 69-70 %K Input devices, Input tasks, Wearable computers, Portable computers, Half-QWERTY, One-handed keyboard, Skill transfer %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Matias/me_txt.html %W http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/people/ematias/papers/chi96/ %X We present one possible design for a "wearable" computer -- a computer that is worn. Our prototype permits text entry without the need of a table or other supporting surface. Typing can be performed while standing or even walking. Possible applications for this device are also discussed. %M C.CHI.96.2.71 %T Efficacy of a Predictive Display, Steering Device, and Vehicle Body Representation in the Operation of a Lunar Vehicle %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: CHI in Space %A Santosh Mathan %A Arn Hyndman %A Karl Fischer %A Jeremiah Blatz %A Douglas Brams %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 71-72 %K Predictive display, Teleoperation, Lunar vehicle, Time delay %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Mathan/ms_txt.HTM %X Time delayed teleoperation exacts a high toll on human cognitive resources. High error rates and poor performance times are typical consequences of operating a vehicle under such conditions. This paper describes the usability effects of simple enhancements to the interface for a teleoperated lunar vehicle. Experimental results suggest that simple interface elements such as a predictive display, steering wheel, and vehicle body representation can dramatically reduce errors and task performance times during time delayed teleoperation by inexperienced lunar vehicle operators. %M C.CHI.96.2.73 %T Common Ground for Critical Shuttle and Space Station User Interfaces: An Independent Verification and Validation Approach %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: CHI in Space %A Mihriban Whitmore %A Andrea H. Berman %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 73-74 %K Computer-based tool, Usability testing, HCI evaluation %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Whitmore/CHIPoster.html %X The Human Factors and Ergonomics Laboratory (HFEL) at the NASA Johnson Space Center is in the process of developing an automated software interface checking tool to assess the degree to which space-related critical and high risk software system user interfaces meet objective human factors standards across each NASA program and project. A prototype tool has been identified, and usability testing is underway. Testing compares analysis time and similarity of results for the automated tool and for human-computer interface experts. The results of the evaluation will be included in the poster. %M C.CHI.96.2.75 %T GUI Users Have Trouble Using Graphic Conventions on Novel Tasks %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Designing and Evaluating Interfaces and Systems %A Catherine A. Ashworth %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 75-76 %K Graphic user interface, GUI, Display-based computing, Display-based skill, Exploratory learning, User testing, Macintosh %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Ashworth/Ashworth.html %X Twenty-five Macintosh users performed poorly when attempting novel tasks in Macintosh-like applications. The tasks tested subjects' understanding of the meaning of ten different GUI graphic conventions (such as the symbol for a Pop-Up Menu). Subjects who had used more applications had greater accuracy rates. The trials testing Ellipses and the Walking Menu symbol revealed that even when subjects knew the convention, they were also guided by the quality of the semantic match between the command label and the task goal. An analysis of likely reasons why subjects did not know Radio Buttons or X-Boxes suggests users can employ a strategy of "re-exploring" an interface object on each use. These findings have implications for current GUI design guidelines and for theories of GUI learning and use. %M C.CHI.96.2.77 %T Looking for Usability Problems with the Ergonomic Criteria and with the ISO 9241-10 Dialogue Principles %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Designing and Evaluating Interfaces and Systems %A J. M. Christian Bastien %A Dominique L. Scapin %A Corinne Leulier %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 77-78 %K User interface evaluation, Inspection methods, Ergonomic criteria, Standards, Dialogue principles, Usability problems %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Bastien/jmcb_txt.htm %X The relative effectiveness of the Ergonomic Criteria and the ISO/DIS 9241-Part 10 Dialogue Principles in guiding the evaluation of user interfaces was assessed. After a demonstration of a musical database application and a free exploration phase, three groups of participants (Criteria, ISO, Control) were invited to evaluate the interface of the application. Preliminary results indicate that the performance of the Control and ISO groups did not differ statistically in terms of the number of problems uncovered or the percentages on problems uncovered as a function of the size of the aggregates. However, when using the Ergonomic Criteria, participants uncovered statistically more usability problems, and the percentage of problems uncovered with respect to the size of the aggregates was higher. For instance, the aggregation of 3 evaluations in the Control and the ISO group permits to uncover about 48% of the usability problems while it permits to uncover about 63% of the usability problems in the Criteria group. %M C.CHI.96.2.79 %T Examining Basic Items of a Screen Design %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Designing and Evaluating Interfaces and Systems %A Kenji Ido %A Toshiki Yamaoka %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 79-80 %K Reaction time, Highlights, Eye movement, Basic figure %X We examined basic items of screen design, and we got some results: 1. * reverse video is the best type of highlight. * frame is the second best type of highlight * underline is an average type of highlight * grey-colour is the poorest type of highlight 2. Horizontal area is faster than vertical area when subjects saw objects on CRT. 3. Square and circle are good shape for retrieval. 4. Speed of eye movement from centre to top of the screen is slower than from centre to bottom, from centre to left and centre to right. %M C.CHI.96.2.81 %T Case Based Reasoning Approach to Creating User Interface Components %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Designing and Evaluating Interfaces and Systems %A Suneela R. Joshi %A William W. McMillan %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 81-82 %K User interface tools, Case based reasoning, Software reuse %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Joshi/js_txt.html %X Software developers can save time and expense by reusing code that implements user interface tools such as windows, menus, icons, dialogues, etc. Case Based Reasoning (CBR), developed for applications in artificial intelligence, is a very effective tool for such an interactive software reuse project. In CBR, a problem is solved by searching a library of previously encountered cases, retrieving similar cases and modifying them if necessary to fit the current problem. The approach taken by this paper goes beyond this usual CBR technique. It helps a developer to select an application menu from a set of menus that are appropriate for the developer's project. It then inserts that menu directly into the developer's project. This paper uses CBR in creating user interface objects to achieve software reuse in a very effective and simple way. %M C.CHI.96.2.83 %T CockpitView: A User Interface Framework for Future Network Terminals %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Designing and Evaluating Interfaces and Systems %A Georg Michelitsch %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 83-84 %K Active objects, Direct manipulation techniques, 3D graphics, Communication models, Network terminals %X We present a user interface framework for consumer oriented, network terminals that uses a combination of a 3D information landscape and a 2D work space to provide the user with a "focus plus context" environment. A comprehensive direct manipulation paradigm for user interaction with active objects on the screen replaces traditional menus in our system. Finally, with a new communication concept based on shared virtual spaces we can handle both synchronous and asynchronous communication in an integrated fashion for all types of media. %M C.CHI.96.2.85 %T Multi-Skill Cooperation in User Interface Design %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Designing and Evaluating Interfaces and Systems %A I. Lambert %A N. Portolan %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 85-86 %K Design process, Ergonomist, Graphic designer, Terminologist, Telecommunication product %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Portolan/pn_txt.html %X The importance of pictures in today's interfaces makes a multi-skill approach between various people necessary: ergonomist, graphic designer, terminologist, psychosociologist. The question of the role of each partner and the integration of the different approaches is dealt with via two design projects. %M C.CHI.96.2.87 %T The Group Elicitation Method for Participatory Design and Usability Testing %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Designing and Evaluating Interfaces and Systems %A Guy A. Boy %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 87-88 %K Knowledge elicitation, Participatory design, Decision support systems, Evaluation, Methodology %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Boy/bg_txt.htm %X This short paper presents the Group Elicitation Method (GEM), a brainwriting technique augmented by a decision support system for participatory design and usability testing. GEM has been successfully used in four industrial projects to elicit knowledge from users, management and designers. In particular, in three of them it was used to elicit end-users' knowledge for the design of new user interfaces. This short paper discusses the properties of such a method and the lessons learned. %M C.CHI.96.2.89 %T ScienceSpace: Lessons for Designing Immersive Virtual Realities %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Education %A Marilyn C. Salzman %A Chris Dede %A Deirdre McGlynn %A R. Bowen Loftin %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 89-90 %K Virtual reality, Educational applications, User interface design and evaluation, and immersion %X ScienceSpace is a collection of immersive virtual realities designed to explore the potential utility of physical immersion and multisensory perception to aid in the learning of science. Through the design and evaluation of ScienceSpace, we are learning lessons about the virtual reality interface and the development of immersive virtual worlds for education. This paper describes these lessons. %M C.CHI.96.2.91 %T Appropriateness of Graphical Program Representations for Training Applications %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Education %A Marian G. Williams %A Hyxia Villegas %A J. Nicholas Buehler %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 91-92 %K Graphical programming, Visual programming, Cognitive complexity analysis, Visual labs, Training, Education %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Williams/wm_txt.htm %X Recent controversy about the ease of constructing and reading graphical program representations is of interest to us because of our work on graphical programming applications for training. We apply cognitive complexity analysis to graphical and textual programs, and confirm the empirical findings of other researchers. We also apply cognitive complexity analysis to graphical programs from our own work. The analysis suggests that, when optimized for a specific task, both textual and graphical programs can carry the same information with similar cognitive complexity. The selection of graphical and textual representations for comparison in real-world training applications remains problematic. %M C.CHI.96.2.93 %T Gender and Skill in Human Computer Interaction %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Gender and Skill %A Ellen Balka %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 93-94 %K Gender, Skill, Work, Participatory design, Ergonomics, Design theory, Design practices %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Balka/be_txt.html %X Practitioners working in HCI make implicit assumptions about gender and skill in conducting design work. More frequently than not, assumptions about both the gender of computer system users, and definitions of skill relied on in designing computer systems, remain hidden (exceptions include 1,2,10,16). Here, the importance of addressing gender and skill in HCI activities is addressed through a focus on participatory design (PD) and ergonomics. In the tradition of participatory posters [11] participants are asked to engage in generating knowledge about gender and skill in HCI by providing citations to relevant work, and/or anecdotes from their design experience (by computer entry or video clips). %M C.CHI.96.2.95 %T Anthropometric Data on Horizontal Head Movements in Videcommunications %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Remote Communication %A Martin Bocker %A Werner Blohm %A Lothar Muhlbach %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 95-96 %K Display design, Videocommunications, Motion parallax, Head tracking, 3D %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Boecker/bm_txt.htm %X Head movement data were collected from 128 subjects during an experimental study using four different videoconferencing set-ups (factorial design of monoscopic / stereoscopic set-ups with / without motion parallax). The data include various parameters and are relevant inter alia for terminal and display designers. %M C.CHI.96.2.97 %T The Freedom to Work from an Arbitrary Position %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Remote Communication %A Britt Jonsson %A Anna Schomer %A Konrad Tollmar %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 97-98 %K Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). Teleworking, Information sharing, Collaborative processes, Shared workspace %X We have designed two sets of communication tools to enable telepresence in groups who work in different locations. Afterwards we evaluated the tools. Study (A), in the first group, takes place in a big company in a relatively small group, of seven people, while study (B), in the second group, takes place in a larger group of approx. 20 members in an academic research lab. In order to design those two communication systems we argue that a broader perspective of work, living environment, life, friends and relations need to be considered. Insight into this complexity could only be gained using a "multi-domain methodology". We will in, this poster, give an example of these two ongoing research projects where we have used this methodology. %M C.CHI.96.2.99 %T The Effects of Emotional Icons on Remote Communication %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Remote Communication %A Krisela Rivera %A Nancy J. Cooke %A Jeff A. Bauhs %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 99-100 %K Computer-mediated communication, Groupware, Computer-supported-cooperative work, Distributed cognition, Icons, Emotions, Emoticons %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Rivera/rk_txt.htm %X As technology advances, we are shifting from direct face-to-face or voice to voice interactions to computer-mediated communication (CMC). As a result of this shift the nature of communication has changed; in particular the ability to convey emotion is less straight forward. Twenty three subjects participated in a simulated, remote-CMC, group-decision making session. Twelve subjects had emoticons available, although use of these icons was optional. The remaining eleven did not have emoticons available. Dependent measures included user satisfaction, user frustration, conformity, length and focus of message, satisfaction with CMC system, and recall of communication events. The results indicated that subjects with emoticons used them and were more satisfied with the system than those subjects without emoticons. Thus it appears that users respond to emoticons and interpret them as intended. %M C.CHI.96.2.101 %T Remote Assistance: A View of the Work and a View of the Face? %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Remote Communication %A Leon Watts %A Andrew F. Monk %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 101-102 %K Video communication, CSCW, Analysis of gaze, Remote assistance %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Watts/law_txt.htm %X Twenty members of the general public worked remotely from one another in pairs. One member of the pair carried out some simple manipulative tasks as instructed by the other, after which they discussed the merit of the object assembled. Sometimes there was a view of the face and sometimes a view of the room. The work was always visible. Contrary to suggestions in the literature that a view of the face has only marginal benefits, subjective ratings and direct measures of gaze behaviour both demonstrate that the view of the manipulators face was of value in this situation. %M C.CHI.96.2.103 %T A Task-Oriented Interface to a Digital Library %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Structuring and Finding Information %A Steve B. Cousins %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 103-104 %K Digital Libraries, Tasks, Direct manipulation %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Cousins/cs_txt.html %X In this paper we describe an interface to a heterogeneous digital library. The interface is designed with the following goals in mind: to support user tasks, to smoothly integrate the results of many services, to handle services of widely-varying time scales, to be extensible, and to support sharing and reuse. We discuss each of these goals, and then describe a working prototype interface. %M C.CHI.96.2.105 %T ESPACE 2: An Experimental HyperAudio Environment %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Structuring and Finding Information %A Nitin "Nick" Sawhney %A Arthur Murphy %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 105-106 %K Auditory I/O, Non-speech audio, Hypermedia %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Sawhney/ns_txt.htm %X Espace 2 is a prototype system for navigation of hyper-linked audio information in an immersive audio-only environment. In this paper, we propose several essential design concepts for audio-only computing environments. We will describe a hyperaudio system based on the prior design principles and discuss an evaluation of the preliminary prototype. %M C.CHI.96.2.107 %T Structuring Voice Records Using Keyword Labels %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Structuring and Finding Information %A Nick Haddock %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 107-108 %K Speech as data, Speech recognition, Form-filling, Multi-modal interfaces, Portable computing %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Haddock/hn_txt.htm %X The paper proposes an interaction technique which allows some structure and content to be extracted from a voice record, thus making it easier to review the recording and integrate it with other data. Silence detection and speech recognition are employed to pick out intentionally uttered keyword labels, in order to create a form-field view of the voice recording. %M C.CHI.96.2.109 %T A Study of User Participation in Standards Setting %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Structuring and Finding Information %A Kai Jacobs %A Rob Procter %A Robin Williams %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 109-110 %K Standardisation, E-mail, User requirements %X This paper explores the views of members of standards setting organisations in the field of electronic communications. It focuses in particular on their experiences of, and attitudes towards, user participation in standards setting. %M C.CHI.96.2.111 %T BDDTCL: An Environment for Visualizing and Manipulating Binary Decisions Diagrams %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Structuring and Finding Information %A Kurt E. Partridge %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 111-114 %K Data structure visualization, Binary decision diagrams, Hardware verification tools %X A Binary Decision Diagram (BDD) is a data structure used in hardware verification to represent boolean expressions. Most BDD implementations provide only textual output and require the user to interact with them using a compiled programming language. BDDTCL provides an interpreted language for manipulating BDDs and a graphical viewer for manipulating and visualizing them. BDDTCL can draw BDDs with over 4,400 nodes; much larger than can be easily drawn by hand. Two users, a hardware design researcher and a student unfamiliar with BDDs, provided feedback about BDDTCL's effectiveness for understanding systems modeled by BDDs. These users also provided feedback for improving BDDTCL. %M C.CHI.96.2.115 %T Characterization and Assessment of HTML Style Guides %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Structuring and Finding Information %A Julie Ratner %A Eric M. Grose %A Chris Forsythe %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 115-116 %K HTML, World Wide Web, Style guides, Human computer interface %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Ratner/rj_txt.htm %X This paper describes a study in which HTML style guides were characterized, compared to established HCI style guides, and evaluated against findings from HCI reviews of web pages and applications. Findings showed little consistency among the 21 HTML style guides assessed, with 75% of recommendations appearing in only one style guide. While there was some overlap, only 20% of HTML relevant recommendations from established style guides were found in HTML style guides. HTML style guides emphasized common look and feel, information display, and navigation issues with little mention of many issues prominent in established style guides such as help, message boxes and data entry. This difference is reinforced by other results showing that HTML style guides addressed concerns of web information content pages with much greater success than web-based applications. It is concluded that while the WWW represents a unique HCI environment, development of HTML style guides has been less rigorous, with issues associated with web-based applications largely ignored. %M C.CHI.96.2.117 %T Concurrent Engineering for an Interactive TV Interface %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Video and Television %A Ivan Bretan %A Per Kroon %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 117-118 %K Interdisciplinary design, Interactive TV, Video-on-demand %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Bretan/bi_txt.htm %X The design of a user environment for a video-on-demand service through an interdisciplinary style of collaboration called "concurrent engineering" is described. The process encompasses pre-prototype behavioural studies, traditional user studies, graphical design of interface objects, industrial design of input devices and interaction design of interface dialogue. %M C.CHI.96.2.119 %T Interfaces for Managing Access to a Video Archive %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Video and Television %A Andrew Gordon %A Smadar Kedar %A Eric Domeshek %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 119-120 %K Information access, Interface design, Browsing, Search, Indexing, Retrieval, Video archive, Visualization %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Gordon/ga_txt.htm %X We describe Deja Vu, a video retrieval system which capitalizes on our understanding of the content of the video to provide an effective user interface. %M C.CHI.96.2.121 %T The Effect of Frame Rate and Video Information Redundancy on the Perceptual Learning of American Sign Language Gestures %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Video and Television %A B. F. Johnson %A J. K. Caird %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 121-122 %K Sign language learning, Gesture recognition, Biological motion perception, Mental representation of movement, Multimedia assisted learning, Frame rate, Signal detection theory %X An experiment is reported that addressed whether reductions of frame rate and information redundancy affected the recognition of American Sign Language (ASL) gestures that were presented in a multimedia format. Frame rate (30, 15, 5, & 1 frames-per-second or fps) primarily affected time needed to learn the gestures to criterion while point light presentation of gestures (versus conventional video) affected recognition rates in a transfer testing condition. Contrary to conventional frame rate rules of thumb (e.g., 10-20 fps), once trained participants were exceptional at recognizing ASL gestures even at rates as low as 5 and 1 fps. Results are discussed as they contribute to computer mediated learning of sign language and frame rate guidelines. %M C.CHI.96.2.123 %T Science-By-Mail %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Social Action %A Marc E. Fusco %A Ellen A. White %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 123-124 %K Science-By-Mail, Science, Children, Volunteer, Social action %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Fusco/fm_txt.html %X Science-by-MailTM is a hands-on, experimental science activity program for children in grades 4-9 that is designed to be engaging, educational, and fun! Each participating child is matched with a volunteer pen-pal scientist who provides encouragement and guidance. They receive three "challenge packets" throughout the year containing information and materials related to an issue in science or technology. Communication between students and scientists about the packets forms the core of the interactions. A nationwide program developed by the Museum of Science, Boston, Science-by-Mail currently involves about 25,000 children and 2,500 scientists. %M C.CHI.96.2.125 %T Encouraging Social Responsibility through Collaborative Team Learning %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Social Action %A Jean Gasen %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 125-126 %K HCI education, Multimedia, Collaborative work, Social issues in design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Gasen/gj_txt.html %X How do we bring the real world into the classroom? How do we teach students to see and appreciate its complexities without overwhelming them? How do we encourage them to value collaborative teamwork and multi-disciplinary approaches to problems? And how do we instill the importance of addressing larger social issues in their professional future? This poster will describe a multi-disciplinary team approach to teaching user-centered interface design. The course focused on the development of multimedia prototypes for the VCU Cancer Center. How the course impacted upon student motivation for learning, group process and interface design will be presented. %M C.CHI.96.2.127 %T Community Volunteers -- Getting Involved Locally %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Social Action %A David R. Millen %A Patricia A. Young %A Perry F. Sennewald %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 127-128 %K Technology advocacy, Social action, Education %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/intpost/Millen/md_txt.html %X The promises of emerging technologies, strong financial pressures, and infrastructure demands have created a growing need for technology expertise in local schools, governments and community organizations. It follows that there has never been a better time for technical professionals to help. Assistance can be offered in areas of technology planning, training, system management and support of fundraising activities. An illustrative example of a community-based technology foundation will be described. %M C.CHI.96.2.129 %T Research in 3D User Interface Design at Columbia University %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS: Innovative User Interfaces %A Steven K. Feiner %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 129-130 %K Augmented reality, Virtual reality, Virtual environments, Knowledge-based graphics, Intelligent user interfaces, Head-mounted displays %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/overview/Feiner/fs_txt.html %X The Computer Graphics and User Interfaces Laboratory at Columbia University is pursuing research in the design and development of new user interface metaphors. This overview provides a high-level description of our work and surveys projects that reflect our two key research directions: 3D user interfaces (including virtual environments and augmented reality) and knowledge-based user interfaces. %M C.CHI.96.2.131 %T Real{cubed} Communication and Aromatic Group Computing: HCI and CSCW Research at Canon Media Technology Laboratory %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS: Innovative User Interfaces %A Yuichi Bannai %A Hideyuki Tamura %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 131-132 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/overview/bannai/htb_txt.htm %X The Media Technology Laboratory is one of Canon Inc.'s corporate research labs. Originally called the Information Systems Research Center, the laboratory changed its name when it started research and development in information media. Now, approximately 70 research scientists and engineers, some of them managers, are in charge of research and development mainly in HCI, CSCW, and other fields. Their range of expertise covers AI, natural language understanding, computer vision and graphics, computer architecture, and system software (OS, database, etc.). %M C.CHI.96.2.133 %T MIT Media Laboratory: A View after Ten Years %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS: Innovative User Interfaces %A Chris Schmandt %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 133-134 %X As the MIT Media Laboratory celebrates its 10th anniversary in 1995, this makes a fitting time to describe it for the CHI audience. A number of current Media Lab faculty and students are active in user interface techniques and technologies, and our work is well represented in the CHI proceedings. Although well known now, the Lab's roots go back much further, to the early 70s. The Laboratory's charter is to invent and creatively exploit new media for human well-being and individual satisfaction, without regard to present day constraints. We employ supercomputers and extraordinary input/output devices to experiment with today, with the notion that these will be commonplace tomorrow. The not-so-hidden agenda is to drive technological inventions and break engineering deadlocks with new perspectives and demanding applications. The Lab explores issues in a broad range of new information technologies including: advanced digital television, electronic publishing, portable computing and communication, artificial intelligence, voice interfaces, user interface design, and education-related technologies. %M C.CHI.96.2.135 %T HCI at Banc Sabadell %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS: Introducing HCI in Industry %A Lynne E. Hall %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 135-136 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/overview/Hall/Leh_txt.htm %X The introduction of HCI to Banc Sabadell is described, providing a brief history. Attempts to improve application usability and to encourage a focus on HCI issues are detailed. Several applications are described, identifying the success of the incorporation of HCI at Banc Sabadell. %M C.CHI.96.2.137 %T The Usability Group at Reuters: Virtually Global %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS: Introducing HCI in Industry %A Greg Garrison %A Robin Heath %A Allison Jaynes %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 137-138 %K Organization overview, Customer centered design, Usability, Globalization, Virtual team, Usability testing %X In this organization overview we discuss the approach to Customer Centered Design taken by Reuters. We address the virtual team organization of the group and the benefits and challenges that it presents. We then present the globalization of usability and the techniques that Reuters has used to expand usability operations from London throughout the world. We end with a discussion of our performance thus far and a little about the future of The Usability Group at Reuters. %M C.CHI.96.2.139 %T The Claris Interface Design Group: A Personal Retrospective %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS: Introducing HCI in Industry %A Tony Fernandes %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 139-140 %K Organizations, Usability testing, Human factors, Visual design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/overview/Fernandes/ft_txt.html %X The Claris Interface Design Group is an organization built from the ground up to help Claris Corporation define new levels of usability for its Macintosh and Windows products. This overview offers a retrospective of lessons learned through the creation of the organization I created. %M C.CHI.96.2.141 %T The Hiser Group: Pioneering Usability and User Interface Design in Australia %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS: User Interface Design %A Sarah A. Bloomer %A Susan J. Wolfe %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 141-142 %K User interface design, Usability engineering, Organisations %X When The Hiser Group was formed, usability and user interface design were relatively unknown in Australasian software development market. This organisational overview describes the major activities of The Hiser Group and the implications for pioneering a user-centred development methodology in this environment. %M C.CHI.96.2.143 %T Research on Human-Computer Interaction and Cooperative Hypermedia at GMD-IPSI %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS: User Interface Design %A Norbert A. Streitz %A Heinz-Dieter Bocker %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 143-144 %K Organization overview, User-interfaces, 3D visualization, Information retrieval, Electronic publishing, Hypermedia, CSCW, Desktop-based collaboration, Electronic meeting rooms, Shared work spaces, Pen-based interaction %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/overview/Streitz/nas_txt.htm %X This organization overview describes two research divisions of GMD-IPSI in Darmstadt, Germany: User Interfaces for Information Systems and Cooperative Hypermedia Systems. They are in particular addressing HCI work within the overall framework and goals of IPSI. %M C.CHI.96.2.145 %T Taming Complexity at MAYA Design %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS: User Interface Design %A Peter Lucas %A Susan Salis %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 145-146 %K Interdisciplinary design, Design consulting, Brainstorming, Prototyping, User studies laboratory, Usability, Product design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/overview/Lucas/lp_txt.htm %X MAYA Design is a full-service product design consultancy offering services at the intersection of computer science, psychology, and visual design. We have developed efficient techniques for facilitating interdisciplinary design and for communicating clearly with our clients. %M C.CHI.96.2.147 %T HCI Group at Computer Research Institute of Montreal %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS: Multidisciplinary HCI Research %A Frances de Verteuil %A Daniel Engelberg %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 147-148 %K R&D, Multidisciplinary, Software development lifecycle, HCI methodology, Task analysis, Interface evaluation %X The Computer Research Institute of Montreal (CRIM) is a non-profit R&D institute in computer science. The HCI group performs both consulting and precompetitive research. Our approach emphasizes multidisciplinary teams, participation of our own software engineering experts on projects, and sensitivity to our clients' business goal and culture. Research focuses on methodologies for designing and evaluating interfaces. %M C.CHI.96.2.149 %T The Center for People and Systems Interaction (CPSI) %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS: Multidisciplinary HCI Research %A Jenny Preece %A Judith Ramsay %A Richard Jacques %A Alessandro Barabesi %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 149-150 %K Center for People and Systems Interaction (CPSI), Human-computer interaction, HCI, Computer mediated communication, CMC, Desktop video conferencing, Engagement, Gender, Hypermedia, Usability, Evaluation %X The Center for People and Systems Interaction (CPSI) is a new research center based at South Bank University in London. An inter-disciplinary group is researching two key areas of Human-Computer Interaction: (i) the inter-relationships of psychological, social and technical factors in computer mediated communication (CMC) and (ii) extending the repertoire of usability evaluation methods. %M C.CHI.96.2.151 %T Virginia Tech's Center for Human-Computer Interaction %S ORGANIZATION OVERVIEWS: Multidisciplinary HCI Research %A John M. Carroll %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 151-152 %X An interdisciplinary effort in HCI formed at Virginia Tech in 1979. The central axis of this collaboration ran between the Department of Computer Science and the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering. This early project studied the human-computer interface as a dialog, asking both whether dialog is a good metaphor for the interface, and how to most appropriately configure that interface. %M C.CHI.96.2.153 %T Universal Design: Everyone has Special Needs %S Panels %A Eric Bergman %A Earl Johnson %A Alistair Edwards %A Deborah Kaplan %A Greg Lowney %A T. V. Raman %A Clayton Lewis %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 153-154 %K Accessibility, Disability, Universal design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/panels/Bergmann/edb_txt.htm %X Despite high profile discussions of user-centered design in the CHI community, until recently a substantial population of users has been largely ignored. Users who have restricted or no use of hands, eyes, ears, or voice due to environment, task context, repetitive strain injury, or disability constitute a diverse and significant user population, but these users receive relatively little mention in mainstream HCI conferences or literature. Design considerations for users with vision, hearing, or movement impairments overlap with those for the general population across a variety of tasks and contexts (e.g., high workload tasks, automobile systems, phone interfaces). Following on this theme, the panel will promote discussion of so-called "Universal Design" -- design for the broadest possible range of users. %M C.CHI.96.2.155 %T Technology Transfer: So Much Research So Few Good Products %S Panels %A Ellen A. Isaacs %A John C. Tang %A Jim Foley %A Jeff Johnson %A Allan Kuchinsky %A Jean Scholtz %A John Bennett %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 155-156 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/panels/Isaacs/eai_tech.html %X Since the CHI community involves both researchers and practitioners, we often struggle with the issue of technology transfer. The CHI conference features many innovative research ideas and interesting product designs, but there have been disappointingly few cases in which products were based on research projects. Although many companies have tried to address this problem on their own, the CHI conference offers a unique opportunity to bring together people from different settings to explore common obstacles to technology transfer and to share ideas for overcoming those barriers. This panel will cover the following range of perspectives: * The Prototype Perspective. The primary goal of research or advanced development in a company is to build prototypes that test new ideas, which can eventually be transferred to development groups for productization. * The Information Transfer Perspective. The main goal of research should be to transfer information of many kinds (e.g., the resolution of basic questions that are impeding development work, practical experience with a platform's ability to support future applications, explanations of why a new product direction is technically unfeasible). * The Management Perspective. Managers of industrial research need to strike a balance between (1) providing a climate for innovation and (2) justifying the research investment from a business perspective. * The Academic Perspective. Transferring technology from academia to industry has its own challenges. Those in universities must develop alliances with industry that mutually benefit the academic institution and the commercial enterprise. %M C.CHI.96.2.157 %T Criteria for Effective Groupware %S Panels %A Andrew F. Monk %A Jean Scholtz %A Bill Buxton %A Sara Bly %A David Frohlich %A Steve Whittaker %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 157-158 %K Groupware, CSCW, Evaluation, Design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/panels/Monk/afmtxt.htm %X The object of this panel is to identify criteria for effective groupware. That is, criteria that can be applied either to guide design or to help a purchaser select from alternative groupware applications. The criteria are expected to be generally applicable and so we take a broad definition of groupware. Panellists have been chosen with expertise in low bandwidth groupware such as email and PDAs as well as higher profile multi-media applications. %M C.CHI.96.2.159 %T Real Meets Virtual: Blending Real World Artifacts with Computational Media %S Panels %A Michael Eisenberg %A Wendy Mackay %A Allison Druin %A Sheila Lehman %A Mitchel Resnick %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 159-160 %K Real-world computation, Physical multimedia, Crafts, Educational computing, Programmable brick %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi96/proceedings/panels/Eisenberg/EM_txt.htm %X Panelists in this session will defend a variety of distinct visions for integrating "real-world" and computational media. Our aim is to explore the ways in which computers, and computer interfaces, can lend themselves to new and enriched interactions with objects and to new paradigms of handicrafts -- with particular emphasis on the role of crafts and real-world objects in education. %M C.CHI.96.2.161 %T User Centered Design: Quality or Quackery? %S Panels %A John Karat %A Michael E. Atwood %A Susan M. Dray %A Martin Rantzer %A Dennis R. Wixon %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 161-162 %K User centered design, Design %X Clearly User-Centered Design (UCD) is an activity that has entered the collective CHI-consciousness to an extent that should make us confident that usable systems are just around the corner. Of 18 large software producing entities surveyed over the summer of 1995, all reported either to have at least one documented UCD process in use or under development, or not to need one because UCD activities were well understood by the people responsible for carrying them out. However, scratching the surface of this utopian state reveals that the revolution is far from complete. We do not have a clear consensus about the boundaries of UCD (what constitutes a UCD method and what does not). We are not in agreement about how central users should be in the development of usable systems (If users design, what use are designers?). We have not had enough experience with our processes, to tell that they really lead to development of usable systems. This panel explores what we don't yet know, and how we can try to know it. %M C.CHI.96.2.163 %T Visualizing the Internet: Putting the User in the Driver's Seat %S Panels %A Nahum Gershon %A Keith Andrews %A Steven G. Eick %A Jim Foley %A William Ruh %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 163-164 %K WWW, Internet, Visualization, Usability, World Wide Web, Computer graphics %X Dealing with Internet resources, users, quite frequently, feel lost, confused, and overwhelmed. The panel and the audience will discuss how advances in interactive computer graphics and visualization software and hardware could make the information distributed over the Internet more intuitively searchable, accessible, and easier to use by people from all walks of life and interests. %M C.CHI.96.2.165 %T Arranging to Do Things With Others %S Plenary Session %A Herbert H. Clark %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 165-167 %X Much of what we do we do with other people. We conduct business, gossip, play games, and take classes with others, both in person and through computers. Joint activities like these are advanced through sequences of brief joint actions. The problem is this. It takes delicate coordination against the common ground of the participants to initiate such actions. Person A has to arrange for person B (1) to commit to taking part (2) in a particular joint action (3) in a particular role (4) at a particular time and place. I will argue that people have principled ways of solving this problem, and that designers can and should leverage these principles when supporting these activities through computers and other technologies. %M C.CHI.96.2.168 %T A New Look to the Art of Seeing %S Plenary Session %A Betty Edwards %B CHI96 %D 1996 %V 2 %P 168 %X In modern life, we are inundated by ever-growing quantities of data. The trend toward computer-graphic displays of complex data seems to indicate a new area of common ground for verbal, analytic, visual, and perceptual modes of thinking. As computers take over more and more "left-brain" tasks, educators are beginning to recognize the need for training the visual mode of thinking as well as the verbal, analytic mode -- the traditional "3Rs" of schooling. Compared with what we are capable of seeing, perceiving, and envisioning, what we actually see is doubtless very limited. By cultivating perceptual skills, we can increase our ability to derive meaning from complex verbal and numerical information and to accomplish creative leaps of insight. The first computers presented data in linear fashion -- strings of numbers, lines of data, largely without a visual component. Some interesting new research indicates that at a certain level of complexity, the linear, analytic mode of the brain just gives up. Consequently, computer programmers began to turn more and more toward visual displays of quantitative information. The reason this is working is that visual displays are easily understood. They are processed rapidly and globally, allowing for a view of the "big picture," unlike verbal, numerical data which must be expressed in a step-by-step linear fashion. The problem, however, is that visual presentations depend on excellent design. This is the common ground that is occurring. The good, even great designers of visual presentation are now working with the verbal, analytic, numerical information suppliers. Out of this common ground emerges a new need, the need for an aesthetic component in the visual display of quantitative information. We need visual displays which are beautiful and satisfying to look at, as well as being useful and informative. This, I believe, is where the experience of the artist can play a great role in bringing knowledge of the aesthetic experience to visual displays. The study of aesthetics has traditionally been regarded as a difficult, even murky field. To date, we do not have a completely satisfying definition of the aesthetic response. As designers, computer programmers, and information experts work together with artists, however, we can hope to see the concept of beauty emerging even in business decisions and in business leadership. Researchers interested in a recently developing field, the aesthetics of leadership, are calling for a new look at how we train individuals for leadership positions. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI97-1.BA %M C.CHI.97.1.3 %T Computational Models of Information Scent-Following in a Very Large Browsable Text Collection %S PAPERS: Finding What You Want I %A Peter Pirolli %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 3-10 %K Information foraging, Information scent, Cognitive modeling, Model-tracing, ACT-R, Scatter/Gather %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/plp.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p3-pirolli/p3-pirolli.pdf %X An ecological-cognitive framework of analysis and a model-tracing architecture are presented and used in the analysis of data recorded from users browsing a large document collection. The users interacted with the Scatter/Gather browser, which clusters documents into groups of similar content and presents users with summaries of cluster content. Predictions made by a computational model of navigation and information foraging are matched against the observed activity. %M C.CHI.97.1.11 %T SenseMaker: An Information-Exploration Interface Supporting the Contextual Evolution of a User's Interests %S PAPERS: Finding What You Want I %A Michelle Q. Wang Baldonado %A Terry Winograd %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 11-18 %K Information exploration, Digital libraries, Information seeking, Information retrieval %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/mwb.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p11-baldonado/p11-baldonado.pdf %X We describe the design, implementation, and pilot study for SenseMaker, an interface for information exploration across heterogeneous sources. We propose supporting the context-driven evolution of a user's interests via: (1) an approximation of the current information context as the current collection of accumulated information references, and (2) a unified set of user-centered actions for examining the current context and for progressing from one context to the next. SenseMaker users examine their current context by experimenting iteratively with different organizing dimensions and levels of granularity for the current collection's display. They progress from one context to another by building upon, taking away from, or replacing the current collection. They can also return to a previous information context and continue exploring from there. %M C.CHI.97.1.19 %T Accessing Multimedia through Concept Clustering %S PAPERS: Finding What You Want I %A John Kominek %A Rick Kazman %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 19-26 %K Multimedia indexing, Information retrieval and browsing, Concept clustering %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/rnk.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p19-kominek/p19-kominek.pdf %X Multimedia information retrieval is a challenging problem because multimedia information is not inherently structured. Jabber is an experimental system that attempts to bring some structure to this task. Jabber allows users to retrieve records of videoconferences based upon the concepts discussed. In this paper we introduce ConceptFinder, a sub-system within Jabber, and show how it is able to process the spoken text of a meeting into meeting topics. ConceptFinder can make subtle distinctions among different senses of the same words, and is able to summarize a set of related words, giving a name to each topic. Users can then use this name to query or browse the stored multimedia, through Jabber's user interface. By presenting information that closely matches a user's expectations, the challenge of multimedia retrieval is rendered more tractable. %M C.CHI.97.1.27 %T Cooperative Bimanual Action %S PAPERS: Handy User Interfaces %A Ken Hinckley %A Randy Pausch %A Dennis Proffitt %A James Patten %A Neal Kassell %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 27-34 %K Two-handed interaction, Bimanual asymmetry, Virtual manipulation, Motor control, 3D interaction, Haptics %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/kh.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p27-hinckley/p27-hinckley.pdf %X We present an experiment on cooperative bimanual action. Right-handed subjects manipulated a pair of physical objects, a tool and a target object, so that the tool would touch a target on the object (fig. 1). For this task, there is a marked specialization of the hands. Performance is best when the left hand orients the target object and the right hand manipulates the tool, but is significantly reduced when these roles are reversed. This suggests that the right hand operates relative to the frame-of-reference of the left hand. Furthermore, when physical constraints guide the tool placement, this fundamentally changes the type of motor control required. The task is tremendously simplified for both hands, and reversing roles of the hands is no longer an important factor. Thus, specialization of the roles of the hands is significant only for skilled manipulation. %M C.CHI.97.1.35 %T The Design of a GUI Paradigm Based on Tablets, Two-Hands, and Transparency %S PAPERS: Handy User Interfaces %A Gordon Kurtenbach %A George Fitzmaurice %A Thomas Baudel %A Bill Buxton %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 35-42 %K Two-handed input, Toolglass, Tablets, Transparency, Marking menus, Task integration, Divided attention %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/gk.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p35-kurtenbach/p35-kurtenbach.pdf %X An experimental GUI paradigm is presented which is based on the design goals of maximizing the amount of screen used for application data, reducing the amount that the UI diverts visual attentions from the application data, and increasing the quality of input. In pursuit of these goals, we integrated the non-standard UI technologies of multi-sensor tablets, toolglass, transparent UI components, and marking menus. We describe a working prototype of our new paradigm, the rationale behind it and our experiences introducing it into an existing application. Finally, we presents some of the lessons learned: prototypes are useful to break the barriers imposed by conventional GUI design and some of their ideas can still be retrofitted seamlessly into products. Furthermore, the added functionality is not measured only in terms of user performance, but also by the quality of interaction, which allows artists to create new graphic vocabularies and graphic styles. %M C.CHI.97.1.43 %T An Empirical Evaluation of Graspable User Interfaces: Towards Specialized, Space-Multiplexed Input %S PAPERS: Handy User Interfaces %A George Fitzmaurice %A William Buxton %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 43-50 %K Input devices, Graphical user interfaces, Graspable user interfaces, Haptic input, Two-handed interaction, Augmented reality, Ubiquitous computing %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/gf.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p43-fitzmaurice/p43-fitzmaurice.pdf %X This paper reports on the experimental evaluation of a Graspable User Interface that employs a "space-multiplexing" input scheme in which each function to be controlled has a dedicated physical transducer, each occupying its own space. This input style contrasts the more traditional "time-multiplexing" input scheme which uses one device (such as the mouse) to control different functions at different points in time. A tracking experiment was conducted to compare a traditional GUI design with its time-multiplex input scheme versus a Graspable UI design having a space-multiplex input scheme. We found that the space-multiplex conditions out perform the time-multiplex conditions. In addition, we found that the use of specialized physical form factors for the input devices instead of generic form factors provide a performance advantage. We argue that the specialized devices serve as both visual and tactile functional reminders of the associated tool assignment as well as facilitate manipulation due to the customized form factors. %M C.CHI.97.1.51 %T AROMA: Abstract Representation of Presence Supporting Mutual Awareness %S PAPERS: Collaborative Communities I %A Elin Ronby Pedersen %A Tomas Sokoler %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 51-58 %K Awareness, Sense of presence, Ubiquitous computing, CSCW, Media spaces, Non-work application, Interaction %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/erp.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p51-pedersen/p51-pedersen.pdf %X The AROMA project is exploring the kind of awareness that people effortless are able to maintain about other beings who are located physically close. We are designing technology that attempts to mediate a similar kind of awareness among people who are geographically dispersed but want to stay better in touch. AROMA technology can be thought of as a stand-alone communication device or -- more likely -- an augmentation of existing technologies such as the telephone or full-blown media spaces. Our approach differs from other recent designs for awareness (a) by choosing pure abstract representations on the display site, (b) by possibly remapping the signal across media between capture and display, and, finally, (c) by explicitly extending the application domain to include more than the working life, to embrace social interaction in general. We are building a series of prototypes to learn if abstract representation of activity data does indeed convey a sense of remote presence and does so in a sufficiently subdued manner to allow the user to concentrate on his or her main activity. We have done some initial testing of the technical feasibility of our designs. What still remains is an extensive effort of designing a symbolic language of remote presence, done in parallel with studies of how people will connect and communicate through such a language as they live with the AROMA system. %M C.CHI.97.1.59 %T Crowded Collaborative Virtual Environments %S PAPERS: Collaborative Communities I %A Steve Benford %A Chris Greenhalgh %A David Lloyd %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 59-66 %K CSCW, Virtual reality, Crowds %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/sdb.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p59-benford/p59-benford.pdf %X We introduce a framework for supporting crowds of participants in collaborative virtual environments (CVEs). The framework is realised as an extension to our previous spatial model of interaction and aims to provide greater scaleability and flexibility for communication between the inhabitants of virtual worlds. Our framework introduces an explicit crowd mechanism into CVEs in order to support the formation and activation of different kinds of crowd with different effects on mutual awareness and communication (achieved through the use of aggregation techniques combined with awareness adaptation). We present a demonstration application called the Arena -- a shared space for staging on-line performances in front of a live audience. %M C.CHI.97.1.67 %T Autonomous Interface Agents %S PAPERS: Intelligent Support %A Henry Lieberman %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 67-74 %K Agents, Interface agents, Autonomous agents, Web, Browsing, Search, Learning %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/hl.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p67-lieberman/p67-lieberman.pdf %X Two branches of the trend towards "agents" that are gaining currency are interface agents, software that actively assists a user in operating an interactive interface, and autonomous agents, software that takes action without user intervention and operates concurrently, either while the user is idle or taking other actions. These two branches are related, but not identical, and are often lumped together under the single term "agent". Much agent work can be classified as either being an interface agent, but not autonomous, or as an autonomous agent, but not operating directly in the interface. We show why it is important to have agents that are both interface agents and autonomous agents. We explore some design principles for such agents, and illustrate these principles with a description of Letizia, an autonomous interface agent that makes real-time suggestions for Web pages that a user might be interested in browsing. %M C.CHI.97.1.75 %T How to Personalize the Web %S PAPERS: Intelligent Support %A Rob Barrett %A Paul P. Maglio %A Daniel C. Kellem %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 75-82 %K Agents, World wide web, User models %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/rcb-wbi.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p75-barrett/p75-barrett.pdf %X Agents can personalize otherwise impersonal computational systems. The World Wide Web presents the same appearance to every user regardless of that user's past activity. Web Browser Intelligence (WBI, pronounced "WEB-ee") is an implemented system that organizes agents on a user's workstation to observe user actions, proactively offer assistance, modify web documents, and perform new functions. WBI can annotate hyperlinks with network speed information, record pages viewed for later access, and provide shortcut links for common paths. In this way, WBI personalizes a user's web experience by joining personal information with global information to effectively tailor what the user sees. %M C.CHI.97.1.83 %T The Cognitive Ergonomics of Knowledge-Based Design Support Systems %S PAPERS: Intelligent Support %A Tamara Sumner %A Nathalie Bonnardel %A Benedikte Harstad Kallak %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 83-90 %K Critiquing systems, Cognitive ergonomics, Design, Design environments, Knowledge-based systems, Phone-based interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/trs.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p83-sumner/p83-sumner.pdf %X Critiquing systems are a type of active, knowledge-based design support system. They propose to positively influence designers' cognitive processes by pointing out potential problems and contentious issues while designers work. To investigate the effects such systems have on the activities of professional designers, a design environment containing a critiquing system was designed, built, and evaluated for a specific area: phone-based interface design. Four professional designers were observed using the environment to solve realistic design tasks. Our protocol analyses indicate that such systems do influence the behaviour of designers, but often indirectly. Designers were observed anticipating the activity of the system and taking preventative steps to avoid it. Differential effects depending on the designers' level of domain experience were also observed. Overall, the system was better suited to the needs of highly experienced designers. %M C.CHI.97.1.91 %T From Sufficient to Efficient Usage: An Analysis of Strategic Knowledge %S PAPERS: Cognitive Models and Their Application %A Suresh K. Bhavnani %A Bonnie E. John %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 91-98 %K Strategies, Task decomposition, CAD, Aggregation %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/skb.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p91-bhavnani/p91-bhavnani.pdf %X Can good design guarantee the efficient use of computer tools? Can experience guarantee it? We raise these questions to explore why empirical studies of real-world usage show even experienced users under-utilizing the capabilities of computer applications. By analyzing the use of everyday devices and computer applications, as well as reviewing empirical studies, we conclude that neither good design nor experience may be able to guarantee efficient usage. Efficient use requires task decomposition strategies that exploit capabilities offered by computer applications such as the ability to aggregate objects, and to manipulate the aggregates with powerful operators. To understand the effects that strategies can have on performance, we present results from a GOMS analysis of a CAD task. Furthermore, we identify some key aggregation strategies that appear to generalize across applications. Such strategies may provide a framework to enable users to move from a sufficient to a more efficient use of computer tools. %M C.CHI.97.1.99 %T Relationships Between Users' and Interfaces' Task Representations %S PAPERS: Cognitive Models and Their Application %A Robert B. Terwilliger %A Peter G. Polson %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 99-106 %K Empirical studies, Cognitive models %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/pol.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p99-terwilliger/p99-terwilliger.pdf %X In a previous experiment, we demonstrated that some users seem to significantly transform the instructions for a graph creation task before they even begin to interact with the interface, and furthermore, that this can create considerable difficulty with an interface that does not require the transformation. In this paper, we describe a contrasting experiment, showing that subjects without pre-existing task transformations initially have considerable difficulty with an interface that requires them, but acquire the transformations relatively quickly. Kitajima and Polson's LICAI model explains these effects as resulting from the problem representation being elaborated with task-specific schemata during the instruction comprehension process. %M C.CHI.97.1.107 %T Cognitive Modeling Reveals Menu Search is Both Random and Systematic %S PAPERS: Cognitive Models and Their Application %A Anthony J. Hornof %A David E. Kieras %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 107-114 %K Cognitive models, Menu selection, Visual search %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/ajh.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p107-hornof/p107-hornof.pdf %X To understand how people search for a known target item in an unordered pull-down menu, this research presents cognitive models that vary serial versus parallel processing of menu items, random versus systematic search, and different numbers of menu items fitting into the fovea simultaneously. Varying these conditions, models were constructed and run using the EPIC cognitive architecture. The selection times predicted by the models are compared with selection times of human subjects performing the same menu task. Comparing the predicted and observed times, the models reveal that 1) people process more than one menu item at a time, and 2) people search menus using both random and systematic search strategies. %M C.CHI.97.1.115 %T Aesthetics and Apparent Usability: Empirically Assessing Cultural and Methodological Issues %S PAPERS: Beauty and The Beat %A Noam Tractinsky %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 115-122 %K Aesthetics, Apparent usability, System acceptability, Cross-cultural HCI, Human-computer interface %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/nt.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p115-tractinsky/p115-tractinsky.pdf %X Three experiments were conducted to validate and replicate, in a different cultural setting, the results of a study by Kurosu and Kashimura [12] concerning the relationships between users' perceptions of interface aesthetics and usability. The results support the basic findings by Kurosu and Kashimura. Very high correlations were found between perceived aesthetics of the interface and a priori perceived ease of use of the system. Differences of magnitude between correlations obtained in Japan and in Israel suggest the existence of cross-cultural differences, but these were not in the hypothesized direction. %M C.CHI.97.1.123 %T A Computer Participant in Musical Improvisation %S PAPERS: Beauty and The Beat %A William F. Walker %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 123-130 %K Musical improvisation, Conversation analysis, CSCW, Object-oriented frameworks for collaboration, User-centered design %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/wfw.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p123-walker/p123-walker.pdf %X Musical improvisation is a collaborative activity analogous to conversation. Both are sequences of spontaneous utterances constructed within a collaborative structure that is interactively managed by the participants. Based on results from conversation analysis, I have constructed a computer improvisor that participates in small group improvisation. Using conversation analysis rules for turn-taking, the computer tracks the roles of the other musicians and follows a structural model of the improvisation to determine its own role as the improvisation unfolds. User-centered design was crucial to the successful development and deployment of the system. %M C.CHI.97.1.131 %T WorldBeat: Designing a Baton-Based Interface for an Interactive Music Exhibit %S PAPERS: Beauty and The Beat %A Jan O. Borchers %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 131-138 %K Interface design, Interactive exhibit, Baton, Music, Education %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/job.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p131-borchers/p131-borchers.pdf %X This paper presents the interface design of the WorldBeat system, an interactive exhibit about using computers in musical education, and as musical instruments. The system allows even computer and music novices to create aesthetically pleasing music, using a new, consistent interaction technique: Visitors control the complete exhibit using two infrared batons as pointing device, conductor's baton, and musical instrument interface, making keyboard and mouse unnecessary. The paper summarizes special requirements when designing computer-based exhibits, how we used batons as a new type of input device to meet those requirements, and how user feedback iteratively optimized the look and feel of the exhibit to convey its "message" in an understandable and visually appealing way. We show how our results contribute to "Looking to the Future" of HCI, and how they could be of general use to other researchers and practitioners designing user interfaces for interactive exhibits. %M C.CHI.97.1.139 %T The Design of a Wearable Computer %S PAPERS: Input & Output in the Future %A Len Bass %A Chris Kasabach %A Richard Martin %A Dan Siewiorek %A Asim Smailagic %A John Stivoric %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 139-146 %K Wearable computers, Input devices, Body worn computers, User center design, Integrated product teams %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/ljb1.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p139-bass/p139-bass.pdf %X The design process used to produce an innovative computer system is presented. The computer system that resulted from the process uses a circular motif both for the user interface and the input device. The input device is a dial and the user interface is visually organized around the concept of a circle. The design process itself proceeded in the presence of a great many constraints and we discuss these constraints and how an innovative design was achieved in spite of the constraints. %M C.CHI.97.1.147 %T "Body Coupled FingeRing": Wireless Wearable Keyboard %S PAPERS: Input & Output in the Future %A Masaaki Fukumoto %A Yoshinobu Tonomura %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 147-154 %K Wearable computer, PDA, Interface device, Input device, Keyboard, PAN, BodyNet, FingeRing %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/fkm.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p147-fukumoto/p147-fukumoto.pdf %X A really wearable input device "FingeRing" is developed for coming wearable PDAs. By attaching ring shaped sensors on each finger, many commands or characters can be input by finger-tip typing action. "FingeRing" can be used on any typing surface such as a knee or desk, so quick operation is realized in any situation while standing or walking. To improve wearability, a very small, ultra low power wireless transmitter is developed that uses the human body as part of an electric circuit. "Direct Coupling" method enables stable communication even when body contacts any grounded surface. A new symbol coding method that combines order and chord typing is also proposed, and useful typing patterns are chosen by typing speed evaluations. Expert users of musical keyboards can input 52 different symbols at speeds of over 200 symbols per minute by using the combination of FingeRing and the new coding method. %M C.CHI.97.1.155 %T Toward an HCI Research and Practice Agenda Based on Human Needs and Social Responsibility %S PAPERS: Extending The HCI Agenda %A Michael J. Muller %A Cathleen Wharton %A William J. McIver, Jr. %A Lila Laux %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 155-161 %K Future, HCI research and practice, Disability access, Information access, Information retrieval, Agents, World Wide Web, UIMSs, Architectures, Information poverty, Communication poverty, Social issues, Social impact %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/mm1.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p155-muller/p155-muller.pdf %X We outline several promising areas for improvements in research and practice in the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI). These topics show the richness and potential value of HCI work motivated by a combination of a desire to improve practice and research, and a desire to meet human needs in a responsible manner. %M C.CHI.97.1.162 %T Participatory Analysis: Shared Development of Requirements from Scenarios %S PAPERS: Bringing Users Into Design %A George Chin, Jr. %A Mary Beth Rosson %A John M. Carroll %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 162-169 %K Participatory analysis, Participatory design, Scenarios, Task-artifact framework %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/gc.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p162-chin/p162-chin.pdf %X Participatory design typically focuses on envisionment and evaluation activities. We explored a method for pushing the participatory activities further "upstream" in the design process, to the initial analysis of requirements. We used a variant of the task-artifact framework, carrying out a participatory claims analysis during a design workshop for a project addressing collaborative science education. The analysis used videotaped classroom sessions as source material. The participant-teachers were highly engaged by the analysis process and contributed significantly to the analysis results. We conclude that the method has promise as a technique for evoking self-reflection and analysis in a participatory design setting. %M C.CHI.97.1.170 %T Maintaining a Focus on User Requirements Throughout the Development of Clinical Workstation Software %S PAPERS: Bringing Users Into Design %A Janette M. Coble %A John Karat %A Michael G. Kahn %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 170-177 %K User requirements, Contextual Inquiry, Software development process %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/jmc.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p170-coble/p170-coble.pdf %X Establishing user requirements is well recognized as a critical step in the development of useful and usable systems (e.g., [5]). Recent innovations in human-computer interaction design address new methods for effective requirements gathering, such as Participatory Design and Contextual Inquiry (e.g., [7], [9]). However, even when projects use these methods successfully to collect valid requirement descriptions, it remains a challenge to establish a process that makes direct use of those descriptions during software development [11]. Valuable requirements information can be lost as it is reinterpreted during the development of functional specifications and the implementation of the proposed system. We describe the several steps we have taken to keep an ongoing and evolving understanding of user requirements under consideration by system designers and developers as they face the "real" (to them) requirements of adapting function to the constraints of computer platforms, project cost, and delivery schedule. The specific work reported here applies to the design of software for a clinical workstation used to review medical information. However, we believe the lessons we learned, maintaining the influence of user requirements throughout the development process, will apply in other practical system development situations. %M C.CHI.97.1.178 %T Helping and Hindering User Involvement -- A Tale of Everyday Design %S PAPERS: Bringing Users Into Design %A Stephanie Wilson %A Mathilde Bekker %A Peter Johnson %A Hilary Johnson %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 178-185 %K Design study, Design techniques, Obstacles to user involvement, User-centred design %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/sw-obf.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p178-wilson/p178-wilson.pdf %X The importance of an early and on-going focus on users in interactive system design is widely accepted. However, in practice, involving users poses many problems and requires designers to balance conflicting demands. Various factors can hinder or ease the involvement of users. This paper reports a case study involving the design of a bespoke application and gives a detailed account of the obstacles and facilitators to user involvement encountered during the design activity. The obstacles and facilitators are presented in terms of issues such as contacting and selecting users, motivating users, facilitating and mediating meetings and offering points of focus for user contributions. We report and contrast the views of various stakeholders in the design process, and supplement these with our own observations as non-participant observers. Finally, we discuss issues raised by the study and draw out a number of lessons for the CHI community. %M C.CHI.97.1.186 %T Dynomite: A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook %S PAPERS: Enhancing, Finding, & Integrating Audio %A Lynn D. Wilcox %A Bill N. Schilit %A Nitin "Nick" Sawhney %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 186-193 %K Electronic notebook, Note-taking, Audio interfaces, Handwriting, Keyword indexing, Ink properties, Retrieval, Paper-like interfaces, PDA, Pen computing %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/ldw.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p186-wilcox/p186-wilcox.pdf %X Dynomite is a portable electronic notebook for the capture and retrieval of handwritten and audio notes. The goal of Dynomite is to merge the organization, search, and data acquisition capabilities of a computer with the benefits of a paper-based notebook. Dynomite provides novel solutions in four key problem areas. First, Dynomite uses a casual, low cognitive overhead interface. Second, for content indexing of notes, Dynomite uses ink properties and keywords. Third, to assist organization, Dynomite's properties and keywords define views, presenting a subset of the notebook content that dynamically changes as users add new information. Finally, to augment handwritten notes with audio on devices with limited storage, Dynomite continuously records audio, but only permanently stores those parts highlighted by the user. %M C.CHI.97.1.194 %T Dynamic Soundscape: Mapping Time to Space for Audio Browsing %S PAPERS: Enhancing, Finding, & Integrating Audio %A Minoru Kobayashi %A Chris Schmandt %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 194-201 %K Audio browsing, Spatialized audio, Simultaneous listening, Selective listening, Spatial memory %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/kob.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p194-kobayashi/p194-kobayashi.pdf %X Browsing audio data is not as easy as browsing printed documents because of the temporal nature of sound. This paper presents a browsing environment that provides a spatial interface for temporal navigation of audio data, taking advantage of human abilities of simultaneous listening and memory of spatial location. Instead of fast-forwarding or rewinding, users browse the audio data by switching their attention between moving sound sources that play multiple portions of a single audio recording. The motion of the sound sources maps temporal position within the audio recording onto spatial location, so that listeners can use their memory of spatial location to find a specific topic. This paper describes the iterative design approach toward the audio browsing system, including the development of user interface devices. %M C.CHI.97.1.202 %T "I'll Get That Off the Audio": A Case Study of Salvaging Multimedia Meeting Records %S PAPERS: Enhancing, Finding, & Integrating Audio %A Thomas P. Moran %A Leysia Palen %A Steve Harrison %A Patrick Chiu %A Don Kimber %A Scott Minneman %A William van Melle %A Polle Zellweger %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 202-209 %K Activity capture, Audio recording, Multimedia, LiveBoard, Meeting support tools, Notetaking, Salvaging, Work process support %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/tpm.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p202-moran/p202-moran.pdf %X We describe a case study of a complex, ongoing, collaborative work process, where the central activity is a series of meetings reviewing a wide range of subtle technical topics. The problem is the accurate reporting of the results of these meetings, which is the responsibility of a single person, who is not well-versed in all the topics. We provided tools to capture the meeting discussions and tools to "salvage" the captured multimedia recordings. Salvaging is a new kind of activity involving replaying, extracting, organizing, and writing. We observed a year of mature salvaging work in the case study. From this we describe the nature of salvage work (the constituent activities, the use of the workspace, the affordances of the audio medium, how practices develop and differentiate, how the content material affects practice). We also demonstrate how this work relates to the larger work processes (the task demands of the setting, the interplay of salvage with capture, the influence on the people being reported on and reported to). Salvaging tools are shown to be valuable for dealing with free-flowing discussions of complex subject matter and for producing high quality documentation. %M C.CHI.97.1.210 %T Design for Network Communities %S PAPERS: Collaborative Communities II %A Elizabeth D. Mynatt %A Annette Adler %A Mizuko Ito %A Vicki L. O'Day %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 210-217 %K Media space, MUDs, Network community, Shared space, Metaphor, Identity, Virtual world %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/edm.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p210-mynatt/p210-mynatt.pdf %X Collaboration has long been of considerable interest in the CHI community. This paper proposes and explores the concept of network communities as a crucial part of this discussion. Network communities are a form of technology-mediated environment that foster a sense of community among users. We consider several familiar systems and describe the shared characteristics these systems have developed to deal with critical concerns of collaboration. Based on our own experience as designers and users of a variety of network communities, we extend this initial design space along three dimensions: the articulation of a persistent sense of location, the boundary tensions between real and virtual worlds, and the emergence and evolution of community. %M C.CHI.97.1.218 %T Timewarp: Techniques for Autonomous Collaboration %S PAPERS: Collaborative Communities II %A W. Keith Edwards %A Elizabeth D. Mynatt %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 218-225 %K Autonomous collaboration, Computer-supported cooperative work, Awareness, Conflict detection and resolution, Timewarp %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/wke.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p218-edwards/p218-edwards.pdf %X This paper presents a set of techniques for supporting autonomous collaboration -- collaboration where participants work independently for periods, and then join together to integrate their efforts. This paper posits that autonomous collaboration can be well-supported by systems in which the notion of time is made both explicit and editable, so that the parallel but divergent states of a shared artifact are exposed in the interface. We have developed a system, called timewarp, that explores these ideas, and provides support for distribution, awareness, and conflict resolution in an application-independent fashion. %M C.CHI.97.1.226 %T Building Task-Specific Interfaces to High Volume Conversational Data %S PAPERS: Collaborative Communities II %A Loren G. Terveen %A William C. Hill %A Brian Amento %A David McDonald %A Josh Creter %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 226-233 %K Human-computer interaction, Human interface, Computer-supported cooperative work, Organizational computing, Social filtering, Collaborative filtering, Data mining, Resource discovery, World Wide Web, Usenet, Netnews %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/lgt.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p226-terveen/p226-terveen.pdf %X As people participate in the thousands of global conversations that comprise Usenet news, one thing they do is post their opinions of web resources. Phoaks is a collaborative filtering system that continuously parses, classifies, abstracts and tallies those opinions. About 3,500 users per day consult Phoaks web pages that reflect the results. Phoaks also features a general architecture for building similar collaborative filtering interfaces to conversational data. We report here on the Phoaks resource recommendation interface, the architecture, and the issues and experience that make up its rationale. %M C.CHI.97.1.234 %T Tangible Bits: Towards Seamless Interfaces between People, Bits and Atoms %S PAPERS: Beyond the Desktop %A Hiroshi Ishii %A Brygg Ullmer %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 234-241 %K Tangible user interface, Ambient media, Graspable user interface, Augmented reality, Ubiquitous computing, Center and periphery, Foreground and background %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/hi.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p234-ishii/p234-ishii.pdf %X This paper presents our vision of Human Computer Interaction (HCI): "Tangible Bits." Tangible Bits allows users to "grasp & manipulate" bits in the center of users' attention by coupling the bits with everyday physical objects and architectural surfaces. Tangible Bits also enables users to be aware of background bits at the periphery of human perception using ambient display media such as light, sound, airflow, and water movement in an augmented space. The goal of Tangible Bits is to bridge the gaps between both cyberspace and the physical environment, as well as the foreground and background of human activities. This paper describes three key concepts of Tangible Bits: interactive surfaces; the coupling of bits with graspable physical objects; and ambient media for background awareness. We illustrate these concepts with three prototype systems -- the metaDESK, transBOARD and ambientROOM -- to identify underlying research issues. %M C.CHI.97.1.242 %T From Single-User Architectural Design to PAC*: a Generic Software Architecture Model for CSCW %S PAPERS: Beyond the Desktop %A Gaelle Calvary %A Joelle Coutaz %A Laurence Nigay %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 242-249 %K PAC, Interactor, Agent, Architectural style, Software architecture modelling, CSCW, Interactive systems %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/jcc.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p242-calvary/p242-calvary.pdf %X This article reports our reflection on software architecture modelling for multi-user systems (or groupware). First, we introduce the notion of software architecture and make explicit the design steps that most software designers in HCI tend to blend in a fuzzy way. Building on general concepts and practice from main stream software engineering, we then present a comparative analysis of the most significant architecture models developed for single-and multi-user systems. We close with the presentation of PAC*, a new architectural framework for modelling and designing the software architecture of multi-user systems. PAC* is a motivated combination of existing architectural models selected for the complementarity of their "good properties". These include operational heuristics such as rules for deriving agents in accordance to the task model or criteria for reasoning about replication, as well as properties such as support for style heterogeneity, portability, and reusability. %M C.CHI.97.1.250 %T Elastic Windows: Evaluation of Multi-Window Operations %S PAPERS: Enhancing The Direct Manipulation Interface %A Eser Kandogan %A Ben Shneiderman %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 250-257 %K Window management, Multi-window operations, Personal role management, Tiled layout, User interfaces, Information access and organization %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/ek.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p250-kandogan/p250-kandogan.pdf %X Most windowing systems follow the independent overlapping windows approach, which emerged as an answer to the needs of the 1980s' technology. Due to advances in computers and display technology, and increased information needs, modern users demand more functionality from window management systems. We proposed Elastic Windows with improved spatial layout and rapid multi-window operations as an alternative to current window management strategies for efficient personal role management [12]. In this approach, multi-window operations are achieved by issuing operations on window groups hierarchically organized in a space-filling tiled layout. This paper describes the Elastic Windows interface briefly and then presents a study comparing user performance with Elastic Windows and traditional window management techniques for 2, 6, and 12 window situations. Elastic Windows users had statistically significantly faster performance for all 6 and 12 window situations, for task environment setup, task environment switching, and task execution. For some tasks there was a ten-fold speed-up in performance. These results suggest promising possibilities for multiple window operations and hierarchical nesting, which can be applied to the next generation of tiled as well as overlapped window managers. %M C.CHI.97.1.258 %T Does Continuous Visual Feedback Aid Debugging in Direct-Manipulation Programming Systems? %S PAPERS: Enhancing The Direct Manipulation Interface %A E. M. Wilcox %A J. W. Atwood %A M. M. Burnett %A J. J. Cadiz %A C. R. Cook %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 258-265 %K Direct manipulation, Debugging, End-user programming, Spreadsheets, Visual programming languages, Liveness, Empirical study %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/mmb.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p258-wilcox/p258-wilcox.pdf %X Continuous visual feedback is becoming a common feature in direct-manipulation programming systems of all kinds -- from demonstrational macro builders to spreadsheet packages to visual programming languages featuring direct manipulation. But does continuous visual feedback actually help in the domain of programming? There has been little investigation of this question, and what evidence there is from related domains points in conflicting directions. To advance what is known about this issue, we conducted an empirical study to determine whether the inclusion of continuous visual feedback into a direct-manipulation programming system helps with one particular task: debugging. Our results were that although continuous visual feedback did not significantly help with debugging in general, it did significantly help with debugging in some circumstances. Our results also indicate three factors that may help determine those circumstances. %M C.CHI.97.1.266 %T Making Computers Easier for Older Adults to Use: Area Cursors and Sticky Icons %S PAPERS: Enhancing The Direct Manipulation Interface %A Aileen Worden %A Neff Walker %A Krishna Bharat %A Scott Hudson %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 266-271 %K Graphical interfaces, User input, Interaction techniques, Pointing and selection tasks, Fitts' Law, Aging %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/nw.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p266-worden/p266-worden.pdf %X The normal effects of aging include some decline in cognitive, perceptual, and motor abilities. This can have a negative effect on the performance of a number of tasks, including basic pointing and selection tasks common to today's graphical user interfaces. This paper describes a study of the effectiveness of two interaction techniques: area cursors and sticky icons, in improving the performance of older adults in basic selection tasks. The study described here indicates that when combined, these techniques can decrease target selection times for older adults by as much as 50% when applied to the most difficult cases (smallest selection targets). At the same time these techniques are shown not to impede performance in cases known to be problematical for related techniques (e.g., differentiation between closely spaced targets) and to provide similar but smaller benefits for younger users. %M C.CHI.97.1.272 %T Designing Effective Multimedia Presentations %S PAPERS: Designing Publishing and Scripting Multimedia Systems %A Peter Faraday %A Alistair Sutcliffe %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 272-278 %K Multimedia, Usability testing, Empirical studies %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/pf.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p272-faraday/p272-faraday.pdf %X The paper reports four studies concerning attention to and comprehension of Multimedia presentations. The Multimedia sequence used was taken from a commercially produced CD-ROM, 'The Etiology of Cancer'. First, an eye tracking study of the presentation is reported. A second study was then conducted on the recall of the materials used in the eye tracking study. The results of these studies were used to propose design guidelines for Multimedia presentations. The guidelines were applied to produce a re-authored version of the original presentation. A further two studies were then conducted on the re-authored version to assess the impact of the design guidelines. %M C.CHI.97.1.279 %T From Web Press to Web Pressure: Multimedia Representations and Multimedia Publishing %S PAPERS: Designing Publishing and Scripting Multimedia Systems %A Victoria Bellotti %A Yvonne Rogers %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 279-286 %K Field study, Collaboration, Multimedia, Publishing, World Wide Web, Representation %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/bel.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p279-bellotti/p279-bellotti.pdf %X The growth of multimedia computing, followed by a recent push towards publishing on the World Wide Web, is rapidly changing the publishing industry. Editorial staff, working under pressure in printed and online publications, need to use a growing diversity of representations for planning, creating and reviewing content. We present a study of a number of publishing sites, describing how such representations are critical to ensuring quality in the editorial process. Following this, we discuss design implications for better representational tools. %M C.CHI.97.1.287 %T Interval Scripts: A Design Paradigm for Story-Based Interactive Systems %S PAPERS: Designing Publishing and Scripting Multimedia Systems %A Claudio S. Pinhanez %A Kenji Mase %A Aaron Bobick %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 287-294 %K Interaction design, Story-based immersive systems, Temporal scripts %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/csp.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p287-pinhanez/p287-pinhanez.pdf %X A system to manage human interaction in immersive environments was designed and implemented. The interaction is defined by an interval script which describes the relationships between the time intervals which command actuators or gather information from sensors. With this formalism, reactive, linear, and tree-like interaction can be equally described, as well as less regular story and interaction patterns. Control of actuators and sensors is accomplished using PNF-restriction, a calculus which propagates the sensed information through the interval script determining which intervals are or should be happening at each moment. The prototype was used in an immersive, story-based interactive environment called SingSong where a user or a performer tries to conduct four computer character singers in spite of the hostility of one of them. %M C.CHI.97.1.295 %T Beyond Fitts' Law: Models for Trajectory-Based HCI Tasks %S PAPERS: Exploring Input %A Johnny Accot %A Shumin Zhai %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 295-302 %K Fitts' Law, Human performance, Modeling, Movements, Path steering, Task difficulty, Motor control, Input techniques and devices, Trajectory-based interaction %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/ja.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p295-accot/p295-accot.pdf %X Trajectory-based interactions, such as navigating through nested-menus, drawing curves, and moving in 3D worlds, are becoming common tasks in modern computer interfaces. Users' performances in these tasks cannot be successfully modeled with Fitts' law as it has been applied to pointing tasks. Therefore we explore the possible existence of robust regularities in trajectory-based tasks. We used "steering through tunnels" as our experimental paradigm to represent such tasks, and found that a simple "steering law" indeed exists. The paper presents the motivation, analysis, a series of four experiments, and the applications of the steering law. %M C.CHI.97.1.303 %T Performance Differences in the Fingers, Wrist, and Forearm in Computer Input Control %S PAPERS: Exploring Input %A Ravin Balakrishnan %A I. Scott MacKenzie %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 303-310 %K Computer pointing devices, Human information processing, Muscle group differences, Hand, Fingers, Arm, Motor control, Fitts' Law %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/rb2.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p303-balakrishnan/p303-balakrishnan.pdf %X Recent work in computer input control has sought to maximize the use of the fingers in the operation of computer pointing devices. The main rationale is the hypothesis that the muscle groups controlling the fingers have a higher bandwidth than those controlling other segments of the human upper limb. Evidence which supports this, however, is inconclusive. We conducted an experiment to determine the relative bandwidths of the fingers, wrist, and forearm and found that the fingers do not necessarily outperform the other limb segments. Our results indicate that the bandwidth of the unsupported index finger is approximately 3.0 bits/s while the wrist and forearm have bandwidths of about 4.1 bits/s. We also show that the thumb and index finger working together in a pinch grip have an information processing rate of about 4.5 bits/s. Other factors which influence the relative performance of the different limbs in manipulation tasks are considered. %M C.CHI.97.1.311 %T The Rockin' Mouse: Integral 3D Manipulation on a Plane %S PAPERS: Exploring Input %A Ravin Balakrishnan %A Thomas Baudel %A Gordon Kurtenbach %A George Fitzmaurice %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 311-318 %K 3D interaction, Input devices, Integral motion, Mouse, 3D graphical manipulators %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/rb1.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p311-balakrishnan/p311-balakrishnan.pdf %X A novel input device called the Rockin'Mouse is described and evaluated. The Rockin'Mouse is a four degree-of-freedom input device that has the same shape as a regular mouse except that the bottom of the Rockin'Mouse is rounded so that it can be tilted. This tilting can be used to control two extra degrees of freedom, thus making it suitable for manipulation in 3D environments. Like the regular mouse, the Rockin'Mouse can sense planar position and perform all the usual functions. However, in a 3D scene a regular mouse can only operate on 2 dimensions at a time and therefore manipulation in 3D requires a way to switch between dimensions. With the Rockin'Mouse, however, all the dimensions can be simultaneously controlled. In this paper we describe our design rationale behind the Rockin'Mouse, and present an experiment which compares the Rockin'Mouse to the standard mouse in a typical 3D interaction task. Our results indicate that the Rockin'Mouse is 30% faster and is a promising device for both 2D and 3D interaction. %M C.CHI.97.1.319 %T Paper as an Analytic Resource for the Design of New Technologies %S PAPERS: Papers About Paper %A Abigail Sellen %A Richard Harper %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 319-326 %K Paper, Ethnography, Knowledge work, Diary study, Collaboration, Design, Organisations, IMF %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/ajs.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p319-sellen/p319-sellen.pdf %X We report on an examination of work practice in a knowledge-based, document-intensive organisation and describe the role of paper in that work. We show how such an examination can provide a resource for (1) the determination of system design modifications that can be undertaken in the short term; (2) the determination of entirely new systems design requiring longer term research and development; and (3) helping to specify where paper will continue to be used in future document-related work practice. %M C.CHI.97.1.327 %T PaperLink: A Technique for Hyperlinking from Real Paper to Electronic Content %S PAPERS: Papers About Paper %A Toshifumi Arai %A Dietmar Aust %A Scott Hudson %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 327-334 %K Augmented reality, Input devices, Hybrid paper electronic interfaces, Computer vision systems, Pattern recognition, Hyperlinking %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/seh.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p327-arai/p327-arai.pdf %X Paper is a very convenient medium for presenting information. It is familiar, flexible, portable, inexpensive, user modifiable, and offers better readability properties than existing electronic displays. However, paper displays are static and do not offer capabilities such as dynamic content, and hyperlinking that can be provided with electronic media. PaperLink is a system which augments paper documents with electronic features. PaperLink uses a highlighter pen augmented with a camera, along with simple computer vision and pattern recognition techniques, to allow a user to make marks on paper which can have associations and meaning in an electronic world, and to "pick up" printed material for use as electronic input. This paper will consider the prototype PaperLink hardware and software system, and its application to hyperlinking from paper to electronic content. %M C.CHI.97.1.335 %T A Comparison of Reading Paper and On-Line Documents %S PAPERS: Papers About Paper %A Kenton O'Hara %A Abigail Sellen %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 335-342 %K Reading, Paper, Documents, Digital document readers, Hypertext, Digital libraries, Design, Web %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/koh.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p335-o_hara/p335-o_hara.pdf %X We report on a laboratory study that compares reading from paper to reading on-line. Critical differences have to do with the major advantages paper offers in supporting annotation while reading, quick navigation, and flexibility of spatial layout. These, in turn, allow readers to deepen their understanding of the text, extract a sense of its structure, create a plan for writing, cross-refer to other documents, and interleave reading and writing. We discuss the design implications of these findings for the development of better reading technologies. %M C.CHI.97.1.343 %T Designing For or Designing With? Informant Design for Interactive Learning Environments %S PAPERS: Designing for Learning %A Michael Scaife %A Yvonne Rogers %A Frances Aldrich %A Matt Davies %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 343-350 %K Children, Design, Low-tech, Hi-tech, Informant, Interactive learning environments, Prototypes %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/ms.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p343-scaife/p343-scaife.pdf %X The value of involving people as 'users' or 'participants' in the design process is increasingly becoming a point of debate. In this paper we describe a new framework, called 'informant design', which advocates efficiency of input from different people: maximizing the value of contributions from various informants and design team members at different stages of the design process. To illustrate how this can be achieved we describe a project that uses children and teachers as informants at different stages to help us design an interactive learning environment for teaching ecology. %M C.CHI.97.1.351 %T Degrees of Comprehension: Children's Understanding of a Visual Programming Environment %S PAPERS: Designing for Learning %A Cyndi Rader %A Cathy Brand %A Clayton Lewis %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 351-358 %K Kids software, Educational application, End-user programming, Simulations, Programming by demonstration, Graphical rewrite rules %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/car.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p351-rader/p351-rader.pdf %X A new generation of innovative, highly visual children's programming environments is under development. In this paper, we consider the instructional requirements for children learning to program in a visual environment. Based on our year-long experience using Apple Computer's KidSim/Cocoa prototype [2] and the results of a year-end assessment, we conclude that the children failed to grasp many aspects of the program operation. The children readily mastered drawing and animating characters in imaginary worlds, but struggled to achieve more complex behaviors. Lack of explicit instruction on program functionality hindered these children in their attempts to create more sophisticated science programs. We explore the prospects for more effective instruction and suggest some guidelines for designing visual programming environments. %M C.CHI.97.1.359 %T The Persona Effect: Affective Impact of Animated Pedagogical Agents %S PAPERS: Designing for Learning %A James C. Lester %A Sharolyn A. Converse %A Susan H. Kahler %A S. Todd Barlow %A Brian A. Stone %A Ravinder Bhogal %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 359-366 %K Educational applications, Intelligent systems, Children, Agents, Empirical studies %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/jl.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p359-lester/p359-lester.pdf %X Animated pedagogical agents that inhabit interactive learning environments can exhibit strikingly lifelike behaviors. In addition to providing problem-solving advice in response to students' activities in the learning environment, these agents may also be able to play a powerful motivational role. To design the most effective agent-based learning environment software, it is essential to understand how students perceive an animated pedagogical agent with regard to affective dimensions such as encouragement, utility, credibility, and clarity. This paper describes a study of the affective impact of animated pedagogical agents on students' learning experiences. One hundred middle school students interacted with animated pedagogical agents to assess their perception of agents' affective characteristics. The study revealed the persona effect, which is that the presence of a lifelike character in an interactive learning environment -- even one that is not expressive -- can have a strong positive effect on student's perception of their learning experience. The study also demonstrates the interesting effect of multiple types of explanatory behaviors on both affective perception and learning performance. %M C.CHI.97.1.367 %T Effective View Navigation %S PAPERS: Information Structures %A George W. Furnas %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 367-374 %K Information navigation, Direct Walk, Large information structures, Hypertext, Searching, Browsing %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/gwf.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p367-furnas/p367-furnas.pdf %X In view navigation a user moves about an information structure by selecting something in the current view of the structure. This paper explores the implications of rudimentary requirements for effective view navigation, namely that, despite the vastness of an information structure, the views must be small, moving around must not take too many steps and the route to any target be must be discoverable. The analyses help rationalize existing practice, give insight into the difficulties, and suggest strategies for design. %M C.CHI.97.1.375 %T Characterizing Interactive Externalizations %S PAPERS: Information Structures %A Lisa Tweedie %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 375-382 %K Visualization, Interactive graphics, Taxonomy %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/lt.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p375-tweedie/p375-tweedie.pdf %X This paper seeks to characterize the space of techniques that exist for interactive externalisations (visualisations). A selection of visualisations are classified with respect to: the types of data represented, the nature of the visible feedback displayed and the forms of interactivity used. Such characterization provides a method for evaluating potential designs and comparing different tools. %M C.CHI.97.1.383 %T Life, Death, and Lawfulness on the Electronic Frontier %S PAPERS: Information Structures %A James Pitkow %A Peter Pirolli %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 383-390 %K Clustering, Categorization, Co-citation analysis, World Wide Web, Hypertext, Survival analysis, Usage models %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/jp-www.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p383-pitkow/p383-pitkow.pdf %X To facilitate users' ability to make sense of large collections of hypertext we present two new techniques for inducing clusters of related documents on the World Wide Web. Users' ability to find relevant information might also be enhanced by finding lawful properties of document behavior and use. We present models and analyses of document use and change for the World Wide Web. %M C.CHI.97.1.391 %T WebStage: An Active Media Enhanced World Wide Web Browser %S PAPERS: Finding What You Want II %A Tomoharu Yamaguchi %A Itaru Hosomi %A Toshiaki Miyashita %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 391-398 %K World Wide Web, Metaphor, Multimedia, Information access, Passive-user support, Media design %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/ty.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p391-yamaguchi/p391-yamaguchi.pdf %X The World Wide Web provides us with enormous opportunities to obtain global information. However, conventional browsers are time-intensive, requiring many operations with attendant mental concentration, to view the Web pages. This can often discourage people from seeking access to the Web. In this paper, we present an "active" Web browser, named "WebStage". Unlike conventional browsers, it displays Web pages using a television metaphor to encourage "passive" users to access the Web. %M C.CHI.97.1.399 %T Revisitation Patterns in World Wide Web Navigation %S PAPERS: Finding What You Want II %A Linda Tauscher %A Saul Greenberg %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 399-406 %K History mechanisms, WWW, Web, Hypertext, Navigation %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/sg.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p399-tauscher/p399-tauscher.pdf %X We report on users' revisitation patterns to World Wide Web pages, and use these to lay an empirical foundation for the design of history mechanisms in web browsers. Through history, a user can return quickly to a previously visited page, possibly reducing the cognitive and physical overhead required to navigate to it from scratch. We analyzed 6 weeks of usage data collected from 23 users of a commercial web browser. We found that 58% of an individual's pages are revisits, and that users continually add new web pages into their repertoire of visited pages. People tend to revisit pages just visited, access only a few pages frequently, browse in very small clusters of related pages, and generate only short sequences of repeated URL paths. We compared different history mechanisms, and found that the stack-based prediction method prevalent in commercial browsers is inferior to the simpler approach of showing the last few recently visited URLs with duplicates removed. Other predictive approaches fare even better. Our results suggest new approaches to managing history in browsers. %M C.CHI.97.1.407 %T Queries? Links? Is there a Difference? %S PAPERS: Finding What You Want II %A Gene Golovchinsky %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 407-414 %K Hypertext, Dynamic links, Browsing, Newspaper metaphor, Information exploration, Information retrieval %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/gxg.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p407-golovchinsky/p407-golovchinsky.pdf %X Hypertext interfaces are considered appropriate for information exploration tasks. The prohibitively expensive link creation effort, however, prevents traditional hypertext interfaces from being used with large coherent collections of text. Such collections typically require query-based interfaces. This paper examines a hybrid approach: the system described here creates anchors dynamically based on users' queries, and uses anchor selection as a query expansion mechanism. An experiment was conducted to compare browsing behavior in query- and link-based interfaces. Results suggest that query-mediated links are as effective as explicit queries, and that strategies adopted by users affect performance. This work has implications for the design of information exploration interfaces; the dynamic link algorithms described here are being incorporated into a Web server. %M C.CHI.97.1.415 %T Integration and Synchronization of Input Modes during Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction %S PAPERS: Speech, Haptic, & Multimodal Input %A Sharon Oviatt %A Antonella DeAngeli %A Karen Kuhn %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 415-422 %K Multimodal interaction, Integration and synchronization, Speech and pen input, Dynamic interactive maps, Spatial location information, Predictive modeling %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/slo.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p415-oviatt/p415-oviatt.pdf %X Our ability to develop robust multimodal systems will depend on knowledge of the natural integration patterns that typify people's combined use of different input modes. To provide a foundation for theory and design, the present research analyzed multimodal interaction while people spoke and wrote to a simulated dynamic map system. Task analysis revealed that multimodal interaction occurred most frequently during spatial location commands, and with intermediate frequency during selection commands. In addition, microanalysis of input signals identified sequential, simultaneous, point-and-speak, and compound integration patterns, as well as data on the temporal precedence of modes and on inter-modal lags. In synchronizing input streams, the temporal precedence of writing over speech was a major theme, with pen input conveying location information first in a sentence. Linguistic analysis also revealed that the spoken and written modes consistently supplied complementary semantic information, rather than redundant. One long-term goal of this research is the development of predictive models of natural modality integration to guide the design of emerging multimodal architectures. %M C.CHI.97.1.423 %T Rendering Drawings for Interactive Haptic Perception %S PAPERS: Speech, Haptic, & Multimodal Input %A Martin Kurze %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 423-430 %K Haptic perception, Tactile drawing, Blind people, Haptic rendering pipeline %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/mk.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p423-kurze/p423-kurze.pdf %X This paper describes a rendering method for generating tangible drawings of spatial real world objects based on a theory of haptic image perception and understanding. The method is based on an analysis of the process of drawing used by blind people and on cognitive considerations. A haptic rendering pipeline has been implemented which uses methods such as folding out or flattening to create 2D images from 3D models. The evaluation currently being carried out is described and the results are discussed in a broader application context. %M C.CHI.97.1.431 %T MedSpeak: Report Creation with Continuous Speech Recognition %S PAPERS: Speech, Haptic, & Multimodal Input %A Jennifer Lai %A John Vergo %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 431-438 %K Continuous speech recognition, Speech interface design, Radiology, Navigation, Dictation %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/paper/jcl.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p431-lai/p431-lai.pdf %X MedSpeak/Radiology is a product that allows radiologists to create, edit and manage reports using real-time, continuous speech recognition. Speech is used both to navigate through the application, and to dictate reports. The system is multi-modal, accepting input by either voice, mouse or keyboard. This paper reports on how we addressed the critical user need of high throughput in our interface design, and ways of supporting both error prevention and error correction with continuous speech. User studies suggest that for this task there was low tolerance for accuracy less than 100%, but the additional time required for corrections was considered by many radiologists to be acceptable in view of the overall reduction in report turn around time. %M C.CHI.97.1.439 %T Simplified Applications for Network Computers %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Simple, Small and Focused: Managing Personal Information %A Don Gentner %A Frank Ludolph %A Chris Ryan %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 439-446 %K Calendar, Email, HotJava Views, Human interface design, Java, Minimalist, Network Computer, NC, Simplicity, Web %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/briefing/dg.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p439-gentner/p439-gentner.pdf %X This paper describes the design of HotJava Views, a user environment and suite of applications for a Network Computer. A Network Computer differs from the common Personal Computer in that it has no permanent local storage, but instead obtains its software and data as needed over the network from a central server. We have abandoned some characteristic features of current GUI interfaces, such as the desktop metaphor, file systems, and the distinction between applications and documents. Our design principles are focused on simplicity, efficiency of operation, clarity of the interaction model, and tight integration between applications. %M C.CHI.97.1.447 %T Design: No Job too Small %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Simple, Small and Focused: Managing Personal Information %A Jean C. Scholtz %A Tony Salvador %A Pete Lockhart %A James Newbery %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 447-454 %K Design, Usability testing, User requirements, Ergonomics, Hand held, Mobile computing %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/briefing/js1.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p447-scholtz/p447-scholtz.pdf %X This paper describes the efforts involved in the design of a novel Personal Information Manager (PIM) about the size of a credit card with a touch screen that fit neatly in one's shirt pocket or the PCMCIA slot on a PC. The device had to support both viewing data as well as entering data. This project at Intel offered human factors engineers extraordinary freedom in terms of functional design constraints, including no pre-existing operating system or pre-existing metaphor. However, in terms of practical constraints, such as low power demands, extremely small screen size and low resolution, color and the inexperience of the engineering team working with human factors professionals, this project offered us a unique challenge. In the end, ergonomic concerns, functionality concerns and navigation issues required a novel approach to the design of this hand-held computing appliance. Making decisions was additionally complicated as the novel hardware was being developed simultaneously. During design, we needed to produce innovative tests that would give valid results without using the actual hardware and we needed to explain at each step what we were doing and the input we would have for hardware and/or software decisions. %M C.CHI.97.1.455 %T Claris Organizer's Expanding Contact Card %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Simple, Small and Focused: Managing Personal Information %A Philip D. Haine %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 455-462 %K Contact card, Expanding sections, Dense input area, PIMs %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/briefing/dph.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p455-haine/p455-haine.pdf %X This paper describes the design process behind the contact card user interface in Claris Organizer 2.0. This was a situation where traditional UI elements were insufficient to satisfy the design's requirements. High-fidelity prototypes were developed, iterated and tested against competing designs. Standards and guidelines had to be broken to achieve the design's objectives. Despite having more fields and more functionality, the resulting design was smaller, faster, and preferred by users. %M C.CHI.97.1.463 %T KidPad: A Design Collaboration Between Children, Technologists, and Educators %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Understanding Users %A Allison Druin %A Jason Stewart %A David Proft %A Ben Bederson %A Jim Hollan %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 463-470 %K Children, Design techniques, Cooperative design, Educational applications, Evaluation, Participatory design, Social issues, Pad++, KidPad %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/briefing/ajd2.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p463-druin/p463-druin.pdf %X We established an interdisciplinary, intergenerational collaboration in the fall of 1995, between the University of New Mexico's Computer Science Department, the College of Education, and local Albuquerque elementary school children. The goal of this research was to develop an expressive digital medium with an intuitive zooming interface, to support a learning environment for children. In the process of this collaboration, design methodologies that support a child's role in the development of new technologies were explored. What follows is a summary of our iterative design experience, collaboration, and the results of the research to date. %M C.CHI.97.1.471 %T Designing a Graphical User Interface for Healthcare Workers in Rural India %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Understanding Users %A Sally Grisedale %A Michael Graves %A Alexander Grunsteidl %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 471-478 %K Human interface design, Mobile computing, Pen input, Soft keyboard, Newton MessagePad, Rapid prototyping, India, Rajasthan, Ajmer, Auxiliary nurse midwife, Healthcare, Family welfare %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/briefing/mg.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p471-grisedale/p471-grisedale.pdf %X This paper describes the research and development of an interface for a mobile computing device to be used by Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) in rural India. We describe the insights of the team from Apple Research Lab (ARL), who have had the privilege of working in a very different culture from the ones they are used to. We show how our observations of the healthcare workers performing their caring and administrative functions informed the design of the user interface. We illustrate how we developed the graphical language, navigational structure and data entry techniques. We provide a summary of the feedback we received from early field trials and some thoughts on the appropriateness of our approach to design in this environment. %M C.CHI.97.1.479 %T Balancing Usability and Learning in an Interface %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Understanding Users %A Noel Rappin %A Mark Guzdial %A Matthew Realff %A Pete Ludovice %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 479-486 %K Modeling, Simulation, Interface design, Learners %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/briefing/ndr.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p471-grisedale/p471-grisedale.pdf %X Creating educational software forces a difficult tradeoff. The software must be easy for the students to use, yet not so simple that the parts that students are to learn from are done for them by the computer. DEVICE (Dynamic Environment for Visualization of Chemical Engineering) is a learning environment aimed at allowing chemical engineering students to model chemical engineering problems, then execute those problems as simulations. In the design of DEVICE, we have attempted to use student tasks to focus attention on the most important parts of the problem without overwhelming students with extraneous detail. %M C.CHI.97.1.487 %T Reflections on I/Design: User Interface Design at a Startup %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Working with Stakeholders: Design Within and Among Organizations %A Allison L. Hansen %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 487-493 %K User interface design, User-centered design, Design process, Iterative design, Paper prototyping, World-Wide Web, Web measurement, Startup company %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/briefing/alh.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p487-hansen/p487-hansen.pdf %X There are many challenges to delivering a state-of-the-art user interface in a startup company, especially when the Product Manager is also the User Interface Designer. This design briefing describes the process of making incremental improvements to an existing product, given very limited time and resources, while also designing a new replacement product. Several well-known design techniques and strategies were used, and the relative success or failure of each approach is discussed. In addition, the design rationale for and evolution of the successful new user interface are presented. %M C.CHI.97.1.494 %T Social Trends and Product Opportunities: Philips' Vision of the Future Project %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Working with Stakeholders: Design Within and Among Organizations %A Robert Lambourne %A Khodi Feiz %A Bertrand Rigot %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 494-501 %K Future, Design process, Socio-cultural forecasts, Interaction design, Industrial design, Film making, Scenario %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/briefing/rl.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p494-lambourne/p494-lambourne.pdf %X This paper describes a project that was carried out by Philips Corporate Design (PCD) to explore ideas for products and services which could be part of our future in the year 2005. It discusses how a socio-cultural tool was used together with technology forecasts to arrive at the creation of scenarios that describe future products and their contexts. The concepts were then communicated to a wide audience in the form of short film clips. The project involved many people from a wide range of disciplines. %M C.CHI.97.1.502 %T Putting Visualization to Work: ProgramFinder for Youth Placement %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Working with Stakeholders: Design Within and Among Organizations %A Jason B. Ellis %A Anne Rose %A Catherine Plaisant %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 502-509 %K Technology transfer, Visualization, Dynamic query, Legal systems, Matching %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/briefing/jbe.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p502-ellis/p502-ellis.pdf %X The Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory (HCIL) and the Maryland Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) have been working together to design the ProgramFinder, a tool for selecting programs for troubled youths ranging from drug rehabilitation centers to secure residential facilities. The seemingly straightforward journey of the ProgramFinder from an existing user interface technique to a product design required the development of five different prototypes which involved user interface design, prototype implementation, and selecting search attributes. While HCIL's effort focused primarily on design and implementation, DJJ's attribute selection process was the most time consuming and difficult task. We also found that a direct link to DJJ's workflow was needed in the prototypes to generate the necessary "buy-in." This paper analyzes the interaction between the efforts of HCIL and DJJ and the amount of "buy-in" by DJJ staff and management. Lessons learned are presented for designers. %M C.CHI.97.1.510 %T The Multimedia Library: The Center of an Information-Rich Community %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Access to Knowledge: Libraries and Data Mining %A Gerard Jorna %A Mirjam Wouters %A Paul Gardien %A Hans Kemp %A Jack Mama %A Irene Mavromati %A Ian McClelland %A Linda Vodegel Matzen %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 510-517 %K Library, Multimedia, Browsing, Information visualization, Information retrieval %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/briefing/gj.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p510-jorna/p510-jorna.pdf %X Due to the rapid development of information and multimedia technology, the information and services available within a Public Library are changing. This design project, executed by Philips Corporate Design in cooperation with the Public Library of Eindhoven, approached the library not as a digital catalogue but as the center of a community, a place to gather, communicate with others, and a place to obtain and exchange information with anybody about anything. Library (non)-users investigations provided information regarding the current state and perception of the library, the catalogue, as well as to desired improvements, services and tools. The design process and the initial designs of these services and tools are presented. %M C.CHI.97.1.518 %T Bringing Treasures to the Surface: Iterative Design for the Library of Congress National Digital Library Program %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Access to Knowledge: Libraries and Data Mining %A Catherine Plaisant %A Gary Marchionini %A Tom Bruns %A Anita Komlodi %A Laura Campbell %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 518-525 %K Digital libraries, Web design, Browse, Java, Dynamic query, Preview, Design process, Search %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/briefing/cp.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p518-plaisant/p518-plaisant.pdf %X The Human-Computer Interaction Lab worked with a team for the Library of Congress (LC) to develop and test interface designs for LC's National Digital Library Program. Three iterations are described and illustrate the progression of the project toward a compact design that minimizes scrolling and jumping and anchors users in a screen space that tightly couples search and results. Issues and resolutions are discussed for each iteration and reflect the challenges of incomplete metadata, data visualization, and the rapidly changing web environment. %M C.CHI.97.1.526 %T Evolution of a User Interface Design: NCR's Management Discovery Tool %S DESIGN BRIEFINGS: Access to Knowledge: Libraries and Data Mining %A James F. Knutson %A Tej Anand %A Richard L. Henneman %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 526-533 %K User-centered design, Iterative design, Prototypes, Mockups, Data mining, Data analysis, Data retrieval %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/briefing/jfk.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p526-knutson/p526-knutson.pdf %X Many companies are developing large data warehouses to understand their customers and business trends better; however, tools to analyze these data typically require significant expertise. Because of this, NCR has developed the Management Discovery Tool (MDT) for the typical manager who wants answers to business questions without having to know SQL or database table and column names. We provide an overview of the user-centered design process used to design one part of the MDT (the "Folders View" dialog) and give rationale for design decisions. %M C.CHI.97.1.534 %T Telemedical Consultation: Task Characteristics %S TECHNICAL NOTES: Collaborative Communities I %A Leon Watts %A Andrew Monk %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 534-535 %K Videoconferencing, Telemedicine, Task analysis %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/tech-note/law.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p534-watts/p534-watts.pdf %X Three telemedical projects were studied that used ISDN video to link primary care medical centres to hospitals. Specifically, a doctor or nurse practitioner with the patient was able to consult a remote specialist about treatment or diagnosis. Five task characteristics for this particular form of telemedical consultation are identified. These characteristics make clear the need for high quality multi-party sound communication and multiple-view slow-scan video but suggest that full motion video may not be necessary to support this kind of work. Some issues in analysing technologically-mediated collaborative work are briefly discussed. %M C.CHI.97.1.536 %T Usability, Help Desk Calls, and Residential Internet Usage %S TECHNICAL NOTES: Collaborative Communities I %A Sara Kiesler %A Robert Kraut %A Vicki Lundmark %A William Scherlis %A Tridas Mukhopadhyay %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 536-537 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/tech-note/sk.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p536-kiesler/p536-kiesler.pdf %X For the average person, the Internet is still too hard to use. We report evidence from HomeNet, a field trial in Pittsburgh that tries to understand how people use the Internet. Despite our reducing technological and economic barriers to use, families had problems connecting and using the Internet. We show that help calls, however, are not a good indicator of usability, since it is the "enthusiasts" and people with instrumental tasks to accomplish who call. %M C.CHI.97.1.538 %T An Isometric Tongue Pointing Device %S TECHNICAL NOTES: Input & Output in the Future %A Chris Salem %A Shumin Zhai %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 538-539 %K Disability, Tongue, Mouth, Isometric device, Input device, Alternative access %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/tech-note/cs.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p538-salem/p538-salem.pdf %X In order to provide alternative computer input, we designed an isometric, tongue operated device: Tonguepoint. The design rationale and a preliminary experiment are presented in this technical note. Results show that, after 30 minutes practice and adjustment, the subjects could use the Tonguepoint at a performance level that was only 5-50% slower than finger isometric pointing. Further improvements are expected. %M C.CHI.97.1.540 %T How Effective are 3D Display Modes? %S TECHNICAL NOTES: Input & Output in the Future %A Sabine Volbracht %A Gitta Domik %A Khatoun Shahrbabaki %A Gregor Fels %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 540-541 %K Perspective viewing, Anaglyph stereo, Shutter glass stereo, 3D display mode, Experience, Empirical, Experiment %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/tech-note/sbv.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p540-volbracht/p540-volbracht.pdf %X The increasing availability of 3D input and output devices demands a better understanding and comparison of their quality. This report describes an empirical experiment for comparing 3D display modes: traditional perspective viewing, anaglyph stereo and shutter glass stereo. We followed two hypotheses 1. shutter glass stereo viewing allows a faster and more accurate recognition than the anaglyph and the perspective viewing, and 2. subjects experienced with particular 3D representations are faster and more accurate than subjects with out experience. The experiment is based on a true research scenario in organic chemistry. Organic molecules were used as 3D objects. Mean response error and mean response time were calculated for a series of six tasks and 81 subjects. %M C.CHI.97.1.542 %T Communication, Action and History %S TECHNICAL NOTES: Extending The HCI Agenda %A Alan Dix %A Roberta Mancini %A Stefano Levialdi %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 542-543 %K Undo, History, Direct manipulation, Breakdown %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/tech-note/ajd.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p542-dix/p542-dix.pdf %X At the opening Plenary of CHI 96, Herbert Clark challenged human-computer interface design to emulate some of the graceful repair found in face-to-face conversation. However, the dominant paradigm in recent user-interface design has been one of action, not communication -- direct manipulation, not commands. In day-to-day life we find the transition between the worlds of action and communication problematic, so it is not surprising that we experience similar problems in the computer world. Nowhere is this transition more marked than when using undo -- we are forced to think about what we have just done -- breakdown. %M C.CHI.97.1.544 %T Translation in HCI: Formal Representations for Work Analysis and Collaboration %S TECHNICAL NOTES: Extending The HCI Agenda %A Michael J. Muller %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 544-545 %K Task analysis, Systems analysis, Translation, Translator, Ethnocriticism, Ethnocritical heuristics, Positionality %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/tech-note/mm2.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p544-muller/p544-muller.pdf %X In a previous paper, I provided a foundation argument for translation as a pivotal activity in analysis work in the fields of HCI, with profound epistemological and ethical consequences. This technical note extends the argument with a formal notation for translation work in HCI, with application to work analysis and collaboration. %M C.CHI.97.1.546 %T A Factor Analysis of User Cognition and Emotion %S TECHNICAL NOTES: Extending The HCI Agenda %A Judith Ramsay %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 546-547 %K Cognition, Emotion, Factor Analysis, Human-computer interaction %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/tech-note/jr1.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p546-ramsay/p546-ramsay.pdf %X Fifty two statements of cognition and emotion were gathered from computer users during breakdowns in understanding during interaction. They were reduced by factor analysis to a set of ten themes. The themes show the extent of discomfort experienced during breakdowns. The themes now form the backbone of a checklist of cognition and emotion, short enough in length to be administered during interaction. This work forms a move towards understanding and ultimately alleviating discomfort felt during human-computer interaction. %M C.CHI.97.1.548 %T Understanding Movement %S TECHNICAL NOTES: Extending The HCI Agenda %A Leslie Carlson Vaughan %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 548-549 %K Movement, Animation, Emotion, Affordance, Theatre %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/tech-note/lcv.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p548-vaughan/p548-vaughan.pdf %X Through abstract movement, we are able to communicate various emotional content to users on the computer screen. This article examines movement in Theatre and Psychology and how connotative values are associated with movement. Through understanding the characteristics of movement and their various effects, the designer may better understand the complexity and relationship between movement and emotion. %M C.CHI.97.1.550 %T Supporting Knowledge Workers Beyond the Desktop with Palplates %S TECHNICAL NOTES: Beyond the Desktop %A Jennifer Mankoff %A Bill N. Schilit %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 550-551 %K Ubiquitous computing, Context-aware computing, Mirror worlds, Mobile computing, Kiosk systems, MUDs %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/tech-note/sch.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p550-mankoff/p550-mankoff.pdf %X Palplates are a collection of touch-screen terminals placed around the office enabling human-computer interactions at the point of need. Supporting a community of mobile authenticated workers with a small number of stationary devices is an alternative to providing each person with a portable wireless computer. In contrast to the PC's desktop metaphor, Palplates use a place metaphor that reflect the actual rooms, corridors, and buildings that are part of the office place. Users interact graphically with applications supported by a geographic database. The user interface is generated dynamically based on the user's identity, the point-of-access, and the changing collection of physical office equipment, electronic documents and applications present at any given location. %M C.CHI.97.1.552 %T CyberDesk: Automated Integration of Desktop and Network Services %S TECHNICAL NOTES: Beyond the Desktop %A Andrew Wood %A Anind Dey %A Gregory D. Abowd %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 1 %P 552-553 %K Adaptive interfaces, Automated integration, Future computing environments, Ubiquitous services %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/tech-note/akd.htm %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/258549/p552-wood/p552-wood.pdf %X The CyberDesk project suggests a way to break the prevailing assumption in personal computing that the user must search out ways to integrate behavior between separate services. We present a technique and prototype system for automatic integration of desktop applications and network services that requires no effort by either the designer or the end-user. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI97-2a.BA %M C.CHI.97.2.2 %T Artificial Intelligence Techniques in the Interface to a Digital Video Library %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Intelligent Systems %A Alexander G. Hauptmann %A Michael J. Witbrock %A Michael G. Christel %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 2-3 %K Video browsing, Information retrieval interfaces, Speech recognition, News-On-Demand, Multimedia indexing and search, Informedia, Artificial intelligence, Automatic text summarization, Video summarization, Digital library %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/agh.htm %X For the huge amounts of audio and video material that could usefully be included in digital libraries, the cost of producing human-generated annotations and meta-data is prohibitive. In the Informedia Digital Video Library, the production of meta-data supporting the library interface is automated using techniques from Artificial Intelligence (AI). By applying speech recognition, natural language processing and image analysis, the interface helps users locate the information they want and navigate or browse the digital video library more effectively. Specific AI-based interface components include automatic titles, filmstrips, video skims, word location marking and representative frames for shots. %M C.CHI.97.2.4 %T MOBI-D: A Model-Based Development Environment for User-Centered Design %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Intelligent Systems %A Angel R. Puerta %A David Maulsby %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 4-5 %K Model-based interface development, User interface development environments, Interface design, Interface models, User-centered design, Task-based design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/ap.htm %X MOBI-D (Model-Based Interface Designer) is a software environment the design and development of user interfaces from declarative interface models. End-users informally describe tasks and data, from end-users, from which developers construct formal models of user tasks and domain objects. The system supports development of presentation and dialog specifications from such models, and allows visualization of interface designs as units encompassing all relations and dependencies among the elements of task, data and user-interface specifications. MOBI-D is the first development environment to define an interface model as a comprehensive conceptual object, to identify an interface design as a declarative component of an interface model, and to establish a development cycle based on such a model. The sharable nature of the interface modeling language of MOBI-D, along with the open architecture of its system opens the door for many research areas in HCI to explore the benefits and potential of using interface models. %M C.CHI.97.2.6 %T Conversational Awareness in Multiparty VMC %S DEMONSTRATIONS: In Search of the Right Visualization Techniques %A Roel Vertegaal %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 6-7 %K CSCW, Groupware, Videoconferencing, Awareness, Attention %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/rv.htm %X In this demonstration, we present a number of videoconferencing systems which differ in support for conversational awareness. We argue that such systems should convey speech, relative position, gaze direction and gaze of the participants, but not necessarily full-motion video. %M C.CHI.97.2.8 %T An Environment that Integrates Flying and Fish Tank Metaphors %S DEMONSTRATIONS: In Search of the Right Visualization Techniques %A Dan Fleet %A Colin Ware %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 8-9 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/df.htm %W http://www.omg.unb.ca/~dfleet/research/fledermausVR/ %X Fledermaus VR is a system that combines the flying and Fish Tank metaphors for viewpoint control. A key component of the system is the continuous scaling of the scene so that it always appears just behind the screen. This scaling is done even when flying over a virtual landscape. Because the scene is scaled, it is always in the right position for Fish Tank VR viewing. In addition, the scaling removes some of the problems that commonly occur with stereoscopic displays, it puts objects in the appropriate place for manipulation, and it can be used to modulate the flight velocity. The system is demonstrated with a cable laying application. %M C.CHI.97.2.10 %T Demonstrations and Guided Tours of Virtual Worlds on the Internet %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Virtual Worlds and Reality %A Bruce Damer %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 10-11 %K Virtual worlds, Social computing, Avatars, Collaborative workspaces, VRML, Three dimensional interfaces %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/bfdd.htm %X Multi-user virtual worlds are proliferating on the Internet. These are two and three dimensional graphical environments inhabited by users represented as digital actors called "avatars". Through this medium, a wide variety of Internet users are participating in a large scale social experiment and collaborating on a variety of projects. The inhabited virtual world is an exciting new medium for HCI professionals including interaction and graphic designers, and educators and researchers focused on distance learning and teleworking. It also appeals to children and ordinary users of the Internet as a vast new digital playground and a venue for personal expression. This demonstration will introduce participants to a variety of inhabited virtual worlds and give them hands-on experience in collaboratively building and interacting with other users in the worlds. %M C.CHI.97.2.12 %T Alice Sat Here %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Virtual Worlds and Reality %A Emily Hartzell %A Nina Sobell %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 12-13 %K Collaboration, Interaction, Control, Surveillance %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/eh.htm %X In this paper, we describe Alice Sat Here, a telerobotic installation in which participants in physical space and cyberspace are afforded extended means of interaction. Using live video served to the World Wide Web, telerobotic camera control (pan and tilt controlled remotely over the Web), and a wheeled electric throne driven by gallery visitors, Alice Sat Here becomes an interface at the intersection of physical space and cyberspace. By designing an installation as a physical metaphor for the Web, we hope to sensitize the public to the dynamics at work on the Web (surveillance, control), and to challenge the collective imagination of the kinds of experiences the Web can offer. %M C.CHI.97.2.14 %T Exploring Search Results with Envision %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Visualization for Exploration %A Lucy Terry Nowell %A Robert K. France %A Deborah Hix %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 14-15 %K Information visualization, Interface metaphors, Interface metaphors, User interface design, Digital library %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/ltn1.htm %X Envision is a multimedia digital library of computer science literature, with full-text searching and full-content retrieval capabilities. The Envision system is noteworthy for two characteristics: 1) the high quality of the search results returned by our free text search system and 2) a highly usable user interface that provides powerful information visualization facilities, enabling users explore patterns in the literature, changing the display as their interests change. %M C.CHI.97.2.16 %T Knowledge-Based Support for Visual Exploration of Spatial Data %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Visualization for Exploration %A Gennady L. Andrienko %A Nathalia V. Andrienko %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 16-17 %K Data visualisation, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Knowledge-based systems, World Wide Web %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/gla1.htm %X The knowledge-based system IRIS is designed to help users in analysis of spatially referenced statistical data. For this purpose the system provides the user with automatically built thematic maps presenting the data visually. The process of map design is governed by the domain-independent visualisation knowledge base. The user receives the opportunity to concentrate on data exploration instead of the process of planning and building data presentations. Implementation of the interface part of the system in Java language allows to run the system in the World Wide Web (WWW). %M C.CHI.97.2.18 %T Interactive Ethnography: Digital Photography at Lincoln High School %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Computers for Young Adults %A Bonnie A. Nardi %A Brian Reilly %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 18-19 %K Multimedia, Ethnography, CD-ROM, Digital photography %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/ban.htm %X We demonstrate our CD-ROM, "Digital Photography at Lincoln High School: An Interactive Ethnography," as well as a web-based example of interactive ethnography. The goal of the work is to demonstrate a new medium for presenting the results of ethnographic studies to a wide audience. The richness of the ethnographic experience is easily lost in a text-only format. The CD-ROM uses audio, video, text, QuickTime VR, scanned images and digital photos to bring alive the experiences of the students and staff in the digital photography class. %M C.CHI.97.2.20 %T Soft Toys with Computer Hearts: Building Personal Storytelling Environments %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Computers for Young Adults %A Marina Umaschi %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 20-21 %K Personal storytelling, Authoring environments, Physical interfaces, Metaphorical objects, Learning %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/mu.htm %X SAGE is an authoring tool that allows children to design their own wise storytellers to interact with. It explicitly aims to enable them to explore their inner world, as well as to learn about storytelling and technology. In order to foster emotional engagement and explore the integration of physical and computer interfaces, the sage storyteller was embodied in a interactive stuffed animal. %M C.CHI.97.2.22 %T Merging the Benefits of Paper Notebooks with the Power of Computers in Dynomite %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Computers for Young Adults %A Bill N. Schilit %A Lynn D. Wilcox %A Nitin "Nick" Sawhney %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 22-23 %K Electronic notebook, Note-taking, Audio interfaces, Handwriting, Keyword indexing, Ink properties, Retrieval, Paper-like interfaces, PDA, Pen computing %O Presented as a paper at this session %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/ldw.htm %X Dynomite is a portable electronic notebook for the capture and retrieval of handwritten and audio notes. The goal of Dynomite is to merge the organization, search, and data acquisition capabilities of a computer with the benefits of a paper-based notebook. Dynomite provides novel solutions in four key problem areas. First, Dynomite uses a casual, low cognitive overhead interface. Second, for content indexing of notes, Dynomite uses ink properties and keywords. Third, to assist organization, Dynomite's properties and keywords define views, presenting a subset of the notebook content that dynamically changes as users add new information. Finally, to augment handwritten notes with audio on devices with limited storage, Dynomite continuously records audio, but only permanently stores those parts highlighted by the user. %M C.CHI.97.2.24 %T Supporting Student-Built Algorithm Animation as a Pedagogical Tool %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Programming with Less Programming %A John T. Stasko %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 24-25 %K Algorithm animation, Education, Design, Programming, Software visualization %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/jts.htm %X This demonstration describes a new approach to algorithm animation, one in which the students construct the animations. We introduce the Samba system that facilitates this process and describe how it has been used an undergraduate algorithms courses as a teaching aid. Having students build the animations, that is, construct the mapping from concepts to images, appears to enable true understanding of the algorithm under study. %M C.CHI.97.2.26 %T The Agentsheets Behavior Exchange: Supporting Social Behavior Processing %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Programming with Less Programming %A Alexander Repenning %A James Ambach %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 26-27 %K Agents, World Wide Web, End-user programming, Interactive simulation, Drag and drop, Programming by example, Domain-specific applications, Education, Collaborative learning %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/ar.htm %X In end-user programming it is still hard to overcome the tension between usability and expressiveness. Some end-user programming approaches focus on simple use but they make it hard or even impossible to write programs expressing useful functionality. Other programming approaches can be very expressive by allowing the construction of arbitrary complex programs but this expressiveness comes at the price of usability. End user programming approaches that are at least reasonably usable and expressive at the same time require not merely a syntactic improvement of programming languages but a new way to conceptualize the programming process in a social context. Social behavior processing describes the idea of elevating programming components to the level of easily composable and decomposable entities that can be shared through the World Wide Web with a community of end-users. The Agentsheets Behavior Exchange is outlined here as a forum for end-user programmers, including middle school kids and professionals, to (a) compose behaviors in order to create interactive SimCityTM-like simulations and games, to (b) comprehend behaviors created by other users or by themselves, and to (c) share these behaviors with other users. In end-user programming it is still hard to overcome the tension between usability and expressiveness. Some end-user programming approaches focus on simple use but they make it hard or even impossible to write programs expressing useful functionality. Other programming approaches can be very expressive by allowing the construction of arbitrary complex programs but this expressiveness comes at the price of usability. End user programming approaches that are at least reasonably usable and expressive at the same time require not merely a syntactic improvement of programming languages but a new way to conceptualize the programming process in a social context. Social behavior processing describes the idea of elevating programming components to the level of easily composable and decomposable entities that can be shared through the World Wide Web with a community of end-users. The Agentsheets Behavior Exchange is outlined here as a forum for end-user programmers, including middle school kids and professionals, to (a) compose behaviors in order to create interactive SimCity-like simulations and games, to (b) comprehend behaviors created by other users or by themselves, and to (c) share these behaviors with other users. %M C.CHI.97.2.28 %T "Eudaemonic Eye;" "Personal Imaging" and Wearable Computing as a Result of Deconstructing HCI; towards Greater Creativity and Self-Determination %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Wearable Computers %A Steve Mann %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 28-29 %K Existential computing, Wearable computing, Personal imaging, Lightpainting, Electronic flash, Mobile multimedia, Video orbits, VideoClips, Pencigraphic imaging, Personal documentary, Augmented reality, Mediated reality %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/sm.htm %X The apparatus for 'personal imaging' consists of a combination of the author's 'existential computer' invention (hardware portion also referred to as the "wearable computer") with an electronic camera as the primary input device. Personal imaging, a conceptual framework around this simple apparatus, is first presented as a new research area, and then applications to the visual arts, and to personal documentary, are presented. %M C.CHI.97.2.30 %T Using Music as a Communication Medium %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Auditory Output %A James Alty %A Paul Vickers %A Dimitros Rigas %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 30-31 %K Music, Interface design, Debugging, Multi-media, Audiolisation %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/jla.htm %X Music is a rich communication medium, and there are some similarities between the job of a music composer and that of an HCI designer (although their objectives may be different). Whilst sound has been used in interfaces, its use has mainly been at a primitive level, often involving real-world sound. Since music offers a highly structured set of mechanisms for communicating, it is surprising that there have been so few attempts at exploring its possibilities. Our current activity involves investigations into the use of music in algorithmic audiolisation and program debugging. %M C.CHI.97.2.32 %T IFQ: A Visual Query Interface for Object-Based Image Retrieval %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Visual Techniques for Image Retrieval %A Wen-Syan Li %A K. Selcuk Candan %A Kyoji Hirata %A Yoshinori Hara %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 32-33 %K Image retrieval, Visual query interface %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/wsli.htm %M C.CHI.97.2.34 %T Depictive Interaction with Visual Information Using Sketches -- DIVIUS %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Visual Techniques for Image Retrieval %A Andree Woodcock %A Stephen A. R. Scrivener %A M. W. Lansdale %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 34-35 %K Visual interface, Pictorial database, Uncertainty, Database evaluation, User models %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/aw.htm %X Querying of visual databases has relied predominantly on text based systems. Words do not provide an appropriate or adequate means of describing visual artifacts. A system (DIVIUS) has been developed which allows users to describe and query objects in a pictorial database, using a visual language derived from the database objects. Users can also indicate their level of uncertainty regarding certain attributes of the query. %M C.CHI.97.2.36 %T Access for All: HEPHAISTOS -- A Personal Home Assistant %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Future Home Studies %A Michael Burmester %A Joachim Machate %A Jochen Klein %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 36-37 %K Personal home assistant, Customer electronics, Touch sensitive control, Speech recognition, User interface design, Dialogue elements, PSN-elderly, Design for all %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/jam.htm %X In this paper, we describe a demonstrator which was developed in the course of the European project TIDE 1004: HEPHAISTOS (Home Environment Private Help AssISTant fOr elderly and diSabled). The demonstrator constitutes a hand held personal home assistant capable to control a selected range of electronic home devices. Its multimodal user interface is based on a coloured high resolution touch screen extended with speech input/output. The development process focused on taking into account requirements of elderly people and people with special needs. The usability of the personal assistant was evaluated in a series of user tests with subjects from this particular demographic groups. %M C.CHI.97.2.38 %T Mediators: Guides through Online TV Services %S DEMONSTRATIONS: Future Home Studies %A Han Kohar %A Ian Ginn %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 38-39 %K Interactive television, Service creation, Consumer systems, Anthropomorphism, Social interaction, Navigation, Interface agents, Adaptivity %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/demo/hk.htm %X The Mediator prototype which is demonstrated is the result of exploratory research into domestic online entertainment services. Mediators are anthropomorphic guides who aid users in selection and navigation to content in interactive television services. The project goals include developing prototype services and navigation tools and carrying out extensive user tests. The main focus of the work is to develop models of interaction, functionality and system behaviour. %M C.CHI.97.2.40 %T Research Issues in Intelligent Data Visualisation for Exploration and Communication %S DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM %A Gennady L. Andrienko %A Nathalia V. Andrienko %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 40-41 %K Visual data exploration, Visual data communication, Intelligent support, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Knowledge-based systems %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/dev/gla2.htm %X Efficiency and quality of solving problems by people are greatly affected by the way in that relevant information is arranged and presented. There is a need for intelligent software assisting humans by automatic generation of adequate presentations. We focus on graphical and especially cartographic data presentations and distinguish two problem classes where these presentations have high potential: data exploration and communication. It is argued that graphics design principles should be different for these two classes. Data communication is treated in a wider sense than merely report making: it is proposed to consider a "visual message" being built with respect to author's pragmatic goals, beliefs, attitudes, etc., as well as the image of the addressee. We outline the necessary research directions and reason about the role that could be played in such a research by the prototype knowledge-based system IRIS we have developed earlier. %M C.CHI.97.2.42 %T An Approach to Evaluation of Software Visualization %S DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM %A Vladimir L. Averbukh %A Alexandr V. Konovalov %A Vladislav V. Vorzopov %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 42 %K Visual metaphors, Visual expressiveness, Adequacy in visualization %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/dev/va.htm %X In connection with semiotic aspects of visual languages we define and generalize the content of such conception as visual metaphor, visual language dictionary, visual expressiveness, adequacy in visualization. The experimental system ParaVision should help to search the techniques for evaluating of such characteristics as adequacy in visualization that is as far as a given visual system may satisfy the needs of a given user for solving of a given problem. %M C.CHI.97.2.43 %T Multiagents Based Modelling in Graphical User Interfaces %S DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM %A Dorian Gorgan %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 43-44 %K User interfaces, Multiagents, Visual programming, Direct manipulation, Rule based behaviour %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/dev/dg.htm %X A graphical environment that implements visual programming techniques based on autonomous agents is presented. The model consists of active entities called agents, and passive entities such as behaviours, trajectories, actions, and conditions. The agents have a rule based behaviour defined as a spatial and temporal evolution. A consistent set of agent structures, actions and rule types is highlighted to support a general oriented visual programming. The model concerns on the notion of trajectory and topological information used in a cooperative evolution to control applications which are based on real time processes synchronization, data flow diagrams, graphical animation, metaphorical user interface, visual programming, multimedia and artificial intelligence techniques. %M C.CHI.97.2.45 %T Transferring Usability Engineering to Software Houses: Some Practical Experiences %S DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM %A Marcin Sikorski %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 45-46 %K Software usability, Management, Central-Eastern Europe, Poland %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/dev/ms.htm %X This paper describes market-related and social background of existing limitations in transferring usability engineering methods to software companies in Poland. Typical approaches of software vendors, developers, managers and users are shortly presented as possible reasons of low usability of many local software products. Providing information, guidelines and usability services are discussed as means for developing usability consciousness among all stakeholders involved in developing software for management support. %M C.CHI.97.2.47 %T HCI in the Czech Republic %S DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM %A Pavel Slavik %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 47-48 %K HCI, Interaction, GUI, Interface, Multimedia, Virtual reality %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/dev/ps.htm %X The paper describes the current situation and historical development in the HCI field in the Czech Republic. An outline of the most important features in this area is given. The reader can get ideas about the current state of art especially in research and education. A description of the situation in some specific applications is also given. In summary, the reader can find a short evaluation given together with some proposals on how to improve the current situation in the HCI field in this particular country. %M C.CHI.97.2.49 %T Hypermedia Extension Based on Recursive Abstractions %S DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM %A Vladislav Valkovsky %A Dmitry Krechman %A Igor Nikiforov %A Dmitry Chenosov %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 49-50 %K Hypermedia, Navigation, Structural analysis, Abstraction %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/dev/dlk.htm %X There are many well documented problems facing the ordinary user, as opposed to the enthusiast, of Hypermedia (HM) technology which can lead these users to be frustrated by, or give-up using hypermedia technology altogether. Among these classic HM problems are: the Framing Problem, Framing And Intercomparision Combined, Link Types, Versioning And Historical Backtrack, Closed Context and Open Media, Adding These Aspects Later, Disorientation [3], Information Structuring Systems [2], Visualizing [4]. This paper focuses on one of these key problems, "the Framing Problem" -- as the number of hypermedia objects grows the problem of restricting our attention to only the relevant connections becomes harder [3]. How can we structure the source hypermedia to show semantically related clusters? By solving this problem it is possible to offer new ways for people to search and browse hypermedia. %M C.CHI.97.2.51 %T Displayless Interface Access to Spatial Data: Effects on Speaker Prosodics %S DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM %A Julie Baca %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 51-52 %K GUI access, Displayless interfaces, Prosodics %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/doc/jab.htm %X Displayless interface technology must address challenges similar to those presented by the problem of providing GUI access to visually impaired users. Both must address the issue of providing nonvisual access to spatial data. This research examines the hypothesis that such access places a cognitive burden on the user, which in turn will impact the prosodics, i.e. nonverbal aspects, of the user's speech. %M C.CHI.97.2.53 %T Enhancement of Communicative Presence in Desktop Video Conferencing Systems %S DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM %A Alessandro Barabesi %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 53-54 %K Video conferencing, Communicative presence, Communication tools %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/doc/alb.htm %X Communicative presence (CP) has been defined as "... the capacity of a system to transfer mutual communicative signals of interlocutors." [2]. The main objective of my research is to define communicative presence more precisely and improve it in Desktop Video Conferencing Systems (DVCSs). An initial experiment has suggested that the modality of all available channels should be consistent. %M C.CHI.97.2.55 %T Representation Without Taxation: What Makes GUI Good %S DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM %A Brian D. Ehret %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 55-56 %K Display-based HCI, Cognitive modeling, ACT-R, Expertise, GUI %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/doc/bde-rwt.htm %X In the proposed work, research in cognitive science and display-based HCI is synthesized and brought to bear on the question of "what makes GUI good?". A two-phase approach is outlined. The empirical phase will build upon a foundation laid by display-based HCI research. The computational modeling phase will be informed by the empirical phase and previous modeling efforts. The primary goal is to be able to explicate conditions under which a user will rely on external display components vs. internal knowledge structures to control task performance. %M C.CHI.97.2.57 %T Accounting for Individual Differences Through GAMES: Guided Adaptive Multimedia Editing System %S DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM %A Bernd Gutkauf %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 57-58 %K Individual differences, Perception, User model, Visualization, Multimedia, Adaptive systems, Intelligent systems, Electronic publishing, Cognitive psychology, Computer %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/doc/bg.htm %X Multimedia communication is influenced by increasing complexity and reach of information and by a rapidly growing user population. Due to these developments average authors of electronically published media have little expert knowledge in multimedia presentations. They are also confronted with considerable individual differences of recipients in culture, social life, education, psychology and physiology. In order to compensate for these shortcomings it is necessary to integrate interpretation and interaction abilities of individual users into future presentation and editing systems. We are developing a chart editing system which generates critics by user request. These critics are based on a user model, on expert knowledge in chart editing and on the currently edited chart. The system helps the author to avoid commonly made mistakes. It empowers recipients to adjust certain parameters (e.g.: colors) to their individual abilities and needs. %M C.CHI.97.2.59 %T Learning for Usability: An Explorative Study of Qualities in Use %S DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM %A Stefan Holmlid %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 59-60 %K Usability, End-user training, Quality in use %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/doc/sh.htm %X Efforts for creating usable systems which fulfill the purpose of being efficient and effective tools in an enterprise have been focused on the software itself. The study proposed here turns to the user, and to what the user contributes with for that use. The study explores the concepts of usability and qualities of software in use, and their relationship to end-users learning to use the software, in a case study approach. The understanding developed during this study will be used in an intervention study, which aims at proposing a way for formal training to contribute to usability and quality in use. %M C.CHI.97.2.61 %T Computer Aided Creativity and Multicriteria Optimization in Design %S DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM %A Denis Lalanne %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 61-62 %K Human-machine asynchronous collaboration, Interactive intelligence, Creative design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/doc/dla-art.htm %X Establishing that machines cannot automate creative design and that it is a difficult task for humans, I propose a computational model based on the human and machine complementarity and collaboration. %M C.CHI.97.2.63 %T The Multimodal GUI: Developing Auditory Cues as Tools for Performance and Usability %S DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM %A La Tondra A. Murray %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 63-64 %K Auditory I/O, Human performance, Multimedia, User acceptance, User interface design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/doc/lam.htm %X Designers who use sound in the computer interface must do so judiciously. The inclusion of auditory cues within an interface should be a mechanism for the improvement of task performance and the facilitation of usability. Gaver [6] and Blattner [1] have demonstrated the utility of auditory cues in communicating information to users. The usage of "spatially-enhanced" speech and nonspeech elements could provide an additional source of data that might help or hurt performance. The usefulness of an auditory cue could be linked to acoustical parameters, spatialization, and task type. The proposed study will assess the improvement of user performance for various types of auditory cues as applied to spatial and verbal computer tasks. These results will be important to multimedia developers who want to create software that facilitates user acceptance or the quality of user performance. %M C.CHI.97.2.65 %T Graphical Encoding in Information Visualization %S DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM %A Lucy Terry Nowell %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 65-66 %K Information visualization, Iconic display, User interface design, Graphical encoding %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/doc/ltn2.htm %X In producing a design to visualize search results for a digital library called Envision [5, 7], we found that choosing graphical devices and document attributes to be encoded with each graphical device is a surprisingly difficult task. By graphical devices we mean those visual display elements (e.g., color, shape, size, position, etc.) used to convey encoded information. Research in several areas provides scientific guidance for design and evaluation of graphical encodings which might otherwise be reduced to opinion and personal taste. However, literature offers inconclusive and often conflicting viewpoints, leading us to further empirical research. %M C.CHI.97.2.67 %T Groupware Adoption & Adaptation %S DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM %A Leysia Ann Palen %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 67-68 %K Groupware, Calendars, Meeting schedulers, Adoption, Adaptation, Artifacts, Information resource, Collaboration, Organizational memory, CSCW %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/doc/lap.htm %X This paper describes my research on the adoption of groupware technologies in business organizations, and their subsequent integration with individual and organizational work practices as a result of wide, sustained use. An initial study of two organizations successfully using a particular groupware technology -- electronic calendars and meeting schedulers -- revealed several technical, behavioral, and organizational factors that enabled initial adoption. Additional findings from this study suggested that groupware technology was integrated into work practices quite differently at each site, despite similarities in adoption patterns and other organizational features. My dissertation research will continue to elaborate the conditions that enable adoption of groupware technologies. My investigations will also explore the way electronic calendars are subsequently integrated into local work practices, and the organizational ramifications of these particular adaptations. %M C.CHI.97.2.69 %T The Use of Declarative and Procedural Knowledge in Intelligent Navigation Displays %S DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM %A Brian H. Philips %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 69-70 %K ATIS, Declarative knowledge, Intelligent systems, ITS, Landmarks, Navigation, Procedural knowledge %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/doc/bhp.htm %X One theory of environmental cognition suggests that both declarative landmark knowledge and procedural route knowledge are essential in structuring internal representations of the environment; such representations facilitate effective navigation in that environment [5, 7]. The proposed study will provide data to test this theory. The application that will be studied is an Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS), which provides route guidance information to automobile drivers. Current route guidance systems incorporate only procedural route information in their route guidance displays (i.e., they give directions for getting to your destination without supplying landmarks to identify the route [e.g., 3]). This study will evaluate how the inclusion of landmark icons in ATIS displays affects users' navigation performance. The results will be important to ATIS developers, who need to know what informational elements to include in ATIS route guidance displays to most effectively support navigation tasks. The results will also be important in a theoretical sense, by testing a theory of environmental cognition with real-world navigation tasks. %M C.CHI.97.2.71 %T Single Display Groupware %S DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM %A Jason E. Stewart %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 71-72 %K CSCW, Children, Authoring tools, CHIKids, Desktop-based collaboration, Direct manipulation, Education, Exploratory learning, Groupware, HCI, Input devices, Interactive learning, Iterative design, User centered design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/doc/jes.htm %X Face-to-face collaboration of small groups is one of the most common forms of group work, yet group-aware computer support for this type of collaboration is limited. My research examines the effectiveness of Single Display Groupware (SDG), computer systems that support face-to-face collaboration around a single computer display. Together with the help of a group of elementary school children, I will design and build a prototype SDG system called Sushi that is an authoring tool for interactive multimedia stories. %M C.CHI.97.2.73 %T Evaluating Real-Time Multimedia Audio and Video Quality %S DOCTORAL CONSORTIUM %A Anna Watson %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 73-74 %K Multimedia conferencing, MBone, Speech intelligibility, Speech quality, Video use, Task %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/doc/aw1.htm %X The aim of this research is to assess and establish quality thresholds for real-time Internet audio and video. Real-time multimedia conferencing over the Internet has huge potential, but there are limitations to the quality of audio and video that can be achieved, due to bandwidth limitations and the processing power of individual workstations. Assessing the effects of these limitations on the conference participant is not straightforward. The novel types of degradation found over the Internet means that existing speech and video quality assessment methods may not be applicable to multimedia conferencing experiences. This PhD will assess existing tests for measuring perceived quality from the psychology and telecommunications literature with respect to multimedia conferencing. The long term aim is to produce guidelines as to required bandwidth and quality for different multimedia conferencing tasks and applications. %M C.CHI.97.2.75 %T HCI at the University of Michigan's School of Information %S ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEWS %A Gary M. Olson %A Judith S. Olson %A George Furnas %A Elliot Soloway %A Daniel E. Atkins %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 75-76 %K Graduate programs, HCI, CSCW, Information sciences %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/overview/gmo.htm %X The School of Information at the University of Michigan is a new graduate school that offers highly interdisciplinary opportunities in education and research. We have a program in HCI as well as Library and Information Sciences, Archives and Record Management, and are discussing offerings in Future Systems Architecture, Organizational Information Systems. %M C.CHI.97.2.77 %T Introducing Usability at London Life Insurance Company %S ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEWS %A Brenda Kerton %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 77-78 %K User profile, Work and task analysis, Usability goal setting, Usability walkthroughs, Application development process, Organizational context, Sponsorship, Skills transfer %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/overview/blk.htm %X This presentation describes how and why Usability Engineering is being introduced at London Life. It describes the unique set of circumstances that were present allowing us to integrate usability engineering from day one in a project. It will cover our approach to learning about and institutionalizing the usability process into a well established internal systems development area. Our future plans will also be discussed. %M C.CHI.97.2.79 %T Multimodal Human Computer Interaction Research at Toshiba Research and Development Center %S ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEWS %A Yoichi Takebayashi %A Miwako Doi %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 79-80 %K Organizations, Multimodal, HCI, Information filtering, Knowledge sharing, Media understanding %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/overview/ytake.htm %X Toshiba's Human Interface Research Group is pursuing media understanding and intelligent interaction technologies to achieve natural multimodal HCI (human-computer interaction). In collaboration with Toshiba's other corporate laboratories, engineering laboratories and business divisions, we have been developing practical interactive systems and products related to information services, consumer electronics, document filing and industrial equipment. %M C.CHI.97.2.81 %T HCI at Trilogy: Bringing the Design Stance to a Startup %S ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEWS %A J. Epstein %A E. Loh %A J. Marks %A J. Lilly %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 81-82 %K Organizations, HCI, User interface, Design, Interaction design, Enterprise software, Startups %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/overview/jle.htm %X A successful startup in the arena of enterprise software, Trilogy Development Group began experimenting with HCI as a means for improving user reactions to their products. Two years have passed since the first experiments; in that time an entire HCI group was created and has subsequently become a respected and critical component of Trilogy's development process, as well as taking some responsibility for providing a vision for Trilogy's future. This paper chronicles our experiences in bringing the "design stance" to Trilogy. %M C.CHI.97.2.83 %T The NCR Human Interface Technology Center %S ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEWS %A Thomas J. MacTavish %A Richard L. Henneman %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 83-84 %K User interface, User-centered design, Cognitive engineering, Human-interface technology %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/overview/rlh-ncr.htm %X The NCR Human Interface Technology Center (HITC) exists to meet its customers' business needs through the application of new human-interface technologies. The HITC designs and develops these user-interface solutions through a user-centered design (UCD) process, in which user needs and expectations guide all design and development decisions. The HITC consists of about 90 engineers and scientists with expertise in such areas as cognitive engineering, graphic design, image understanding, artificial intelligence, intelligent tutoring, database mining, and new I/O technologies. Established in 1988, the HITC is funded by work performed for its customers. %M C.CHI.97.2.85 %T 0 to 50 in 4 Years: CUIS at Boeing %S ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEWS %A Kevin Neher %A Randy Worsech %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 85-86 %K Organization overview, Usability engineering, Usability measurement, Reusable components, User interface standards %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/overview/kn.htm %X The Common User Interface Services (CUIS) group at Boeing is a full-featured support organization for Boeing user interface developers. The group has achieved key successes and has increased the visibility of the importance of usability engineering to the point where it has been established as a key corporate initiative in 1996. %M C.CHI.97.2.87 %T The Founding of the Netscape User Experience Group %S ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEWS %A Tony Fernandes %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 87-88 %K Organizations, Usability testing, Human factors, Visual design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/overview/tf.htm %X Netscape Communications is a company that has grown faster than any other software company in history. Although the design effort at Netscape has evolved greatly, the initial experience of bringing design into an organization in hypergrowth provided some valuable lessons in the creation of a successful design organization. %M C.CHI.97.2.89 %T HCI Education & Research at the University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez %S ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEWS %A Jose A. Borges %A Manuel A. Perez-Quinones %A Nestor J. Rodriguez %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 89-90 %K HCI education, HCI research, Usability engineering %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/overview/map.htm %X HCI at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) of the University of Puerto Rico -- Mayaguez (UPRM) has taken center stage in the Computer Engineering program in just three years. This growth has been reflected in the academic programs, research, facilities, faculty, and students. Our research and academic emphasis is on usability engineering and programming of user interfaces. %M C.CHI.97.2.91 %T Human Interface Design at Fidelity Investments %S ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEWS %A Thomas S. Tullis %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 91-92 %K Financial services, Usability testing, Online help, User interface design, Style guides, Prototyping %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/overview/tst.htm %X This presentation describes the Human Interface Design department at Fidelity Investments. Although not in the computer hardware or software business, Fidelity develops an amazingly wide variety of systems in support of our business. The Human Interface Design department, which is composed of people from a variety of backgrounds, provides several key services to systems development projects throughout the company, including user interface design and prototyping, usability testing, and online help development. We are also responsible for the corporate Graphical User Interface Style Guide and Web Design Guide. Examples of the development projects we assist with are described, as well as strategic projects that address more general human interface issues. %M C.CHI.97.2.93 %T The User-Centered Globalization Group at AT&T %S ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEWS %A Maria Gabriela Alvarez %A Nuray Aykin %A Diane Z. Lehder %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 93-94 %K Globalization, Internationalization, Localization, User interface %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/overview/mga.htm %X This paper describes the User-Centered Globalization Group at AT&T, which provides internationalization and localization consulting services within AT&T and to outside customers. It reviews the group's history and areas of expertise, and discusses sample projects and future strategy. %M C.CHI.97.2.95 %T Usability Services at Compuware-Madison: Bringing Usability to Data Processing %S ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEWS %A Julie Nowicki %A Shawn Lawton Henry %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 95-96 %K Usability engineering, HCI education, HCI in organizations %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/overview/jrn.htm %X This presentation describes the Usability Services group at Compuware-Madison. Compuware-Madison is part of the national Compuware Professional Services Division, which provides consulting services for the computing industry, primarily data processing divisions of corporations. The Usability Services group was developed to help clients who are moving from traditional mainframe environments to newer technologies that use graphical user interfaces (GUIs). A group organized specifically to address usability issues is atypical in the data processing area, both from the client corporation and the consulting provider's perspective. This presentation describes how the group came to be, its projects, the challenges it faces, and its successes. %M C.CHI.97.2.97 %T Hypermedia Research at C&C Research Labs, NEC USA %S ORGANIZATIONAL OVERVIEWS %A Yoshinori Hara %A Kojiro Watanabe %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 97-98 %K Usability engineering, HCI education, HCI in organizations %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/overview/yh.htm %X This presentation describes the Usability Services group at Compuware-Madison. Compuware-Madison is part of the national Compuware Professional Services Division, which provides consulting services for the computing industry, primarily data processing divisions of corporations. The Usability Services group was developed to help clients who are moving from traditional mainframe environments to newer technologies that use graphical user interfaces (GUIs). A group organized specifically to address usability issues is atypical in the data processing area, both from the client corporation and the consulting provider's perspective. This presentation describes how the group came to be, its projects, the challenges it faces, and its successes. %M C.CHI.97.2.99 %T Design v. Computing: Debating the Future of Human-Computer Interaction %S PANELS %A Tony Salvador %A Dan Boyarski %A Paul Dourish %A Jim Faris %A Wendy Kellogg %A Terry Winograd %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 99-100 %K Human-computer interaction, Design, Computer science %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/panel/ts.htm %X This debate questions the presumption that the future of human-computer interaction resides in the computing sciences. We propose the following resolution: It is resolved that the CHI community should disassociate from professional computing societies and realign closely with professional design societies. The four panelists will form two teams with Terry Winograd & Jim Faris arguing for the resolution and Paul Dourish & Wendy Kellogg arguing against it. It is our intention to evoke the widest possible range of viewpoints and discussion in the community on this very important topic for the future of human computer interaction. %M C.CHI.97.2.101 %T Transferring a Designed User Experience to Product %S PANELS %A Gitta Salomon %A Chris Edwards %A Hector Moll-Carrillo %A Kevin Mullet %A Laura Teodosio %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 101-102 %K Technology transfer, Design, Interaction design, Product development, User interface, Software development %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/panel/gbs.htm %X How can interaction designers ensure that their work makes its way into the final implementation of a product? The language, tools and techniques for communicating design ideas within the interactive product development domain are currently emerging. This panel provides insight into promising approaches by examining the ways in which several practitioners have succeeded, and failed, at transferring their design ideas to current products. %M C.CHI.97.2.103 %T Web Interfaces Live: What's Hot, What's Not? %S PANELS %A Keith Instone %A Mary Czerwinski %A S. Joy Mountford %A Jakob Nielsen %A Bruce "Tog" Tognazzini %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 103-104 %K WWW, Web, Internet, Design, Evaluation, Reviewing %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/panel/jn.htm %X You are up against a million other Web sites: how do you get users to come to your site? This panel will visit live sites on the WWW and debate what works and doesn't work in Web user interfaces. %M C.CHI.97.2.105 %T Intelligent Software Agents vs. User-Controlled Direct Manipulation: A Debate %S PANELS %A Jim Miller %A Pattie Maes %A Ben Shneiderman %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 105-106 %K Agents, Direct manipulation, Intelligent interfaces, Graphical representation %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/panel/jrm.htm %X Critical issues in human-computer interaction -- in particular, the advantages and disadvantages of intelligent agents and direct manipulation -- will be discussed, debated, and hotly contested. The intent of the participants is to strike an appropriate balance between a serious discussion of the issues and an entertaining debate. %M C.CHI.97.2.107 %T Telework: When Your Job is on the Line %S PANELS %A Jean C. Scholtz %A Victoria Bellotti %A Jenny DeGroot %A Tom Erickson %A Arnold Lund %A Leslie Schirra %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 107-108 %K Telework, Telecommuting, Remote work %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/panel/js2.htm %X This panel will discuss teleworking experiences. Our panel consists of several types of teleworkers, a manager of a teleworker and a researcher who studied teleworking. The panel will address questions concerning the value of telework, the factors that affect success of telework, and the way in which telework changed their job. %M C.CHI.97.2.109 %T None of the Above: What's Really Essential in HCI Education? %S PANELS %A Andrew Sears %A Marian Williams %A Jean B. Gasen %A Tom Hewett %A John Karat %A Gail McLaughlin %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 109-110 %K HCI Education, Industry, Academia %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/panel/als.htm %X As we look to the future of HCI education, it is clear that, despite major HCI curriculum initiatives [1, 2], there is little consensus in the CHI community about what the content of HCI education should include or about how and by whom that content should be delivered. This panel gives voice to both prevailing and minority opinions on the subject. %M C.CHI.97.2.111 %T Computers, Kids, and Creativity: What Does the Future Hold? %S PANELS %A Allison Druin %A David Smith %A Jordana Huchital %A Michael Chanover %A Amy Bruckman %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 111-112 %K Children, The future, Social issues, Home, Multimedia Internet, Educational applications, Entertainment %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/panel/ajd1.htm %X Our children are fast becoming one of the largest new user groups taking advantage of emerging technologies. How our children learn, play, and communicate are quickly changing. This panel will not ask the question whether technology will be a part of our children's lives. The panel participants believe this is a given. Instead, the panelists, professionals in developing new technologies for children, will consider the impact and possible changes that may be in store for our children and their future technologies. Once the panelists have offered brief statements on their visions of the future, children from the CHIkids program will be discussants and ask questions that concern them about the future of new technologies for children. %M C.CHI.97.2.113 %T "On Your Marks, Get Set, Browse!" (The Great CHI 97 Browse Off!) %S PANELS %A Kevin Mullett %A Christopher Fry %A Diane Schiano %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 113-114 %K Visualization, Browsing, Navigation, Interaction design, Information retrieval, Evaluation %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/panel/kem.htm %X This session brings together several leading structure visualization and browsing technologies for an entertaining yet informative "live" comparison. Users of each system will compete "head-to-head" in a series of races designed to simulate the stressful conditions under which real world browsing often takes place. Expert and novice operators will use four different visualization and browsing tools to complete a set of generic retrieval tasks as quickly and accurately as possible within the same information space. Attendees will be able to see for themselves which techniques work well or poorly as each system demonstrates its potential for a range of users. %M C.CHI.97.2.115 %T Corporate Strategy and Usability Research: A New Partnership %S PANELS %A Stephanie Rosenbaum %A Janice Rohn %A John Thomas %A Judee Humburg %A Sarah Bloomer %A Mary Czerwinski %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 115-116 %K Strategic planning, Usability research, Corporate strategy, Organizational environments, Organizational profiles %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/panel/slr.htm %X This panel explores approaches to making usability research more strategic within organizations -- not just with respect to the product development life cycle, but pervasive throughout the organization. Six panelists discuss different ways in which usability can be strategic, depending on their organizational environments or "profiles." %M C.CHI.97.2.117 %T Utopia Appropriated: The Future as It Was %S OPENING PLENARY %A Rick Prelinger %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 117 %K Motion pictures, Industrial films, Ephemeral films, Commercial speech, Business history, Utopianism, Utopias, Futurism, Material culture, Communications, Technology, Consumerism, Social history, Cultural history %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/invited/rp.htm %X This program takes a critical look at mid-20th-century utopian promises and persuasions as dramatized in industrial and advertising films released between 1936 and 1965. In these films and related advertising campaigns, major American corporations appropriated old utopian ideas as their own, promising a bright, affluent future enabled by cybernetics, household technology, and new means of transportation and communication. Despite the amusing anachronisms in these films, many of the ideas they promote are still very much part of corporate discourse today, and have had a tremendous effect on shaping public expectations and attitudes towards information technology. %M C.CHI.97.2.118 %T Universal Access to the Net: Requirements and Social Impact %S INVITED SPEAKERS %A Jeff Johnson %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 118 %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/invited/jj.htm %Y INTRODUCTION STATUS IN U.S. STATUS IN WORLD REQUIREMENTS FOR UNIVERSAL ACCESS Security and Privacy Value Information Access Commerce and Entertainment Communications Conventional Usability Easy Setup SOCIAL IMPACT Effect on Literacy Effect on Spamming, Junk E-mail Economics of Spam Combatting Spam Effect on governments Effect on culture CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY %X This article addresses the following questions: Where do we stand today with respect to achieving universal access to the Internet? What is required (particularly in the HCI realm) to achieve it? What are some of the consequences and side-effects -- positive and negative -- for society? %M C.CHI.97.2.119 %T A Typology for Educational Interfaces %S INVITED SPEAKERS %A Tim O'Shea %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 119-120 %K Educational interface, Navigational support, Memory prosthesis, Scaleability %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/invited/to.htm %X Interfaces intended to support learning should be considered with respect to a typology based on student audience, constructive functionality, navigation support, cognitive cost and added learning value. Analysed like this, the quality of interfaces used by students has noticeably improved over the past 10 years, in dramatic contrast to the much slower change in pedagogic value of educational software. The potential for the use of computers in support of interaction between learners, their peers and remote information sources has revealed important weaknesses inherent in current approaches to navigation support. Key problems include scaleability, accessing peer learners and the shape and size of information spaces. %M C.CHI.97.2.- %T The Design Interaction %S INVITED SPEAKERS %A Terry Winograd %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P -- %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/invited/tw.htm %Y Design Interaction What is Design? Design as a universal activity Design as a discipline Examples of design disciplines Design as a process Human-centered design NSF Workshop on Human-Centered Systems What are the interactions? Domains in which we design What do we do next? Developing a body of practices What is our situation? Research areas Base for new research models Teaching Design What do we do next? fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI97-2c.BA %M C.CHI.97.2.238 %T CollageMachine: Temporality and Indeterminacy in Media Browsing via Interface Ecology %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Browsing %A Andruid Kerne %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 238-239 %K World Wide Web, Temporality, Indeterminacy, Visual design, Entertainment, Interface ecology, Interaction design, Interaction paradigms, Design techniques, Web browsers %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/ak.htm %X CollageMachine synthesizes artistic and computational practices in order to represent media from the World Wide Web (WWW). It functions as a process-based art work, and as a special browser which can be useful for searching. Media elements are pulled from Web pages and composed into a collage which evolves over time. The evolving art work / browsing session can be shaped by the user. The temporal composition of the collage develops with relation to its visual composition and semantic content. The CollageMachine engine combines structured randomness and the user's expression of preferences and interests with design rules and semantic rules to make decisions about the collage's layout, and about which media to retrieve. My approach in blending music composition strategies, visual art aesthetics, and computer science techniques into this interactive environment arises through application of the theory of Interface Ecology. %M C.CHI.97.2.240 %T The Influences of Communication Media and Decision-Making Technique on Team Decision Outcomes: A Critical Assessment of the Stepladder Approach %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Collaborative Work %A Lori L. Foster %A Michael D. Coovert %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 240-241 %K Team decision making, Computer-mediated decision making, Computer-mediated communication %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/llf.htm %X The stepladder technique is a method for improving face-to-face (FTF) team problem solving. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the stepladder technique benefits computer-mediated (CM) teams of individuals. Hypotheses addressed the effects of communication media and decision making technique on team decision quality, decision variability, time to make a decision, and team member satisfaction. Eighty 4-person teams worked on a decision making task using one of the following group structures: FTF conventional, FTF stepladder, CM conventional, or CM stepladder. The results revealed fundamental differences between FTF and CM teams of decision makers. %M C.CHI.97.2.242 %T Criteria for Effective Groupware 2 %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Collaborative Work %A Mioko Ambe %A Andrew Monk %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 242-243 %K Groupware, Criteria, Design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/ma.htm %X The audience of a panel at CHI'96 in Vancouver submitted 61 forms suggesting criteria for the design of effective groupware. The suggestions made were analysed for common themes that are summarised here. The poster also presents an opportunity for participants at CHI'97 to contribute to this discussion. %M C.CHI.97.2.244 %T Integrating Tools into the Classroom %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Collaborative Work %A Roland Hubscher %A Sadhana Puntambekar %A Mark Guzdial %A Janet L. Kolodner %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 244-245 %K Science education, Educational technology, Collaborative learning environments, Process-based scaffolding %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/rb.htm %X SMILE, a learning environment for collaboration and design, is based on our experience with synchronous and asynchronous collaboration tools in the classroom and sound principles of software and interface design. SMILE provides a more holistic approach to supporting student reasoning and activities rather than the more reductionist tool-based approach we had started with. This more holistic approach focuses on the cognitive processes involved in doing design and learning from that experience, rather than focusing on activities that students are carrying out. This new emphasis has also allowed us to identify ways of integrating scaffolding for metacognitive and reflective reasoning that were not naturally integratable into the previous framework. %M C.CHI.97.2.246 %T A Prototype Design Tool for Participants in Graphical Multiuser Environments %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Collaborative Work %A Carol Strohecker %A Barbara Barros %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 246-247 %K Design tools, Urban planning, Multi-user domains, Constructionist environments, Visual programming %X Users of this software construction kits can design layouts for virtual spaces. The elements of the software kit are based on Kevin Lynch's elements of the city image: districts, paths, edges, nodes, and landmarks (Lynch, 1960; Banerjee & Southworth, 1990). %M C.CHI.97.2.248 %T Synchronized Retrieval of Recorded Multimedia Data %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Information Retrieval %A Yukihiro Kawamata %A Kimiya Yamaashi %A Masayasu Futakawa %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 248-249 %K Data retrieval, Multimedia, Video, Drag and drop %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/yk.htm %X This paper describes techniques for the retrieval of recorded multimedia data for supervisory control systems. Currently these systems operators can only retrieve recorded data individually. We developed new techniques to access all recorded data is synchronization. The techniques enable users to retrieve multimedia data such as sensor data and videos simultaneously, and also enable users to obtain the desired related data, including objects in videos, by "Drag and Drop" operation. All these techniques allow operators to exactly and quickly analyze phenomena in the systems based on the recorded multimedia data. %M C.CHI.97.2.250 %T Beyond Fitts' Law: Models for Trajectory-Based HCI Tasks %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Interaction Design Strategies %A Johnny Accot %A Shumin Zhai %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 250 %K Fitts' law, Human performance, Modeling, Movements, Path steering, Task difficulty, Motor control, Input techniques and devices, Trajectory-based interaction %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/ja.htm %X Trajectory-based interactions, such as navigating through nested-menus, drawing curves, and moving in 3D worlds, are becoming common tasks in modern computer interfaces. Users' performances in these tasks cannot be successfully modeled with Fitts' law as it has been applied to pointing tasks. Therefore we explore the possible existence of robust regularities in trajectory-based tasks. We used "steering through tunnels" as our experimental paradigm to represent such tasks, and found that a simple "steering law" indeed exists. The paper presents the motivation, analysis, a series of four experiments, and the applications of the steering law. %M C.CHI.97.2.251 %T AnchoredDisplays: The Web on Walls %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: The Web %A Manish Tuteja %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 251-252 %K Information organization, Displays, World Wide Web %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/tuteja.htm %X With the World Wide Web, mountains of information are suddenly within easy reach. Unfortunately, accessing this information still requires a computer screen, a keyboard and a mouse. This paper describes AnchoredDisplays, a new metaphor for exploiting physical location to help display and organize dynamically changing information. AnchoredDisplays are inexpensive battery operated display screens that can be affixed on walls, doors and desks. The displays can be configured to present information such as weather, traffic, stock quotes and sports scores extracted from the web. Once configured, users can place these displays wherever they feel relevant. Suddenly, dynamic information becomes much easier to find and assimilate; a user might place tomorrow's weather near the light switch and sports scores near the phone. Hardware and software implementations of a prototype AnchoredDisplay system are described. %M C.CHI.97.2.253 %T Magazines and Electronic Information Web Channels -- The Reader's Point of View %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: The Web %A Fredrik Carleson %A Torbjorn Lundberg %A Hans Nassla %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 253-254 %K Electronic publishing, Empirical studies, Organizational aspects, Social issues, E-zine, Magazine, Periodical, WWW %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/hn.htm %X One magazine and one electronic information web channel are compared with respect to the reader's attitude. Integrity, personal touch, character and ease of access are found to be the important factors in forming a strong relationship between the reader and the magazine, whether paper-based or electronic. %M C.CHI.97.2.255 %T Usability Testing of System Status Displays for Army Missile Defense %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Usability %A Michael Perrin %A Bobby Ford %A Dick Steinberg %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 255-256 %K Usability testing, Icon testing, Perception %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/mp.htm %X Modernizing workstations for Military applications is a challenge: designers must increase performance without affecting safety in any way. Furthermore, interaction efficiency is required to avoid fatigue and minimize error rates which could cost lives. Soldiers are understandably reluctant to use a new interface design on systems where life critical decisions are made. It is paramount to obtain user assessment of Interface Designs early and continually throughout the software development cycle to insure user acceptance and optimize user performance. Statistical based usability tests were performed with soldiers to determine display designs for the U.S. Army's Theater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) Radar Soldier User Interface. %M C.CHI.97.2.257 %T Comparison of Display Methods in Online Help %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: User Studies %A Lori A. Caldwell %A Thomas S. Tullis %A Ana Pons %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 257-258 %K Online help, Information design, Reference topic %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/lc-help.htm %X This poster describes a study conducted by the Human Interface Design department at Fidelity Investments Systems Company. The purpose of this study was to obtain performance and preference data about various methods of displaying data definitions in online help. The four methods studied were an alphabetical list of data elements with pop-up definitions, a window-ordered list with pop-up definitions, a screen shot of the window with pop-up definitions, and a table listing all data elements and their definitions. Performance and preference data indicated that the alphabetical list was the best. %M C.CHI.97.2.259 %T Designating Required vs. Optional Input Fields %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: User Studies %A Thomas S. Tullis %A Ana Pons %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 259-260 %K Required fields, Optional fields, Visual design, Data input %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/tst1.htm %X This paper describes a study comparing different techniques for visually distinguishing required from optional input fields in a form-filling application. Seven techniques were studied: no indication, bold field labels, chevrons in front of the labels, check marks to the right of the input fields, a different background color, grouping them separately, and a status bar indication. Performance and preference data were collected. In general, we found that the two worst methods were no indication and the status bar. The best method was separate groups. %M C.CHI.97.2.261 %T Participatory Adaptation %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: User Studies %A Elizabeth Sklar Rozier %A Richard Alterman %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 261-262 %K Usage, Expert, Adaptive system, Design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/esr.htm %X Expert users of programs that handle complicated data management problems develop methods for coping with data overload, multi-user cooperation, and real-time situations. These expert methods incorporate domain and/or user interface knowledge. If such methods were inherent in a system, then novice users could benefit from the expert's experience, the learning curve would be shortened and a more effective system would result. Defining and implementing a complete set of expert methods at design time is a daunting task. Collecting such information from a system's usage, after it has been deployed, should provide a more accurate database of expert methodologies. Current adaptive systems attempt to capture and automate such features during run-time. However, these systems can never evolve very far beyond their original design, since the adaptations occur within the scope of that design. Our method is to offer the expert's usage database as input to the designer, re-introducing the designer in the development cycle after a system has been deployed initially, so that a more effective system can be produced in the next generation. %M C.CHI.97.2.263 %T Focus+Context Visualization with Flip Zooming and the Zoom Browser %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Visualization %A Lars Erik Holmquist %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 263-264 %K Focus+context views, Information visualization, Graphical user interfaces, World Wide Web %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/leh.htm %X Flip zooming is a novel focus+context technique for visualizing large data sets. It offers an overview of the data, and gives users instant access to any part. Originally developed for visualizing large documents, the method might be adapted for different types of information, including web pages, image collections and as a general windowing interface. A first practical demonstration of flip zooming is the Zoom Browser, a World Wide Web-browser that uses flip zooming to present web-pages. %M C.CHI.97.2.265 %T Mind Maps and Causal Models: Using Graphical Representations of Field Research Data %S INTERACTIVE POSTERS: Visualization %A David R. Millen %A Audrey Schriefer %A Diane Z. Lehder %A Susan M. Dray %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 265-266 %K Research methods, Ethnography, Qualitative data analysis %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/poster/mil.htm %X We recently completed a series of field visits to understand how workers use the Internet in their daily work activities. At each site, the team used traditional field research methods such as work observations, artifact walk-throughs, and contextual inquiry. An innovative debrief process was developed to understand, summarize and document each visit. In addition to a structured debrief questionnaire, the team created graphical summary notes using "mind maps." These mind maps efficiently captured a nonlinear, graphical clustering of key ideas. A "causal loop diagram" was also developed to document the team's understanding of the internal and external driving forces for each organization. Taken together, the debrief questionnaire, the mind maps, and the causal loop diagrams provided a rich multimedia representation of the field data. %M C.CHI.97.2.267 %T Learning about User-Centered Design: A Multimedia Case Study Tutorial %S SHORT DEMONSTRATIONS: Design, Techniques and Applications %A T. T. Carey %A D. S. Peerenboom %A M. N. Lytwyn %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 267-268 %K HCI education, Interactive multimedia, User-centred design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-demo/dp.htm %X This multimedia tutorial provides a learning support system for continuing education in HCI. The system includes an authentic case study of a design project, a guide to user-centred design concepts, active role-playing activities and links to the larger professional community. %M C.CHI.97.2.269 %T Kinetic Typography: Issues in Time-Based Presentation of Text %S SHORT DEMONSTRATIONS: Design, Techniques and Applications %A Shannon Ford %A Jodi Forlizzi %A Suguru Ishizaki %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 269-270 %K Kinetic typography, Text display, Communication, Tone of voice, Emotion, Personality %X This paper introduces research in kinetic typography, a new method of displaying text that take advantage of the dynamic nature of digital media. We suggest a preliminary set of design issues by which kinetic typography may be understood and used. %M C.CHI.97.2.271 %T Computer Assisted Foundations -- Interactive Design Problems %S SHORT DEMONSTRATIONS: Design, Techniques and Applications %A Patricia Nelson %A Barbara Giorgio Booher %A Loren Mork %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 271-272 %K Computer aided design, Art, Foundation design, Design education %X Two art professors and a software designer have written computer assisted foundations design curriculum using interactive problems written in Macromedia Director. The problems are designed to produce many solutions, some of which are further developed using traditional artist's materials such as collage and paint. We would like to demonstrate four of these problems. %M C.CHI.97.2.273 %T CollageMachine: Temporality and Indeterminacy in Media Browsing via Interface Ecology %S SHORT DEMONSTRATIONS: Design, Techniques and Applications %A Andruid Kerne %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 273-274 %K World Wide Web, Temporality, Indeterminacy, Visual design, Entertainment, Interface ecology, Interaction design, Interaction paradigms, Design techniques, Web browsers %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-demo/ak.htm %X CollageMachine synthesizes artistic and computational practices in order to represent media from the World Wide Web (WWW). It functions as a process-based art work, and as a special browser which can be useful for searching. Media elements are pulled from Web pages and composed into a collage which evolves over time. The evolving art work / browsing session can be shaped by the user. The temporal composition of the collage develops with relation to its visual composition and semantic content. The CollageMachine engine combines structured randomness and the user's expression of preferences and interests with design rules and semantic rules to make decisions about the collage's layout, and about which media to retrieve. My approach in blending music composition strategies, visual art aesthetics, and computer science techniques into this interactive environment arises through application of the theory of Interface Ecology. %M C.CHI.97.2.275 %T The RISE Platform: Supporting Social Interaction for On-Line Education %S SHORT DEMONSTRATIONS: Design, Techniques and Applications %A Phil Smythe %A Michael Gardner %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 275-276 %K Audio conferencing, Computer telephony integration, On-line education, Databases, Graphical user interfaces %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-demo/ps.htm %X We present RISE (Real-time Interactive Social Environment), a platform supporting data sharing and high quality audio conferencing under control of a Word-Wide Web (WWW) user interface and making extensive use of a database to track and support users. We report the results of our initial educational trial and discuss some more generic uses for the platform. %M C.CHI.97.2.277 %T The Magic Carpet: Physical Sensing for Immersive Environments %S SHORT DEMONSTRATIONS: Design, Techniques and Applications %A Joseph Paradiso %A Craig Abler %A Kai-yuh Hsiao %A Matthew Reynolds %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 277-278 %K Doppler radar, PVDF, Piezoelectrics, Immersive environment, Musical interfaces, Foot sensing %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-demo/jp.htm %X An interactive environment has been developed that uses a pair of Doppler radars to measure upper-body kinematics (velocity, direction of motion, amount of motion) and a grid of piezoelectric wires hidden under a 6 x 10 foot carpet to monitor dynamic foot position and pressure. This system has been used in an audio installation, where users launch and modify complex musical sounds and sequences as they wander about the carpet. This paper describes the floor and radar systems, quantifies their performance, and outlines the musical application. %M C.CHI.97.2.279 %T Window Navigation With and Without Animation: A Comparison of Scroll Bars, Zoom, and Fisheye View %S SHORT TALKS: Usability %A Misha Donskoy %A Victor Kaptelinin %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 279-280 %K Animation, Window navigation, Scroll bars, Zoom, Fisheye view %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/mdo.htm %X Each of three window navigation techniques -- scroll bars, zoom, and fisheye view -- were implemented in two versions: with animation (a gradual transition from one state to another was provided) and without animation. A highly significant effect of navigation technique, but not of animation, was found in the experiment reported in the paper. %M C.CHI.97.2.281 %T From the Flashing 12:00 to a Usable Machine: Applying UbiComp to the VCR %S SHORT TALKS: Usability %A Jeremy R. Cooperstock %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 281-282 %K Ubiquitous computing, VCR, Interface design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/jrc.htm %X The hype of intelligent appliances and "smart homes" has so far failed to produce consumer electronics technology of mass appeal. It is our contention that common frustration with overly complex user interfaces has been the foremost obstacle preventing society from reaping the benefits promised by such technology. In order to replace the remote controls and command consoles that litter both our work and home environments, we suggest that existing technologies can be combined to enable more appropriate human-computer interaction, and thus, produce truly usable machines. %M C.CHI.97.2.283 %T Emotional Usability of Customer Interfaces -- Focusing on Cyber Banking System Interfaces %S SHORT TALKS: Usability %A Jinwoo Kim %A Jae Yun Moon %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 283-284 %K Emotional usability, Customer interface, Trustworthiness %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/jki.htm %X Emotions play a major role in the social interaction process with electronic commerce systems. This paper describes our attempts to design customer interfaces for cyber banking systems that can induce target emotions for cyber banking systems. Four experiments were conducted to identify the important emotive factors and design factors, and to establish and verify causal relations between the factors. Results indicate that it is possible to design customer interfaces that will elicit target emotions for the systems (e.g., trustworthiness). %M C.CHI.97.2.285 %T World Wide Web as Usability Tester, Collector, Recruiter %S SHORT TALKS: Usability %A Christopher (Blade) Kotelly %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 285-286 %K Usability, World Wide Web (WWW), Testing, Speech, VUI %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/ck.htm %X The usability team at Wildfire Communications Inc. conducted a usability test using the World Wide Web (WWW) as a method to advertise the test, recruit participants and gather data -- all automatically. The test was conducted over the course of only 2 days during which we collected useful information from 96 people. The usability test was for a speech system using participants recruited by Internet Newsgroups, e-mail lists and the WWW. Using these resources helped us to get a large population to test the system in a short period of time. %M C.CHI.97.2.287 %T Creating Organization-Specific Usability Guidelines %S SHORT TALKS: Usability %A Scott Henninger %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 287-288 %K Usability guidelines, Organizational memory, Style guides, Design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/she.htm %X Working with a large information technology organization in industry, we have been investigating how a repository of organization-specific usability guidelines can be created and used to produce high quality end-user applications. Our approach is to create tools and methods in which software development organizations can develop and evolve usability guidelines based on the kinds of applications they develop. This information can then be used to match customer requirements to specific interface techniques that have proven effective for similar users and application domains. This is supported through a case-based system that attaches experience cases to guidelines to help find, explain, specialize, and extend usability guidelines. %M C.CHI.97.2.289 %T Notes on a Pattern Language for Interactive Usability %S SHORT TALKS: Usability %A George Casaday %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 289-290 %K Interaction, Usability, Pattern, User interface %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/gca.htm %X This paper explores a way of applying the emerging idea of pattern based design to creation of usable interactive systems. It defines patterns based on traditional usability attributes. It describes examples of three pattern types: simple (one attribute), intrinsic (attribute combinations), and circumstantial (external constraints involved). %M C.CHI.97.2.291 %T Effective Product Selection in Electronic Catalogs %S SHORT TALKS: Browsing and Navigation %A Patrick Steiger %A Markus Stolze %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 291-292 %K Electronic catalogs, Product selection, User studies %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/ps.htm %X Product catalogs are crucial for electronic commerce on the Internet, but it is still a challenging task for casual users to perform effective product selection. Recently, a promising technique for product selection has been proposed: Incremental restriction on interactive tables. It allows customers to build complex queries with a few mouse clicks, but still to browse the available products at any stage. This paper describes effective and ineffective strategies of users working with this technique. These strategies were identified in a study with casual users. %M C.CHI.97.2.293 %T Integration of Browsing, Searching, and Filtering in an Applet for Web Information Access %S SHORT TALKS: Browsing and Navigation %A Kent Wittenburg %A Eric Sigman %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 293-294 %K Information access, Information visualization, Search, Browsing, Filtering, Animation, Fisheye, World Wide Web %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/kw.htm %X Improvements to information access on the World Wide Web has to be considered one of today's strategic challenges. In this paper we present a Java applet called AMIT (Animated Multiscale Interactive TreeViewer) that integrates fisheye tree browsing with search and filtering techniques. Used in combination with a web walker, a search server, and a tree server, it shows promise as a scalable solution to information access in configurable web spaces. %M C.CHI.97.2.295 %T Age Group Differences in World Wide Web Navigation %S SHORT TALKS: Browsing and Navigation %A Beth Meyer %A Richard A. Sit %A Victoria A. Spaulding %A Sherry E. Mead %A Neff Walker %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 295-296 %K World Wide Web, Information navigation, Usability, Aging, Training, Older users %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/bm.htm %X In this study, we examined the effects of age and training on efficiency and preferences in a World Wide Web search activity. Older participants were able to complete most of the tasks, but took more steps to find the information than did younger adults. Factors in this inefficiency were patterns of returning to the home page and revisiting pages that had been seen before during a search. Interactive training improved efficiency and altered preferences. We discuss implications for training and design. %M C.CHI.97.2.297 %T CollageMachine: Temporality and Indeterminacy in Media Browsing via Interface Ecology %S SHORT TALKS: Browsing and Navigation %A Andruid Kerne %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 297-298 %K World Wide Web, Temporality, Indeterminacy, Visual design, Entertainment, Interface ecology, Interaction design, Interaction paradigms, Design techniques, Web browsers %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/ak.htm %X CollageMachine synthesizes artistic and computational practices in order to represent media from the World Wide Web (WWW). It functions as a process-based art work, and as a special browser which can be useful for searching. Media elements are pulled from Web pages and composed into a collage which evolves over time. The evolving art work / browsing session can be shaped by the user. The temporal composition of the collage develops with relation to its visual composition and semantic content. The CollageMachine engine combines structured randomness and the user's expression of preferences and interests with design rules and semantic rules to make decisions about the collage's layout, and about which media to retrieve. My approach in blending music composition strategies, visual art aesthetics, and computer science techniques into this interactive environment arises through application of the theory of Interface Ecology. %M C.CHI.97.2.299 %T The Neighborhood Viewer: A Paradigm for Exploring Image Databases %S SHORT TALKS: Browsing and Navigation %A John V. Carlis %A Alex Safonov %A Douglas Perrin %A Joseph A. Konstan %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 299-300 %K Image databases, Browsing, Brain neighborhood viewer, Scientific visualization, Multi-resolution images %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/saf.htm %X The Brain Neighborhood Viewer is a tool developed to help neuroscientists explore massive databases of brain images. The viewer implements an interface paradigm based on stacks of 2D images that are "yoked together" to provide a common coordinate system. When a user navigates in an image stack, all yoked stacks are updated to display the same location, which we call a brain neighborhood. Experience with the neighborhood suggests that this interface is useful for neuroscience research. %M C.CHI.97.2.301 %T Searching and Browsing Text Collections with Large Category Hierarchies %S SHORT TALKS: Browsing and Navigation %A Marti A. Hearst %A Chandu Karandi %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 301-302 %K Information access, Information visualization, Text, Search, Categories %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/mah_bdy.htm %X A new user interface has been developed that allows users to make use of large category hierarchies for search and browsing of retrieval results for information access. The key insight is the separation of the representation of category labels from documents, which allows the display of multiple categories per document. %M C.CHI.97.2.303 %T A Two-Ball Mouse Affords Three Degrees of Freedom %S SHORT TALKS: Input Devices %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A R. William Soukoreff %A Chris Pal %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 303-304 %K Pointing devices, Multi-degree-of-freedom input, Rotation %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/sm2.htm %X We describe a prototype two-ball mouse containing the electronics and mechanics of two mice in a single chassis. Unlike a conventional mouse, which senses x-axis and y-axis displacement only, our mouse also senses z-axis angular motion. This is accomplished through simple calculations on the two sets of x-y displacement data. Our mouse looks and feels like a standard mouse, however certain primitive operations are performed with much greater ease. The rotate tool -- common in most drawing programs -- becomes redundant as objects are easily moved with three degrees of freedom. Mechanisms to engage the added degree of freedom and different interaction techniques are discussed. %M C.CHI.97.2.305 %T Dual Stream Input for Pointing and Scrolling %S SHORT TALKS: Input Devices %A Shumin Zhai %A Barton A. Smith %A Ted Selker %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 305-306 %K Input devices, Scrolling, Dual-stream input, Two-handed input %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/zhai.htm %X To find ways to improve users' performance of tasks that involve both scrolling and pointing, we studied three dual-stream input methods, with one stream for pointing and one for scrolling. The results showed that a mouse augmented with a tracking wheel did not outperform the conventional single stream mouse. Two other methods, a mouse with an isometric rate-control joystick and a two handed system significantly improved users' performance. %M C.CHI.97.2.307 %T Easy Tactile Feedback in Bargain Basement Prices %S SHORT TALKS: Input Devices %A Naomi Friedlander %A Kevin Schlueter %A Marilyn M. Mantei %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 307-308 %K Tactile feedback, Cost-efficient, User tests %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/nf.htm %X Constructing a tactile feedback device can be expensive and often requires extensive expertise. We have created a simple tactile feedback device which can be built, for under $30, by anyone with a basic understanding of electronics. The results of subjects performing a simple pulse counting task suggest that the feedback generated by it can be used effectively. We therefore believe that the device has potential to enhance user interfaces. %M C.CHI.97.2.309 %T The Tactile Touchpad %S SHORT TALKS: Input Devices %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A Aleks Oniszczak %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 309-310 %K Touchpads, Pointing devices, Tactile feedback %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/sm.htm %X A prototype touchpad with embedded tactile feedback is described. Tactile feedback allows the touchpad to mimic the operation of a mouse for basic transactions such as clicking, double-clicking, and dragging. A button click is achieved by increasing the finger pressure applied to the touchpad, instead of using a lift-and-tap strategy or by pressing separate buttons. The result is more natural and less error prone. Pressure thresholds for the button-down and button-up actions are under software control and include hysteresis to minimise inadvertent selections. %M C.CHI.97.2.311 %T Possibilities for the Digital Baton as a General-Purpose Gestural Interface %S SHORT TALKS: Input Devices %A Teresa Marrin %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 311-312 %K Gestural input, Hand-held device, Controller, Musical instrument, conducting %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/tm.htm %X This paper describes issues and results from the design and use of the Digital Baton, a new interface for real-time gestural control. Its construction was originally motivated by the need for a new instrument on which to perform computer music, and it was designed to replicate as closely as possible the feel of a traditional conducting baton. However, it has unexpectedly become a model for the design of new interfaces and digital objects, and is currently being used to record data for analysis in gesture-recognition research. Some preliminary results and future research areas are discussed at the end. %M C.CHI.97.2.313 %T Support for Cooperatively Controlled Objects in Multimedia Applications %S SHORT TALKS: Input Devices %A Lauren J. Bricker %A Marla J. Baker %A Steven L. Tanimoto %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 313-314 %K Computer supported collaboration, Multiple-user interface, Co-presence, Cooperatively controlled objects, Multimedia %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/ljb.htm %X This paper presents a class of objects that facilitate building software for "close collaboration." A definition is given for "cooperatively controlled objects" and three example activities are described. %M C.CHI.97.2.315 %T Video Matters! When Communication Ability is Stressed, Video Helps %S SHORT TALKS: Virtual Communities and Virtual Reality %A Elizabeth S. Veinott %A Judith S. Olson %A Gary M. Olson %A Xiaolan Fu %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 315-316 %K Video-mediated communication, Remote work, Non-native speaker interaction %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/esv.htm %X This study assesses whether remotely located pairs of people working on a collaborative task benefit from using video, looking in particular at people for whom communication is stressed. In this study, we extend the research on video-mediated communication to the domain of non-native speaker interactions. Thirty-six pairs performed a map task using either audio-only or audio-plus-video for communication. Half the pairs were non-native speakers, half were native speakers. As in many studies of video connectivity with native speakers, no benefit from the video was found. However, non-native speakers performed significantly better with a video connection than with audio only. %M C.CHI.97.2.317 %T HyperMirror: A Video-Mediated Communication System %S SHORT TALKS: Virtual Communities and Virtual Reality %A Osamu Morikawa %A Takanori Maesako %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 317-318 %K Video-mediated communication, Virtual direct communication, Awareness, Mirror image %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/omo.htm %X 'HyperMirror', a video-mediated communication that includes reflected images of users is reported here. The users of this system, present in front of respective local cameras, can communicate with each other. They are not required to wear or operate any equipment. The images taken at the respective local sites are used to create a composite reflected image which represents a virtual room where all users seem to be present. This composite image is outputted to the respective local screens. Results of our experiment participated by users indicate that the system can provide such high reality to the composite image that many users show a tendency to talk to the screen even when the target person is locally present. %M C.CHI.97.2.319 %T Sensing Activity in Video Images %S SHORT TALKS: Virtual Communities and Virtual Reality %A Alison Lee %A Kevin Schlueter %A Andreas Girgensohn %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 319-320 %K Activity sensing, Awareness, Differences, Privacy, Usability %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/al1.htm %X Video-based awareness tools increase familiarity among remote group members and provide pre-communication information. Low-cost iconic indicators provide less but more succinct information than video images while preserving privacy. Observations of and feedback from users of our video awareness tool suggest that an activity sensing feature along with a variety of privacy options combines advantages of both the video images and iconic indicator approaches. We introduced the activity sensing feature in response to user requests. It derives activity information from video images and provides options to control privacy and improves the usability of video-based awareness tools. %M C.CHI.97.2.321 %T Prototyping Supermarket Designs Using Virtual Reality %S SHORT TALKS: Virtual Communities and Virtual Reality %A Charles van der Mast %A Martin van den Berg %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 321-322 %K Virtual reality, Prototyping, Design of supermarkets %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/cma.htm %X An experiment is described to compare the prototyping of store designs using three different media. The first medium is the traditional use of architectural drawings, the second medium is a representation of store designs made using a virtual reality software package, the third is the evaluation of real existing stores. The preliminary results indicate that prototyping with virtual reality improves the spatial/logistics, but not yet the commercial characteristics of the store designs. %M C.CHI.97.2.323 %T LogiMOO: A Multi-User Virtual World with Agents and Natural Language Programming %S SHORT TALKS: Virtual Communities and Virtual Reality %A Paul Tarau %A Veronica Dahl %A Stephen Rochefort %A Koen de Bosschere %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 323-324 %K Groupware, Coordination languages, Agents, Distributed logic programming, Virtual worlds, Internet applications %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/pt.htm %X LogiMOO is a BinProlog-based Virtual World running under Netscape or Internet Explorer. It is user extensible and supports distributed group-work over the Internet. Virtual places, virtual objects and agents are programmable through a "controlled English" interface. %M C.CHI.97.2.325 %T Does Immersion Make a Virtual Environment More Usable? %S SHORT TALKS: Virtual Communities and Virtual Reality %A Casey Boyd %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 325-326 %K Virtual environments, Evaluation, User studies, Immersion %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/cb.htm %X Usability tests comparing three different virtual environment (VE) interface designs indicate that an immersive VE is more usable than two non-immersive VEs for a task with search and navigation components. Three interface designs were tried in a counterbalanced within-subjects procedure with ten randomly-ordered trials for each interface design. One of the interface designs used a head-tracked, stereoscopic head-mounted display. The other two interface designs used hand-tracking and were non-immersive -- the visual display appeared on a desktop monitor. Results for sixty participants doing the same task with each interface design show faster task completion times with the immersive design. %M C.CHI.97.2.327 %T WANDS: Tools for Designing and Testing Distributed Documents %S SHORT TALKS: A Melange %A Andrew Sears %A Michael S. Borella %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 327-328 %K Document design, Network delays, Response time, WWW %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/als.htm %X Designing documents that will be viewed from remote locations via a network requires an understanding of traditional document and interaction design issues, plus an understanding of how network delays will impact document delivery. Unfortunately, being aware of networking issues is not always sufficient since designers usually have no way of viewing their documents as if those documents were being delivered to a remote site. This paper describes a set of tools that allow designers to view documents stored locally while experiencing response time delays as if the documents were delivered from a different location on the network. By using measured network latencies to drive an instrumented World-Wide Web server, we allow designers to view the documents they create from the perspective of someone sitting down the hall, across the country, or across an ocean. %M C.CHI.97.2.329 %T Interfaces for Advanced Manufacturing Technology %S SHORT TALKS: A Melange %A Michelle Vazquez %A Marc L. Resnick %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 329-330 %K Advanced manufacturing, Novice, Computer-based training %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/mv.htm %X Due to the rapid computerization of advanced manufacturing workplaces, there is an increasing need for interfaces which can support this specific set of applications and users. However, workers in these situations tend to be highly trained in the specific tasks which they must accomplish, but may be relative novices when it comes to using computing systems. This paper describes the design of Easy Assemble, a windows based support system to assist workers in a flexible assembly task. Six subjects used Easy Assemble as real-time instructional support to assemble four products in a simulated manufacturing environment. Subjects assembled products in less than half the time and with variances much lower than the control group which used the traditional method of blueprints. Furthermore, subjects made significantly fewer errors. The system provides a starting point for the development of fully integrated systems for the advanced manufacturing environment. %M C.CHI.97.2.331 %T How Users Reciprocate to Computers: An Experiment that Demonstrates Behavior Change %S SHORT TALKS: A Melange %A BJ Fogg %A Clifford Nass %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 331-332 %K Reciprocity, Retaliation, Agents, Persuasion, Influence, Social dynamics, Computers are social actors, Media equation, Experiments, Empirical studies %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/bjf.htm %X We conducted an experiment to investigate if computers could motivate users to change their behavior. By leveraging a social dynamic called the "rule of reciprocity," this experiment demonstrated that users provided more helping behavior to a computer that had helped them previously than to a different computer. Users also worked longer, performed higher quality work, and felt happier. Conversely, the data provide evidence of a retaliation effect. %M C.CHI.97.2.333 %T LICAI+: A Comprehension-Based Model of Learning for Display-Based Human-Computer Interaction %S SHORT TALKS: A Melange %A Muneo Kitajima %A Peter G. Polson %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 333-334 %K Cognitive model, Learning, Display-based human-computer interaction, Construction-integration theory %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/mki.htm %X This paper describes a model of comprehension-based learning, LICAI+, an extension to the comprehension-based model of display-based HCI, LICAI [5], that simulates a user who performs tasks given as instructions. LICAI+ models users' learning of task performance by incorporating a process for encoding events during the task performance. A simulation of encoding and recalling events is described. %M C.CHI.97.2.335 %T Leave the Office, Bring Your Colleagues: Design Solutions for Mobile Teamworkers %S SHORT TALKS: A Melange %A Ivan Bretain %A Leif Fredin %A Walter Frost %A Leif-Rune Hedman %A Per Kroon %A Scott McGlashan %A Eva-Lotta Sallnas %A Markku Virtanen %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 335-336 %K Mobile multimedia, CSCW, Wearable computing %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/bretan.htm %X One of the keys to successful deployment of mobile multimedia technology among professionals lies in identifying inherently distributed teams working under real-time constraints in dynamic field environments where the need to increase the efficiency of co-ordination, communication and collaboration is apparent. We report on some findings from investigating such non-office/out-of-office user-groups, and discuss the design of a portable environment for supporting the virtual reinforcement of teams, with special emphasis on co-worker status monitoring with respect to process phase, availability, geographical position etc. %M C.CHI.97.2.337 %T An Automatic Method for Arranging Symbols and Widgets to Reflect their Internal Relations %S SHORT TALKS: A Melange %A Johan Hagman %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 337-338 %K Interface design, Data visualization, Mapping optimization, Multi-dimensionality, Cluster analysis, Voronoi diagram %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/jh.htm %X The two data visualization techniques cluster analysis and Voronoi tessellation are combined to automatically arrange objects, e.g. the widgets of an interface, so that their positions within a given area reflect their internal relations. The method is illustrated as it arranges three sets of objects. %M C.CHI.97.2.339 %T A Method for Graphical Input on the WWW %S SHORT TALKS: The Web and 3D %A Lesley M. Parks %A Ernest A. Edmonds %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 339-340 %K WWW, Java, Graphical interaction, Constraints, Semantics %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/lmp.htm %X Using the World Wide Web (Web) is rapidly becoming one of the main ways in which people interact with computers. However, although the Web has permitted a rich variety of hypertext output, input has, until recently, been restricted to text or simple menu choices. The advent of languages like Java, which permit interactive programs to be included on a page, clearly changes what is possible. This contribution discusses the requirement for graphical input on the Web and describes an initial implementation which permits graphical objects to be manipulated on a Web page to provide input for subsequent analysis and computation. %M C.CHI.97.2.341 %T How People Use WWW Bookmarks %S SHORT TALKS: The Web and 3D %A David Abrams %A Ron Baecker %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 341-342 %K WWW, Bookmark, Information space, User study, Survey, Empirical study %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/da.htm %X In this detailed empirical study of WWW browsing and bookmarks we define a personal information space as having five basic properties paralleling those of a larger complex information space. We describe user behavior on the Web and show how a user's bookmark archive is a personal Web information space. %M C.CHI.97.2.343 %T Internet Scrapbook: Creating Personalized World Wide Web Pages %S SHORT TALKS: The Web and 3D %A Atsushi Sugiura %A Yoshiyuki Koseki %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 343-344 %K World Wide Web, Web browser, End-user programming, Programming by example, Programming by demonstration %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/as.htm %X This paper describes an information personalization system, called Internet Scrapbook, which enables users to create a personal page by clipping and merging their necessary data gathered from multiple Web pages. Even when the source Web pages are modified, the system updates the personal page, replacing with the latest data extracted from the source pages. Therefore, once a user creates their personal pages, she can browse her necessary information only. %M C.CHI.97.2.345 %T 3D Object Recognition with Motion %S SHORT TALKS: The Web and 3D %A Geoffrey S. Hubona %A Gregory W. Shirah %A David W. Fout %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 345-346 %K 3D data visualization, Spatial orientation, Virtual reality %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/gsh.htm %X This extended abstract presents preliminary results of an experiment that explores the effects of stereoscopic and monoscopic viewing, and controlled and uncontrolled motion, on the accuracy and speed of visually comparing and matching solid and wire frame cube- and sphere-based objects presented on a computer screen. %M C.CHI.97.2.347 %T Overlaying Motion, Time and Distance in 3-Space %S SHORT TALKS: The Web and 3D %A Mike Pell %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 347-348 %K 3D Animation, 3D interfaces, Interactivity, Visual design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/mpe.htm %X An innovative method for visually and functionally combining the elements of motion, time and distance in a three-dimensional computer animation is presented. At a glance, the elapsed time of the movement, distance traveled, relative velocity, scale and the object orientation can be derived from a single visual representation. Creation and editing of animations can also be simplified through the use of an interrelated set of immersive three-dimensional user interface elements. %M C.CHI.97.2.349 %T Object Manipulation in Virtual Environments: Human Bias, Consistency and Individual Differences %S SHORT TALKS: The Web and 3D %A Yanqing Wang %A Christine L. MacKenzie %A Valerie A. Summers %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 349-350 %K Interface design, Object manipulation, Virtual environment, Human performance %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/ywa.htm %X This paper investigates human bias, consistency and individual differences when performing object manipulation in a virtual environment. Eight subjects were asked to manipulate a wooden cube to match a 3-D graphic target cube presented in 3 locations and 2 orientations. There were two visual conditions for the experiment: the subject performed the tasks with or without vision of the hand and the wooden cube. The constant errors of object translation and orientation suggested specific human biases. In terms of the variable errors, visual feedback appeared to be more critical for object transportation than object orientation. It was also found that individual differences were more pronounced in human bias than in consistency during object manipulation. These results suggest tolerance for human bias and variability should be accommodated in human-computer interface design. %M C.CHI.97.2.351 %T Responsive Graphs: Understanding Engineering Concepts Through Interactive Experience %S SHORT TALKS: Interaction Design %A Eviatar Shafrir %A Lee Smith %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 351-352 %K Interactive learning environment, Interaction design, Mathematical modeling, Java applet %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/es.htm %X Understanding scientific engineering concepts requires learners to correlate between different model representations. Simple engineering models are formulated mathematically, visualized with one or more graphs, and verbally interpreted with engineering terminology. Past [4] and present systems [1] allow learners to modify a limited set of model parameters but not the graph-plot itself. This paper describes a set of interactive learning models consisting of standard interactors together with novel direct-manipulation Responsive Graphs. By setting values with sliders and visually modifying graph-plots, users qualitatively explore and comprehend abstract engineering concepts through interactive experimentation. All model representations are continuously updated in real-time enabling users to compare and move between different model representations. These highly interactive learning experiences are the result of a collaboration between interaction designers seeking direct manipulation of graphics and engineering domain-experts. %M C.CHI.97.2.353 %T Internet Delay Effects: How Users Perceive Quality, Organization, and Ease of Use of Information %S SHORT TALKS: Interaction Design %A Andrew Sears %A Julie A. Jacko %A Michael S. Borella %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 353-354 %K Internet, WWW, Delays, Perceived usability %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/als2.htm %X In this paper we report the results of an investigation designed to determine the effects of Internet delays on users perceptions of ease of locating information, organization of information, quality of information, and navigation problems. The results demonstrated user sensitivity to delays. As expected, for text-and-graphics documents, shorter delays provoked more favorable responses. However, for text-only documents, the shorter the delay, the less favorably a document was viewed. The results indicated that users may prefer multi-media web sites but are unwilling to tolerate the substantial network delays often associated with delivering graphics, video, animation, and audio. %M C.CHI.97.2.355 %T Model-Based Design of Hypermedia Presentations %S SHORT TALKS: Interaction Design %A N. Hari Narayanan %A Mary Hegarty %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 355-356 %K Hypermedia, Cognitive models, Model-based design %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/nhn.htm %X Users' mental representations and cognitive strategies have a profound influence on how well they comprehend multimodal information that hypermedia systems present. This implies that cognitive models of comprehension ought to drive the design of effective Hypermedia Information Presentation Systems (HIPS). We report on a current research project that applies this principle to the design of hypermedia manuals of complex machines. This paper describes the comprehension model derived from prior empirical and theoretical research, discusses intermediate results, and presents a roadmap of the research project. %M C.CHI.97.2.357 %T Billow: Networked Hospital Playspace for Children %S SHORT TALKS: Interaction Design %A Teri Rueb %A John Wardzala %A Jessica Millstone %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 357-358 %K Children, Hospitals, Tactile input device, Virtual community, Audio, Telephony %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/tr.htm %X Through exploring play as a therapeutic process, we have developed a system called "Billow" which allows children in hospitals, who are quarantined or otherwise isolated, to play in a virtual audio-visual cloudscape using a malleable, egg-shaped input/output device. This prototype was designed in collaboration with child psychologists and art therapists who are advocates for these children in the hospital setting. It is intended to address the children's need for increased human interaction and social development, mastery and control, and comfort and security. Billow addresses these needs by enabling isolated children to play together and communicate in a locally networked, audio-visual play environment. %M C.CHI.97.2.359 %T Rosebud: Technological Toys for Storytelling %S SHORT TALKS: Interaction Design %A Jennifer W. Glos %A Justine Cassell %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 359-360 %K Storytelling, Children, Gender, Tangible interface, Education %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/jwg.htm %X Rosebud is a user-interface prototype which elicits storytelling by child users though interaction with a computationally-augmented physical artifact. In particular, Rosebud links children's stories to their toys, such that toy and computer augment one another. The toy engages children in a familiar mode of interaction, while the computer makes a previously passive object active. The children are able to write, edit, collaborate, and share their stories, activities which have particular attraction for female users. %M C.CHI.97.2.361 %T The Pillow: Artist-Designers in the Digital Age %S SHORT TALKS: Interaction Design %A Anthony Dunne %A William W. Gaver %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 361-362 %K Design, Design centred approaches, Telecommunications %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/wwg.htm %X The Pillow is a treated LCD screen which shows changing patterns in response to ambient electromagnetic radiation, challenging viewers to consider our constant invasion by electronic information. It is proposed as a product for mass-production, one that people would purchase for home use. In this paper, we describe how this admittedly impractical value fiction illustrates some of the ways that designers can pursue research. %M C.CHI.97.2.363 %T inTouch: A Medium for Haptic Interpersonal Communication %S SHORT TALKS: Devices %A Scott Brave %A Andrew Dahley %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 363-364 %K Haptics, Interpersonal communication, Force feedback, Telepresence %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/sbb.htm %X In this paper, we introduce a new approach for applying haptic feedback technology to interpersonal communication. We present the design of our prototype inTouch system which provides a physical link between users separated by distance. %M C.CHI.97.2.365 %T BIOculars: A Virtual Ecosystem for Wilderness Parks %S SHORT TALKS: Devices %A Kiersten Muenchinger %A Jon Lindsay %A John Morkes %A Connie Chiueh %A John Russell %A Tony Vastola %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 365-366 %K Interaction design, Virtual reality, Children, Education, Entertainment, Simulation %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/klm.htm %X BIOculars is a concept system that allows visitors to state and national wilderness parks to create virtual animals and observe them in a continually running simulation based on the park's natural environment. Users create fantasy animals with a computer interface that, inverted, transforms into a binocular-like device. When users look through the device, they can see their virtual species 'living in' and interacting with the park's real ecosystem. BIOculars was designed by a Stanford University student team using an iterative design process that emphasized repeated prototyping and user testing. %M C.CHI.97.2.367 %T Design of Spatially Aware Graspable Displays %S SHORT TALKS: Devices %A David Small %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 367-368 %K Interaction design, Industrial design, 3D interfaces, LEGO %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/dls.htm %X We propose spatially aware portable displays which use movement in real physical space to control navigation in the digital information space within. This paper describes two interface design studies which use physical models, such as friction and gravity, in relating the movement of the display to the movement of information on the display surface. In combining input and output aspects of the interface into a single object, we can improve control and provide a meaningful relationship between the interface and the body of the user. %M C.CHI.97.2.369 %T The Strategy for Selecting a Minute Target and the Minute Maximum Value on a Pen-Based Computer %S SHORT TALKS: Devices %A Xizngshi Ren %A Shinji Moriya %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 369-370 %K Pen input, Target-pointing strategies, Minute targets, The minute maximum value %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/xr.htm %X This study deals with the relations between target-pointing strategies and target sizes. An evaluation experiment was performed in which the experimental system changed each of five kinds of targets (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 dots in diameter respectively, 0.36 mm per dot) and eight directions of pen-movement, while using each of six kinds of strategies of approaching the target on a pen-based computer. Two results were obtained: (1) The "Land-on2" strategy was found to be the best strategy for selecting a minute target among the six strategies, in terms of error rates, selection time and subjective evaluation. (2) This study also clarified a boundary value of target which controlled difficulty of strategy. When a target is less than 5 dots (1.80 mm), it is necessary to pay attention to the determination of the strategy in the software design. %M C.CHI.97.2.371 %T The Bed: A Medium for Intimate Communication %S SHORT TALKS: Devices %A Chris Dodge %B CHI97 %D 1997 %V 2 %P 371-372 %K Ambient media, Tangible interfaces, Telepresence, Abstracted presence, Physical avatars %W http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi97/proceedings/short-talk/cd.htm %X In this paper, I present "The Bed", an environment providing a new form of abstracted presence for intimate, non-verbal inter-personal communication. This secure and familiar environment is explored for its ability to become a shared virtual space for bridging the distance between two remotely located individuals through aural, visual, and tactile manifestations of subtle emotional qualities. As an example, I describe the application of these tangible interfaces and ambient media into a working prototype. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI98-2c.BA %M C.CHI.98.2.215 %T Humor in Task-Oriented Computer-Mediated Communication and Human-Computer Interaction %S Late Breaking Results: Support for Design: Experiments and Cybertools %A John Morkes %A Hadyn K. Kernal %A Clifford Nass %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 215-216 %K HCI, CMC, Human-computer interaction, Computer-mediated communication, Humor, Interaction design, Social responses to communication technologies %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p215-morkes/p215-morkes.pdf %X Two experiments examined the effects of humor in task-oriented computer-mediated communication (CMC) and human-computer interaction (HCI). Compared to control-group participants, participants who had received jokes: rated the "person" or computer they worked with as more likable and competent; reported greater cooperation; joked back more often; responded in a more sociable (i.e., polite and friendly) manner; and smiled and laughed more. Compared to CMC participants, however, HCI participants were less sociable and smiled and laughed less. Theoretical and design implications are discussed. %M C.CHI.98.2.217 %T Evaluating the Use of Pictographical Representations for TV Menus %S Late Breaking Results: Support for Design: Experiments and Cybertools %A J. H. D. M. Westerink %A M. van der Korst %A G. Roberts %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 217-218 %K Entertainment, Graphics, User interface, Pictures, Visual indices, User evaluations %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p217-westerink/p217-westerink.pdf %X We address the use of pictographic representations in an entertainment-type, domestic situation of use. In a small-scale experiment 20 subjects worked with two versions of a TV-guide simulation: one mainly pictographically-based, one mainly text-based. They were asked for their impressions as well as requested to fulfil a series of tasks covering the entire functionality of the TV-guide. Conclusions underline the necessity of some form of personalization in the user interface, and the importance of efficiency and effectiveness despite the enhanced attractiveness through enhanced graphics. %M C.CHI.98.2.219 %T To Click or Not To Click: A Comparison of Two Target-Selection Methods for HCI %S Late Breaking Results: Support for Design: Experiments and Cybertools %A Michael Bohan %A Alex Chaparro %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 219-220 %K Computer mouse, Target selection, Mouse-over %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p219-bohan/p219-bohan.pdf %X This paper reports a preliminary investigation of different methods for target selection on a computer screen using a mouse. Specifically, an experiment compared the standard point-and-click method to a mouse-over method, whereby the target was automatically selected after the cursor and target were superpositioned for 200 ms. Results indicated that the mouse-over method resulted in a significant reduction in target-acquisition time across a range of target widths. The implication of these findings to task optimization are then considered. %M C.CHI.98.2.221 acmdl6 missing pdf link corrected 1999-07-31 %T PatchWork: A Software Tool for Early Design %S Late Breaking Results: Support for Design: Experiments and Cybertools %A Maarten van de Kant %A Stephanie Wilson %A Mathilde Bekker %A Hilary Johnson %A Peter Johnson %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 221-222 %K Prototyping, Design representations, Interface construction tools, User involvement, Early design exploration %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p221-van_de_kant/p221-van_de_kant.pdf %X In this paper we describe the design and motivation for a novel prototyping tool to support the exploration of early design ideas. This software tool, PatchWork, allows the designer to rapidly create rough looking, runnable prototypes using simple building blocks which we call patches. Patches are arbitrary-shaped digital images, typically of low-tech design materials or domain objects. Prototypes are constructed through the specification of storyboards. %M C.CHI.98.2.223 %T Linking Between Multiple Points in Design Documents %S Late Breaking Results: Support for Design: Experiments and Cybertools %A Steven Clarke %A Gilbert Cockton %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 223-224 %K Context, Hypertext, Case tools %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p223-clarke/p223-clarke.pdf %X Several software engineering (SE) tools provide hypertext style navigation and cross referencing between design and implementation descriptions. Such tools may increase developers' understanding of a design by making explicit the dependencies between its components. Currently however, no such tool support exists which covers contextual information. In this paper we report on an investigation into the benefits that explicit relationships between descriptions of context and descriptions of designs may bring. We built a prototype development system and used it to uncover some of the issues involved in creating and maintaining a set of explicit relationships. One of the issues to emerge concerned the ability to link between several aspects of context and/or design in a single link. Our experiences with multi-point links in our LD tool are briefly summarised. %M C.CHI.98.2.225 %T A Study of Commenting Agents as Design Support %S Late Breaking Results: Support for Design: Experiments and Cybertools %A Mikael Ericsson %A Magnus Bauren %A Jonas Lowgren %A Yvonne Waern %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 225-226 %K Design support, Commenting system, Wizard-of-Oz %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p225-ericsson/p225-ericsson.pdf %X Sixteen subjects were observed using a simulated (Wizard-of-Oz) commenting agent in a design support system. Different commenting behavior was tested, and the overall usefulness evaluated. The interaction was logged and recorded on video, and the subjects rated the agent with respect to usefulness, understandability, system competence, disturbance and perceived stress. Perceived mental workload was measured using RTLX. The results show that a commenting tool is seen as disturbing but useful, that the comments from an active tool risk being overlooked, and that comments pointing out ways of overcoming identified design problems are the easiest to understand. %M C.CHI.98.2.227 %T Frustrating the User On Purpose: Using Biosignals in a Pilot Study to Detect the User's Emotional State %S Late Breaking Results: See How You Feel: New Input Techniques and Modalities %A Jocelyn Riseberg %A Jonathan Klein %A Raul Fernandez %A Rosalind W. Picard %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 227-228 %K Affect, Affective computing, User interface, Human-computer interaction, Biosensing, Emotion physiology %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p227-riseberg/p227-riseberg.pdf %X Our goal was to develop a computer system trained to sense a user's emotional state via the recognition of physiological signals. In the course of developing an exploratory pilot study toward this end, we encountered and addressed unique and context-dependent interface design and synchronization challenges. We used social science methods to induce a state of frustration in users, collected the physiological data, and developed an effective strategy for coupling these data with real-world events. %M C.CHI.98.2.229 %T Touchpad-Based Remote Control Devices %S Late Breaking Results: See How You Feel: New Input Techniques and Modalities %A Neil R. N. Enns %A I. Scott MacKenzie %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 229-230 %K Remote control devices, Touchpads, Television, Unistroke recognition, Input devices, Convergent technologies %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p229-enns/p229-enns.pdf %X A new style of remote control device (RCD) that incorporates a touchpad for input is described. Unistrokes created through touch are used to issue commands and select menu items presented on a television screen. The design addresses the drawbacks of traditional RCDs, such as an over-abundance of buttons and the lack of alphanumeric input. We have assembled a prototype using a Windows95-based computer, an infrared card, and a touchpad. Future developments and research plans for the touchpad-based RCD are also discussed. %M C.CHI.98.2.231 %T Tracking Hands Above Large Interactive Surfaces with a Low-Cost Scanning Laser Rangefinder %S Late Breaking Results: See How You Feel: New Input Techniques and Modalities %A Joshua Strickon %A Joseph Paradiso %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 231-232 %K Laser rangefinder, Hand tracker, Touchscreen, Music interface %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p231-strickon/p231-strickon.pdf %X We have developed an inexpensive scanning laser rangefinder to measure the real-time position of bare hands in a 2-D plane up to distances of several meters. We have used this device to build a precise, multipoint "touchscreen" interface for large video projection systems. In this paper, we describe the concepts and hardware, plus outline an application for an interactive multimedia environment. %M C.CHI.98.2.233 %T Comparing Single- and Two-Handed 3D Input for a 3D Object Assembly Task %S Late Breaking Results: See How You Feel: New Input Techniques and Modalities %A Maarten W. Gribnau %A James M. Hennessey %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 233-234 %K 3-D interfaces, Input devices, Two-handed input %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p233-gribnau/p233-gribnau.pdf %X In this paper, we describe the design and evaluation of an interface for 3D object assembly that can be operated with either one or two hands. The justification for applying two-handed input is evaluated by studying the results of an experiment in which the performance of single- and two-handed operation are compared. Performance is established using the time needed to complete a 3D object assembly task. Experimental data show that the two-handed interface takes more time to learn but eventually leads to faster completion times within a one hour period. It is therefore concluded that the choice for two-handed input is appropriate. %M C.CHI.98.2.235 %T Real Handles, Virtual Images %S Late Breaking Results: See How You Feel: New Input Techniques and Modalities %A Colin Ware %A Jeff Rose %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 235-236 %K Input devices, Virtual reality, Two handed input %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p235-ware/p235-ware.pdf %X There is a large difference between the times reported for rotating virtual objects and the time it takes to rotate real objects. This is a preliminary report of three experiments designed to establish the reasons for this different and to help design interfaces for object positioning. %M C.CHI.98.2.237 %T A Kinetic and 3D Image Input Device %S Late Breaking Results: See How You Feel: New Input Techniques and Modalities %A Shunichi Numazaki %A Akira Morishita %A Naoko Umeki %A Minoru Ishikawa %A Miwako Doi %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 237-238 %K Input device, Gesture, Motion, 3D-shape, Image input device %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p237-numazaki/p237-numazaki.pdf %X Gesture recognition in real time can bridge a gap between humans and computers. Object segmentation from the background is a critical problem in the conventional gesture recognition technology. We have developed a new input device which can detect a kinetic and 3D image of a hand in real time. We call it "Motion Processor". The Motion Processor with infrared light sources and an area sensor can detect the refleeted light image of a hand at 30 frames per second. The image resolution is 64 pixels by 64 pixels. It is easy to recognize gestures and motions in real time based on the detected hand images. This gesture recognition bridges a gap between humans and computers. %M C.CHI.98.2.239 acmdl6 missing pdf corrected 1999-07-31 %T The Sound of Your Stuff: Designing a Complex Auditory Display for an Interactive Museum Exhibit %S Late Breaking Results: The Raw and the Cooked: Experiments and Applications of Speech Interaction %A Maribeth Back %A Jonathan Cohen %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p239-back/p239-back.pdf %V 2 %P 239-240 %K Audio, Auditory icons, Auditory display, Audible interface, Sound design, Exhibit, Museum, Interactive audio, Interactive exhibit, Exploratorium %W %X We describe the design and implementation of a complex sonic environment for Portable Effects, a museum exhibit consisting of several interactive stations. The installation employs different types of auditory display in combination, as navigational aids or as auditory representations of actions and processes. Three aspects of the work are discussed: determining appropriate types of sounds and their mappings to particular actions and processes; adjusting sonic content, placement, and balance for maximum effect; and most importantly, integrating the individual stations into a cohesive aural experience. %M C.CHI.98.2.241 %T Synchronization of Speech and Hand Gestures during Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction %S Late Breaking Results: The Raw and the Cooked: Experiments and Applications of Speech Interaction %A Marie-Luce Bourguet %A Akio Ando %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 241-242 %K Multimodal interaction, Speech recognition, Hand gestures, Synchrony, Predictive model %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p241-bourguet/p241-bourguet.pdf %X In this paper, we describe an experiment that studies temporal synchronization between speech (Japanese) and hand pointing gestures. Gesture (G) is shown to be synchronized with either the nominal or deictic ("this", "that", "here", etc.) expression of a phrase. It is also shown that G is predictable in the [-200 ms, 400 ms] interval around the beginning of its related expression. The use of such a quantitative model of natural speech and gesture integration (in the multimodal interface and the speech recognition system), is also discussed. %M C.CHI.98.2.243 %T "Just Speak Naturally": Designing for Naturalness in Automated Spoken Dialogues %S Late Breaking Results: The Raw and the Cooked: Experiments and Applications of Speech Interaction %A David Williams %A Christine Cheepen %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 243-244 %K Spoken dialogues, Naturalness, Usability %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p243-williams/p243-williams.pdf %X This paper describes an experiment carried out in the domain of telephone banking, and investigates the notion of naturalness in human-machine spoken dialogues. The experiment showed that 'denatured' prompts which were stripped of human-like constructs were preferable to callers, and achieved transaction times similar to those resulting from a typical telebanking dialogue. %M C.CHI.98.2.245 %T Speech Recognition, Children, and Reading %S Late Breaking Results: The Raw and the Cooked: Experiments and Applications of Speech Interaction %A Don Nix %A Peter Fairweather %A Bill Adams %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 245-246 %K Speech recognition, Reading instruction, Children, Education %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p245-nix/p245-nix.pdf %X In this paper we describe a speech recognition system for teaching reading skills to young children, and various research issues and activities necessary to make the system work. A full-scale application is described, which embodies the research. The application interacts with a child to help him or her read, and provides opportunities for the child to show off what he or she has read, and to annotate the reading with audio and video comments. Special focus is given to creating an acoustic model specifically for children, and to designing an interface to deal with complexities of a speech recognition application. %M C.CHI.98.2.247 %T Play It Again: A Study of the Factors Underlying Speech Browsing Behavior %S Late Breaking Results: The Raw and the Cooked: Experiments and Applications of Speech Interaction %A Steve Whittaker %A Julia Hirschberg %A Christine H. Nakatani %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 247-248 %K Speech archives, Browsing, Search, Retrieval %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p247-whittaker/p247-whittaker.pdf %X Several recent UIs support access to recorded speech archives, but these have not yet been systematically evaluated. We describe a laboratory study of speech archive browsing using a GUI. We evaluate the effects of four factors: task type, familiarity, structure, and play operation duration. We found that while users learnt the overall layout of topics in the archive, they experienced major problems in learning the internal structure of archival topics. Contrary to our expectations, we also discovered that structural information and fixed duration play operations were less useful for browsing than anticipated. We discuss the impact of our results for speech archive UI design, and describe a new UI which supports navigation within topic. %M C.CHI.98.2.249 %T All Talk and All Action: Strategies for Managing Voicemail Messages %S Late Breaking Results: The Raw and the Cooked: Experiments and Applications of Speech Interaction %A Steve Whittaker %A Julia Hirschberg %A Christine H. Nakatani %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 249-250 %K Voicemail, Speech archives, Workplace communication %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p249-whittaker/p249-whittaker.pdf %X Voicemail is a pervasive technology, but we know little about how users manage voice messages in executing everyday work. We analyze server logs, user surveys and interviews to identify three problems users experience in managing their voicemail: scanning, information extraction and search. We also isolate three distinct voicemail processing strategies, and discuss the relative merits of each strategy. We make recommendations about how voicemail might be redesigned to better address these problems and support these strategies. %M C.CHI.98.2.251 %T Focus Troupe: Using Drama to Create Common Context for New Product Concept End-User Evaluations %S Late Breaking Results: Ubiquitous Usability Engineering %A Tony Salvador %A Karen Howells %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 251-252 %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p251-salvador/p251-salvador.pdf %X We offer a new technique for eliciting contextually relevant, personally experiential user feedback for products that do not yet exist. Too often customers and users are required to provide input on radically new product concepts with which, by definition, they have no direct experience. While traditional marketing techniques, e.g., focus groups and surveys, appear adequate for evaluating existing products with which customers have direct experience, these existing techniques offer only limited satisfaction for evaluating new product concepts where there is no customer experience. Based on our experiences, we note that one primary reason for this limited utility is the variable use-contexts prevalent among the individual customers due to a product presentation format that cannot offer a common context, e.g., a foil set. Focus Troupe is a technique whereby dramatic vignettes are presented to an audience of potential customers in which the new product concept is featured merely as a prop or even as a dramatic element, but not as an existing piece of technology. The vignette casts familiar or common situations where the particulars differ based on the new invention, thereby contextually highlighting the new concept against a familiar and common background. In our experience, the actual production of a Focus Troupe event is efficient and speedier than that of a more traditional focus group. The engaging presentation, the common background and no need for actual product concepts offers a unique methodology for eliciting relevant comments from otherwise naive customers about products that do not exist. %M C.CHI.98.2.253 %T Remote Usability Evaluation: Can Users Report Their Own Critical Incidents? %S Late Breaking Results: Ubiquitous Usability Engineering %A Jose C. Castillo %A H. Rex Hartson %A Deborah Hix %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 253-254 %K Remote usability evaluation, Remote evaluation, Usability evaluation, Critical incidents, User-initiated, Usability data %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p253-castillo/p253-castillo.pdf %X In this paper, we briefly introduce the user-reported critical incident method (originally called semi-instrumented critical incident gathering [3]) for remote usability evaluation, and describe results and lessons learned in its development and use. Our findings indicate that users can, in fact, identify and report their own critical incidents. %M C.CHI.98.2.255 %T The Evaluator Effect in Usability Tests %S Late Breaking Results: Ubiquitous Usability Engineering %A Niels Ebbe Jacobsen %A Morten Hertzum %A Bonnie E. John %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 255-256 %K Usability, User testing, Usability test, Evaluator effect %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p255-jacobsen/p255-jacobsen.pdf %X Usability tests are applied in industry to evaluate systems and in research as a yardstick for other usability evaluation methods. However, one potential threat to the reliability of usability tests has been left unaddressed: the evaluator effect. In this study, four evaluators analyzed four videotaped usability test sessions. Only 20% of the 93 unique problems were detected by all four evaluators and 46% were detected by only a single evaluator. Severe problems were detected more often by all four evaluators (41%) and less often by only one evaluator (22%) but a substantial evaluator effect remained. %M C.CHI.98.2.257 %T Analytical versus Empirical Evaluation of Spatial Displays %S Late Breaking Results: Ubiquitous Usability Engineering %A Mountaz Hascoet %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 257-258 %K Spatial layout algorithms, Analytic versus empirical evaluation, Visualization, Browsing %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p257-hascoet/p257-hascoet.pdf %X In this paper, we propose a methodology for evaluating spatial display techniques. Our approach is based on two different types of evaluation: analytical experiments and user studies. This approach is important because it uncovers aspects not detected when either technique is used alone. We apply this approach to the comparison of two different layout techniques. %M C.CHI.98.2.259 %T The Effect of Task Description Detail on Evaluator Performance with Cognitive Walkthroughs %S Late Breaking Results: Ubiquitous Usability Engineering %A Andrew Sears %A David J. Hess %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 259-260 %K Cognitive walkthrough, User interface evaluation %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p259-sears/p259-sears.pdf %X Inspection-based evaluation techniques are popular because they can be fast, require limited formal training, and can find numerous usability problems. To speed the evaluation process and reduce the need for formal training in cognitive psychology, the cognitive walkthrough process was revised to incorporate detailed step-by-step task descriptions. This paper reports on a study that investigated the influence of this change. The results indicate that providing detailed step-by-step task descriptions significantly changes the types of problems found. These results should influence both future research and how practitioners apply this technique. %M C.CHI.98.2.261 %T Comparison of GOMS Analysis Methods %S Late Breaking Results: Ubiquitous Usability Engineering %A Joel D. Baskin %A Bonnie E. John %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 261-262 %K GOMS, Cognitive models, User models %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p261-baskin/p261-baskin.pdf %X Although members of the same family of techniques, the Keystroke Level Model and CPM-GOMS often predict different execution times for the same task [4]. Our data suggest that KLM describes error-free performance of a skilled user with little practice on a particular task whereas CPM-GOMS describes error-free performance after extensive practice. A participant completed a task 500 times using two different methods. Observed times for the first error-free trial were close to the times predicted by KLM and quickly decreased with practice to more closely match those predicted by CPM-GOMS. The biggest contributor to the change were mental operators, which decreased markedly in both duration and frequency, although the duration of pointing also decreased. %M C.CHI.98.2.263 %T Integrated Design of Real Architectural Spaces and Virtual Information Spaces %S Late Breaking Results: Suite: The Real and the Virtual: Integrating Architectural and Information Spaces %A Norbert A. Streitz %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 263-264 %K Augmented reality, Physical space, Architecture, Virtual space, Ambient information, Workspace design %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p263-streitz/p263-streitz.pdf %X This paper presents an introduction to the Suite "Integrated design of real architectural spaces and virtual information spaces". It discusses the affordances of architectural spaces serving as information spaces and vice versa. As a consequence, it argues for a two-way augmentation of these two worlds were are living in. It concludes with an overview of the papers of this Suite. %M C.CHI.98.2.265 acmdl6 missing pdf link corrected 1999-07-31 %T Shuffle, Throw or Take It! Working Efficiently with an Interactive Wall %S Late Breaking Results: Suite: The Real and the Virtual: Integrating Architectural and Information Spaces %A Jorg Geissler %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 265-266 %K Computer-augmented reality, Roomware, Gestures, Pen-based computing, Group interfaces, Interaction techniques %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p265-geiszler/p265-geiszler.pdf %X In this paper, we report on interaction techniques for very large displays such as interactive walls. Since display space is a crucial aspect for most visually-oriented tasks, we developed an interactive wall with an active area of 4.5 meters width, 1.1 meters height, and with 3072x768 pixels. At this wall, three users are able to work simultaneously on separate areas using pen, finger, and hand gestures. They can shuffle display objects around, throw them to other users standing at the opposite side of the wall, they can take objects from the wall and put them back at another location without explicit mode changes. %M C.CHI.98.2.267 acmdl6 missing pdf link corrected 1999-07-31 %T Communication Chairs Examples of Mobile Roomware %S Late Breaking Results: Suite: The Real and the Virtual: Integrating Architectural and Information Spaces %A Christian Muller-Tomfelde %A Wolfgang Reischl %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 267-268 %K Computer-augmented reality, Roomware, Pen-based computing, Wireless networking, Mobile computing, Position detection, Computer-supported cooperative work %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p267-muller-tomfelde/p267-muller-tomfelde.pdf %X This paper describes the current state of our work on computer-augmented chairs, designed to be part of team work spaces. These chairs have either a pen-based computer display or a laptop docking facility integrated into their armrest. Equipped with accumulators and an antenna device, the chairs are entirely wireless and easy to move and to rearrange for the needs of different work situations. %M C.CHI.98.2.269 %T Water Lamp and Pinwheels: Ambient Projection of Digital Information into Architectural Space %S Late Breaking Results: Suite: The Real and the Virtual: Integrating Architectural and Information Spaces %A Andrew Dahley %A Craig Wisneski %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 269-270 %K Ambient media, Tangible bits, Tangible user interface, ambientROOM, Ambient fixtures, Architectural space, Lights %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p269-dahley/p269-dahley.pdf %X We envision that the architectural spaces we inhabit will be an interface between humans and online digital information. This paper introduces ambient fixtures called Water Lamp and Pinwheels: a new approach to interfacing people with online digital information. The Water Lamp projects water ripple shadow created by a "rain of bits." The Pinwheels spin in a "bit wind." These ambient fixtures present information within an architectural space through subtle changes in light, sound, and movement, which can be processed in the background of awareness. We describe the design and implementation of the Water Lamp and the Pinwheels, and discuss their potential applications as well as design issues. %M C.CHI.98.2.271 %T Adding Another Communication Channel to Reality: An Experience with a Chat-Augmented Conference %S Late Breaking Results: Suite: The Real and the Virtual: Integrating Architectural and Information Spaces %A Jun Rekimoto %A Yuji Ayatsuka %A Hirotaka Uoi %A Toshifumi Arai %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 271-272 %K Chat, Computer-supported conferences %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p271-rekimoto/p271-rekimoto.pdf %X This paper reports our recent experience with a 3-day technical conference, which was fully augmented by a chat system and a telepresence camera. In this trial, the chat acted as a sub-channel to reality; participants both in local and remote conference rooms can freely interchange their thoughts or opinions inspired by presentations through the chat. We observed several interactions between virtual (chat) and real discussions during the conference -- namely, (1) Chat discussions often activated discussions in the real world, while treating tiny questions, (2) Co-authors could provide supplemental information through the chat while the first author was presenting, and (3) Participants who were not familiar with the research topic could get more understanding from the chat. We also observed the effect of anthropomorphic representation by switching the chat system between text- and comic-based. %M C.CHI.98.2.273 %T Basics of Integrated Information and Physical Spaces: The State of the Art %S Late Breaking Results: Suite: The Real and the Virtual: Integrating Architectural and Information Spaces %A Norbert A. Streitz %A Daniel M. Russell %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 273-274 %K Augmented reality, Ubiquitous computing, Tangible bits, Ambient media, Collaborative work spaces, Roomware %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p273-streitz/p273-streitz.pdf %X This paper presents an overview of selected work relevant to the problem domain of the suite "Integrated design of real architectural spaces and virtual information spaces". %M C.CHI.98.2.275 %T The Future of Integrated Design of Ubiquitous Computing in Combined Real & Virtual Worlds %S Late Breaking Results: Suite: The Real and the Virtual: Integrating Architectural and Information Spaces %A Daniel M. Russell %A Mark Weiser %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 275-276 %K Ubiquitous computing, Real worlds, Virtual worlds %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p275-russell/p275-russell.pdf %X Building real/virtual information environments relies on a kind of ubiquity. And ubiquitous computing means placing computers everywhere in the user environment, providing ways for them to interconnect, talk and work together. In designing integrated real & virtual worlds, building ubiquity into information services and devices will be a prerequisite goal. Much work has gone into the particulars of display devices and input-output devices, while relatively little has focused on the invisible problem of actually getting all these devices and resources to work together. Three important directions for future work in real & virtual ubiquitous computing seem clear: (1) devices work will continue (creating novel kinds of output and input devices in places where people can use them), (2) transparent communication (between devices, information and people must become more functional and standard), and (3) the user experience design (so people can use the constellation of devices and information resources available to them). %M C.CHI.98.2.277 %T Computer Support for Distance Art Therapy %S Late Breaking Results: So Far Yet So Close: Intimacy and Awareness in CSCW %A Davor Cubranic %A Kellogg S. Booth %A Kate Collie %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 277-278 %K Health care applications, Shared workspaces, Art, Therapy %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p277-cubranic/p277-cubranic.pdf %X We present the results of user testing of a system we developed to support distance art therapy and discuss problems that were identified with refinements to the system to prevent or ameliorate them. %M C.CHI.98.2.279 %T A Room of Your Own: What Would it Take to Help Remote Groups Work as Well as Collocated Groups? %S Late Breaking Results: So Far Yet So Close: Intimacy and Awareness in CSCW %A Judith S. Olson %A Lisa Covi %A Elena Rocco %A William J. Miller %A Paul Allie %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 279-280 %K Computer supported cooperative work, Groupware, Teamwork, Space %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p279-olson/p279-olson.pdf %X Remotely located teams have difficulty and today's groupware is not totally successful in helping them. To inform our design of future groupware, we investigated the work habits of teams that have nearly the ideal: they work in dedicated project rooms. We conducted field work that included interviews and observations of teams in 9 U.S. companies who had dedicated project rooms and a 6 week study of one site. We found that the team members reported clear advantages of being collocated: increased learning, motivation, and coordination. Future groupware for remote groups must at least support large, persistent, shared visual displays, awareness of team members' activities, and various signals to others about the importance of the work. %M C.CHI.98.2.281 %T Tickertape: Awareness in a Single Line %S Late Breaking Results: So Far Yet So Close: Intimacy and Awareness in CSCW %A Geraldine Fitzpatrick %A Sara Parsowith %A Bill Segall %A Simon Kaplan %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 281-282 %K Awareness, CSCW, Groupware, Event notification %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p281-fitzpatrick/p281-fitzpatrick.pdf %X This paper describes an awareness tool called Tickertape. Tickertape is a lightweight, highly tailorable tool that provides an interface to a world of transient information via a single-line scrolling message window. We overview Tickertape, describing both its unidirectional and bidirectional message groups and its time-out feature. We then illustrate how it is being used within one organisation. %M C.CHI.98.2.283 %T People Presence or Room Activity: Supporting Peripheral Awareness over Distance %S Late Breaking Results: So Far Yet So Close: Intimacy and Awareness in CSCW %A Elin Ronby Pedersen %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 283-284 %K Awareness, Activity, Presence, Symbolic representation %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p283-pedersen/p283-pedersen.pdf %X Peripheral awareness is a powerful human resource that has only recently been addressed in media space design. The challenge is to figure out what would be important to convey remotely and to strike a balance between too much and too little. Symbolic representation of remote activity is a powerful way to go, but as it turns out also easy to do wrong. This paper presents some early findings on problems and promises of using symbolic representation: it reports from informal studies of people using the AROMA prototype in regular office and home settings, and it conveys some lessons on designing appropriate and effective symbolic representations. %M C.CHI.98.2.285 %T Peripheral Participants in Mediated Communication %S Late Breaking Results: So Far Yet So Close: Intimacy and Awareness in CSCW %A Andrew F. Monk %A Leon A. Watts %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 285-286 %K Video-mediated communication, Overhearing, Participation, Awareness, Presence %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p285-monk/p285-monk.pdf %X When more than two people take part in a conversation or work task their involvement may be either as 'primary' or 'peripheral' participants depending on whether or not they are actively involved in the current shared task. This distinction was operationalised in an experiment. An interested peripheral participant listened in to the conversation of two others, one of whom was in the same room and one of whom was remote. Whether one was a primary or peripheral participant had a large effect on ratings of social presence, larger than the effect of whether one was remote or copresent. %M C.CHI.98.2.287 %T When Two Hands Are Better Than One: Enhancing Collaboration Using Single Display Groupware %S Late Breaking Results: So Far Yet So Close: Intimacy and Awareness in CSCW %A Jason Stewart %A Elaine M. Raybourn %A Ben Bederson %A Allison Druin %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 287-288 %K CSCW, Children, Single display groupware, Educational application, Input devices, Pad++, KidPad %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p287-stewart/p287-stewart.pdf %X In this paper, we describe Single Display Groupware, a software model that enables multiple users to work simultaneously at a single computer display. We discuss the collaborative benefits observed during a pilot study of the SDG application, KidPad. %M C.CHI.98.2.289 %T Experiments in Inhabited TV %S Late Breaking Results: Great E-Scapes: Electronic Landscapes and Soundscapes %A Steve Benford %A Chris Greenhalgh %A Chris Brown %A Graham Walker %A Tim Regan %A Paul Rea %A Jason Morphett %A John Wyver %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 289-290 %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p289-benford/p289-benford.pdf %X Inhabited TV involves the public deployment of collaborative virtual environments (CVEs) so that on-line audiences can participate in TV shows within shared virtual worlds. This extends traditional broadcast TV and more recent interactive TV by enabling social interaction among participants and by offering them new forms of control over narrative structure (e.g., navigation within a virtual world) and greater interaction with content (e.g., direct manipulation of props and sets). Inhabited TV also builds on recent research into CVEs as social environments, including experiments with Internet-based virtual worlds [2] and the development of more scaleable research platforms. This involves more explicitly focusing on issues of production, management, format and participation arising from the staging of events within virtual worlds. The potential size of Inhabited TV audiences also challenges the scaleability of CVEs. %M C.CHI.98.2.291 %T The Lightwork Performance: Algorithmically Mediated Interaction for Virtual Environments %S Late Breaking Results: Great E-Scapes: Electronic Landscapes and Soundscapes %A John Bowers %A Sten-Olof Hellstrom %A Kai-Mikael Jaa-Aro %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 291-292 %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p291-bowers/p291-bowers.pdf %X In this paper, we describe the human-computer interaction concepts we have built into an improvisatory performance art work called Lightwork. This -- a 15 minute long piece combining electroacoustic music with the real-time construction and navigation of back-projected virtual environments (VEs) -- has combined artistic, social and computer science skills, building on our experience and studies of [1,2]. Multi-disciplinary design of this sort is typical of work at the Centre for User-Oriented IT-Design (CID) at the Royal Institute of Technology. %M C.CHI.98.2.293 %T Look Who's Talking: The GAZE Groupware System %S Late Breaking Results: Great E-Scapes: Electronic Landscapes and Soundscapes %A Roel Vertegaal %A Harro Vons %A Robert Slagter %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 293-294 %K CSCW, Awareness, Eyetracking, VRML2 %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p293-vertegaal/p293-vertegaal.pdf %X The GAZE Groupware System is a multiparty mediated system which provides support for gaze awareness in communication and collaboration. The system uses an advanced, desk-mounted eyetracker to metaphorically convey gaze awareness in a 3D virtual meeting room and within shared documents. %M C.CHI.98.2.295 %T Looking for Sound? Selling Perceptual Space in Hierarchically Nested Boxes %S Late Breaking Results: Great E-Scapes: Electronic Landscapes and Soundscapes %A Roel Vertegaal %A Barry Eaglestone %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 295-296 %K Multimedia, Database, Musical sound, 3D, Dataglove %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p295-vertegaal/p295-vertegaal.pdf %X ISEE3D is a 3D musical sound browser which uses nested boxes to allow browsing through a hierarchy of perceptually organized sound spaces. %M C.CHI.98.2.297 %T Using Earcons to Improve the Usability of Tool Palettes %S Late Breaking Results: Great E-Scapes: Electronic Landscapes and Soundscapes %A Stephen A. Brewster %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 297-298 %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p297-brewster/p297-brewster.pdf %X This paper describes an experiment to investigate the effectiveness of adding sound to tool palettes. Palettes have usability problems because users need to see the information they present but they are often outside the area of visual focus. Non-speech sounds called earcons were used to indicate the current tool and tool changes so that users could tell what tool was in use, wherever they were looking. Experimental results showed a significant reduction in the number of tasks performed with the wrong tool. Users knew what the current tool was and did not try to perform tasks with the wrong one. %M C.CHI.98.2.299 %T Multi-Parameter Controllers for Audio Mixing %S Late Breaking Results: Great E-Scapes: Electronic Landscapes and Soundscapes %A Craig Wisneski %A Ed Hammond %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 299-300 %K Multi-parameter control, Sound mixing, Sound spatialization, Recording consoles, Tangible user interface %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p299-wisneski/p299-wisneski.pdf %X This paper describes the design of multi-parameter controllers for sound engineering applications. These devices accept multi-dimensional input to allow simultaneous control of many parameters. We describe two gestural input devices and their application to sound spatialization tasks. %M C.CHI.98.2.301 %T The Usability of Transparent Overview Layers %S Late Breaking Results: Look and Learn: Visualization and Education Too %A Donald A. Cox %A Jasdeep S. Chugh %A Carl Gutwin %A Saul Greenberg %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 301-302 %K Transparent interfaces, Overviews, Groupware %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p301-cox/p301-cox.pdf %X Viewports into large visual workspaces are sometimes supplemented by a separate window that displays a miniaturized overview of the entire workspace. Instead of this separate window, we have layered a transparent version of the overview atop the viewport. Because the overview fills the display, it becomes the largest size possible. An exploratory study indicates that people can use this unusual system, where they switch between layers when performing a construction task. %M C.CHI.98.2.303 %T MetricViews: Design of Multiple Spreadsheets into a Single Dynamic View %S Late Breaking Results: Look and Learn: Visualization and Education Too %A David Small %A Yin Yin Wong %A Sergio Canetti %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 303-304 %K Spreadsheet, Visualization, Interactive graphics, Information design %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p303-small/p303-small.pdf %X In this paper, we describe MetricViews, a Java applet in which multiple spreadsheet views are presented in a singular dynamic context. Instead of publishing a large number of discrete spreadsheets and graphs, each of which would show a particular subset of information, we designed an interactive display with which users can construct a wide variety of views into the information space. A structured information tool enables users to construct meaningful views and shift between them without losing context. Our approach is to constrain the choices to a set of interrelated views derived from careful analysis of the information. By carefully designing a hierarchy of information and by displaying continuous transitions between views we intend to provide users with a simple yet very effective way of finding and understanding complex data. %M C.CHI.98.2.305 %T Goal-Directed Zoom %S Late Breaking Results: Look and Learn: Visualization and Education Too %A Allison Woodruff %A James Landay %A Michael Stonebraker %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 305-306 %K Clutter, Information density, Semantic zoom, Visualization %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p305-woodruff/p305-woodruff.pdf %X We introduce a novel zoom method, goal-directed zoom. In a goal-directed zoom system, users specify which representation of an object they wish to see. The system automatically zooms to the elevation at which that representation appears at appropriate detail. We have extended a database visualization environment to support end-user construction of visualizations that have goal-directed zoom. We present a sample visualization we have constructed using this environment. %M C.CHI.98.2.307 %T Integrated Multi Scale Text Retrieval Visualization %S Late Breaking Results: Look and Learn: Visualization and Education Too %A Karlis Kaugars %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 307-308 %K Text display, Information presentation, Detail + Context technique %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p307-kaugars/p307-kaugars.pdf %X We present a viewer for text retrieval presentation which implements a novel approach to detail + context views of information. The viewer presents multiple documents at any of four different levels of detail without distortion and allows the user to easily compare retrieved documents. %M C.CHI.98.2.309 %T Designing Visualization Tools for Learning %S Late Breaking Results: Look and Learn: Visualization and Education Too %A Brian J. Foley %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 309-310 %K Visualization, Education, Science, Representation %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p309-foley/p309-foley.pdf %X Computer visualizations can be a powerful tool for teaching students about science. But educational visualizations need to be designed with students in mind so that the interface is not only easy to use, but also helps students understand the science that is being visualized. This study looks at the design of visualization tools for middle school students learning thermodynamics. Educational research suggested that a dot-density representation of temperature would help students understanding. Assessments of the visualizations show a significant effect on students' understanding. %M C.CHI.98.2.311 %T Symphony: Exploring User Interface Representations for Learner-Centered Process Scaffolding %S Late Breaking Results: Look and Learn: Visualization and Education Too %A Chris Quintana %A Elliot Soloway %A Joseph Krajcik %A Andrew Carra %A Matt Houser %A Mike McDonald %A Mike Mouradian %A Aaron Saarela %A Naresh Vyas %A Michele Wisnudel %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 311-312 %K Learner-centered tools, Process scaffolding, Supportive integrated environments, Process visualization %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p311-quintana/p311-quintana.pdf %X We introduce Symphony, a supportive integrated environment for high-school science students. The process of science inquiry is a complex one that is difficult for novice learners to perform. With Symphony, we are exploring how to provide effective process support for the learner by conceptualizing complex processes in the user interface. We have begun by using flow diagrams and timelines in the interface. As we continue, we will evaluate and characterize these and other representations to see how to best support novice learners in the "doing" of a complex process. %M C.CHI.98.2.313 %T The Rise of Personal Web Pages at Work %S Late Breaking Results: Humble and Terrific -- CHI-Lot's Web %A Sara Bly %A Linda Cook %A Tim Bickmore %A Elizabeth Churchill %A Joseph W. Sullivan %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 313-314 %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p313-bly/p313-bly.pdf %X A series of 20 interviews in four organizations explores the ways in which employees take advantage of personal web pages to support their work and to reflect who they are. Both interviewee comments and web page examples suggest the importance of individual personalization of information management and dissemination, presentation and perception of personality, and usage from the reader's perspective. These results can inform the development of future web technologies for use in organizations. Furthermore, this self representation on web pages is a way of making individual knowledge more available in the workplace. %M C.CHI.98.2.315 %T Does Every Link Have the Same Usability? An Exploratory Study of the Link Structure of Cyber Malls %S Late Breaking Results: Humble and Terrific -- CHI-Lot's Web %A Jinwoo Kim %A Byunggon Yoo %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 315-316 %K Link structure, Add-on links, Cyber shopping mall %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p315-kim/p315-kim.pdf %X Designing an effective link structure is critical for effective navigation in cyber shopping malls. In this study, the usability of three types of add-on links are evaluated through measures of frequency of use, rate of recall, and perceived convenience of navigation. The results indicate that the usage rate is interrelated with both the recall rate and the convenience of navigation, and that not all add-on links increase the convenience of navigation. %M C.CHI.98.2.317 acmdl6 missing pdf link 1999-07-31 ok %T Polynesian Navigation: Locomotion and Previewing Aspects %S Late Breaking Results: Humble and Terrific -- CHI-Lot's Web %A Kent Wittenburg %A Wissam Ali-Ahmad %A Daniel LaLiberte %A Tom Lanning %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 317-318 %K Navigation, Information spaces, Web %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p317-wittenburg/p317-wittenburg.pdf %X In investigations of navigation for information spaces we have been inspired by the navigational methods of seagoing peoples of Polynesia and Micronesia (Hutchins 1983). From them we borrow a notion of locomotion in which the traveller remains stationary and the terrain moves relative to the traveller. We discuss two prototypes for navigation tools in Web information spaces in which images are used the primary means for presenting Meta-information about locale (web pages), movement is modelled as a flowstream of information coming to the user, and orientation is visualised through positions in ordered sequences. The goal is to increase navigability by allowing the user to quickly preview many possible moves before the next step is taken. %M C.CHI.98.2.319 %T A Java-Based Approach to Active Collaborative Filtering %S Late Breaking Results: Humble and Terrific -- CHI-Lot's Web %A Christopher Lueg %A Christoph Landolt %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 319-320 %K Situatedness, Collaborative filtering, WWW, Java %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p319-lueg/p319-lueg.pdf %X In this paper, we present a collaborative filtering approach to webpage filtering. The system supports users in exchanging recommendations and exploits the social relation between recommenders and recipients of recommendations instead of computing a degree of interest. In order to help users estimate the potential interestingness of a recommended webpage, the system augments the recommendation object with additional data indicating how previous recipients of the recommendation have dealt with the corresponding webpage. The system has been implemented as a collection of personal user agents exchanging recommendations with a central recommendation server. The user agents are implemented as Java applets and the recommendation server is a Java remote object realized as object factory. %M C.CHI.98.2.321 %T Applying Writing Guidelines to Web Pages %S Late Breaking Results: Humble and Terrific -- CHI-Lot's Web %A John Morkes %A Jakob Nielsen %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 321-322 %K WWW, World Wide Web, Writing, Reading, Page design %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p321-morkes/p321-morkes.pdf %X Web users generally prefer writing that is concise, easy to scan, and objective (rather than promotional) in style, research has shown. We incorporated these and other attributes into a redesign of Web content. Doing so required trade-offs and some hard decisions, but the results were positive. The rewritten website scored 159% higher than the original in measured usability. Compared with original-site users, users of the rewritten site reported higher subjective satisfaction and performed better in terms of task time, task errors, and memory. Implications for website writing and design are discussed. %M C.CHI.98.2.323 %T A Method for Evaluating Web Page Design Concepts %S Late Breaking Results: Humble and Terrific -- CHI-Lot's Web %A Thomas S. Tullis %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 323-324 %K Web design, Intranet, User feedback, Evaluation %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p323-tullis/p323-tullis.pdf %X In redesigning the Intranet at Fidelity Investments, we used a paper-based technique for getting user feedback on initial design concepts for the web pages. The technique involved color printouts of "Greeked" versions of five different candidate web page designs. Users had to try to identify nine standard elements that appeared on each page (e.g., owner, last updated). They also rated each on three subjective rating scales (format, attractiveness, color). The technique was successful in helping us to derive a new design. %M C.CHI.98.2.325 %T The Baby Sense Environment: Enriching and Monitoring Infants' Experiences and Communication %S Late Breaking Results: 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 %A Gili Weinberg %A Rich Fletcher %A Seum-Lim Gan %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 325-326 %K Infants, Sensory-motor, Background monitoring, Foreground monitoring, Interaction, Communication %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p325-weinberg/p325-weinberg.pdf %X The BabySense Environment is an integrated system designed to enhance an infant's sensory-motor experience, to allow parents and relatives to remotely monitor infant's development, and to enable new types of interactions with other infants. The system also demonstrates alternate peripheral means of displaying information such as lights, sound and a kinetic sculpture. %M C.CHI.98.2.327 %T PingPongPlus: Augmentation and Transformation of Athletic Interpersonal Interaction %S Late Breaking Results: 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 %A Craig Wisneski %A Julian Orbanes %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 327-328 %K Augmented reality, Reactive surface, Athletic / kinesthetic interaction, Computer-supported collaborative play, Interactive media art %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p327-wisneski/p327-wisneski.pdf %X PingPongPlus (PP+) is a digitally enhanced version of the classic ping-pong game. We have designed a digital layer of audio/visual augmentation on top of a conventional ping-pong table using a newly developed ball tracking system and video projection. The "reactive table" displays patterns of light and shadow as a game is played, and the rhythm and style of play drives accompanying sound. In the process, this project explores new ways to couple athletic recreation and social interaction with engaging digital enhancements. This paper describes the basic idea, research agenda, several applications, technical implementation, and initial experiences. %M C.CHI.98.2.329 %T GroupWear: Nametags that Tell about Relationships %S Late Breaking Results: 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 %A Richard Borovoy %A Fred Martin %A Mitchel Resnick %A Brian Silverman %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 329-330 %K Wearable computing, Augmented reality, Groupware, Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p329-borovoy/p329-borovoy.pdf %X We have built a set of computationally-augmented nametags capable of providing information about the relationship between two people engaged in a face-to-face conversation. This paper puts forward criteria useful for the design of such interpersonal augmentation, experiences that inform the principles, and initial evidence of their success. %M C.CHI.98.2.331 %T Fabric Computing Interfaces %S Late Breaking Results: 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 %A Maggie Orth %A Rehmi Post %A Emily Cooper %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 331-332 %K Physical interface, Smart materials, Wearable computing, Industrial design %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p331-orth/p331-orth.pdf %X This paper presents a series of physical computer interfaces and computational devices that are constructed from electronic fabrics and conducting threads. We introduce two types of textile keyboards, a piecework switch matrix and a capacitive embroidered keypad. We discuss these fabric sensors in a variety of applications. We give examples of computational clothing using this technology. This clothing shows how digital technology can be imbedded into the world around us. We argue that creating computational devices with new and unexpected materials gives designers the creative freedom to radically change the appearance and "feeling" of such devices. %M C.CHI.98.2.333 %T It/I: An Experiment Towards Interactive Theatrical Performances %S Late Breaking Results: 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 %A Claudio S. Pinhanez %A Aaron F. Bobick %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 333-334 %K Interactive entertainment, Story-based interaction, Immersive environments %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p333-pinhanez/p333-pinhanez.pdf %X "It/I" is a theater play produced at the MIT Media Laboratory where one of the characters is performed autonomously by a computer system. Computerized actors and stages enable performances to be repeated with members of the audience re-enacting the leading roles, having their own, personal view of the universe of the play. In this paper we report the experience, and discuss some of its possible developments. %M C.CHI.98.2.335 %T An Interactive Poetic Garden %S Late Breaking Results: 20 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 %A Tom White %A David Small %B CHI98 (Summary) %D 1998 %V 2 %P 335-336 %K Garden, Water, Interaction design, Interactive installation, Industrial design %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/286498/p335-white/p335-white.pdf %X The garden is the symbol of man's control over nature. This project attempts to bring the computer into the garden in harmony with stone, water, and plant materials. The computer is used to drive a video projector, creating the illusion of text floating on the surface of the water as it flows through the garden. This relaxing computational environment lends itself well to several open ended active and passive modes of interaction. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CHI99-1.BA %M C.CHI.99.1.1 %T An Empirical Study of How People Establish Interaction: Implications for CSCW Session Management Models %S Groupware %A Steinar Kristoffersen %A Fredrik Ljungberg %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 1-8 %K Session management, Field study, Ethnography, Design implications %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p1-kristoffersen/p1-kristoffersen.pdf %X In this paper, we report the results of an empirical study of how people, as part of their daily work activities, go about to establish collaboration. We examine the empirical findings and relate them to existing research on CSCW session management models, i.e., the mechanisms in CSCW systems that define the way in which people can join together in collaboration. Existing models leave a lot to be desired, in particular because they tend to assume that indexical elements of interaction management are substitutable by objective representation of artifacts. Based on the empirical findings, we derive three principles to consider in the design of CSCW session management models. %M C.CHI.99.1.9 %T Chat Circles %S Groupware %A Fernanda B. Viegas %A Judith S. Donath %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 9-16 %K Chatroom, Conversation, Social visualization, Turn-taking, Graphical history, Internet, World Wide Web %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p9-viegas/p9-viegas.pdf %X Although current online chat environments provide new opportunities for communication, they are quite constrained in their ability to convey many important pieces of social information, ranging from the number of participants in a conversation to the subtle nuances of expression that enrich face to face speech. In this paper we present Chat Circles, an abstract graphical interface for synchronous conversation. Here, presence and activity are made manifest by changes in color and form, proximity-based filtering intuitively breaks large groups into conversational clusters, and the archives of a conversation are made visible through an integrated history interface. Our goal in this work is to create a richer environment for online discussions. %M C.CHI.99.1.17 %T Social, Individual & Technological Issues for Groupware Calendar Systems %S Groupware %A Leysia Palen %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 17-24 %K Groupware calendar systems, Ethnography, CSCW, Calendars, Diaries, Time, Sociotemporality, Meeting scheduling %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p17-palen/p17-palen.pdf %X Designing and deploying groupware is difficult. Groupware evaluation and design are often approached from a single perspective, with a technologically-, individually-, or socially-centered focus. A study of Groupware Calendar Systems (GCSs) highlights the need for a synthesis of these multiple perspectives to fully understand the adoption challenges these systems face. First, GCSs often replace existing calendar artifacts, which can impact users' calendaring habits and in turn influence technology adoption decisions. Second, electronic calendars have the potential to easily share contextualized information publicly over the computer network, creating opportunities for peer judgment about time allocation and raising concerns about privacy regulation. However, this situation may also support coordination by allowing others to make useful inferences about one's schedule. Third, the technology and the social environment are in a reciprocal, co-evolutionary relationship: the use context is affected by the constraints and affordances of the technology, and the technology also co-adapts to the environment in important ways. Finally, GCSs, despite being below the horizon of everyday notice, can affect the nature of temporal coordination beyond the expected meeting scheduling practice. %M C.CHI.99.1.25 %T The Design and Evaluation of a High-Performance Soft Keyboard %S Alternatives to QWERTY %A I. Scott MacKenzie %A Shawn X. Zhang %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 25-31 %K Soft keyboards, Mobile systems, Stylus input, Pen input, Linguistic models, Fitts' law, Digraph probabilities %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p25-mackenzie/p25-mackenzie.pdf %X The design and evaluation of a high performance soft keyboard for mobile systems are described. Using a model to predict the upper-bound text entry rate for soft keyboards, we designed a keyboard layout with a predicted upper-bound entry rate of 58.2 wpm. This is about 35% faster than the predicted rate for a QWERTY layout. We compared our design ("OPTI") with a QWERTY layout in a longitudinal evaluation using five participants and 20 45-minute sessions of text entry. Average entry rates for OPTI increased from 17.0 wpm initially to 44.3 wpm at session 20. The average rates exceeded those for the QWERTY layout after the 10th session (about 4 hours of practice). A regression equation (R{squared} = .997) in the form of the power-law of learning predicts that our upper-bound prediction would be reach at about session 50. %M C.CHI.99.1.32 %T Non-Keyboard QWERTY Touch Typing: A Portable Input Interface for the Mobile User %S Alternatives to QWERTY %A Mikael Goldstein %A Robert Book %A Gunilla Alsio %A Silvia Tessa %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 32-39 %K Mobile user, QWERTY, Keyboard, Touch-typing, Text input, Stylus input, PDA, Portability, Wizard-of-Oz, Language model, Lexical knowledge, Syntactic knowledge %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p32-goldstein/p32-goldstein.pdf %X Using traditional mobile input devices results in decreased effectiveness and efficiency. To improve usability issues a portable Non-Keyboard QWERTY touch-typing paradigm that supports the mobile touch-typing user is presented and investigated. It requires negligible training time. Pressure sensors strapped to the fingertips of gloves detect which finger is depressed. A language model based on lexical and syntactic knowledge transforms the depressed finger stroke sequence into real words and sentences. Different mobile input QWERTY paradigms (miniaturised, floating and Non-Keyboard) have been compared with full-size QWERTY. Among the mobile input paradigms, the Non-Keyboard fared significantly better, both regarding character error rate and subjective ratings. %M C.CHI.99.1.40 %T Implications for a Gesture Design Tool %S Alternatives to QWERTY %A Allan Christian Long, Jr. %A James A. Landay %A Lawrence A. Rowe %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 40-47 %K Pen-based user interface, PDA, User study, Gesture, UI design %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p40-long/p40-long.pdf %X Interest in pen-based user interfaces is growing rapidly. One potentially useful feature of pen-based user interfaces is gestures, that is, a mark or stroke that causes a command to execute. Unfortunately, it is difficult to design gestures that are easy 1) for computers to recognize and 2) for humans to learn and remember. To investigate these problems, we built a prototype tool typical fo those used for designing gesture sets. An experiment was then performed to gain insight into the gesture design process and to evaluate this style of tool. The experiment confirmed that gesture design is very difficult and suggested several ways in which current tools can be improved. The most important improvement is to make the tools more active and provide more guidance for designers. This paper describes the gesture design tool, the experiment, and its results. %M C.CHI.99.1.48 %T Object Manipulation in Virtual Environments: Relative Size Matters %S Object Manipulation Studies in Virtual Environments %A Yanclin Wang %A Christine L. MacKenzie %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 48-55 %K Size effect, Human performance, Virtual reality, User interfaces, Input device, Graphic design, 3D, Docking, Controls and displays, Fitts' law %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p48-wang/p48-wang.pdf %X An experiment was conducted to systematically investigate combined effects of controller, cursor and target size on multidimensional object manipulation in a virtual environment. It was found that it was the relative size of controller, cursor and target that significantly affected object transportation and orientation processes. There were significant interactions between controller size and cursor size as well as between cursor size and target size on the total task completion time, transportation time, orientation time and spatial errors. The same size of controller and cursor improved object manipulation speed, and the same size of cursor and target generally facilitated object manipulation accuracy, regardless of their absolute sizes. Implications of these findings for human-computer interaction design are discussed. %M C.CHI.99.1.56 %T Exploring Bimanual Camera Control and Object Manipulation in 3D Graphics Interfaces %S Object Manipulation Studies in Virtual Environments %A Ravin Balakrishnan %A Gordon Kurtenbach %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 56-63 %K Bimanual input, 3D interfaces, Camera control, Interaction techniques, Empirical evaluation %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p56-balakrishnan/p56-balakrishnan.pdf %X We explore the use of the non-dominant hand to control a virtual camera while the dominant hand performs other tasks in a virtual 3D scene. Two experiments and an informal study are presented which evaluate this interaction style by comparing it to the status-quo unimanual interaction. In the first experiment, we find that for a target selection task, performance using the bimanual technique was 20% faster. Experiment 2 compared performance in a more complicated object docking task. Performance advantages are shown, however, only after practice. Free-form 3D painting was explored in the user study. In both experiments and in the user study participants strongly preferred the bimanual technique. The results also indicate that user preferences concerning bimanual interaction may be driven by factors other than simple time-motion performance advantages. %M C.CHI.99.1.64 %T Towards Usable VR: An Empirical Study of User Interfaces for Immersive Virtual Environments %S Object Manipulation Studies in Virtual Environments %A Robert W. Lindeman %A John L. Sibert %A James K. Hahn %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 64-71 %K 3D user interfaces, Bimanual interaction, Virtual environments, Virtual reality, Passive-haptic feedback %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p64-lindeman/p64-lindeman.pdf %X This paper reports empirical results from a study into the use of 2D widgets in 3D immersive virtual environments. Several researchers have proposed the use of 2D interaction techniques in 3D environments, however little empirical work has been done to test the usability of such approaches. We present the results of two experiments conducted on low-level 2D manipulation tasks within an immersive virtual environment. We empirically show that the addition of passive-haptic feedback for use in precise UI manipulation tasks can significantly increase user performance. Furthermore, users prefer interfaces that provide a physical surface, and that allow them to work with interface widgets in the same visual field of view as the objects they are modifying. %M C.CHI.99.1.72 %T Socially Translucent Systems: Social Proxies, Persistent Conversation, and the Design of "Babble" %S Social Foundations and Impacts of HCI %A Thomas Erickson %A David N. Smith %A Wendy A. Kellogg %A Mark Laff %A John T. Richards %A Erin Bradner %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 72-79 %K Conversation, Discourse, Awareness, Social activity, Computer-mediated communication, CMC, IRC, Chat, CSCW, Social computing, Design, Visualization %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p72-erickson/p72-erickson.pdf %X We take as our premise that it is possible and desirable to design systems that support social processes. We describe Loops, a project which takes this approach to supporting computer-mediated communication (CMC) through structural and interactive properties such as persistence and a minimalist graphical representation of users and their activities that we call a social proxy. We discuss a prototype called "Babble" that has been used by our group for over a year, and has been deployed to six other groups at the Watson labs for about two months. We describe usage experiences, lessons learned, and next steps. %M C.CHI.99.1.80 %T The Elements of Computer Credibility %S Social Foundations and Impacts of HCI %A BJ Fogg %A Hsiang Tseng %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 80-87 %K Credibility, Trustworthiness, Expertise, Persuasion, Captology, Trust, Influence, Information quality, Psychology of HCI %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p80-fogg/p80-fogg.pdf %X Given the importance of credibility in computing products, the research on computer credibility is relatively small. To enhance knowledge about computers and credibility, we define key terms relating to computer credibility, synthesize the literature in this domain, and propose three new conceptual frameworks for better understanding the elements of computer credibility. To promote further research, we then offer two perspectives on what computer users evaluate when assessing credibility. We conclude by presenting a set of credibility-related terms that can serve in future research and evaluation endeavors. %M C.CHI.99.1.88 %T A Better Mythology for System Design %S Social Foundations and Impacts of HCI %A Jed Harris %A Austin Henderson %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 88-95 %K System evolution, Accommodation, Mythology, Pliant systems %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p88-harris/p88-harris.pdf %X The past decades have seen huge improvements in computer systems but these have proved difficult to translate into comparable improvements in the usability and social integration) of computers. We believe that the problem is a deeply rooted set of assumptions about how computer systems should be designed, and about who should be doing that design. Human organizations are continually evolving to meet changing circumstances of resource and need. In contrast, computers are quite rigid, incapable of adaptation on their own. Therefore when computer systems are incorporated into human organizations, those organizations must adapt the computers to changing circumstances. This adaptation is another human activity that technology should support, but our design philosophies are oddly silent about it. This paper explores the origins of these problems in the norms developed for managing human organizations, proposes partial solutions that can be implemented with current systems technology, and speculates about the long-term potential for radical improvements in system design. %M C.CHI.99.1.96 %T Nomadic Radio: Scaleable and Contextual Notification for Wearable Audio Messaging %S Wearable and Tangible Audio %A Nitin Sawhney %A Chris Schmandt %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 96-103 %K Auditory I/O, Passive awareness, Wearable computing, Adaptive interfaces, Interruptions, Notifications %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p96-sawhney/p96-sawhney.pdf %X Mobile workers need seamless access to communication and information services on portable devices. However current solutions overwhelm users with intrusive and ambiguous notifications. In this paper, we describe scaleable auditory techniques and a contextual notification model for providing timely information, while minimizing interruptions. User's actions influence local adaptation in the model. These techniques are demonstrated in Nomadic Radio, an audio-only wearable computing platform. %M C.CHI.99.1.104 %T Tangible Progress: Less is More in Somewire Audio Spaces %S Wearable and Tangible Audio %A Andrew Singer %A Debby Hindus %A Lisa Stifelman %A Sean White %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 104-111 %K Audio, Speech interactions, Mediated communication, Computer-mediated communication, CMC, User interfaces, Representations, Media space, Audio space, Audio-only, Tangible interactions, Active objects, Design guidelines %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p104-singer/p104-singer.pdf %X We developed four widely different interfaces for users of Somewire, a prototype audio-only media space. We informally studied users' experiences with the two screen-based interfaces. We prototyped a non-screen-based interface as an example of a novel tangible interface for a communication system. We explored the conflict between privacy and simplicity of representation, and identified two unresolved topics: the role of audio quality and the prospects for scaling audio spaces beyond a single workgroup. Finally, we formulated a set of design guidelines for control and representation in audio spaces, as follows: GUIs are not well-suited to audio spaces, users do not require control over localization or other audio attributes, and awareness of other users' presence is desirable. %M C.CHI.99.1.112 %T Whisper: A Wristwatch Style Wearable Handset %S Wearable and Tangible Audio %A Masaaki Fukumoto %A Yoshinobu Tonomura %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 112-119 %K Handset, Wearable computer, PDA, Cellular phone, Interface device, Whisper, UbiButton %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p112-fukumoto/p112-fukumoto.pdf %X "Whisper" is a new wrist-worn handset, which is used by inserting the fingertip into the ear canal. A received signal is conveyed from a wrist-mounted actuator to the ear canal via the hand and a finger by bone conduction. The user's voice is captured by a microphone mounted on the inside of the wrist. All components of Whisper can be mounted on the wrist, and usability does not decrease if the size of components is miniaturized. So, both wearability and usability can be achieved together. The way Whisper is operated is similar to that of an ordinary telephone handset. Thus, onlookers may not look upon Whisper's operation as "talking to oneself", even if the associated PDA is controlled by voice commands. Whisper is especially effective in a noisy environment. Signals received via bone conduction can be heard clearly in the presence of noise without raising the volume (-12 dB at noise = 90 dB(A) in comparison to cellular phone handset). Whisper is also effective in avoiding the annoying problem of the user's voice being raised in a noisy situation. Feedback of the user's utterance is boosted by bone conduction when covering the ear canal with a fingertip, then the user's voice does not need to raised in the presence of noise (-6 dB at noise = 90 dB(A) in comparison to cellular phone handset). Whisper is useful as a voice interface for a wrist-worn PDA and cellular phone. %M C.CHI.99.1.120 %T i-LAND: An Interactive Landscape for Creativity and Innovation %S Collaborative and Multimedia Systems %A Norbert A. Streitz %A Jorg Geissler %A Torsten Holmer %A Shin'ichi Konomi %A Christian Muller-Tomfelde %A Wolfgang Reischl %A Petra Rexroth %A Peter Seitz %A Ralf Steinmetz %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 120-127 %K Integrated design, Interactive landscape, Architectural space, Virtual information space, Augmented reality, Ubiquitous computing, Roomware, Cooperative rooms, Creativity support, Dynamic team work, CSCW, Workspaces of the future %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p120-streitz/p120-streitz.pdf %X We describe the i-LAND environment which constitutes an example of our vision of the workspaces of the future, in this case supporting cooperative work of dynamic teams with changing needs. i-LAND requires and provides new forms of human-computer interaction and new forms of computer-supported cooperative work. Its design is based on an integration of information and architectural spaces, implications of new work practices and an empirical requirements study informing our design. i-LAND consists of several 'roomware' components, i.e. computer-augmented objects integrating room elements with information technology. We present the current realization of i-LAND in terms of an interactive electronic wall, an interactive table, two computer-enhanced chairs, and two "bridges" for the Passage-mechanism. This is complemented by the description of the creativity support application and the technological infrastructure. The paper is accompanied by a video figure in the CHI'99 video program. %M C.CHI.99.1.128 %T Logjam: A Tangible Multi-Person Interface for Video Logging %S Collaborative and Multimedia Systems %A Jonathan Cohen %A Meg Withgott %A Philippe Piernot %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 128-135 %K Tangible user interfaces, TUI, CSCW, Video ethnography, Video logging, User experience, 2D sensing/tracking %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p128-cohen/p128-cohen.pdf %X This paper describes the evolution, implementation, and use of logjam, a system for video logging. The system features a game-board that senses the location and identities of pieces placed upon it. The board is the interface that enables a group of people to log video footage together. We report on some of the surprising physical and social dynamics that we have observed in multi-person logging sessions using the system. %M C.CHI.99.1.136 %T Time-Compression: Systems Concerns, Usage, and Benefits %S Collaborative and Multimedia Systems %A Nosa Omoigui %A Liwei He %A Anoop Gupta %A Jonathan Grudin %A Elizabeth Sanocki %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 136-143 %K Time-compression, Video browsing, Multimedia, Latency, Compression granularity, Compression rate %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p136-omoigui/p136-omoigui.pdf %X With the proliferation of online multimedia content and the popularity of multimedia streaming systems, it is increasingly useful to be able to skim and browse multimedia quickly. A key technique that enables quick browsing of multimedia is time-compression. Prior research has described how speech can be time-compressed (shortened in duration) while preserving the pitch of the audio. However, client-server systems providing this functionality have not been available. In this paper, we first describe the key tradeoffs faced by designers of streaming multimedia systems deploying time-compression. The implementation tradeoffs primarily impact the granularity of time-compression supported (discrete vs. continuous) and the latency (wait-time) experienced by users after adjusting degree of time-compression. We report results of user studies showing impact of these factors on the average-compression-rate achieved. We also present data on the usage patterns and benefits of time compression. Overall, we show significant time-savings for users and that considerable flexibility is available to the designers of client-server streaming systems with time compression. %M C.CHI.99.1.144 %T SWEETPEA: Software Tools for Programmable Embodied Agents %S Characters and Agents %A Michael Kaminsky %A Paul Dourish %A W. Keith Edwards %A Anthony LaMarca %A Michael Salisbury %A Ian Smith %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 144-151 %K Interaction hardware, Tangible media, Augmented reality, ActiMates Barney, Mattel Talk-With-Me Barbie %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p144-kaminsky/p144-kaminsky.pdf %X Programmable Embodied Agents are portable, wireless, interactive devices embodying specific, differentiable, interactive characteristics. They take the form of identifiable characters who reside in the physical world and interact directly with users. They can act as an out-of-band communication channel between users, as proxies for system components or other users, or in a variety of other roles. Traditionally, research into such devices has been based on costly custom hardware. In this paper, we report on our explorations of the space of physical character-based interfaces built on recently available stock consumer hardware platforms, structured around an initial framework of applications. %M C.CHI.99.1.152 %T Sympathetic Interfaces: Using a Plush Toy to Direct Synthetic Characters %S Characters and Agents %A Michael Patrick Johnson %A Andrew Wilson %A Bruce Blumberg %A Christopher Kline %A Aaron Bobick %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 152-158 %K Sympathetic interface, Plush toy, Synthetic characters, Physically-based interface, Virtual worlds %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p152-johnson/p152-johnson.pdf %X We introduce the concept of a sympathetic interface for controlling an animated synthetic character in a 3D virtual environment. A plush doll embedded with wireless sensors is used to manipulate the virtual character in an iconic and intentional manner. The interface extends from the novel physical input device through interpretation of sensor data to the behavioral "brain" of the virtual character. We discuss the design of the interface and focus on its latest instantiation in the Swamped! exhibit at SIGGRAPH '98. We also present what we learned from hundreds of casual users, who ranged from young children to adults. %M C.CHI.99.1.159 %T Principles of Mixed-Initiative User Interfaces %S Characters and Agents %A Eric Horvitz %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 159-166 %K Intelligent agents, Direct manipulation, User modeling, Probability, Decision theory, UI design %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p159-horvitz/p159-horvitz.pdf %X Recent debate has centered on the relative promise of focusing user-interface research on developing new metaphors and tools that enhance users' abilities to directly manipulate objects versus directing effort toward developing interface agents that provide automation. In this paper, we review principles that show promise for allowing engineers to enhance human-computer interaction through an elegant coupling of automated services with direct manipulation. Key ideas will be highlighted in terms of the LookOut system for scheduling and meeting management. %M C.CHI.99.1.167 %T An Exploration into Supporting Artwork Orientation in the User Interface %S Progress in Drawing and CAD %A George W. Fitzmaurice %A Ravin Balakrishnan %A Gordon Kurtenbach %A Bill Buxton %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 167-174 %K Rotating user interfaces, RUI, Pen-based computers, GUI toolkits, Tablets, LCDs, Two-handed input %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p167-fitzmaurice/p167-fitzmaurice.pdf %X Rotating a piece of paper while drawing is an integral and almost subconscious part of drawing with pencil and paper. In a similar manner, the advent of lightweight pen-based computers allow digital artwork to be rotated while drawing by rotating the entire computer. Given this type of manipulation we explore the implications for the user interface to support artwork orientation. First we describe an exploratory study to further motivate our work and characterize how artwork is manipulated while drawing. After presenting some possible UI approaches to support artwork orientation, we define a new solution called a rotating user interface (RUIs). We then discuss design issues and requirements for RUIs based on our exploratory study. %M C.CHI.99.1.175 %T An Alternative Way of Drawing %S Progress in Drawing and CAD %A Roope Raisamo %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 175-182 %K Drawing programs, Direct manipulation, Two-handed interaction, Interaction techniques, Sculpting %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p175-raisamo/p175-raisamo.pdf %X Current object-oriented drawing programs have an established way of drawing in which the shape of an object is controlled by manipulating control points. While the control points are intuitive in their basic use, it is not clear whether they make more complex drawing tasks manageable for the average user. In this paper we describe an alternative way of drawing and editing a drawing using new direct manipulation tools. Our approach resembles sculpting in two dimensions: the user begins with a large block and uses different tools to give it the desired shape. We also present a user evaluation in which the users could try our new tools and compare them to their previous experience of control points. The users claimed to understand the operations better with our tools than if they had needed to use curves and control points. However, our tools were better suited for sketching the artwork than for making very detailed drawings. %M C.CHI.99.1.183 %T The Strategic Use of CAD: An Empirically Inspired, Theory-Based Course %S Progress in Drawing and CAD %A Suresh K. Bhavnani %A Bonnie E. John %A Ulrich Flemming %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 183-190 %K CAD, Strategy, Training, GOMS, Learning, Efficiency %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p183-bhavnani/p183-bhavnani.pdf %X The inefficient use of complex computer systems has been widely reported. These studies show the persistence of inefficient methods despite many years of experience and formal training. To counteract this phenomenon, we present the design of a new course, called the Strategic Use of CAD. The course aims at teaching students efficient strategies to use a computer-aided drafting system through a two-pronged approach. Learning to See teaches students to recognize opportunities to use efficient strategies by studying the nature of the task, and Learning to Do teaches students to implement the strategies. Results from a pilot experiment show that this approach had a positive effect on the strategic behavior of students who did not exhibit knowledge of efficient strategies before the class, and had no effect on the strategic behavior of those who did. Strategic training can thus assist users in recognizing opportunities to use efficient strategies. We present the ramifications of these results on the design of training and future experiments. %M C.CHI.99.1.191 %T Implementing Interface Attachments Based on Surface Representations %S Programming Techniques and Issues %A Dan R. Olsen, Jr. %A Scott E. Hudson %A Thom Verratti %A Jeremy M. Heiner %A Matt Phelps %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 191-198 %K User interface architectures, Observational attachments, Surface representations, Linking and embedding %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p191-olsen/p191-olsen.pdf %X This paper describes an architecture for supporting interface attachments -- small interactive programs which are designed to augment the functionality of other applications. This architecture is designed to work with a diverse set of conventional applications, but require only a minimal set of "hooks" into those applications. In order to achieve this, the work described here concentrates on what we will call observational attachments, a subclass of attachments that operate primarily by observing and manipulating the surface representations of applications -- that is the visual information that applications would normally display on the screen or print. These attachments can be thought of as "looking" over the shoulder of the user" to assist with various tasks. By requiring very little modification to, or help from, the applications they augment, this approach supports the creation of a set of uniform services that can be applied across a more diverse set of applications than traditional approaches. %M C.CHI.99.1.199 %T A Visual Medium for Programmatic Control of Interactive Applications %S Programming Techniques and Issues %A Luke S. Zettlemoyer %A Robert St. Amant %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 199-206 %K Interaction techniques, Agents, Demonstrational interfaces, Development tools %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p199-zettlemoyer/p199-zettlemoyer.pdf %X The VisMap system provides for "visual manipulation" of arbitrary off-the-shelf applications, through an application's graphical user interface. VisMap's API-independent control has advantages for tasks that can benefit from direct access to the functions of the user interface. We describe the design goals and architecture of the system, and we discuss two applications, a user-controlled visual scripting program and an autonomous solitaire-playing program, which together demonstrate some of the capabilities and limitations of the approach. %M C.CHI.99.1.207 %T Should We Leverage Natural-Language Knowledge? An Analysis of User Errors in a Natural-Language-Style Programming Language %S Programming Techniques and Issues %A Amy Bruckman %A Elizabeth Edwards %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 207-214 %K Natural language, Novice programming, Programming language design, End-user programming %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p207-bruckman/p207-bruckman.pdf %X Should programming languages use natural-language-like syntax? Under what circumstances? What sorts of errors do novice programmers make? Does using a natural-language-like programming language lead to user errors? In this study, we read the entire online interactions of sixteen children who issued a total of 35,047 commands on MOOSE Crossing, an educational MUD for children, We counted and categorized the errors made. A total of 2,970 errors were observed. We define "natural-language errors" as those errors in which the user failed to distinguish between English and code, issuing an incorrect command that was more English-like than the correct one. A total of 314 natural-language errors were observed. In most of those errors, the child was able to correct the problem either easily (41.1% of the time) or with some effort (20.7%). Natural-language errors were divided into five categories. In order from most to least frequent, they are: syntax errors, guessing a command name by supplying an arbitrary English word, literal interpretation of metaphor, assuming the system is keeping more state information than is actually the case, and errors of operator precedence and combination. We believe that these error rates are within acceptable limits, and conclude that leveraging users' natural-language knowledge is for many applications an effective strategy for designing end-user-programming languages. %M C.CHI.99.1.215 %T Testing Pointing Device Performance and User Assessment with the ISO 9241, Part 9 Standard %S Touching, Pointing, and Choosing %A Sarah A. Douglas %A Arthur E. Kirkpatrick %A I. Scott MacKenzie %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 215-222 %K Pointing devices, Ergonomic evaluation, ISO 9241 standard, Isometric joystick, Touchpad, Fitts' law %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p215-douglas/p215-douglas.pdf %X The ISO 9241, Part 9 Draft International Standard for testing computer pointing devices proposes an evaluation of performance and comfort. In this paper we evaluate the scientific validity and practicality of these dimensions for two pointing devices for laptop computers, a finger-controlled isometric joystick and a touchpad. Using a between-subjects design, evaluation of performance using the measure of throughput was done for one-direction and multi-directional pointing and selecting. Results show a significant difference in throughput for the multi-directional task, with the joystick 27% higher; results from the one-direction task were non-significant. After the experiment, participants rated the device for comfort, including operation, fatigue, and usability. The questionnaire showed no overall difference in the responses, and a significant statistical difference in only the question concerning force required to operate the device -- the joystick requiring slightly more force. The paper concludes with a discussion of problems in implementing the ISO standard and recommendations for improvement. %M C.CHI.99.1.223 %T Touch-Sensing Input Devices %S Touching, Pointing, and Choosing %A Ken Hinckley %A Mike Sinclair %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 223-230 %K Input devices, Interaction techniques, Sensor technologies, Haptic input, Tactile input, Touch-sensing devices %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p223-hinckley/p223-hinckley.pdf %X We can touch things, and our senses tell us when our hands are touching something. But most computer input devices cannot detect when the user touches or releases the device or some portion of the device. Thus, adding touch sensors to input devices offers many possibilities for novel interaction techniques. We demonstrate the TouchTrackball and the Scrolling TouchMouse, which use unobtrusive capacitance sensors to detect contact from the user's hand without requiring pressure or mechanical actuation of a switch. We further demonstrate how the capabilities of these devices can be matched to an implicit interaction technique, the On-Demand Interface, which uses the passive information captured by touch sensors to fade in or fade out portions of a display depending on what the user is doing; a second technique uses explicit, intentional interaction with touch sensors for enhanced scrolling. We present our new devices in the context of a simple taxonomy of tactile input technologies. Finally, we discuss the properties of touch-sensing as an input channel in general. %M C.CHI.99.1.231 %T The Hotbox: Efficient Access to a Large Number of Menu-Items %S Touching, Pointing, and Choosing %A Gordon Kurtenbach %A George W. Fitzmaurice %A Russell N. Owen %A Thomas Baudel %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 231-237 %K Menus access, Menubars, Two-handed input, Transparency, Marking menus %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p231-kurtenbach/p231-kurtenbach.pdf %X The proliferation of multiple toolbars and UI widgets around the perimeter of application windows is an indication that the traditional GUI design of a single menubar is not sufficient to support large scale applications with numerous functions. In this paper we describe a new widget which is an enhancement of the traditional menubar which dramatically increases menu-item capacity. This widget, called the "Hotbox" combines several GUI techniques which are generally used independently: accelerator keys, modal dialogs, pop-up/pull down menus, radial menus, marking menus and menubars. These techniques are fitted together to create a single, easy to learn yet fast to operate GUI widget which can handle significantly more menu-items than the traditional GUI menubar. We describe the design rationale of the Hotbox and its effectiveness in a large scale commercial application. While the Hotbox was developed for a particular application domain, the widget itself and the design rationale are potentially useful in other domains. %M C.CHI.99.1.238 %T Combining Observations of Intentional and Unintentional Behaviors for Human-Computer Interaction %S Gaze and Purpose %A Yoshinori Kuno %A Tomoyuki Ishiyama %A Satoru Nakanishi %A Yoshiaki Shirai %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 238-245 %K Vision-based interface, Gesture-based interface, Wheelchair, Face direction, Intention %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p238-kuno/p238-kuno.pdf %X Human interfaces are usually designed to respond only to intentional human behaviors. However, humans show unintentional behaviors as well. They can convey useful information to realize user-friendly human interfaces. This paper presents how to combine observations of both types of behaviors by taking two human-machine systems: a gesture-based interface and an intelligent wheelchair. In the first system, intentional hand gestures are chosen using unintentional behaviors. In the second system, near unintentional behaviors following intentional behaviors can be used to control the wheelchair motion. Experimental systems working in real time have been developed. Operational experiments prove our approach promising. %M C.CHI.99.1.246 %T Manual and Gaze Input Cascaded (MAGIC) Pointing %S Gaze and Purpose %A Shumin Zhai %A Carlos Morimoto %A Steven Ihde %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 246-253 %K Gaze, Eye, Computer input, Eye tracking, Gaze tracking, Pointing, Multi-modal interface, Fitts' law, Computer vision %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p246-zhai/p246-zhai.pdf %X This work explores a new direction in utilizing eye gaze for computer input. Gaze tracking has long been considered as an alternative or potentially superior pointing method for computer input. We believe that many fundamental limitations exist with traditional gaze pointing. In particular, it is unnatural to overload a perceptual channel such as vision with a motor control task. We therefore propose an alternative approach, dubbed MAGIC (Manual And Gaze Input Cascaded) pointing. With such an approach, pointing appears to the user to be a manual task, used for fine manipulation and selection. However, a large portion of the cursor movement is eliminated by warping the cursor to the eye gaze area, which encompasses the target. Two specific MAGIC pointing techniques, one conservative and one liberal, were designed, analyzed, and implemented with an eye tracker we developed. They were then tested in a pilot study. This early-stage exploration showed that the MAGIC pointing techniques might offer many advantages, including reduced physical effort and fatigue as compared to traditional manual pointing, greater accuracy and naturalness than traditional gaze pointing, and possibly faster speed than manual pointing. The pros and cons of the two techniques are discussed in light of both performance data and subjective reports. %M C.CHI.99.1.254 %T Inferring Intent in Eye-Based Interfaces: Tracing Eye Movements with Process Models %S Gaze and Purpose %A Dario D. Salvucci %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 254-261 %K Eye movements, Eye-based interfaces, Tracing, Hidden Markov models, User models, Cognitive models %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p254-salvucci/p254-salvucci.pdf %X While current eye-based interfaces offer enormous potential for efficient human-computer interaction, they also manifest the difficulty of inferring intent from user eye movements. This paper describes how fixation tracing facilitates the interpretation of eye movements and improves the flexibility and usability of eye-based interfaces. Fixation tracing uses hidden Markov models to map user actions to the sequential predictions of a cognitive process model. In a study of eye typing, results show that fixation tracing generates significantly more accurate interpretations than simpler methods and allows for more flexibility in designing usable interfaces. Implications for future research in eye-based interfaces and multimodal interfaces are discussed. %M C.CHI.99.1.262 %T Direct Combination %S Foundations for Navigation %A Simon Holland %A Daniel Oppenheim %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 262-269 %K Interaction technique, Interaction styles, Interaction design, Navigating large operator spaces, Novel interaction objects, N-tuples, Creating new operations, Interaction theory %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p262-holland/p262-holland.pdf %X This paper reports on Direct Combination, a new user interaction technique. Direct Combination may be viewed variously as: a systematic extension to Direct Manipulation; a concise navigational framework to help users find the operations they need; and as a framework to make a greater range and variety of operations available to the user, without overburdening user or interface designer. While Direct Combination may be seen as an extension of Direct Manipulation, it may also be applied to a wide range of user interaction styles, including even command line interfaces. Examples from various hypothetical systems and from an implemented system are presented. This paper argues that Direct Combination is applicable not just to problem seeking or design oriented domains (where the technique originated) but is generally applicable. A variety of new interaction styles for Direct Combination are presented. The generalisation of Direct Combination to the n-dimensional case is presented. %M C.CHI.99.1.270 %T Footprints: History-Rich Tools for Information Foraging %S Foundations for Navigation %A Alan Wexelblat %A Pattie Maes %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 270-277 %K Information navigation, Information foraging, Interaction history, web browsing %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p270-wexelblat/p270-wexelblat.pdf %X Inspired by Hill and Hollan's original work [7], we have been developing a theory of interaction history and building tools to apply this theory to navigation in a complex information space. We have built a series of tools -- map, paths, annotations and signposts -- based on a physical-world navigation metaphor. These tools have been in use for over a year. Our user study involved a controlled browse task and showed that users were able to get the same amount of work done with significantly less effort. %M C.CHI.99.1.278 %T Design Guidelines for Landmarks to Support Navigation in Virtual Environments %S Foundations for Navigation %A Norman G. Vinson %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 278-285 %K Guidelines, Navigation, Wayfinding, Landmarks, Virtual reality, Virtual environments %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p278-vinson/p278-vinson.pdf %X Unfamiliar, large-scale virtual environments are difficult to navigate. This paper presents design guidelines to ease navigation in such virtual environments. The guidelines presented here focus on the design and placement of landmarks in virtual environments. Moreover, the guidelines are based primarily on the extensive empirical literature on navigation in the real world. A rationale for this approach is provided by the similarities between navigational behavior in real and virtual environments. %M C.CHI.99.1.286 %T Single Display Groupware: A Model for Co-Present Collaboration %S Working with People Near and Far %A Jason Stewart %A Benjamin B. Bederson %A Allison Druin %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 286-293 %K CSCW, Single display groupware, Children, Educational applications, Input devices, Pad++, KidPad %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p286-stewart/p286-stewart.pdf %X We introduce a model for supporting collaborative work between people that are physically close to each other. We call this model Single Display Groupware (SDG). In this paper, we describe the model, comparing it to more traditional remote collaboration. We describe the requirements that SDG places on computer technology, and our understanding of the benefits and costs of SDG systems. Finally, we describe a prototype SDG system that we built and the results of a usability test we ran with 60 elementary school children. %M C.CHI.99.1.294 %T The GAZE Groupware System: Mediating Joint Attention in Multiparty Communication and Collaboration %S Working with People Near and Far %A Roel Vertegaal %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 294-301 %K CSCW, Multiparty videoconferencing, Awareness, Attention, Gaze direction, Eyetracking, VRML 2 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p294-vertegaal/p294-vertegaal.pdf %X In this paper, we discuss why, in designing multiparty mediated systems, we should focus first on providing non-verbal cues which are less redundantly coded in speech than those normally conveyed by video. We show how conveying one such cue, gaze direction, may solve two problems in multiparty mediated communication and collaboration: knowing who is talking to whom, and who is talking about what. As a candidate solution, we present the GAZE Groupware System, which combines support for gaze awareness in multiparty mediated communication and collaboration with small and linear bandwidth requirements. The system uses an advanced, desk-mounted eyetracker to metaphorically convey gaze awareness in a 3D virtual meeting room and within shared documents. %M C.CHI.99.1.302 %T Video Helps Remote Work: Speakers Who Need to Negotiate Common Ground Benefit from Seeing Each Other %S Working with People Near and Far %A Elizabeth S. Veinott %A Judith Olson %A Gary M. Olson %A Xiaolan Fu %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 302-309 %K Video-mediated communication, Remote work, Common ground, Communication, Negotiation %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p302-veinott/p302-veinott.pdf %X More and more organizations are forming teams that are not co-located. These teams communicate via email, fax, telephone and audio conferences, and sometimes video. The question often arises whether the cost of video is worth it. Previous research has shown that video makes people more satisfied with the work, but it doesn't help the quality of the work itself. There is one exception; negotiation tasks are measurably better with video. In this study, we show that the same effect holds for a more subtle form of negotiation, when people have to negotiate meaning in a conversation. We compared the performance and communication of people explaining a map route to each other. Half the pairs have video and audio connections, half only audio. Half of the pairs were native speakers of English; the other half were non-native speakers, those presumably who have to negotiate meaning more. The results showed that non-native speaker pairs did benefit from the video; native speakers did not. Detailed analysis of the conversational strategies showed that with video, the non-native speaker pairs spent proportionately more effort negotiating common ground. %M C.CHI.99.1.310 %T Designing Multimedia for Learning: Narrative Guidance and Narrative Construction %S Stories and Narratives %A Lydia Plowman %A Rosemary Luckin %A Diana Laurillard %A Matthew Stratfold %A Josie Taylor %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 310-317 %K Narrative, Multimedia design, Education %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p310-plowman/p310-plowman.pdf %X Narrative is fundamental to the ways we make sense of texts of all kinds because it provides structure and coherence, but it is difficult to see how this works in the context of multimedia interactive learning environments (MILEs). We tested our hypotheses about the form and function of narrative in MILEs by developing three versions of material on CD-ROM which had different narrative structures and analysed the impact of the different versions on learner behaviour. We present a theoretical framework in which we explain the concepts of narrative guidance and narrative construction and their application to the design of MILEs. %M C.CHI.99.1.318 %T Interactive 3D Sound Hyperstories for Blind Children %S Stories and Narratives %A Mauricio Lumbreras %A Jaime Sanchez %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 318-325 %K Virtual acoustic environment, Space representation, Blind children, Audio-based navigation, Hyperstory, 3D sound, Audio interface %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p318-lumbreras/p318-lumbreras.pdf %X Interactive software is currently used for learning and entertainment purposes. This type of software is not very common among blind children because most computer games and electronic toys do not have appropriate interfaces to be accessible without visual cues. This study introduces the idea of interactive hyperstories carried out in a 3D acoustic virtual world for blind children. We have conceptualized a model to design hyperstories. Through AudioDoom we have an application that enables testing cognitive tasks with blind children. The main research question underlying this work explores how audio-based entertainment and spatial sound navigable experiences can create cognitive spatial structures in the minds of blind children. AudioDoom presents first person experiences through exploration of interactive virtual worlds by using only 3D aural representations of the space. %M C.CHI.99.1.326 %T Designing PETS: A Personal Electronic Teller of Stories %S Video: Stories and Narratives %A Allison Druin %A Jaime Montemayor %A Jim Handler %A Britt McAlister %A Angela Boltman %A Eric Fiterman %A Aurelie Plaisant %A Alex Kruskal %A Hanne Olsen %A Isabella Revett %A Thomas Plaisant Schwenn %A Lauren Sumida %A Rebecca Wagner %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 326-329 %K Children, Design techniques, Educational applications, Cooperative inquiry, Intergenerational design team, PETS, Robotics %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p326-druin/p326-druin.pdf %X We have begun the development of a new robotic pet that can support children in the storytelling process. Children can build their own pet by snapping together the modular animal parts of the PETS robot. After their pet is built, children can tell stories using the My Pets software. These stories can then be acted out by their robotic pet. This video paper describes the motivation for this research and the design process of our intergenerational design team in building the first PETS prototypes. We will discuss our progress to date and our focus for the future. %M C.CHI.99.1.330 %T Visual Profiles: A Critical Component of Universal Access %S Profiles, Notes, and Surfaces %A Julie A. Jacko %A Max A. Dixon %A Robert H. Rosa, Jr. %A Ingrid U. Scott %A Charles J. Pappas %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 330-337 %K Universal access, Low vision, Visual icons, Disabilities %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p330-jacko/p330-jacko.pdf %X This research focuses on characterizing visually impaired computer users' performance on graphical user interfaces by linking clinical assessments of low vision with visual icon identification. This was accomplished by evaluating user performance on basic identification and selection tasks within a graphical user interface, comparing partially sighted user performance with fully sighted user performance, and linking task performance to specific profiles of visual impairment. Results indicate that visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field and color perception were significant predictors of task performance. In addition, icon size and background color significantly influenced performance. Suggestions for future research are provided. %M C.CHI.99.1.338 %T NotePals: Lightweight Note Sharing by the Group, for the Group %S Profiles, Notes, and Surfaces %A Richard C. Davis %A James A. Landay %A Victor Chen %A Jonathan Huang %A Rebecca B. Lee %A Francis C. Li %A James Lin %A Charles B. Morrey, III %A Ben Schleimer %A Morgan N. Price %A Bill N. Schilit %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 338-345 %K CSCW, PDA, Pen-based user interface, Digital ink, Mobile computing, Informal user interfaces, NotePals %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p338-davis/p338-davis.pdf %X NotePals is a lightweight note sharing system that gives group members easy access to each other's experiences through their personal notes. The system allows notes taken by group members in any context to be uploaded to a shared repository. Group members view these notes with browsers that allow them to retrieve all notes taken in a given context or to access notes from other related notes or documents. This is possible because NotePals records the context in which each note is created (e.g., its author, subject, and creation time). The system is "lightweight" because it fits easily into group members' regular note-taking practices, and uses informal, ink-based user interfaces that run on portable, inexpensive hardware. In this paper we describe NotePals, show how we have used it to share our notes, and present our evaluations of the system. %M C.CHI.99.1.346 %T Flatland: New Dimensions in Office Whiteboards %S Profiles, Notes, and Surfaces %A Elizabeth D. Mynatt %A W. Keith Edwards %A Anthony LaMarca %A Takeo Igarashi %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 346-353 %K Pen-based computing, Whiteboards, Ubiquitous computing, Light-weight interaction, Flatland %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p346-mynatt/p346-mynatt.pdf %X Flatland is an augmented whiteboard interface designed for informal office work. Our research investigates approaches to building an augmented whiteboard in the context of continuous, long term office use. In particular, we pursued three avenues of research based on input from user studies: techniques for the management of space on the board, the ability to flexibly apply behaviors to support varied application semantics, and mechanisms for managing history on the board. Unlike some previously reported whiteboard systems, our design choices have been influenced by a desire to support long-term, informal use in an individual office setting. %M C.CHI.99.1.354 %T Palette: A Paper Interface for Giving Presentations %S Tagging and Tracking Objects in Physical UIs %A Les Nelson %A Satoshi Ichimura %A Elin Ronby Pedersen %A Lia Adams %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 354-361 %K Paper interfaces, Presentation appliance, Interaction design, Physically embodied interfaces, Tacit interaction %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p354-nelson/p354-nelson.pdf %X The Palette is a digital appliance designed for intuitive control of electronic slide shows. Current interfaces demand too much of our attention to permit effective computer use in situations where we can not give the technology our fullest concentration. The Palette uses index cards that are printed with slide content that is easily identified by both humans and computers. The presenter controls the presentation by directly manipulating the cards. The Palette design is based on our observation of presentations given in a real work setting. Our experiences using the system are described, including new practices (e.g., collaborative presentation, enhanced notetaking) that arise from the affordances of this new approach. This system is an example of a new interaction paradigm called tacit interaction that supports users who can spare very little attention to a computer interface. %M C.CHI.99.1.362 %T TouchCounters: Designing Interactive Electronic Labels for Physical Containers %S Tagging and Tracking Objects in Physical UIs %A Paul Yarin %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 362-369 %K Tangible interfaces, Ubiquitous computing, Distributed sensing, Visualization %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p362-yarin/p362-yarin.pdf %X We present TouchCounters, an integrated system of electronic modules, physical storage containers, and shelving surfaces for the support of collaborative physical work. Through physical sensors and local displays, TouchCounters record and display usage history information upon physical storage containers, thus allowing access to this information during the performance of real-world tasks. A distributed communications network allows this data to be exchanged with a server, such that users can access this information from remote locations as well. Based upon prior work in ubiquitous computing and tangible interfaces, TouchCounters incorporate new techniques, including usage history tracking for physical objects and multi-display visualization. This paper describes the components, interactions, implementation, and conceptual approach of the TouchCounters system. %M C.CHI.99.1.370 %T Bridging Physical and Virtual Worlds with Electronic Tags %S Tagging and Tracking Objects in Physical UIs %A Roy Want %A Kenneth P. Fishkin %A Anuj Gujar %A Beverly L. Harrison %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 370-377 %K RFID tag, Portable computers, Wireless networks, Ubiquitous computing, Tangible interface, Phicon, Augmented reality %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p370-want/p370-want.pdf %X The role of computers in the modern office has divided our activities between virtual interactions in the realm of the computer and physical interactions with real objects within the traditional office infrastructure. This paper extends previous work that has attempted to bridge this gap, to connect physical objects with virtual representations or computational functionality, via various types of tags. We discuss a variety of scenarios we have implemented using a novel combination of inexpensive, unobtrusive and easy to use RFID tags, tag readers, portable computers and wireless networking. This novel combination demonstrates the utility of invisibly, seamlessly and portably linking physical objects to networked electronic services and actions that are naturally associated with their form. %M C.CHI.99.1.378 %T Augmented Surfaces: A Spatially Continuous Work Space for Hybrid Computing Environments %S Augmented Surfaces %A Jun Rekimoto %A Masanori Saitoh %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 378-385 %K Multiple device user interfaces, Table-sized displays, Wall-sized displays, Portable computers, Ubiquitous computing, Architectural media, Physical space, Augmented reality %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p378-rekimoto/p378-rekimoto.pdf %X This paper describes our design and implementation of a computer augmented environment that allows users to smoothly interchange digital information among their portable computers, table and wall displays, and other physical objects. Supported by a camera-based object recognition system, users can easily integrate their portable computers with the pre-installed ones in the environment. Users can use displays projected on tables and walls as a spatially continuous extension of their portable computers. Using an interaction technique called hyperdragging, users can transfer information from one computer to another, by only knowing the physical relationship between them. We also provide a mechanism for attaching digital data to physical objects, such as a videotape or a document folder, to link physical and digital spaces. %M C.CHI.99.1.386 %T Urp: A Luminous-Tangible Workbench for Urban Planning and Design %S Augmented Surfaces %A John Underkoffler %A Hiroshi Ishii %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 386-393 %K Urban design, Urban planning, Architectural simulation, Luminous-tangible interface, Direct manipulation, Augmented reality, Prototyping tool, Interactive projection, Tangible bits %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p386-underkoffler/p386-underkoffler.pdf %X We introduce a system for urban planning -- called Urp -- that integrates functions addressing a broad range of the field's concerns into a single, physically based workbench setting. The I/O Bulb infrastructure on which the application is based allows physical architectural models placed on an ordinary table surface to cast shadows accurate for arbitrary times of day; to throw reflections off glass facade surfaces; to affect a real-time and visually coincident simulation of pedestrian-level windflow; and so on. We then use comparisons among Urp and several earlier I/O Bulb applications as the basis for an understanding of luminous-tangible interactions, which result whenever an interface distributes meaning and functionality between physical objects and visual information projectively coupled to those objects. Finally, we briefly discuss two issues common to all such systems, offering them as informal thought-tools for the design and analysis of luminous-tangible interfaces. %M C.CHI.99.1.394 %T PingPongPlus: Design of an Athletic-Tangible Interface for Computer-Supported Cooperative Play %S Augmented Surfaces %A Hiroshi Ishii %A Craig Wisneski %A Julian Orbanes %A Ben Chun %A Joe Paradiso %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 394-401 %K Tangible interface, Enhanced reality, Augmented reality, Interactive surface, Athletic interaction, Kinesthetic interaction, Computer-supported cooperative play %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p394-ishii/p394-ishii.pdf %X This paper introduces a novel interface for digitally-augmented cooperative play. We present the concept of the "athletic-tangible interface," a new class of interaction which uses tangible objects and full-body motion in physical spaces with digital augmentation. We detail the implementation of PingPongPlus, a "reactive ping-pong table", which features a novel sound-based ball tracking technology. The game is augmented and transformed with dynamic graphics and sound, determined by the position of impact, and the rhythm and style of play. A variety of different modes of play and initial experiences with PingPongPlus are also described. %M C.CHI.99.1.402 %T Eye Tracking the Visual Search of Click-Down Menus %S Cognitive Models of Screen Interaction %A Michael D. Byrne %A John R. Anderson %A Scott Douglass %A Michael Matessa %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 402-409 %K Menu selection, Eye tracking, Visual search, Cognitive models %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p402-byrne/p402-byrne.pdf %X Click-down (or pull-down) menus have long been a key component of graphical user interfaces, yet we know surprisingly little about how users actually interact with such menus. Nilsen's [8] study on menu selection has led to the development of a number of models of how users perform the task [6, 21. However, the validity of these models has not been empirically assessed with respect to eye movements (though [1] presents some interesting data that bear on these models). The present study is an attempt to provide data that can help refine our understanding of how users interact with such menus. %M C.CHI.99.1.410 %T Cognitive Modeling Demonstrates How People Use Anticipated Location Knowledge of Menu Items %S Cognitive Models of Screen Interaction %A Anthony J. Hornof %A David E. Kieras %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 410-417 %K Cognitive models, Fitts' law, Menus, Visual search %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p410-hornof/p410-hornof.pdf %X This research presents cognitive models of a person selecting an item from a familiar, ordered, pull-down menu. Two different models provide a good fit with human data and thus two different possible explanations for the low-level cognitive processes involved in the task. Both models assert that people make an initial eye and hand movement to an anticipated target location without waiting for the menu to appear. The first model asserts that a person knows the exact location of the target item before the menu appears, but the model uses nonstandard Fitts' law coefficients to predict mouse pointing time. The second model asserts that a person would only know the approximate location of the target item, and the model uses Fitts' law coefficients better supported by the literature. This research demonstrates that people can develop considerable knowledge of locations in a visual task environment, and that more work regarding Fitts' law is needed. %M C.CHI.99.1.418 %T Learning and Performing by Exploration: Label Quality Measured by Latent Semantic Analysis %S Cognitive Models of Screen Interaction %A Rodolfo Soto %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 418-425 %K Learning by exploration, Label-following strategy, Cognitive models, Semantic similarity, Latent semantic analysis, Usability analysis %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p418-soto/p418-soto.pdf %X Models of learning and performing by exploration assume that the semantic similarity between task descriptions and labels on display objects (e.g., menus, tool bars) controls in part the users' search strategies. Nevertheless, none of the models has an objective way to compute semantic similarity. In this study, Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) was used to compute semantic similarity between task descriptions and labels in an application's menu system. Participants performed twelve tasks by exploration and they were tested for recall after a 1-week delay. When the labels in the menu system were semantically similar to the task descriptions, subjects performed the tasks faster. LSA could be incorporated into any of the current models, and it could be used to automate the evaluation of computer applications for ease of learning and performing by exploration. %M C.CHI.99.1.426 %T MOBILE: User-Centered Interface Building %S Tools for Building Interfaces and Applications %A Angel R. Puerta %A Eric Cheng %A Tunhow Ou %A Justin Min %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 426-433 %K Model-based interface development, Task models, Interface builders, User-centered interface design, User interface development tools %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p426-puerta/p426-puerta.pdf %X Interface builders are popular tools for designing and developing graphical user interfaces. These tools, however, are engineering-centered; they operate mainly on windows and widgets. A typical interface builder does not offer any specific support for user-centered interface design, a methodology recognized as critical for effective user interface design. We present MOBILE (Model-Based Interface Layout Editor) an interface building tool that fully supports user-centered design and that guides the interface building process by using user-task models and a knowledge base of interface design guidelines. The approach in MOBILE has the important added benefit of being useful in both top-down and bottom-up interface design strategies. %M C.CHI.99.1.434 %T The Context Toolkit: Aiding the Development of Context-Enabled Applications %S Tools for Building Interfaces and Applications %A Daniel Salber %A Anind K. Day %A Gregory D. Abowd %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 434-441 %K Context-enabled or context-aware computing, Ubiquitous computing, Toolkits, Widgets, Applications development %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p434-salber/p434-salber.pdf %X Context-enabled applications are just emerging and promise richer interaction by taking environmental context into account. However, they are difficult to build due to their distributed nature and the use of unconventional sensors. The concepts of toolkits and widget libraries in graphical user interfaces has been tremendously successful, allowing programmers to leverage off existing building blocks to build interactive systems more easily. We introduce the concept of context widgets that mediate between the environment and the application in the same way graphical widgets mediate between the user and the application. We illustrate the concept of context widgets with the beginnings of a widget library we have developed for sensing presence, identity and activity of people and things. We assess the success of our approach with two example context-enabled applications we have built and an existing application to which we have added context-sensing capabilities. %M C.CHI.99.1.442 %T Getting More Out of Programming-by-Demonstration %S Tools for Building Interfaces and Applications %A Richard G. McDaniel %A Brad A. Myers %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 442-449 %K End-user programming, User interface software, Programming-by-demonstration, Programming-by-example, Application builders, Inductive learning, Gamut %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p442-mcdaniel/p442-mcdaniel.pdf %X Programming-by-demonstration (PBD) can be used to create tools and methods that eliminate the need to learn difficult computer languages. Gamut is a PBD tool that nonprogrammers can use to create a broader range of interactive software, including games, simulations, and educational software, than they can with other PBD tools. To do this, Gamut provides advanced interaction techniques that make it easier for a developer to express all aspects of an application. These techniques include a simplified way to demonstrate new examples, called "nudges," and a way to highlight objects to show they are important. Also, Gamut includes new objects and metaphors like the deck-of-cards metaphor for demonstrating collections of objects and randomness, guide objects for demonstrating relationships that the system would find too difficult to guess, and temporal ghosts which simplify showing relationships with the recent past. These techniques were tested in a formal setting with nonprogrammers to evaluate their effectiveness. %M C.CHI.99.1.450 %T Navigation as Multiscale Pointing: Extending Fitts' Model to Very High Precision Tasks %S Vision and Fitts' Law %A Yves Guiard %A Michel Beaudouin-Lafon %A Deni Mottet %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 450-457 %K Fitts' law, Pointing, Navigation, Multiscale interfaces, Input devices, Stylus, Mouse, Graphical tablet %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p450-guiard/p450-guiard.pdf %X Fitts' pointing model has proven extremely useful for understanding basic selection in WIMP user interfaces. Yet today's interfaces involve more complex navigation within electronic environments. As navigation amounts to a form of multi-scale pointing, Fitts' model can be applied to these more complex tasks. We report the results of a preliminary pointing experiment that shows that users can handle higher levels of task difficulty with two-scale rather than traditional one-scale pointing control. Also, in tasks with very high-precision hand movements, performance is higher with a stylus than with a mouse. %M C.CHI.99.1.458 %T Authoring Animated Web Pages Using 'Contact Points' %S Vision and Fitts' Law %A Pete Faraday %A Alistair Sutcliffe %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 458-465 %K Web page design, Authoring tools %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p458-faraday/p458-faraday.pdf %X This paper explores how 'contact points' or co-references between an animation and text should be designed in web pages. Guidelines are derived from an eye tracking study. A dynamic HTML authoring tool is described which supports these requirements. An evaluation study is reported in which four designs of animation in web pages were tested. %M C.CHI.99.1.466 %T Performance Evaluation of Input Devices in Trajectory-Based Tasks: An Application of The Steering Law %S Vision and Fitts' Law %A Johnny Accot %A Shumin Zhai %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 466-472 %K Steering laws, Input devices, Fitts' law, Human performance modeling, Empirical comparison %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p466-accot/p466-accot.pdf %X Choosing input devices for interactive systems that best suit user's needs remains a challenge, especially considering the increasing number of devices available. The choice often has to be made through empirical evaluations. The most frequently used evaluation task hitherto is target acquisition, a task that can be accurately modeled by Fitts' law. However, today's use of computer input devices has gone beyond target acquisition alone. In particular, we often need to perform trajectory-based tasks, such as drawing, writing, and navigation. This paper illustrates how a recently discovered model, the steering law, can be applied as an evaluation paradigm complementary to Fitts' law. We tested five commonly used computer input devices in two steering tasks, one linear and one circular. Results showed that subjects' performance with the five devices could be generally classified into three groups in the following order: 1. the tablet and the mouse, 2. the trackpoint, 3. the touchpad and the trackball. The steering law proved to hold for all five devices with greater than 0.98 correlation. The ability to generalize the experimental results and the limitations of the steering law are also discussed. %M C.CHI.99.1.473 %T Symphony: A Case Study in Extending Learner-Centered Design Through Process Space Analysis %S Learning and Reading %A Chris Quintana %A Jim Eng %A Andrew Carra %A Hsin-Kai Wu %A Elliot Soloway %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 473-480 %K Learner-centered design, Process spaces, Process scaffolding, Scaffolded integrated tool environments %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p473-quintana/p473-quintana.pdf %X We are exploring a new class of tools for learners: scaffolded integrated tool environments (or SITEs), which address the needs of learners trying to engage in new, complex work processes. A crucial phase within a learner-centered design approach for SITE design involves analyzing the work process to identify areas where learners need support to engage in the process. Here we discuss the design of Symphony, a SITE for high-school science students. Specifically, we discuss how the process-space model helped us analyze the science inquiry process to help us identify a detailed set of learner needs, leading to a full set of process scaffolding strategies for Symphony. %M C.CHI.99.1.481 %T The Reader's Helper: A Personalized Document Reading Environment %S Learning and Reading %A Jamey Graham %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 481-488 %K Document annotation, Information visualization, Content recognition, Intelligent agents, Digital libraries, Probabilistic reasoning, User interface design, Reading online %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p481-graham/p481-graham.pdf %X Over the last two centuries, reading styles have shifted away from the reading of documents from beginning to end and toward the skimming of documents in search of relevant information. This trend continues today where readers, often confronted with an insurmountable amount of text, seek more efficient methods of extracting relevant information from documents. In this paper, a new document reading environment is introduced called the Reader's Helper, which supports the reading of electronic and paper documents. The Reader's Helper analyzes documents and produces a relevance score for each of the reader's topics of interest, thereby helping the reader decide whether the document is actually worth skimming or reading. Moreover, during the analysis process, topic of interest phrases are automatically annotated to help the reader quickly locate relevant information. A new information visualization tool, called the Thumbar, is used in conjunction with relevancy scoring and automatic annotation to portray a continuous, dynamic thumb-nail representation of the document. This further supports rapid navigation of the text. %M C.CHI.99.1.489 %T VR's Frames of Reference: A Visualization Technique for Mastering Abstract Multidimensional Information %S Learning and Reading %A Marilyn C. Salzman %A Chris Dede %A R. Bowen Loftin %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 489-495 %K Virtual reality, Visualization, Interaction design, Visual design, Education applications %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p489-salzman/p489-salzman.pdf %X This paper describes a research study that investigated how designers can use frames of reference (egocentric, exocentric, and a combination of the two) to support the mastery of abstract multidimensional information. The primary focus of this study was the relationship between FORs and mastery; the secondary focus was on other factors (individual characteristics and interaction experience) that were likely to influence the relationship between FORs and mastery. This study's outcomes (1) clarify how FORs work in conjunction with other factors in shaping mastery, (2) highlight strengths and weaknesses of different FORs, (3) demonstrate the benefits of providing multiple FORs, and (4) provide the basis for our recommendations to HCI researchers and designers. %M C.CHI.99.1.496 %T FotoFile: A Consumer Multimedia Organization and Retrieval System %S Navigation and Visualization %A Allan Kuchinsky %A Celine Pering %A Michael L. Creech %A Dennis Freeze %A Bill Serra %A Jacek Gwizdka %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 496-503 %K Multimedia computing, Information organization, Retrieval, Browsing, Visualization, Content-based indexing and retrieval, Digital photography, Digital video, Metadata, Media objects %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p496-kuchinsky/p496-kuchinsky.pdf %X FotoFile is an experimental system for multimedia organization and retrieval, based upon the design goal of making multimedia content accessible to non-expert users. Search and retrieval are done in terms that are natural to the task. The system blends human and automatic annotation methods. It extends textual search, browsing, and retrieval technologies to support multimedia data types. %M C.CHI.99.1.504 %T Hyper Mochi Sheet: A Predictive Focusing Interface for Navigating and Editing Nested Networks through a Multifocus Distortion-Oriented View %S Navigation and Visualization %A Masashi Toyoda %A Etsuya Shibayama %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 504-511 %K Distortion-oriented view, Multi-focus, Editing, Navigation suitable for a particular editing situation, which changes frequently during editing %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p504-toyoda/p504-toyoda.pdf %X Multi-focus distortion-oriented views are useful in viewing large information on a small screen, but still have problems in managing multiple foci during editing. The user may have to navigate information space by focusing and defocusing multiple parts to obtain multi-focus layouts that change according to various editing situations. As a result, it becomes haphazard to navigate and edit large nested networks such as hypertexts. We propose a user interface for quickly obtaining desirable layouts. The interface uses two techniques: focus size prediction and predictive focus selection. These techniques are based on a user test and experiences in applications. We also describe two example applications. %M C.CHI.99.1.512 %T Excentric Labeling: Dynamic Neighborhood Labeling for Data Visualization %S Navigation and Visualization %A Jean-Daniel Fekete %A Catherine Plaisant %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 512-519 %K Visualization, Label, Dynamic labeling, Evaluation %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p512-fekete/p512-fekete.pdf %X The widespread use of information visualization is hampered by the lack of effective labeling techniques. An informal taxonomy of labeling methods is proposed. We then describe "excentric labeling", a new dynamic technique to label a neighborhood of objects located around the cursor. This technique does not intrude into the existing interaction, it is not computationally intensive, and was easily applied to several visualization applications. A pilot study with eight subjects indicates a strong speed benefit over a zoom interface for tasks that involve the exploration of large numbers of objects. Observations and comments from users are presented. %M C.CHI.99.1.520 %T Embodiment in Conversational Interfaces: Rea %S Virtual Reality and Embodiment %A J. Cassell %A T. Bickmore %A M. Billinghurst %A L. Campbell %A K. Chang %A H. Vilhjalmsson %A H. Yan %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 520-527 %K Conversational characters, Multimodal input, Intelligent agents, Multimodal output %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p520-cassell/p520-cassell.pdf %X In this paper, we argue for embodied conversational characters as the logical extension of the metaphor of human-computer interaction as a conversation. We argue that the only way to fully model the richness of human face-to-face communication is to rely on conversational analysis that describes sets of conversational behaviors as fulfilling conversational functions, both interactional and propositional. We demonstrate how to implement this approach in Rea, an embodied conversational agent that is capable of both multimodal input understanding and output generation in a limited application domain. Rea supports both social and task-oriented dialogue. We discuss issues that need to be addressed in creating embodied conversational agents, and describe the architecture of the Rea interface. %M C.CHI.99.1.528 %T Emotional Interfaces for Interactive Aardvarks: Designing Affect into Social Interfaces for Children %S Virtual Reality and Embodiment %A Erik Strommen %A Kristin Alexander %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 528-535 %K Learning, Audio interface, Children, Social interface, Emotion %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p528-strommen/p528-strommen.pdf %X Character-based social interfaces present a unique opportunity to integrate emotion into technology interactions. The present paper reports on the use of three emotional interactions (humor, praise, and affection) in the audio interfaces for two character-based interactive learning toys. The reasons for selecting the emotions used, the design rationale for their application, and findings from usability testing are reviewed. It is suggested that as a form of pretend play-acting akin to puppetry, social interfaces can engage the emotions of users in a variety of beneficial ways. %M C.CHI.99.1.536 %T Bridging Strategies for VR-Based Learning %S Virtual Reality and Embodiment %A Tom Moher %A Stellan Ohlsson %A Andrew Johnson %A Mark Gillingham %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 536-543 %K Learning environments, Conceptual change, Virtual reality, User models %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p536-moher/p536-moher.pdf %X A distributed immersive virtual environment was deployed as a component of a pedagogical strategy for teaching third grade children that the Earth is round. The displacement strategy is based on the theory that fundamental conceptual change requires an alternative cognitive starting point which doesn't invoke the features of pre-existing models. While the VR apparatus helped to establish that alternative framework, conceptual change was strongly influenced by the bridging activities which related that experience to the target domain. Simple declarations of relevance proved ineffective. A more articulated bridging process involving physical models was effective for some children, but the multiple representations employed required too much model-matching for others. %M C.CHI.99.1.544 %T The Tangled Web We Wove: A Taskonomy of W\NW Use %S Organizing Information on the Web %A Michael D. Byrne %A Bonnie E. John %A Neil S. Wehrle %A David C. Crow %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 544-551 %K World-Wide Web, Task analysis, Video protocols %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p544-byrne/p544-byrne.pdf %X A prerequisite to the effective design of user interfaces is an understanding of the tasks for which that interface will actually be used. Surprisingly little task analysis has appeared for one of the most discussed and fastest-growing computer applications, browsing the World-Wide Web (WWW). Based on naturally-collected verbal protocol data, we present a taxonomy of tasks undertaken on the WWW. The data reveal that several previous claims about browsing behavior are questionable, and suggests that that widget-centered approaches to interface design and evaluation may be incomplete with respect to good user interfaces for the Web. %M C.CHI.99.1.552 %T An Empirical Evaluation of User Interfaces for Topic Management of Web Sites %S Organizing Information on the Web %A Brian Amento %A Will Hill %A Loren Terveen %A Peter Ju %A Deborah Hix %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 552-559 %K Information access, Information retrieval, Information visualization, Human-computer interaction, Computer supported cooperative work, Social filtering %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p552-amento/p552-amento.pdf %X Topic management is the task of gathering, evaluating, organizing, and sharing a set of web sites for a specific topic. Current web tools do not provide adequate support for this task. We created the TopicShop system to address this need. TopicShop includes (1) a webcrawler that discovers relevant web sites and builds site profiles, and (2) user interfaces for exploring and organizing sites. We conducted an empirical study comparing user performance with TopicShop vs. Yahoo. TopicShop subjects found over 80% more high-quality sites (where quality was determined by independent expert judgements) while browsing only 81% as many sites and completing their task in 89% of the time. The site profile data that TopicShop provides -- in particular, the number of pages on a site and the number of other sites that link to it -- was the key to these results, as users exploited it to identify the most promising sites quickly and easily. %M C.CHI.99.1.560 %T Visualizing Implicit Queries for Information Management and Retrieval %S Organizing Information on the Web %A Mary Czerwinski %A Susan Dumais %A George Robertson %A Susan Dziadosz %A Scott Tiernan %A Maarten van Dantzich %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 560-567 %K Information management, Information retrieval, 3D, Similarity, Categorization, Information visualization, Classification %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %O An earlier version of this article was included by mistake in the printed volume of the CHI '99 Proceedings. This, the correct version, is inserted her in the ACM Digital Library. The original may be found at: http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p560-czerwinski/p560-czerwinski.printversion.pdf %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p560-czerwinski/p560-czerwinski.pdf %X In this paper, we describe the use of similarity metrics in a novel visual environment for storing and retrieving favorite web pages. The similarity metrics, called Implicit Queries, are used to automatically highlight stored web pages that are related to the currently selected web page. Two experiments explored how users manage their personal web information space with and without the Implicit Query highlighting and later retrieve their stored web pages. When storing and organizing web pages, users with Implicit Query highlighting generated slightly more categories. Implicit Queries also led to faster web page retrieval time, although the results were not statistically significant. %M C.CHI.99.1.568 %T Patterns of Entry and Correction in Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition Systems %S Speech and Multimodal Interfaces %A Clare-Marie Karat %A Christine Halverson %A John Karat %A Daniel Horn %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 568-575 %K Speech recognition, Input techniques, Speech user interfaces, Analysis methods %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p568-karat/p568-karat.pdf %X A study was conducted to evaluate user performance and satisfaction in completion of a set of text creation tasks using three commercially available continuous speech recognition systems. The study also compared user performance on similar tasks using keyboard input. One part of the study (Initial Use) involved 24 users who enrolled, received training and carried out practice tasks, and then completed a set of transcription and composition tasks in a single session. In a parallel effort (Extended Use), four researchers used speech recognition to carry out real work tasks over 10 sessions with each of the three speech recognition software products. This paper presents results from the Initial Use phase of the study along with some preliminary results from the Extended Use phase. We present details of the kinds of usability and system design problems likely in current systems and several common patterns of error correction that we found. %M C.CHI.99.1.576 %T Mutual Disambiguation of Recognition Errors in a Multimodal Architecture %S Speech and Multimodal Interfaces %A Sharon Oviatt %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 576-583 %K Multimodal architecture, Speech and pen input, Recognition errors, Mutual disambiguation, Robust performance, Diverse users %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p576-oviatt/p576-oviatt.pdf %X As a new generation of multimodal/media systems begins to define itself, researchers are attempting to learn how to combine different modes into strategically integrated whole systems. In theory, well designed multimodal systems should be able to integrate complementary modalities in a manner that supports mutual disambiguation (MD) of errors and leads to more robust performance. In this study, over 2,000 multimodal utterances by both native and accented speakers of English were processed by a multimodal system, and then logged and analyzed. The results confirmed that multimodal systems can indeed support significant levels of MD, and also higher levels of MD for the more challenging accented users. As a result, although speech recognition as a stand-alone performed far more poorly for accented speakers, their multimodal recognition rates did not differ from those of native speakers. Implications are discussed for the development of future multimodal architectures that can perform in a more robust and stable manner than individual recognition technologies. Also discussed is the design of interfaces that support diversity in tangible ways, and that function well under challenging real-world usage conditions. %M C.CHI.99.1.584 %T Model-Based and Empirical Evaluation of Multimodal Interactive Error Correction %S Speech and Multimodal Interfaces %A Bernhard Suhm %A Alex Waibel %A Brad Myers %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 584-591 %K Multimodal interaction, Interactive error correction, Quantitative performance model, Speech and pen input, Speech user interfaces %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p584-suhm/p584-suhm.pdf %X Our research addresses the problem of error correction in speech user interfaces. Previous work hypothesized that switching modality could speed up interactive correction of recognition errors (so-called multimodal error correction). We present a user study that compares, on a dictation task, multimodal error correction with conventional interactive correction, such as speaking again, choosing from a list, and keyboard input. Results show that multimodal correction is faster than conventional correction without keyboard input, but slower than correction by typing for users with good typing skills. Furthermore, while users initially prefer speech, they learn to avoid ineffective correction modalities with experience. To extrapolate results from this user study we developed a performance model of multimodal interaction that predicts input speed including time needed for error correction. We apply the model to estimate the impact of recognition technology improvements on correction speeds and the influence of recognition accuracy and correction method on the productivity of dictation systems. Our model is a first step towards formalizing multimodal (recognition-based) interaction. %M C.CHI.99.1.592 %T Cooperative Inquiry: Developing New Technologies for Children with Children %S Advances in User Participation %A Allison Druin %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 592-599 %K Children, Design techniques, Educational applications, Cooperative design, Participatory design, Cooperative inquiry, Intergenerational design team, KidPad, PETS %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p592-druin/p592-druin.pdf %X In today's homes and schools, children are emerging as frequent and experienced users of technology [3, 14]. As this trend continues, it becomes increasingly important to ask if we are fulfilling the technology needs of our children. To answer this question, I have developed a research approach that enables young children to have a voice throughout the technology development process. In this paper, the techniques of cooperative inquiry will be described along with a theoretical framework that situates this work in the HCI literature. Two examples of technology resulting from this approach will be presented, along with a brief discussion on the design-centered learning of team researchers using cooperative inquiry. %M C.CHI.99.1.600 %T Projected Realities: Conceptual Design for Cultural Effect %S Advances in User Participation %A William Gaver %A Anthony Dunne %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 600-607 %K Design research, Conceptual art, Collaborative systems, Awareness %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p600-gaver/p600-gaver.pdf %X As a part of a European Union sponsored project, we have proposed a system which aggregates people's expressions over a widening network of public electronic displays in a massive Dutch housing development. Reflecting ideas from contemporary arts as well as from research on media spaces, this is an example of a conceptual design intended to produce meaningful effects on a local culture. In this paper, we describe the methods and ideas that led to this proposal, as an example of research on technologies from the traditions of artist-designers. %M C.CHI.99.1.608 %T Customer-Focused Design Data in a Large, Multi-Site Organization %S Advances in User Participation %A Paula Curtis %A Tammy Heiserman %A David Jobusch %A Mark Notess %A Jayson Webb %B CHI99 %D 1999 %V 1 %P 608-615 %K Contextual design, Contextual inquiry, Affinity, User data, Customer-focused design, Organizational change, Distributed teams %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/302979/p608-curtis/p608-curtis.pdf %X Qualitative user-centered design processes such as contextual inquiry can generate huge amounts of data to be organized, analyzed, and represented. When you add the goal of spreading the resultant understanding to the far reaches of a large, multi-site organization, many practical barriers emerge. In this paper we describe experience creating and communicating representations of contextually derived user data in a large, multi-site product development organization. We describe how we involved a distributed team in data collection and analysis and how we made the data representations portable. We then describe how we have engaged over 200 people from five sites in thinking through the user data and its implications on product design. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): CSCW00.BA %M C.CSCW.2000.1 %T The Effects of Filtered Video on Awareness and Privacy %S Video in Collaboration %A Michael Boyle %A Christopher Edwards %A Saul Greenberg %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 1-10 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1): Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Security and Protection (K.6.5); Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Office Automation (H.4.1): Groupware; Computing Milieux -Computers and Society - Public Policy Issues (K.4.1): Privacy; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Information Search and Retrieval (H.3.3): Information filtering; Design, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Security, Theory; always-on video, awareness, casual interaction, distributed groupware, media spaces %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p1-boyle/p1-boyle.pdf %X Video-based media spaces are designed to support casual interaction between intimate collaborators. Yet transmitting video is fraught with privacy concerns. Some researchers suggest that the video stream be filtered to mask out potentially sensitive information. While a variety of filtering techniques exist, they have not been evaluated for how well they safeguard privacy. In this paper, we analyze how a blur and a pixelize video filter might impact both awareness and privacy in a media space. Each filter is considered at nine different levels of fidelity, ranging from heavily applied filter levels that mask almost all information, to lightly applied filters that reveal almost everything. We examined how well observers of several filtered video scenes extract particular awareness cues: the number of actors; their posture (moving, standing, seated); their gender; the visible objects (basic to detailed); and how available people look (their busyness, seriousness and approachability). We also examined the privacy-preserving potential of each filter level in the context of common workplace activities. Our results suggest that the blur filter, and to a lesser extent the pixelize filter, have a level suitable for providing awareness information while safeguarding privacy. %M C.CSCW.2000.11 %T Impact of Video Frame Rate on Communicative Behaviour in Two and Four Party Groups %S Video in Collaboration %A Matthew Jackson %A Anne H. Anderson %A Rachel McEwan %A Jim Mullin %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 11-20 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1): Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Design, Experimentation, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; common ground, distributed groups, frame rate, group size, interpersonal communication, referring expressions, user requirements, video quality %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p11-jackson/p11-jackson.pdf %X There has been relatively little research on the impact of different levels of video quality on users of multimedia communication systems. This paper describes a study examining the impact of two levels of video frame rate on pairs and groups of four engaged on a design task, looking at one particular aspect of communication, namely reference. It was found that a low frame rate made speakers more communicatively cautious, using longer descriptions and more elaborations to refer to pictures used in the task, possibly as a result of being less certain that they had been understood. This only occurred in the two party groups despite a prediction that groups of four would be affected most by the frame rate manipulation. This study shows that video quality can have subtle effects on communication and that identical levels of quality may have different effects depending on the situation. %M C.CSCW.2000.21 %T Coordination of Communication: Effects of Shared Visual Context on Collaborative Work %S Video in Collaboration %A Susan R. Fussell %A Robert E. Kraut %A Jane Siegel %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 21-30 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Collaborative computing; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1); Computer Systems Organization -Computer System Implementation - Microcomputers (C.5.3): Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital assistants); Design, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; computer-supported collaborative work, conversational analysis, empirical studies, video mediated communication, wearable computers %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p21-fussell/p21-fussell.pdf %X We outline some of the benefits of shared visual information for collaborative repair tasks and report on a study comparing collaborative performance on a manual task by workers and helpers who are located side-by-side or connected via audio-video or audio-only links. Results show that the dyads complete the task more quickly and accurately when helpers are co-located than when they are connected via an audio link. However, they didn't achieve similar efficiency gains when they communicated through an audio/video link. These results demonstrate the value of a shared visual work space, but raise questions about the adequacy of current video communication technology for implementing it. %M C.CSCW.2000.31 %T Designing to Support Adversarial Collaboration %S Lawyers, Help, & Money: Three Cases %A Andrew L. Cohen %A Debra Cash %A Michael J. Muller %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 31-39 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Security and Protection (K.6.5); Computing Milieux -Computers and Society - Public Policy Issues (K.4.1): Privacy; Computer Applications - Administrative Data Processing (J.1): Law; Design, Documentation, Legal Aspects, Management, Performance, Security, Theory; adversarial collaboration, collaborative editing, collaborative writing, cooperative collaboration, design, documents, lawyers, privacy, secrecy %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p31-cohen/p31-cohen.pdf %X We investigate the phenomenon of adversarial collaboration, through field studies of a legal firm. Adversarial collaboration requires that people with opposing goals (adversaries) come to agreement, usually producing a shared product that reflects the interests of the adversarial parties. Adversarial collaboration is characterized by secrecy, advocacy and discovery. To support this activity, software should provide flexible, selective sharing of awareness and access. These requirements contrast with conventional shared resource and awareness systems, which tend to assume cooperative collaboration, characterized by open processes and static membership lists. We illustrate these ideas in a redesign of our PeopleFlow research prototype. %M C.CSCW.2000.41 %T Evolution of Contact Point: A Case Study of a Help Desk and its Users %S Lawyers, Help, & Money: Three Cases %A Lena Mamykina %A Catherine G. Wolf %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 41-48 %K case study, design process, help desk, user needs, user-centered design %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p41-mamykina/p41-mamykina.pdf %X This paper describes the evolution of a concept, Contact Point, the research process through which it evolved, and the work context and practices which drove its evolution. Contact Point is a web-based application that helps a business manage its relationships with its customers. It can also be used within a business as a means for managing the relationship between parts of the business. In this paper we describe a study of the applicability of Contact Point to the technical services organization and field personnel of a medical device manufacturer. We found that there were opportunities to potentially reduce call volume through Contact Point. We discovered, however, that the technical service representatives sometimes filled roles other than providing information in their telephone conversations with field personnel. These functions included reassuring callers that the callers' answers to questions were correct, providing a rationale for information, and redirecting calls to other departments. The ability to share a document and collaborate in real time was viewed as very valuable. We also discovered that the field personnel need information from a variety of other people in order to do their jobs. These observations were used to enhance the next iteration of Contact Point and to develop strategies for the introduction of Contact Point to users. %M C.CSCW.2000.49 %T Machinery in the New Factories: Interaction and Technology in a Bank's Telephone Call Centre %S Lawyers, Help, & Money: Three Cases %A John Bowers %A David Martin %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 49-58 %K Computing Methodologies -Artificial Intelligence - Applications and Expert Systems (I.2.1); Computer Applications - Administrative Data Processing (J.1): Financial; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Design, Human Factors, Management, Performance, Theory; conversation analysis, intelligent systems, organisations, social interaction, technology %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p49-bowers/p49-bowers.pdf %X This paper presents analyses of calls to a bank's telephone call centre documenting the way calls are opened, closed, and how financial services are actioned. Throughout, how the social interaction between caller and operator is interleaved with the human-computer interaction between operator and the bank's accounts database is attended to. We show participants varying in their orientation to each other and to providing and receiving database information, and how these matters are influenced by the recent introduction of more active, intelligent technology. Implications for design of interactive technology in such settings and for the study of organisations in CSCW are offered. %M C.CSCW.2000.59 %T Ensuring Privacy in Presence Awareness: An Automated Verification Approach %S Infrastructure: Privacy and Data Management %A Patrice Godefroidy %A James D. Herbsleb %A Lalita Jategaonkar Jagadeesany %A Du Li %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 59-68 %K computer-supported cooperative work, coordination, presence awareness, privacy, security, verification %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p59-godefroid/p59-godefroid.pdf %X Providing information about other users and their activities is a central function of many collaborative applications. The data that provide this "presence awareness" are usually automatically generated and highly dynamic. For example, services such as AOL Instant Messenger allow users to observe the status of one another and to initiate and participate in chat sessions. As such services become more powerful, privacy and security issues regarding access to sensitive user data become critical. Two key software engineering challenges arise in this context: Policies regarding access to data in collaborative applications have subtle complexities, and must be easily modifiable during a collaboration. Users must be able to have a high degree of confidence that the implementations of these policies are correct. In this paper, we propose a framework that uses an automated verification approach to ensure that such systems conform to complex policies. Our approach takes advantage of VeriSoft, a recent tool for systematically testing implementations of concurrent systems, and is applicable to a wide variety of specification and development platforms for collaborative applications. we illustrate the key features of our framework by applying it to the development of a presence awareness system. %M C.CSCW.2000.69 %T Data Management Support for Asynchronous Groupware %S Infrastructure: Privacy and Data Management %A Nuno Preguica %A J. Legatheaux Martins %A Henrique Domingos %A Sergio Duarte %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 69-78 %K Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Office Automation (H.4.1): Groupware; Computer Systems Organization -Computer-Communication Networks - Network Architecture and Design (C.2.1): Wireless communication; Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems development; Design, Management, Performance, Theory; asynchronous groupware, awareness, development support, mobile computing, object framework %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p69-preguica/p69-preguica.pdf %X In asynchronous collaborative applications, users usually collaborate accessing and modifying shared information independently. We have designed and implemented a replicated object store to support such applications in distributed environments that include mobile computers. Unlike most data management systems, awareness support is integrated in the system. To improve the chance for new contributions, the system provides high data availability. The development of applications is supported by an object framework that decomposes objects in several components, each one managing a different aspect of object "execution". New data types may be created relying on pre-defined components to handle concurrent updates, awareness information, etc. %M C.CSCW.2000.79 %T Interaction and Outeraction: Instant Messaging in Action %S Making Contact %A Bonnie A. Nardi %A Steve Whittaker %A Erin Bradner %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 79-88 %K Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Communications Applications (H.4.3); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Design, Management, Performance, Theory; computer-mediated communication, informal communication, instant messaging, media theory, outeraction %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p79-nardi/p79-nardi.pdf %X We discuss findings from an ethnographic study of instant messaging (IM) in the workplace and its implications for media theory. We describe how instant messaging supports a variety of informal communication tasks. We document the affordances of IM that support flexible, expressive communication. We describe some unexpected uses of IM that highlight aspects of communication which are not part of current media theorizing. They pertain to communicative processes people use to connect with each other and to manage communication, rather than to information exchange. We call these processes "outeraction". We discuss how outeractional aspects of communication affect media choice and patterns of media use. %M C.CSCW.2000.89 %T Providing Presence Cues to Telephone Users %S Making Contact %A Allen E. Milewski %A Thomas M. Smith %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 89-96 %K awareness, mobility, presence, telecommunication %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p89-milewski/p89-milewski.pdf %X A significant problem with telephone communication is that callers do not have enough awareness about the Personal Presence of people they want to call. The result can be unwanted, interrupting calls. The live addressbook is an application that helps users make more informed telephone calls and teleconferences, from anywhere, via their wireless PDA or desktop browser. Unlike other network-based address books, which maintain static information, the live addressbook can display dynamic information about where the recipient currently is (i.e., reach number), and how available he/she currently is for calls. The system accomplishes this by applying to telephony the "Buddy List" concepts made popular in Instant Messaging applications. User trials assess the applicability of Personal Presence information in a telephone context. %M C.CSCW.2000.97 %T Conversation Trees and Threaded Chats %S Making Contact %A Marc Smith %A J. J. Cadiz %A Byron Burkhalter %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 97-105 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Communications Applications (H.4.3); Computer Systems Organization -Computer-Communication Networks - General (C.2.0); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Design, Experimentation, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; chat programs, computer mediated communication, conversation, human computer human interaction, persistent conversation, synchronous communication, turn-taking %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p97-smith/p97-smith.pdf %X Chat programs and instant messaging services are increasingly popular among Internet users. However, basic issues with the interfaces and data structures of most forms of chat limit their utility for use in formal interactions (like group meetings) and decision-making tasks. In this paper, we discuss Threaded Text Chat, a program designed to address some of the deficiencies of current chat programs. Standard forms of chat introduce ambiguity into interaction in a number of ways, most profoundly by rupturing connections between turns and replies. Threaded Chat presents a solution to this problem by supporting the basic turn-taking structure of human conversation. While the solution introduces interface design challenges of its own, usability studies show that users' patterns of interaction in Threaded Chat are equally effective, but different (and possibly more efficient) than standard chat programs. %M C.CSCW.2000.107 %T Developing Adaptive Groupware Applications using a Mobile Component Framework %S Component Based Infrastructures %A Radu Litiu %A Atul Parakash %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 107-116 %K Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Office Automation (H.4.1): Groupware; Computer Systems Organization -Computer-Communication Networks - Network Architecture and Design (C.2.1): Wireless communication; Design, Management, Performance, Theory %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p107-litiu/p107-litiu.pdf %X A need exists to develop groupware systems that adapt to available resources and support user mobility. This paper presents DACIA, a system that provides mechanisms for building such groupware applications. Using DACIA, components of a groupware application can be moved to different hosts during execution, while maintaining communication connectivity with groupware services and other users. DACIA provides mechanisms that simplify building groupware for domains where users are mobile. New collaboration features can be also more easily implemented. DACIA is also applicable to non-mobile environments. We show its applicability to building groupware applications that can be reconfigured at run-time to adapt to changing user demands and resource constraints, for example, by relocating services or introducing new services. This paper describes the architecture of DACIA and its use in building adaptable groupware systems. %M C.CSCW.2000.117 %T Composable Collaboration Infrastructures Based on Programming Patterns %S Component Based Infrastructures %A Vassil Roussev %A Prasun Dewan %A Vibhor Jain %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 117-126 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p117-roussev/p117-roussev.pdf %X In general, collaboration infrastructures have supported sharing of an object based on its logical structure. However, current implementations assume an implicit binding between this logical structure and particular system-defined abstractions. We present a new composable design based on programming patterns that eliminates this binding, thereby increasing the range of supported objects and supporting extensibility. %M C.CSCW.2000.127 %T Designing Presentations for On-Demand Viewing %S Instruction and Learning %A Liwei He %A Jonathan Grudin %A Anoop Gupta %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 127-134 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1): Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Design, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; digital library, streaming media, video on-demand %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p127-he/p127-he.pdf %X Increasingly often, presentations are given before a live audience, while simultaneously being viewed remotely and recorded for subsequent viewing on-demand over the Web. How should video presentations be designed for web access? How is video accessed and used online? Does optimal design for live and on-demand audiences conflict? We examined detailed behavior patterns of more than 9000 on-demand users of a large corpus of professionally prepared presentations. We find that as many people access these talks on-demand as attend live. Online access patterns differ markedly from live attendance. People watch less overall and skip to different parts of a talk. Speakers designing presentations for viewing on-demand should emphasize key points early in the talk and early within each slide, use slide titles that reveal the talk structure and are meaningful outside the flow of the talk. In some cases the recommendations conflict with optimal design for live audiences. The results also provide guidance in developing tools for on-demand multimedia authoring and use. %M C.CSCW.2000.135 %T Distance Learning through Distributed Collaborative Video Viewing %S Instruction and Learning %A J. J. Cadiz %A Anand Balachandran %A Elizabeth Sanocki %A Anoop Gupta %A Jonathan Grudin %A Gavin Jancke %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 135-144 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1): Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Collaborative computing; Computing Milieux -Computers and Education - Computer Uses in Education (K.3.1): Distance learning; Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Communications Applications (H.4.3): Computer conferencing, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing; Design, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; distance learning, distributed tutored video instruction (DTVI), tutored video instruction (TVI), videoconferencing %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p135-cadiz/p135-cadiz.pdf %X Previous research on Tutored Video Instruction (TVI) shows that learning is enhanced when small groups of students watch and discuss lecture videos together. Using specialized, high-end videoconferencing systems, these improved results have been shown to apply even when the students are in different locations (Distributed TVI, or DTVI). In this paper, we explore two issues in making DTVI-like scenarios widely supported at low cost. First, we explore design of a system that allows distributed individuals to collectively watch video using shared VCR controls such as play, pause, seek, stop. We show how such a system can be built on top of existing commercial technologies. Second, we explore the impact of four alternative discussion channels on student learning and interaction behavior. The four channels-text chat, audioconferencing, videoconferencing, and face-to-face-have differing infrastructure requirements and costs. Our lab studies show that while text chat does not work, there is no significant difference in discussion behavior and learning between audioconferencing and videoconferencing. While lab studies have their limitations and long-term field studies need to be done, the preliminary results point to a low-cost way for a DTVI-like model to be deployed widely in the very near future. %M C.CSCW.2000.145 %T Algebra Jam: Supporting Teamwork and Managing Roles in a Collaborative Learning Environment %S Instruction and Learning %A Mark K. Singley %A Monindar Singh %A Peter Fairweather %A Robert Farrell %A Steven Swerling %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 145-154 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); Computing Milieux -Computers and Education - Computer Uses in Education (K.3.1): Collaborative learning; Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Communications Applications (H.4.3); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Management techniques; Design, Human Factors, Management, Performance, Theory; collabicons, object-oriented chat, role reification, team blackboard, team modeling, team tutoring systems %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p145-singley/p145-singley.pdf %X We are building a collaborative learning environment that supports teams of students as they collaborate synchronously and remotely to solve situated, multi-step problems involving algebraic modeling. Our system, named Algebra Jam, provides a set of tools to help students overcome two of the most serious impediments to successful collaboration: establishing common ground and maintaining group focus. These tools include tethered and untethered modes of operation including discrepancy notification, a goal-oriented team blackboard, object-oriented chat with collabicons, reification of problem solving roles, and the optional inclusion of a tutor agent as a virtual team participant. The tutor agent not only offers help and feedback on problem solving actions but also accumulates evidence about individual and group problem solving performance in a Bayesian inference network. The system is envisioned as a testbed for developing theories of teaming. %M C.CSCW.2000.155 %T GestureMan: A Mobile Robot that Embodies a Remote Instructor's Actions %S Remote Guidance %A Hideaki Kuzuoka %A Shinya Oyama %A Keiichi Yamazaki %A Kenji Suzuki %A Mamoru Mitsuishi %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 155-162 %K Computing Methodologies -Artificial Intelligence - Robotics (I.2.9); Computing Milieux -Computers and Education - Computer Uses in Education (K.3.1): Distance learning; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Computer-supported cooperative work; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1): Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI); Design, Experimentation, Management, Performance, Theory; CSCW, embodiment, mobile robot, remote instruction, video mediated communication %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p155-kuzuoka/p155-kuzuoka.pdf %X When designing systems that support remote instruction on physical tasks, one must consider four requirements: 1) participants should be able to use non-verbal expressions, 2) they must be able to take an appropriate body arrangement to see and show gestures, 3) the instructor should be able to monitor operators and objects, 4) they must be able to organize the arrangement of bodies and tools and gestural expression sequentially and interactively. GestureMan was developed to satisfy these four requirements by using a mobile robot that embodies a remote instructors actions. The mobile robot mounts a camera and a remote control laser pointer on it. Based on the experiments with the system we discuss the advantage and disadvantage of the current implementation. Also, some implications to improve the system are described. %M C.CSCW.2000.163 %T Shared Walk Environment using Locomotion Interfaces %S Remote Guidance %A Hiroaki Yano %A Haruo Noma %A Hiroo Iwata %A Tsutomu Miyasato %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 163-170 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1): Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities; Computing Methodologies -Computer Graphics - Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism (I.3.7): Virtual reality; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Computer-supported cooperative work; Computing Methodologies -Pattern Recognition - Design Methodology (I.5.2): Classifier design and evaluation; Computing Milieux -Computers and Society - Social Issues (K.4.2): Assistive technologies for persons with disabilities; Design, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; locomotion interface, rehabilitation, shared environment, virtual reality %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p163-yano/p163-yano.pdf %X By sharing data regarding the sensations experienced by individuals, as well as by sharing their knowledge, we are readily able to communicate with each other, and there are possibilities to further evolve this communication method. The different sensations experienced during voluntary walking and enforced walking give us different feelings. Also, the number of individuals involved can create a different feeling when walking. Networked computer-assisted walking can support and enhance these different experiences. In this paper, we introduce another walking style, the shared power-assisted voluntary walk, which is realized by a prototype networked locomotion system. This system can be used in tele-rehabilitation, which allows remote patients to share the sensation of walking. Also, it can be used to teach a group of patients rehabilitative walking. We developed two locomotion interfaces and connected them via a network. We developed enforced and semi-voluntary walking training systems using the shared walk environment and evaluated them with a series of experiments. %M C.CSCW.2000.171 %T Copies Convergence in a Distributed Real-Time Collaborative Environment %S Operational Transformation and Consistency %A Nicolas Vidot %A Michelle Cart %A Jean Ferrie %A Maher Suleiman %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 171-180 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Collaborative computing; Software -Operating Systems - Organization and Design (D.4.7): Real-time systems and embedded systems; Software -Operating Systems - Organization and Design (D.4.7): Distributed systems; Algorithms, Design, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p171-vidot/p171-vidot.pdf %X In real-time collaborative systems, replicated objects, shared by users, are subject to concurrency constraints. In order to satisfy these, various algorithms, qualified as optimistic, [3, 5, 13, 17, 14, 15, 18], have been proposed that exploit the semantic properties of operations to serialize concurrent operations and achieve copy convergence of replicated objects. Their drawback is that they either require a condition on user's operations which is hard to verify when possible to ensure, or they need undoing then redoing operations in some situations. The main purpose of this paper is to present two new algorithms that overcome these drawbacks. They are based upon the implementation of a continuous global order which enables that condition to be released, and simplifies the operation integration process. In the second algorithm, thanks to deferred broadcast of operations to other sites, this process becomes even more simplified. %M C.CSCW.2000.181 %T Consistency in Replicated Continuous Interactive Media %S Operational Transformation and Consistency %A Martin Mauve %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 181-190 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1); Software -Operating Systems - Organization and Design (D.4.7): Interactive systems; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Computer-supported cooperative work; Mathematics of Computing -Discrete Mathematics - General (G.2.0); Algorithms, Design, Management, Performance, Reliability, Theory; consistency, replicated continuous interactive media %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p181-mauve/p181-mauve.pdf %X In this paper we investigate how consistency can be ensured for replicated continuous interactive media, i.e., replicated media which change their state in reaction to user initiated operations as well as because of the passing of time. Typical examples for this media class are networked computer games and distributed VR applications. Existing approaches to reach consistency for replicated discrete interactive media are briefly outlined and it is shown that these fail in the continuous domain. In order to allow a thorough discussion of the problem, a formal definition of the term consistency in the continuous domain is given. Based on this definition we show that an important tradeoff relationship exists between the responsiveness of the medium and the appearance of short-term inconsistencies. Until now this tradeoff was not taken into consideration for consistency in the continuous domain, thereby severely limiting the consistency related fidelity for a large number of applications. We show that for those applications the fidelity can be significantly raised by voluntarily decreasing the responsiveness of the medium. This concept is called local lag. It enables the distribution of continuous interactive media that are more vulnerable to short-term inconsistencies than, e.g., battlefield simulations. We prove that the concept of local lag is valid by describing how local lag was successfully used to ensure consistency in a 3D telecooperation application. %M C.CSCW.2000.191 %T Undo Any Operation at Any Time in Group Editors %S Operational Transformation and Consistency %A Chengzheng Sun %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 191-200 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); Software -Software Engineering - Testing and Debugging (D.2.5); Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Office Automation (H.4.1): Groupware; Algorithms, Design, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; distributed computing, group editors, group undo, groupware, operational transformation %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p191-sun/p191-sun.pdf %X The ability to undo operations is an indispensable feature of real-time group editors, but supporting group undo is a difficult problem. None of the existing solutions for group undo is able to support undoing any operation at any time with guaranteed success. In this paper, we contribute a novel group undo solution with such a capability. The basic idea is to interpret an undo command as a concurrent inverse operation by means of operational transformation, so that an operation is always undoable regardless of its undo context. By separating undo policy from undo mechanism, multiple undo modes, such as single-step undo, chronological undo, and selective undo, can be supported in the same collaborative editing session. In addition, solutions to known undo puzzles are also provided. A web-based group text editor using the proposed undo solution has been implemented and is accessible at: http://reduce.qpsf.edu.au. %M C.CSCW.2000.201 %T Going Wireless: Behavior & Practice of New Mobile Phone Users %S Mobility %A Leysia Palen %A Marilyn Salzman %A Ed Youngs %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 201-210 %K cellular, communicative practice, digital telephony, mobile, qualitative research, wireless communication, wireless communications %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p201-palen/p201-palen.pdf %X We report on the results of a study in which 19 new mobile phone users were closely tracked for the first six weeks after service acquisition. Results show that new users tend to rapidly modify their perceptions of social appropriateness around mobile phone use, that actual nature of use frequently differs from what users initially predict, and that comprehension of service-oriented technologies can be problematic. We describe instances and features of mobile telephony practice. When in use, mobile phones occupy multiple social spaces simultaneously, spaces with norms that sometimes conflict: the physical space of the mobile phone user and the virtual space of the conversation. %M C.CSCW.2000.211 %T FieldWise: A Mobile Knowledge Management Architecture %S Mobility %A Henrik Fagrell %A Kerstin Forsberg %A Johan Sanneblad %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 211-220 %K Computer Systems Organization -Computer System Implementation - Microcomputers (C.5.3): Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital assistants); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); Information Systems -Database Management - General (H.2.0); Design, Management, Performance, Theory; hand-held devices, knowledge management, mobile CSCW, organisational memory %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p211-fagrell/p211-fagrell.pdf %X The paper presents results of a research project that has aimed at developing a knowledge management architecture for mobile work domains. The architecture developed, called FieldWise, was based on fieldwork in two organisations and feedback from users of prototype systems. This paper describes the empirically grounded requirements of FieldWise, how these have been realised in the architecture, and how the architecture has been implemented in the news journalism domain. FieldWise adds to the field of CSCW by offering an empirically grounded architecture with a set of novel features that have not been previously reported in the literature. %M C.CSCW.2000.221 %T WebSplitter: A Unified XML Framework for Multi-Device Collaborative Web Browsing %S Mobility %A Richard Han %A Veronique Perret %A Mahmoud Naghshineh %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 221-230 %K PDA, SML, XML, co-browsing, collaboration, groupware, middleware, multi-device, partial view, pervasive, proxy, remote control, service discovery, wireless %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p221-han/p221-han.pdf %X WebSplitter symbolizes the union of pervasive multi-device computing and collaborative multi-user computing. WebSplitter provides a unified XML framework that enables multi-device and multi-user Web browsing. WebSplitter splits a requested Web page and delivers the appropriate partial view of each page to each user, or more accurately to each user's set of devices. Multiple users can participate in the same browsing session, as in traditional conferencing groupware. Depending on the access privileges of the user to the different components of content on each page, WebSplitter generates a personalized partial view. WebSplitter further splits the partial view among the devices available to each user, e.g. laptop, wireless PDA, projection display, stereo speakers, orchestrating a composite presentation across the devices. A wireless PDA can browse while remotely controlling the multimedia capabilities of nearby devices. The architecture consists of an XML metadata policy file defining access privileges to XML tags on a Web page, a middleware proxy that splits XML Web content to create partial views, and a client-side component, e.g. applet, enabling user login and reception of pushed browsing data. Service discovery finds and registers proxies, browsing sessions, and device capabilities. We demonstrate the feasibility of splitting the different tags in an XML Web page to different end users browsers, and of pushing updates from the browsing session to heterogeneous devices, including a laptop and a PDA. %M C.CSCW.2000.231 %T Expertise Recommender: A Flexible Recommendation System and Architecture %S Expertise and Explanation %A David W. McDonald %A Mark S. Ackerman %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 231-240 %K CSCW, collaborative filtering, computer-supported cooperative work, expert locators, expertise finding, expertise location, information seeking, recommendation systems %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p231-mcdonald/p231-mcdonald.pdf %X Locating the expertise necessary to solve difficult problems is a nuanced social and collaborative problem. In organizations, some people assist others in locating expertise by making referrals. People who make referrals fill key organizational roles that have been identified by CSCW and affiliated research. Expertise locating systems are not designed to replace people who fill these key organizational roles. Instead, expertise locating systems attempt to decrease workload and support people who have no other options. Recommendation systems are collaborative software that can be applied to expertise locating. This work describes a general recommendation architecture that is grounded in a field study of expertise locating. Our expertise recommendation system details the work necessary to fit expertise recommendation to a work setting. The architecture and implementation begin to tease apart the technical aspects of providing good recommendations from social and collaborative concerns. %M C.CSCW.2000.241 %T Explaining Collaborative Filtering Recommendations %S Expertise and Explanation %A Jonathan L. Herlocker %A Joseph A. Konstan %A John Riedl %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 241-250 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Information Search and Retrieval (H.3.3): Information filtering; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Collaborative computing; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1); Design, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Reliability, Theory; GroupLens, MoviesLens, collaborative filtering, explanations, recommender systems %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p241-herlocker/p241-herlocker.pdf %X Automated collaborative filtering (ACF) systems predict a person's affinity for items or information by connecting that person's recorded interests with the recorded interests of a community of people and sharing ratings between like-minded persons. However, current recommender systems are black boxes, providing no transparency into the working of the recommendation. Explanations provide that transparency, exposing the reasoning and data behind a recommendation. In this paper, we address explanation interfaces for ACF systems - how they should be implemented and why they should be implemented. To explore how, we present a model for explanations based on the user's conceptual model of the recommendation process. We then present experimental results demonstrating what components of an explanation are the most compelling. To address why, we present experimental evidence that shows that providing explanations can improve the acceptance of ACF systems. We also describe some initial explorations into measuring how explanations can improve the filtering performance of users. %M C.CSCW.2000.251 %T Interpersonal Trust and Common Ground in Electronically Mediated Communication %S Expertise and Explanation %A Steve Greenspan %A David Goldberg %A David Weimer %A Andrea Basso %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 251-260 %K Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Communications Applications (H.4.3); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Design, Experimentation, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; WWW, consumers, conversation, telephony, television %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p251-greenspan/p251-greenspan.pdf %X Communication and commerce by web or phone creates benefits and challenges for both buyer and seller. Websites provide convenience and visualization; telephones provide voice and real-time interaction. To combine key elements of these experiences, we developed PhoneChannel. Using PhoneChannel, a PC user while talking on the telephone can display visuals on the other person's television. How do these different media affect the consumer experience? In a recent laboratory study, prospective homebuyers selected houses of interest using web, telephone, or PhoneChannel. Using the telephone or PhoneChannel led to higher trust; but using web or PhoneChannel led to higher ratings on convenience, enjoyment, and 'good method' scales. %M C.CSCW.2000.261 %T Recognizing and Supporting Roles in CSCW %S Flexibility and Constraint %A Mark Guzdial %A Jochen Rick %A Bolot Kerimbaev %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 261-268 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Computer-supported cooperative work; Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Systems analysis and design; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Web-based interaction; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5): Web-based services; Design, Human Factors, Management, Performance, Theory; CSCL, CoWeb, Wiki, design methodology, long-term, roles, website %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p261-guzdial/p261-guzdial.pdf %X In this paper, we describe our experience with the long-term, widespread use of CoWeb, an asynchronous collaborative tool that is mostly used to complement existing face-to-face groups (such as classes). The CoWeb is an open-ended tool that does not enforce or explicitly support specific roles or usage, yet several well-defined uses and roles have emerged over time. In our design methodology, we recognize these roles and refine our collaboration environment to better support them. %M C.CSCW.2000.269 %T Coping with Errors: The Importance of Process Data in Robust Sociotechnical Systems %S Flexibility and Constraint %A Michael B. Twidale %A Paul F. Marty %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 269-278 %K error analysis, problem solving, process data, workflow, workplace study %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p269-twidale/p269-twidale.pdf %X This paper presents an analysis of written and electronic records that document the collaborative process of packing museum artifacts in preparation for a move. The majority of data recorded detailed the process of packing, while only a small amount of the data concerned which artifacts were packed in which boxes. Museum staff members were able to use these process data to solve the numerous errors that occurred during packing. We explore the design implications for collaborative systems which focus on supporting error recovery rather than error prevention. %M C.CSCW.2000.279 %T How Can Cooperative Work Tools Support Dynamic Group Process? Bridging the Specificity Frontier %S Flexibility and Constraint %A Abraham Bernstein %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 279-288 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - General (H.4.0); Design, Management, Performance, Theory; dynamic/improvisational change, mixed-initiative systems, process specificity, process support system %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p279-bernstein/p279-bernstein.pdf %X In the past, most collaboration support systems have focused on either automating fixed work processes or simply supporting communication in ad-hoc processes. This results in systems that are usually inflexible and difficult to change or that provide no specific support to help users decide what to do next. This paper describes a new kind of tool that bridges the gap between these two approaches by flexibly supporting processes at many points along the spectrum: from highly specified to highly unspecified. The development of this approach was strongly based on social science theory about collaborative work. %M C.CSCW.2000.289 %T Supporting Collaborative Interpretation in Distributed Groupware %S Facilitation %A Donald Cox %A Saul Greenberg %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 289-298 %K Design, Management, Performance, Theory; collaborative interpretation, emergence, meeting support tools, real-time distributed groupware %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p289-cox/p289-cox.pdf %X Collaborative interpretation occurs when a group interprets and transforms a diverse set of information fragments into a coherent set of meaningful descriptions. This activity is characterized by emergence, where the participants' shared understanding develops gradually as they interact with each other and the source material. Our goal is to support collaborative interpretation by small, distributed groups. To achieve this, we first observed how face-to-face groups perform collaborative interpretation in a particular work context. We then synthesized design principles from two relevant areas: the key behaviors of people engaged in activities where emergence occurs, and how distributed groups work together over visual surfaces. We built and evaluated a system that supports a specific collaborative interpretation task. This system provides a large workspace and several objects that encourages emergence in interpretation. People manipulate cards that contain the raw information fragments. They reduce complexity by placing duplicate cards into piles. They suggest groupings as they manipulate the spatial layout of cards and piles. They enrich spatial layouts through notes, text and freehand annotations. They record their understanding of their final groupings as reports containing coherent descriptions. %M C.CSCW.2000.299 %T Structured Online Interactions: Improving the Decision-Making of Small Discussion Groups %S Facilitation %A Shelly Farnham %A Harry R. Chesley %A Debbie E. McGhee %A Reena Kawal %A Jennifer Landau %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 299-308 %K Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Types of Systems (H.4.2): Decision support; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Computer-supported cooperative work; Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Communications Applications (H.4.3); Design, Experimentation, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; chat, computer supported collaborative work, computer-mediated communication, group decision-making, structured chat %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p299-farnham/p299-farnham.pdf %X A quantitative research experiment was used to examine whether a group's computer-mediated decision-making could be improved by providing a scripted structure to the groups text chat discussion. The study compared a regular chat discussion to a scripted chat discussion using Lead Line, a program that allows people to add a layer of pre-authored structure to regular text chat. We found that groups were more likely to come to consensus in structured chat discussions. In addition, groups applied the structure they learned to subsequent regular chat sessions. %M C.CSCW.2000.309 %T Using Web Annotations for Asynchronous Collaboration Around Documents %S Facilitation %A J. J. Cadiz %A Anoop Gupta %A Jonathan Grudin %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 309-318 %K World Wide Web, annotation, asynchronous collaboration, computer mediated communication, distributed work, world wide web %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p309-cadiz/p309-cadiz.pdf %X Digital web-accessible annotations are a compelling medium for personal comments and shared discussions around documents. Only recently supported by widely used products, "in-context" digital annotation is a relatively unexamined phenomenon. This paper presents a case study of annotations created by members of a large development team using Microsoft Office 2000-approximately 450 people created 9,000 shared annotations on about 1,250 documents over 10 months. We present quantitative data on use, supported by interviews with users, identifying strengths and weaknesses of the existing capabilities and possibilities for improvement. %M C.CSCW.2000.319 %T Distance, Dependencies, and Delay in a Global Collaboration %S Distance and Proximity %A James D. Herbsleb %A Audris Mockus %A Thomas A. Finholt %A Rebecca E. Grinter %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 319-328 %K awareness, delay, global collaboration, informal communication, interdependence, software development, speed %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p319-herbsleb/p319-herbsleb.pdf %X Collaborations over distance must contend with the loss of the rich, subtle interactions that co-located teams use to coordinate their work. Previous research has suggested that one consequence of this loss is that cross-site work will take longer than comparable single-site work. We use both survey data and data from the change management system to measure the extent of delay in a multi-site software development organization. We also measure site interdependence, differences in same-site and cross-site communication patterns, and analyze the relationship of these variables to delay. Our results show a significant relationship between delay in cross-site work and the degree to which remote colleagues are perceived to help out when workloads are heavy. This result is particularly troubling in light of the finding that workers generally believed they were as helpful to their remote colleagues as to their local colleagues. We discuss implications of our findings for collaboration technology for distributed organizations. %M C.CSCW.2000.329 %T Collaboration with Lean Media: How Open-Source Software Succeeds %S Distance and Proximity %A Yutaka Yamauchi %A Makoto Yokozawa %A Takeshi Shinohara %A Toru Ishida %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 329-338 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Collaborative computing; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Software -Software Engineering - General (D.2.0); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Software Management (K.6.3): Software development; Design, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; CVS, cooperative work, distributed work, electronic media, innovation, open-source, software engineering %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p329-yamauchi/p329-yamauchi.pdf %X Open-source software, usually created by volunteer programmers dispersed worldwide, now competes with that developed by software firms. This achievement is particularly impressive as open-source programmers rarely meet. They rely heavily on electronic media, which preclude the benefits of face-to-face contact that programmers enjoy within firms. In this paper, we describe findings that address this paradox based on observation, interviews and quantitative analyses of two open-source projects. The findings suggest that spontaneous work coordinated afterward is effective, rational organizational culture helps achieve agreement among members and communications media moderately support spontaneous work. These findings can imply a new model of dispersed collaboration. %M C.CSCW.2000.339 %T How does Radical Collocation Help a Team Succeed? %S Distance and Proximity %A Stephanie Teasley %A Lisa Covi %A M. S. Krishnan %A Judith S. Olson %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 339-346 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Software Management (K.6.3): Software development; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); Software -Software Engineering - Management (D.2.9): Productivity; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Design, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; collocation, metrics, productivity, rapid software development, team rooms, warrooms %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p339-teasley/p339-teasley.pdf %X Companies are experimenting with putting teams into warrooms, hoping for some productivity enhancement. We conducted a field study of six such teams, tracking their activity, attitudes, use of technology and productivity. Teams in these warrooms showed a doubling of productivity. Why? Among other things, teams had easy access to each other for both coordination of their work and for learning, and the work artifacts they posted on the walls remained visible to all. These results imply that if we are to truly support remote teams, we should provide constant awareness and easy transitions in and out of spontaneous meetings. %M C.CSCW.2000.347 %T CSCW 2000 Video Program %S Video Presentations %A Andreas Girgensohn %A Alison Lee %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 347 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p347-girgensohn/p347-girgensohn.pdf %M C.CSCW.2000.348 %T MUSICFX: An Arbiter of Group Preferences for Computer Supported Collaborative Workouts %S Video Presentations %A Joseph E. McCarthy %A Theodore D. Anagnost %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 348 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p348-mccarthy/p348-mccarthy.pdf %M C.CSCW.2000.349 %T Talking in Circles: A Spatially-Grounded Social Environment %S Video Presentations %A Roy A. Rodenstein %A Judith S. Donath %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 349 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p349-rodenstein/p349-rodenstein.pdf %M C.CSCW.2000.350 %T StickyChats: Remote Conversations Over Digital Documents %S Video Presentations %A Elizabeth Churchill %A Jonathan Trevor %A Sara Bly %A Les Nelson %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 350 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p350-churchill/p350-churchill.pdf %M C.CSCW.2000.351 %T Sun SharedShell Tool %S Video Presentations %A Nicole Yankelovich %A James "Bo" Begole %A John C. Tang %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 351 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p351-yankelovich/p351-yankelovich.pdf %M C.CSCW.2000.352 %T User Experience of CLIVE/mbanx Solution %S Video Presentations %A Shahrokh Daijavad %A Tong-Haing Fin %A Tom Frauenhofer %A Tetsu Fujisaki %A Alison Lee %A Maroun Touma %A Catherine G. Wolf %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 352 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p352-daijavad/p352-daijavad.pdf %M C.CSCW.2000.353 %T Enabling Distributed Collaborative Science %S Video Presentations %A Tom Hudson %A Diane Sonnenwald %A Kelly Maglaughlin %A Mary Whitton %A Ronald Bergquist %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 353 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p353-hudson/p353-hudson.pdf %M C.CSCW.2000.354 %T GestureMan: A Mobile Robot that Embodies a Remote Instructor's Actions %S Video Presentations %A Hideaki Kuzuoka %A Shinya Oyama %A Keiichi Yamazaki %A Akiko Yamazaki %A Mamoru Mitsuishi %A Kenji Suzuki %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 354 %* (c) Copyright 2000 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/cscw/358916/p354-kuzuoka/p354-kuzuoka.pdf %M C.CSCW.2000.355 %T Supporting Real-Time Collaboration Over Wide Area Networks %S Video Presentations %A Hye-Chung (Monica) Kum %A Prasun Dewan %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 355 %M C.CSCW.2000.357 %T Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community %S Opening Plenary %A Robert D. Putnam %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 357 %M C.CSCW.2000.359 %T IT2: An Information Technology Initiative for the Twenty-First Century -- NSF Plans for Implementation %S Invited Talk %A Ruzena Bajcsy %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 359 %M C.CSCW.2000.361 %T Got a Minute? How Technology Affects the Economy of Attention %T Instant Messaging: Products Meet Workplace Users %S Closing Plenary %A Warren Thorngate %A John C. Tang %A Austina de Bonte %A Mary Beth Raven %A Ellen Isaacs %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 361 %P 363 %M C.CSCW.2000.363 %T Research at Internet Speed: Is it Necessary? %S Panels %A Irene Greif %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 363 %M C.CSCW.2000.363 %T The Children's Challenge: New Technologies to Support Co-Located and Distributed Collaboration %S Panels %A Allison Druin %A Steve Benford %A Amy Bruckman %A Kori Inkpen %A Shelia O'Rouke %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 363 %M C.CSCW.2000.363 %T Beyond Bowling Together %S Panels %A Paul Resnick %A Tora Bikson %A Elizabeth Mynatt %A Robert Puttnam %A Lee Sproull %A Barry Wellman %B CSCW00 %D 2000 %P 363 fpack:!@#$%^&*(): DIS02.BA %M C.DIS.02.7 %T Interviews with interaction designers %A Bill Moggridge %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 7-8 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778713 %M C.DIS.02.9 %T The Placebo project %A Anthony Dunne %A Fiona Raby %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 9-12 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778714 %M C.DIS.02.13 %T Everyday adaptive design %A Thomas P. Moran %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 13-14 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778715 %M C.DIS.02.15 %T Some recent thoughts on digital media %A John Maeda %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 15-18 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778716 %M C.DIS.02.19 %T Neither Bauhausler nor nerd educating the interaction designer %A Pelle Ehn %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 19-23 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778717 %M C.DIS.02.24 %T Who will design the cathedrals of information technology? %A Gillian Crampton Smith %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 24-25 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778718 %M C.DIS.02.26 %T Can we learn anything about the process of UI design? %A S. Joy Mountford %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 26-31 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778719 %M C.DIS.02.32 %T Investigating exhibits %A Ben Fry %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 32-36 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778720 %M C.DIS.02.41 %T "...a load of ould boxology!" %S Section 01: augmented education %A Kieran Ferris %A Liam Bannon %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 41-49 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778722 %X This paper documents the design process for an augmented children's play environment centred on that most ubiquitous and simple of objects, the cardboard box. The purpose of the exercise is to show how computer technology can be used in innovative ways to stimulate discovery, play and adventure among children. Our starting point was a dissatisfaction with current computer technology as it is presented to children, which, all to often in our view, focuses inappropriately on the computer per se as a fetishized object. Shifting the focus of attention from the Graphical User Interface (GUI) to familiar objects, and children's interactions around and through these augmented objects, results in the computer becoming a facilitator of exploration and learning. The paper documents the journey from initial design concept, through a number of prototype implementations, to the final implementation. Each design iteration was triggered by observation of use of the prototypes, and reflection on that use, and on new design possibilities. By augmenting an everyday artefact, namely the standard cardboard box, we have created a simple yet powerful interactive environment that, judging from the experience of our "users", has achieved its goal of stirring children's imagination. %M C.DIS.02.50 %T Design of an interactive system for group learning support %S Section 01: augmented education %A Masanori Sugimoto %A Fusako Kusunoki %A Hiromichi Hashizume %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 50-55 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778723 %X In this paper we describe our project to design a system that can be used as a teaching aid to support group learning in elementary school education. The system enhances the learning outcome for pupils who have studied environmental problems using a textbook, by allowing them to construct a town in a physical space and to assess the construction through computer simulations. The system was designed in collaboration with teachers and their pupils in elementary schools. Lessons learned from the collaborative design processes are described. %M C.DIS.02.56 %T A group game played in interactive virtual space: design and evaluation %S Section 01: augmented education %A Hanna Stromberg %A Antti Vaatanen %A Veli-Pekka Raty %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 56-63 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778724 %X We have designed and evaluated Nautilus -- a group game played in interactive virtual space. This was a study about new kinds of computer games with new types of user interfaces. Our aim was to reduce the boundaries between the surrounding physical space and the virtual space designed to appeal to users' senses. We utilized the iterative Human-Centred Design (HCD) approach in the study. We created a new way to experience and play computer games, where players use their natural body movements and interact with each other. We have received information on the use of bodily and spatial user interfaces for location-based entertainment (LBE) solutions. %M C.DIS.02.64 %T Design of a 3D interactive math learning environment %S Section 01: augmented education %A Jason Elliott %A Amy Bruckman %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 64-74 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778725 %X Can 3D graphics help high-school students learn advanced mathematics? Can we create a sufficiently compelling application such that students would choose to play with advanced math concepts for fun? What usability problems does this technology pose for novice users? AquaMOOSE 3D is a desktop 3D environment designed to help students learn about the behavior of parametric equations. AquaMOOSE is based on an educational philosophy called constructionism, which advocates learning through design and construction activities [14]. Students use mathematics to design interesting graphical forms and also create mathematical challenges to share with others. In this paper, we present our iterative design process and the results from a formative evaluation with 105 high-school students in a six-week honors summer math program. We analyse their experiences through log-file analysis, a questionnaire, and interviews. A more detailed case study of one student's positive experiences shows the potential of the system. We conclude that students find the aesthetic qualities of the environment motivating, but usability still poses problems. Opportunities and challenges in leveraging 3D graphics for math learning are discussed. Trade-offs are presented between designing for learner's immediate needs versus leveraging technology to create fundamentally new learning opportunities. %M C.DIS.02.75 %T Community design of community simulations %S Section 01: augmented education %A Mary Beth Rosson %A John M. Carroll %A Cheryl D. Seals %A Tracy L. Lewis %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 75-83 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778726 %X We report on a participatory design workshop in which residents of a community collaborated in learning about and designing projects for a visual simulation environment. Nine participants (five middle school teachers, four senior citizens) first conducted a participatory evaluation of a tutorial developed for the Stagecast Creator simulation tool. They then worked in pairs to brainstorm ideas for Creator simulation projects that would help raise and promote discussion of issues relevant to their community. After sharing these ideas, each pair chose 2-3 simulation ideas to refine as a specification for subsequent implementation. We discuss the participants' learning and design activities, as well as their contributions to our long term goal of supporting cross-generational collaboration and learning through community simulation projects. %M C.DIS.02.87 %T The enigmatics of affect %S Section 02: perspectives %A Phoebe Sengers %A Rainer Liesendahi %A Werner Magar %A Christoph Seibert %A Boris Muller %A Thorsten Joachims %A Weidong Geng %A Pia Martensson %A Kristina Hook %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 87-98 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778728 %X Affective computation generally focuses on the informatics of affect: structuring, formalizing, and representing emotion as informational units. We propose instead an enigmatics of affect, a critical technical practice that respects the rich and undefinable complexities of human affective experience. Our interactive installation, the Influencing Machine, allows users to explore a dynamic landscape of emotionally expressive sound and child-like drawings, using a tangible, intuitive input device that supports open-ended engagement. The Influencing Machine bridges the subjective experience of the user and the necessary objective rationality of the underlying code. It functions as a cultural probe, reflecting and challenging users to reflect on the cultural meaning of affective computation. %M C.DIS.02.99 %T From user to character: an investigation into user-descriptions in scenarios %S Section 02: perspectives %A Lene Nielsen %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 99-104 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778729 %M C.DIS.02.105 %T Abstract information appliances: methodological exercises in conceptual design of computational things %S Section 02: perspectives %A Lars Hallnas %A Johan Redstrom %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 105-116 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778730 %X The decisions we make when designing computational things cannot all be reduced to questions about functionality, usability testing, user requirements, etc. In HCI-related research and design, other fundamental aspects of design, such as the basic aesthetical choices involved, have a tendency to be hidden and seemingly forgotten. To support awareness and understanding of such basic aesthetical choices, we propose two methodological exercises that take the expressions of computational things in use as their starting points: i) to discover functionality in given expressions; and ii) to rediscover "expressionals" in given appliances. The aim with i) is to encourage reflection on the way in which functionality explains the expressions of things. With ii), the aim is to expose the more or less hidden aesthetical choices by means of re-interpreting them in given appliances. We present examples of the exercises and discuss more general issues, such as the central role of temporal gestalts and the art of using computational things. %M C.DIS.02.117 %T Form is function %S Section 02: perspectives %A Bo Westerlund %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 117-124 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778731 %X It's said that the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto designed a concert hall foyer in such a way that people when walking across the foyer towards the concert hall would not have to interrupt the conversations they were involved in. They would not need to find and interpret signs or difficult room forms in order to find their way. Aalto put a light shaft at the end of the foyer. People walked towards the light and having done that found themselves just above the stairs to the concert hall. [Ejhed, personal communication] So one function of the foyer is that it does not interrupt ongoing conversations. This function is not visible in itself but it depends on the real, visible forms. Form as function. What is interesting in this example is that the environment supports human behaviour. We can act without paying that much attention to what we do. %M C.DIS.02.125 %T How does the design community think about design? %S Section 02: perspectives %A Michael E. Atwood %A Katherine W. McCain %A Jodi C. Williams %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 125-132 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778732 %X Design is a term that brings many people together. Collectively, we distinguish ourselves from others by the fact that we are designers and members of a design community. But, design is also a term that pushes people apart. The design that some value in the new fashions in the boutiques in Milan is not seen by everyone as design. While some are impressed with the design of a new telephone, not everyone sees this as design. As a community, we believe design is important. But, as a community, we do not have a common definition of what it is. Many views of design have been proposed. Several classifications of design have been proposed. In this paper, we also seek to classify views on design. Unlike earlier efforts, however, we want to find the classification that the global community of designers uses. To this end, we examine the patterns of citations to key authors' works (Author Co-citation Analysis) to uncover this classification and identify seven key author clusters representing identifiable theory groups or schools of thought/practice in design. %M C.DIS.02.135 %T Cubby+: exploring interaction %S Section 03: tools %A J. W. Frens %A J. P. Djajadiningrat %A C. J. Overbeeke %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 135-140 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778734 %M C.DIS.02.141 %T Forming interactivity: a tool for rapid prototyping of physical interactive products %S Section 03: tools %A Daniel Avrahami %A Scott E. Hudson %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 141-146 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778735 %X The current practice used in the design of physical interactive products (such as handheld devices), often suffers from a divide between exploration of form and exploration of interactivity. This can be attributed, in part, to the fact that working prototypes are typically expensive, take a long time to manufacture, and require specialized skills and tools not commonly available in design studios. We have designed a prototyping tool that, we believe, can significantly reduce this divide. The tool allows designers to rapidly create functioning, interactive, physical prototypes early in the design process using a collection of wireless input components (buttons, sliders, etc.) and a sketch of form. The input components communicate with Macromedia Director to enable interactivity. We believe that this tool can improve the design practice by: a) Improving the designer's ability to explore both the form and interactivity of the product early in the design process, b) Improving the designer's ability to detect problems that emerge from the combination of the form and the interactivity, c) Improving users' ability to communicate their ideas, needs, frustrations and desires, and d) Improving the client's understanding of the proposed design, resulting in greater involvement and support for the design. %M C.DIS.02.147 %T Designing for serendipity: supporting end-user configuration of ubiquitous computing environments %S Section 03: tools %A Mark W. Newman %A Jana Z. Sedivy %A Christine M. Neuwirth %A W. Keith Edwards %A Jason I. Hong %A Shahram Izadi %A Karen Marcelo %A Trevor F. Smith %A Jana Sedivy %A Mark Newman %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 147-156 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778736 %X The future world of ubiquitous computing is one in which we will be surrounded by an ever-richer set of networked devices and services. In such a world, we cannot expect to have available to us specific applications that allow us to accomplish every conceivable combination of devices that we might wish. Instead, we believe that many of our interactions will be through highly generic tools that allow enduser discovery, configuration, interconnection, and control of the devices around us. This paper presents a design study of such an environment, intended to support serendipitous, opportunistic use of discovered network resources. We present an examination of a generic browser-style application built on top of an infrastructure developed to support arbitrary recombination of devices and services, as well as a number of challenges we believe to be inherent in such settings. %M C.DIS.02.157 %T Simplifying video editing using metadata %S Section 03: tools %A Juan Casares %A A. Chris Long %A Brad A. Myers %A Rishi Bhatnagar %A Scott M. Stevens %A Laura Dabbish %A Dan Yocum %A Albert Corbett %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 157-166 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778737 %X Digital video is becoming increasingly ubiquitous. However, editing video remains difficult for several reasons: it is a time-based medium, it has dual tracks of audio and video, and current tools force users to work at the smallest level of detail. Based on interviews with professional video editors, we developed a video editor, called Silver, that uses metadata to make digital video editing more accessible to novices. To help users visualize video, Silver provides multiple views with different semantic content and at different levels of abstraction, including storyboard, editable transcript, and timeline views. Silver offers smart editing operations that help users resolve the inconsistencies that arise because of the different boundaries in audio and video. We conducted a preliminary user study to investigate the effectiveness of the Silver smart editing. Participants successfully edited video after only a short tutorial, both with and without smart editing assistance. Our research suggests several ways in which video editing tools could use metadata to assist users in the reuse and composition of video. %M C.DIS.02.167 %T Virtual video prototyping of pervasive healthcare systems %S Section 03: tools %A Jakob Bardram %A Claus Bossen %A Andreas Lykke-Olesen %A Rune Nielsen %A Kim Halskov Madsen %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 167-177 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778738 %X Virtual studio technology enables the mixing of physical and digital 3D objects and thus expands the way of representing design ideas in terms of virtual video prototypes, which offers new possibilities for designers by combining elements of prototypes, mock-ups, scenarios, and conventional video. In this article we report our initial experience in the domain of pervasive healthcare with producing virtual video prototypes and using them in a design workshop. Our experience has been predominantly favourable. The production of a virtual video prototype forces the designers to decide very concrete design issues, since one cannot avoid paying attention to the physical, real-world constraints and to details in the usage-interaction between users and technology. From the users' perspective, during our evaluation of the virtual video prototype, we experienced how it enabled users to relate to the practicalities and context of applied technology. One of the main limitations experienced in the creation of the virtual video prototypes is the lack of user-involvement. %M C.DIS.02.181 %T Innovation in extremis: evolving an application for the critical work of email and information management %S Section 04: reflecting on practice %A Victoria Bellotti %A Nicolas Ducheneaut %A Mark Howard %A Ian Smith %A Christine Neuwirth %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 181-192 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778740 %X We describe our experience of trying to develop a novel application that transforms information management (both coordination-based and personal) from stand-alone resources into resources deeply embedded in email. We explored two models for accomplishing this goal; these were to embed these resources in the email channel and to embed them in the client. Our exploration of the first model was intensive, in-depth and ultimately unsuccessful in large part due to our design process. We adopted Extreme Programming (XP) as a means to explore our second model more efficiently. This paper describes our motivations and experiences while exploring our first model before XP and then the advantages and disadvantages of turning to XP in the exploration of our second model. %M C.DIS.02.193 %T The roads not taken: detours and dead ends on the design path of speeder reader %S Section 04: reflecting on practice %A Maribeth Back %A Steve Harrison %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 193-199 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778741 %X Speeder Reader is an experimental reading device that combines dynamic typography for speed reading (using RSVP, or Rapid Serial Visual Presentation) with the driving controls used in videogame speed racing. It was designed as one of eleven innovative reading experiences in "XFR: Experiments in the Future of Reading," a museum exhibit examining the intersections of reading and technology. We highlight the design arc of this particular exhibit, Speeder Reader, against the development of the rest of the show as an example of the impact of the iterating overall design ideology on each piece. This paper discusses the genesis, development context, and design pathway of the Speeder Reader exhibit, including both ideological and practical constraints. %M C.DIS.02.201 %T User purposes and information-seeking behaviors in web-based media: a user-centered approach to information design on websites %S Section 04: reflecting on practice %A Napawan Sawasdichai %A Sharon Poggenpohl %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 201-212 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778742 %X In the effort to specify and evaluate the designing of web-based media to improve users' satisfaction, design principles are established for general use. These principles might be developed holistically, or they can be analyzed and formulated from extensive user research. Since information on websites is traditionally structured and presented based on the websites' goals and contents, it may or may not match with users' purposes and their search behaviors. This leads to users' struggle and frustration. As a result, this paper presents a relatively new area of user research in web-based media, offering a user-centered perspective with the consideration of users' purposes, users' modes of searching and their search behaviors. The information on web-based media should not be designed only to serve websites' goals and contents, but should also match with purposes and search patterns of the intended audience in order to improve their satisfaction and help accomplish their goals. %M C.DIS.02.213 %T Improving the design of business and interactive system concepts in a digital business consultancy %S Section 04: reflecting on practice %A Richard I. Anderson %A Jennifer Crakow %A Jay Joichi %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 213-223 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778743 %X Often, the multidisciplinary design of business and interactive system concepts is not particularly collaborative nor nearly as "user-centered" as the organization doing the design claims. This paper describes efforts at changing that within a high speed and low resource environment by involving all disciplines in early user research and in the synthesis of the findings and their application to design activities. The focus is on two high-profile design projects, one involving personal media management and the other involving organizational knowledge management. We describe what we did and why, and how well what we did worked, with particular attention to the affects of organizational culture and politics on success. %M C.DIS.02.224 %T Technology choice as a first step in design: the interplay of procedural and sensemaking processes %S Section 04: reflecting on practice %A Mark Bergman %A Gloria Mark %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 224-234 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778744 %X Project design involves an initial selection of technologies, which has strong consequences for later stages of design. In this paper we describe an ethnographic-based field work study of a complex organization, and how it addressed the issue of front-end project and technology selection. Formal procedures were designed for the organization to perform repeatable, definable, and measurable actions. Yet, formal procedures obscured much about the processes actually being applied in selecting technologies and projects. In actuality, the formal procedures were interwoven with sensemaking activities so that technologies could be understood, compared, and a decision consensus could be reached. We expect that the insights from this study can benefit design teams in complex organizations facing similar selection and requirements issues. %M C.DIS.02.237 %T Pools and satellites: intimacy in the city %S Section 05: home and neighbourhood %A Katja Battarbee %A Nik Baerten %A Martijn Hinfelaar %A Paul Irvine %A Susanne Loeber %A Alan Munro %A Thomas Pederson %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 237-245 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778746 %X This paper addresses the issue of mediating intimacy in order to support city communities. What is intimacy and how can it be mediated through the introduction of new technology in a community? It illustrates the discussion by describing two explorative information and communication technology concepts and scenarios. %M C.DIS.02.246 %T Of maps and guidebooks: designing geographical technologies %S Section 05: home and neighbourhood %A Barry Brown %A Mark Perry %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 246-254 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778747 %X Researchers and designers are increasingly making use of geographic location in designing context-aware computer systems. However, there has been little conceptual work on how geography interacts with technology. In this paper, we use the concepts of "place and space" to explore how technologies are used geographically and how they impact on, and are used in, the physical environment. Fieldwork with tourists using maps and guidebooks shows how technology brings space and place together in activity. This discussion is used to look at how technologies might better span place and space. %M C.DIS.02.255 %T Practical strategies for integrating a conversation analyst in an iterative design process %S Section 05: home and neighbourhood %A Allison Woodruff %A Margaret H. Szymanski %A Rebecca E. Grinter %A Paul M. Aoki %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 255-264 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778748 %X We present a case study of an iterative design process that includes a conversation analyst. We discuss potential benefits of conversation analysis for design, and we describe our strategies for integrating the conversation analyst in the design process. Since the analyst on our team had no previous exposure to design or engineering, and none of the other members of our team had any experience with conversation analysis, we needed to build a foundation for our interaction. One of our key strategies was to pair the conversation analyst with a designer in a highly interactive collaboration. Our tactics have been effective on our project, leading to valuable results that we believe we could not have obtained using another method. We hope that this paper can serve as a practical guide to those interested in establishing a productive and efficient working relationship between a conversation analyst and the other members of a design team. %M C.DIS.02.265 %T Pattern-based support for interactive design in domestic settings %S Section 05: home and neighbourhood %A Andy Crabtree %A Terry Hemmings %A Tom Rodden %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 265-276 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778749 %X Designing for future domestic environments offers a challenge for everyone involved in the design of new technologies. The move from the office, and working environments in general, has highlighted the need for new techniques for understanding the home and conveying findings to technology developers. This paper presents a pattern-based approach informing the design of technology for future domestic settings. The approach is based on the original work of Alexander and seeks to support the on-going process of design, rather than the structuring of a corpus of previous work. The paper presents an adapted pattern language framework for structuring and presenting ethnographic fieldwork and considers the broad implications of patterns for the development of new technologies for domestic settings. %M C.DIS.02.277 %T Notes towards an ethnography of domestic technology %S Section 05: home and neighbourhood %A Mark Blythe %A Andrew Monk %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 277-281 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778750 %X This paper reports the key findings of an ethnographic study of domestic technology in the home. The issues addressed include: the gendered division of domestic labour and gendered product design; the privatisation of domestic space through entertainment technologies; and the necessity of making mundane housework more enjoyable. The paper briefly describes the technology biography procedure that was used to gather data, outlines key design implications, and presents illustrative product suggestions, which are intended to inspire or provoke designers. %M C.DIS.02.285 %T But how, Donald, tell us how?: on the creation of meaning in interaction design through feedforward and inherent feedback %S Section 06: objects in space %A Tom Djajadiningrat %A Kees Overbeeke %A Stephan Wensveen %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 285-291 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778752 %X %M C.DIS.02.293 %T Wear, point, and tilt: designing support for mobile service and maintenance in industrial settings %S Section 06: objects in space %A Daniel Fallman %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 293-302 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778753 %X Through theoretical influences, particularly drawing on the phenomenological notion of embodiment, and through the findings of an ethnographic study of the work practice of service technicians at two industrial assembly manufacturing units, we present the philosophy behind and practice in designing a mobile support system for real-life application. In this particular setting, we have come to question both the usefulness of the currently available and applied styles of interaction, and the role such a system should play in the everyday activities of service and maintenance. In this paper, we introduce the findings of the field study and explain how these findings have been interpreted to constitute design incentives. We especially focus on three aspects of the design of the prototype system: the functionality it encompasses; the interaction style with which the user performs input to the device; and the mobile prototype's graphical user interface. %M C.DIS.02.303 %T MessyDesk and MessyBoard: two designs inspired by the goal of improving human memory %S Section 06: objects in space %A Adam Fass %A Jodi Forlizzi %A Randy Pausch %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 303-311 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778754 %X MessyDesk is a replacement desktop that invites free-form decoration. MessyBoard is a large, projected, shared bulletin board that is decorated collaboratively by a small group of users. We built these programs with the goal of helping people remember more of the content that they access through a computer. Our approach is to embed content within distinct contexts. For instance, a computer with multiple projection screens could surround the user with panoramic vistas that correspond to projects that the user is working on. Since few people are willing to create their own context, we created MessyDesk and MessyBoard in order to entice people to decorate. Though we have not yet evaluated the impact of either program on users' memories, we have observed people using these programs over a several week period. From anecdotal evidence, we believe that MessyDesk may be a good tool for decoration and information management. MessyBoard became popular when we projected the board on the wall in our lab. We have seen that different research groups use it differently. One group uses it mostly for jokes and games, and another group uses it for long design discussions. It is good for scheduling, and supports factual as well as emotional communication among group members. %M C.DIS.02.312 %T ComTouch: design of a vibrotactile communication device %S Section 06: objects in space %A Angela Chang %A Sile O'Modhrain %A Rob Jacob %A Eric Gunther %A Hiroshi Ishii %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 312-320 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778755 %X We describe the design of ComTouch, a device that augments remote voice communication with touch, by converting hand pressure into vibrational intensity between users in real-time. The goal of this work is to enrich inter-personal communication by complementing voice with a tactile channel. We present preliminary user studies performed on 24 people to observe possible uses of the tactile channel when used in conjunction with audio. By recording and examining both audio and tactile data, we found strong relationships between the two communication channels. Our studies show that users developed an encoding system similar to that of Morse code, as well as three original uses: emphasis, mimicry, and turn-taking. We demonstrate the potential of the tactile channel to enhance the existing voice communication channel. %M C.DIS.02.321 %T All robots are not created equal: the design and perception of humanoid robot heads %S Section 06: objects in space %A Carl F. DiSalvo %A Francine Gemperle %A Jodi Forlizzi %A Sara Kiesler %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 321-326 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778756 %X This paper presents design research conducted as part of a larger project on human-robot interaction. The primary goal of this study was to come to an initial understanding of what features and dimensions of a humanoid robot's face most dramatically contribute to people's perception of its humanness. To answer this question we analyzed 48 robots and conducted surveys to measure people's perception of each robot's humanness. Through our research we found that the presence of certain features, the dimensions of the head, and the total number of facial features heavily influence the perception of humanness in robot heads. This paper presents our findings and initial guidelines for the design of humanoid robot heads. %M C.DIS.02.331 %T Location-sensitive services: it's now ready for prime time on cellular phones! %S Exhibits %A Didier Chincholle %A Mikael Eriksson %A Alex Burden %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 331-334 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778758 %X Today's wireless devices have the capability to receive information that is tailored to customers' needs at a particular location. A unique set of location-based services -- called PNT and including user-solicited information, worldwide mapping, route guidance, positioning and ecouponing -- has been created for tiny displays and limited input of mobile Internet-enabled cellular phones. A first version is available on an Ericsson R380s. A set of user interfaces has been designed. This makes finding information more intuitive than ever before: interfaces have been optimized for mobile use that demands not only quick and direct manipulation but also easy navigation. %M C.DIS.02.335 %T Push me, shove me and I show you how you feel: recognising mood from emotionally rich interaction %S Exhibits %A Stephan Wensveen %A Kees Overbeeke %A Tom Djajadiningrat %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 335-340 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778759 %X The mood or emotional state you are in colours the way you interact with people and systems. Future interactive systems need to recognise emotional aspects in order to be truly adaptive. We designed an alarm clock, which elicits rich expressive behaviour and demonstrated that it is able to read your mood from the way you set it. We validated film clips, used them to induce moods after which participants had to set the alarm clock. From the dynamic setting behaviour we inferred parameters from which we calculated equations to identify the mood. The results illustrate the importance of a tight coupling between action and appearance in interaction design, through freedom of interaction and matching inherent feedback. %M C.DIS.02.341 %T Mixers: a participatory approach to design prototyping %S Exhibits %A Ramia Maze %A Monica Bueno %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 341-344 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778760 %X In this design exhibit, we describe methods we have used to design a noticeboard interface for an older community in London. Three low-fidelity methods of prototyping interaction provided shared and accessible means for us and our end users to communicate design ideas, explore qualities of the user experience, and evaluate them within situations of use. This approach facilitated the development of an appropriate, innovative and feasible solution for a unique context. %M C.DIS.02.345 %T What you see is what you feel: exploiting the dominance of the visual over the haptic domain to simulate force-feedback with cursor displacements %S Exhibits %A Ir. Mfa Koert van Mensvoort %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 345-348 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778761 %X In this paper, we will present an approach to design a more natural user interface without taking resort to special haptic input/output devices. Tactile sensations like stickiness, touch, or mass can be evoked by applying tiny displacements upon cursor movements. Our active cursor method exploits the domination of the visual over the haptic domain. We will show that interactive animations can be used to simulate the functioning of force-feedback devices. A demo is online at http://www.koert.com/work/activecursor (a shockwave plugin is required). %M C.DIS.02.349 %T Using a Wizard of Oz study to inform the design of SenToy %S Exhibits %A Gerd Andersson %A Kristina Hook %A Dario Mourao %A Ana Paiva %A Marco Costa %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 349-355 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778762 %X We describe the design of an affective control interface, SenToy, a doll with sensors that allows users to control their avatars in an adventure game. A Wizard of Oz study was used early in the design process to find the best relationship between user movements of SenToy and the resulting affective expressions and movements of their avatar on the screenon the screen. The results from the study showed that there are behaviors and gestures that most users will easily pick up to express emotions. It told us which dimensions of movements (distance to screen, movements of limbs, etc.) that work most easily will be picked up by users. We describe in what way the results from the study have affected the design of the SenToy and the hardware requirements. Wizard of Oz studies have previously been used for natural language interface and intelligent agent design and we show that it can also be used in the domain of affective input-device design. %M C.DIS.02.356 %T Forest of thoughts %S Exhibits %A Boris Muller %A Sven Voelker %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 356-358 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778763 %X THE FOREST OF THOUGHTS was a constantly changing and self-developing art-space -- a "living exhibition" -- on the internet. It was initiated by Boris Muller and Sven Voelker in collaboration with the German weekly "Die Zeit". Fifteen personalities from different creative disciplines exhibited their work, ideas and positions in this public gallery (and discussion panel) that was explored by viewers through the internet. By constantly sending in their contributions during a six week period, the artists, writers, designers, theorists, etc. developed a number of conversations about (and along) the theme. The medium of the internet allowed everyone to show their individual positions and to respond to other artists at any time and from any place in the world. The contributors included Fiona Raby, Tony Dunne, John Warwicker, Karl Hoffmann, FAT, jodi.org, N55, Marcus Gosling, Michael Saup and others. %M C.DIS.02.359 %T The chat circles series: explorations in designing abstract graphical communication interfaces %S Exhibits %A Judith Donath %A Fernanda Viegas %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 359-369 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778764 %X We have been creating a series of graphical chat programs designed to foster social interaction and expressive communication. We started with a spare, minimalist interface and in subsequent programs have modified its fundamental features: background space, individual representation, movement implementation, communication channels, and history depiction. The resulting family of graphical chat programs share many interface features but differ significantly in their feel and function. This paper examines the variations among the interfaces and discusses their implications for social interaction. %M C.DIS.02.370 %T Examples and ideas in the development of sounding objects %S Exhibits %A Matthias Rath %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 370-372 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778765 %X In the following I want to describe some experiences, ideas and results in the development of real-time sound models. The background of our design approach, which lies in former developments in sound generation techniques, inspirations from psychoacoustic research and in increasing demands on auditory display in HCI, specifically in interactive multimedia environments will be shortly sketched first. After an overview of some recent work, problems that I've encountered and general ideas for a sound design framework should be understood. %M C.DIS.02.373 %T Things aren't what they seem to be: innovation through technology inspiration %S Exhibits %A Yvonne Rogers %A Mike Scaife %A Eric Harris %A Ted Phelps %A Sara Price %A Hilary Smith %A Henk Muller %A Cliff Randell %A Andrew Moss %A Ian Taylor %A Danae Stanton %A Claire O'Malley %A Greta Corke %A Silvia Gabrielli %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 373-378 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778766 %X How does designing for novel experiences with largely untried technologies get its inspiration? Here we report on a project whose goal was to promote learning through novel, playful visions of technologies. To this end, we experimented with a diversity of ambient and pervasive technologies to inspire and drive our design. Working as a large multi-disciplinary group of researchers and designers we developed novel and imaginative experiences for children. To crystallise our ideas we designed, implemented and experimented with a mixed reality adventure game, where children had to hunt an elusive, virtual creature called the Snark, in a large interactive environment. We describe our experiences, reflecting on the process of design inspiration in an area where so much remains unknown. %M C.DIS.02.379 %T Mediator and medium: doors as interruption gateways and aesthetic displays %S Exhibits %A Jeffrey Nichols %A Jacob O. Wobbrock %A Darren Gergle %A Jodi Forlizzi %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 379-386 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778767 %X Office doors are more than entrances to rooms, they are entrances to a person's time and attention. People can mediate access to themselves by choosing whether to leave their door open or closed when they are in their office. Doors also serve as a medium for communication, where people can broadcast individual messages to passersby, or accept messages from others who stopped by when the door was closed. These qualities make the door an excellent location for designing solutions that help people better manage their time and attention. In this paper, we present a study of doors, derive design insights from the study, and then realize some of these insights in two cooperating implementations deployed in our workplace. %M C.DIS.02.387 %T Multilevel design and role play: experiences in assessing support for neighborhood participation in design %S Exhibits %A Hal Eden %A Eric Scharff %A Eva Hornecker %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 387-392 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778768 %X Designing and assessing systems to support neighborhood participation in design is difficult due to the challenges of involving real participants and the fragile nature of early instantiations of technologies aimed at supporting open-ended and ill-structured design tasks. We report on a scenario-based, semi-realistic field trial of two prototypes of the Envisionment and Discovery Collaboratory, an environment for supporting community involvement in design activities. By engaging subjects in playing participant roles, we have been able to gain some crucial insights into the facets of the design at multiple levels as part of an ongoing design process. %M C.DIS.02.393 %T Exploring exhibit space in a personal perspective: an interactive photo collage of a folk crafts museum %S Exhibits %A Takashi Kiriyama %A Mihoko Otake %A Hiroya Tanaka %A Junichi Tokuda %A Haruka Tanji %A Takeshi Matsushita %A Masatoshi Arikawa %A Ryosuke Shibasaki %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 393-398 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778769 %M C.DIS.02.399 %T Origami Desk: integrating technological innovation and human-centric design %S Exhibits %A Wendy Ju %A Leonardo Bonanni %A Richard Fletcher %A Rebecca Hurwitz %A Tilke Judd %A Rehmi Post %A Matthew Reynolds %A Jennifer Yoon %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 399-405 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778770 %X In this paper, we present a case study of an interaction design exhibit, Origami Desk. This system integrates multi-modal interaction technologies and techniques in new ways to instruct users in folding origami paper into boxes and cranes. Origami Desk uses projected video clips to show users how folds should be made, projected animations to directly map instructions onto the users' paper, electric field sensing to detect touch inputs on the desk surface, and swept-frequency sensors to detect the papers folds. More importantly, the Origami Desk project incorporated numerous aspects of design -- hardware design, installation design, interface design, graphic design, sensor design, software design, content design -- into an interactive experience aimed at making the user forget about the technology altogether. This foray into teaching users physical and spatial activities led us to rethink the physical layout of the computer, and to invent inputs that were more spatial and implicitly, rather than verbal or graphical and explicit. The multidisciplinary process, human-centric design considerations and technical implementation details described in this case study may greatly inform future interactive environment applications where physical and digital worlds must be integrated to assist users in creative spatial tasks. In addition, the experience of deploying the exhibit into actual public spaces led us to examine issues of design for assembly and on-going maintenance in the context of interactive environments. %M C.DIS.02.406 %T Networked information services in context sensitive environments %S Exhibits %A Giles Rollestone %A Ian Morris %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 406-408 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778771 %X The Sushi project was originally conceived and developed in the (Interval funded) Computer Related Design Research Studio at the Royal College of Art, London. Sushi was developed as a new way of sharing information between people in small groups and networks within the Royal College of Art. Our proposal for DIS2002 extends the Sushi system so that delegates and conference organisers can author and share information during the event. %M C.DIS.02.410 %T Collecting and incorporating user requirements into design solutions %S Tutorials %A Kathy Baxter %A Catherine Courage %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 410 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778773 %X Usability and design professionals know that user requirements gathering is critical to the development of quality products. However, development teams often skip formal user requirements gathering, fearing it will take too long. Certain techniques can be employed by design professionals that are easily learned and implemented with little overhead. They can help designers by providing insight into how users work and what they need to succeed at their task. Through lecture, case studies, and an emphasis on hands-on activities, participants will learn how to conduct three user requirements gathering techniques and incorporate the results into design solutions. %M C.DIS.02.411 %T Cross-cultural UI design: for home, work, and on the way %S Tutorials %A Aaron Marcus %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 411 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778774 %M C.DIS.02.412 %T Handheld usability %S Tutorials %A Scott Weiss %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 412 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778775 %X Handheld devices have common challenges: small displays, awkward data input mechanisms, and spotty wireless connectivity. Good user interface design can overcome each of these challenges, or at least accommodate them in a fashion that benefits the user. The goal of this tutorial is to present challenges and strategies for designing user interfaces for handheld devices. It discusses how information architecture, paper prototyping, and usability testing are adapted from desktop software design for two-way email pagers, PDAs, and mobile telephone handsets. WAP, i-mode, RIM OS, Motorola Wisdom, Windows CE/Pocket PC, and Symbian OS will also be introduced. %M C.DIS.02.413 %T Scenario-based usability engineering %S Tutorials %A Mary Beth Rosson %A John M. Carroll %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 413 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778776 %X This tutorial introduces scenario-based development, an approach to usability engineering that relies on user interaction scenarios as a central representation. The course format includes a mix of overview lecture, group analysis and design activities, and general discussion. %M C.DIS.02.416 %T Co-design in practice %S Workshops %A Mark Hicks %A Geraldine Fitzpatrick %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 416 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778778 %M C.DIS.02.417 %T Look mama, with hands!: on tangible interaction, gestures and learning %S Workshops %A Tom Djajadiningrat %A Jacob Buur %B DIS02 %D 2002 %P 417 %* (c) Copyright 2002 ACM %W http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/778712.778779 fpack:!@#$%^&*(): DIS97.BA %M C.DIS.97.1 %T Enhancing Communication, Facilitating Shared Understanding, and Creating Better Artifacts by Integrating Physical and Computational Media for Design %A Ernesto Arias %A Hal Eden %A Gerhard Fischer %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 1-12 %K New design methods, Integration of different design media, Participatory design, Symmetry of ignorance, Domain-oriented design environments, Shared understanding %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p1-arias/p1-arias.pdf %X Frequently, the design of interactive systems focuses exclusively on the capabilities provided by the dynamic nature of computational media. Yet our have provided many examples in which physical models provide certain strengths not found in computational models. Rather than viewing this as a dichotomy -- where one must choose between one or the other -- we are exploring the creation of computational environments that build on the strengths of combined physical and virtual approaches. Over the last decade, we have developed different design environments to support stakeholders engaged in design processes by enhancing communication, facilitating shared understanding, and creating better artifacts. Until a few years ago, our work explored physical and computational media separately. In this paper we present our efforts to develop integrated design environments linking physical and computational dimensions to attain the complementary synergies that these two worlds offer. Our purpose behind this integration is the development of systems that can enhance the movement from conceptual thinking to concrete representations using face-to-face interaction to promote the negotiation of meaning, the direct interaction with artifacts, and the possibility that diverse stakeholders can participate fully in the process of design. To this end, we analyze the strengths, affordances, weaknesses, and limitations of the two media used separately and illustrate with our most recent work the value added by integrating these environments. %M C.DIS.97.13 %T Mahler, Mondriaan, and Bauhaus: Using Artistic Ideas to Improve Application Usability %A Jonathan Seth Arnowitz %A Ruurd Priester %A Eric Willems %A Laura Faber %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 13-21 %K GUI, Art, Design, Iteration, Interface design, Bauhaus, Strategy, Methods %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p13-arnowitz/p13-arnowitz.pdf %X This paper addresses a strategy designed to handle the increasing and broadening interactivity demands in software. This paper specifically looks into using other interdisciplinary areas of art and music as an inspiration material for creating new forms of user/computer communications. The projects looked at are a project for the Dutch Social Security System, a work-flow driven administrative application and ending with an in-depth look at the Uniface 7 4GL interface which uses the Bauhaus as the jumping point for creating a new image-language. %M C.DIS.97.23 %T Sound Design for Brain Opera's Mind Forest: Audio for a Complex Interactive System %A Maribeth J. Back %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 23-25 %K Audio, Sound design, Interactive music, Interactive audio, Hyperinstruments, Brain Opera %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p23-back/p23-back.pdf %X Sound design for large interactive systems poses unique challenges, many of which are illustrated in the complex set of instruments and games that were built for the interactive installation/performance Brain Opera. Three design and differentiation processes for these interactive artifacts are described: conceptual design, system design, and acoustic implementation. %M C.DIS.97.27 %T A Teleradiology System Design Case %A Erik Boralv %A Bengt Goransson %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 27-30 %K Design criteria, GUI, Teleradiology, Work task, Patterns %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p27-boralv/p27-boralv.pdf %X This paper describes the teleradiology application CHILI from the graphical user interface point of view. We present the most important design decisions taken during the construction of the system and discuss different methods and techniques that affected the design process. Some non-standard design principles are presented, and the reasons behind them. Several of the basic GUI constructions used in the CHILI application are somewhat similar to those seen in Sun's HotJava Views [3]; the application lacks the traditional connection to the desktop metaphor and has instead a work task oriented approach. %M C.DIS.97.31 %T Active Design Documents %A Guy A. Boy %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 31-36 %K Active documents, Hypertext, Participatory design, Evaluation %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p31-boy/p31-boy.pdf %X Technical documents are created, modified and used during the life cycle of an artifact. They can be more or less formal, ranging from normative knowledge-based representations to natural language. They are also tools that support dialogue between designers, manufacturers, trainers, legislators and users. Active design documents (ADDs) are a new generation of support for cooperative work of design teams. ADDs include interaction descriptions (Ids) that provide the way the artifact should be used, interface objects (IOs) that provide an interactive prototype of the artifact, and contextual links (CLs) that enable the storage of evaluations and explanations of the distance between IDs and IOs. Incremental ADD design and evaluation contribute to instantiate a participatory design process and a formal trace of the design rationale as a function of usability criteria. An application in the aeronautics domain is presented. %M C.DIS.97.37 %T Designing More Deeper: Integrating Task Analysis, Process Simulation, & Object Definition %A Keith A. Butler %A Chris Exposito %A Dan Klawitter %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 37-54 %K Object modeling, Business oriented components, User-centered design, Task modeling, Process modeling %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p37-butler/p37-butler.pdf %X Our objective was to demonstrate how software methods for information systems can function as an integral part of advanced methods for re-engineering and continuously improving business processes. We report the feasibility of version 0.3 of the tools for a User-Centered Development Environment with Distributed Application Services. Our approach was to derive BOC definitions from a discrete event model of the business process, and then convert the BOC definitions into Object Modeling Technique notation for requirements to drive the detailed software design, The software design included distributed execution to capitalize on relevant portions of legacy systems. The last part of the trial was to demonstrate how the BOCs could be implemented over MVS, Unix, and PC platforms, and then integrated quickly as a flexible application. Our evaluation indicates that modeling technology and techniques will soon be ready for deployment, as will visual programming. More technology development is needed for the integration of heterogeneous data. %M C.DIS.97.55 %T Requirements Development: Stages of Opportunity for Collaborative Needs Discovery %A John M. Carroll %A Mary Beth Rosson %A George Chin %A Jurgen Koenemann %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 55-64 %K Participatory design, Scenario-based design, Requirements engineering, Requirements development %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p55-carroll/p55-carroll.pdf %X We consider the process of requirements development in participatory design through discussion of a design case study. In our project, a group of teachers and system designers initially set out to create a virtual physics laboratory. Through the course of a series of participatory design activities, the nature of our project requirements has evolved. We reflect upon this process this both from the standpoint of understanding requirements development and of managing requirement development work activity. %M C.DIS.97.65 %T Design as Interaction with Computer Based Materials %A Soren Christensen %A Jens Baek Jorgensen %A Kim Halskov Madsen %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 65-71 %K Design practice, Instrumental rationality, Coloured Petri Nets, Protocol design %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p65-christensen/p65-christensen.pdf %X Professional practice of designers as traditionally portrayed in academic text books and scientific papers only remotely resembles the concrete phenomenology of real life activities. Design is not primarily governed by instrumental rationality, scientific theory, and techniques applied to specific problems defined at the outset. Rather than that -- as illustrated in this paper by a case study of protocol designers -- the professional practice of design is a reflective interaction with computer based materials. The practice of the protocol engineer is very similar to the practices of other professionals, but the analysis also reveals some characteristics specific to the particular design case. When the protocol engineer was experimenting with a specific aspect of his design at different stages in the design process, he was careful not to manipulate the model in a way that would violate other aspects of the model currently not in his focus. Some moves intended to solve one problem produced unintended effects leading to new problems to solve. The design formalism and the design tool 1) made it ease work with different and coherent design representations in the same computerized media, 2) provided the opportunity to study the behavior of the model at a slower speed than in the built world, 3) made it easy to set up a large number of experiments, 4) and to create and explore aspects of the model which would be extremely expensive to explore in the built world. %M C.DIS.97.73 %T The Application of Process Models of Information Seeking During Conceptual Design: The Case of an Intranet Resource for the Re-Use of Multimedia Training Material in the Motor Industry %A Martin Colbert %A Christof Peltason %A Rolf Fricke %A Mariana Sanderson %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 73-81 %K Process models, Information seeking, Conceptual design, Multimedia, Training, Library, World Wide Web, Motor industry %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p73-colbert/p73-colbert.pdf %X Process models of information seeking are widely held in the Human-Computer Interaction research community. This paper reports a project which applied such models to the design of an intranet resource for the re-use of multimedia training material in the motor industry. The models were found to help identify inherent limitations of an initial prototype, and to support the import of design ideas from other Web sites. However, the process models did not help to identify the information objects that information seekers may need to access and manipulate (documents, tables of contents, item summaries, indexes, lists of linked items etc). To better support design, it is suggested that process models of information seeking be expanded to include such objects. Also, designers may wish to regard process models as usable and useful, but incomplete. %M C.DIS.97.83 %T Designing the OpenDoc Human Interface %A Dave Curbow %A Elizabeth Dykstra-Erickson %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 83-95 %K OpenDoc, Design process, User-centered design, Human interface specification, Collaboration %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p83-curbow/p83-curbow.pdf %X This paper tells the story of the development of the human interface for OpenDoc, a large-scale, complex, cross-platform commercial development project at Apple Computer. OpenDoc was an ambitious four year design and development effort by Apple with IBM and other partners. The OpenDoc HI is a departure from traditional applications. This historical review highlights how we designed OpenDoc and the lessons we learned. %M C.DIS.97.97 %T User Involvement in Concept Creation %A Peter Dixon %A Ben H. M. Vaske %A Paul C. Neervoort %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 97-99 %K User involvement, Consumer electronics, User interface, Product creation %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p97-dixon/p97-dixon.pdf %X A brief report is made on the case study of early user involvement in the Product Creation Process (PCP) of a user interface for a consumer electronics product at Philips. In this approach we tried to train end users to become "expert users". The method comprised of a condensed product creation process and combined several creative methods in a series of workshops. It was found that although the creative value of the workshops was not high, they did provide clear directions for further development of the user interface concept. For example the reduction of keys on the remote control, or at least the desire to keep the remote control simple. %M C.DIS.97.101 %T A Comparison of Usability Techniques for Evaluating Design %A Ann Doubleday %A Michele Ryan %A Mark Springett %A Alistair Sutcliffe %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 101-110 %K Usability, Evaluation, Heuristic evaluation, Information retrieval, User interface design %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p101-doubleday/p101-doubleday.pdf %X We report on a series of experiments designed to compare usability testing methods in a novel information retrieval interface. The purpose of this ongoing work is to investigate the problems people encounter while performing information retrieval tasks, and to assess evaluation methods by looking at the problem focus, the quality of the results and the cost effectiveness of each method. This first communication compares expert evaluation using heuristics [15] with end user testing [24]. %M C.DIS.97.111 %T The Role of User Studies in the Design of OpenDoc %A Elizabeth Dykstra-Erickson %A Dave Curbow %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 111-120 %K OpenDoc, Component software, Objects, Object technology, Conceptual model, Usability, Learnability, Design %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p111-dykstra-erickson/p111-dykstra-erickson.pdf %X This paper reviews a number of design decisions that have been made in the development of OpenDoc, CI Lab's component software technology platform, as a result of ten user tests conducted over the life of the project. We take as a specific example the history of the design decisions surrounding the activation/selection model of OpenDoc, from its conceptual beginning to its eventual release as a component of end-user products. %M C.DIS.97.121 %T Design @ Carnegie Mellon: A Web Story %A Shannon Ford %A Dan Boyarski %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 121-124 %K Design process, Web design, Communications strategy %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p121-ford/p121-ford.pdf %X This paper describes the process of designing a web site for the Design Department at Carnegie Mellon University. The design process considers the client's intent, the audience's needs, and issues specific to web sites. Iterative techniques were used to design the structure and look and feel of the site. Issues raised include visually pleasing design for low bandwidths, tool and resource constraints, and the web's role in an overall communications strategy. %M C.DIS.97.125 %T Triangles: Design of a Physical/Digital Construction Kit %A Matthew G. Gorbet %A Maggie Orth %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 125-128 %K Interface design, Physical interface, Collaboration, Digital connector, Connections %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p125-gorbet/p125-gorbet.pdf %X This paper describes the design process and philosophy behind Triangles, a new physical computer interface in the form of a construction kit of identical, flat, plastic triangles. The triangles connect together both mechanically and electrically with magnetic, conducting connectors. When the pieces contact one another, information about the specific connection is passed through the conducting connectors to the computer. In this way, users can create both two and three-dimensional objects whose exact configuration is known by the computer. The physical connection of any two Triangles can trigger specific events in the computer, creating a simple but powerful means for physically interacting with digital information. This paper will describe the Triangles system, its advantages and applications. It will also highlight the importance of multi-disciplinarian design teams in the creation of objects that bridge electrical engineering, industrial design, and software design -- objects like the Triangles. %M C.DIS.97.129 %T Using Organizational Learning Techniques to Develop Context-Specific Usability Guidelines %A Scott Henninger %A Charisse Lu %A Candace Faith %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 129-136 %K Usability guidelines, Organizational learning, Style guides, Design, Design context %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p129-henninger/p129-henninger.pdf %X Usability guidelines are becoming increasingly popular with organizations that develop software with significant user interface components. But most guidelines fall short of the goal to put the accumulated knowledge of user-centered design at the fingertips of everyday developers, often becoming a static document read only by human factors specialists. This paper describes a process and technology designed to turn usability guidelines into a proactive development resource that can be applied throughout the development process. The process ensures conformance with established guidelines, but has the flexibility to meet the diverse needs of user interface design requirements, and use project experiences to evolve the guidelines to meet the dynamic needs of organizations. Case-based and organizational learning technology is used to support this process and integrates emerging interface design experiences with established guidelines to create a context-specific body of knowledge about usability practices. %M C.DIS.97.137 %T Involving Remote Users in Continuous Design of Web Content %A William C. Hill %A Loren G. Terveen %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 137-145 %K Human-computer interaction, Human interface, Computer-supported cooperative work, Organizational computing, Social filtering, Collaborative filtering, Resource discovery, World Wide Web, Usenet, Participatory design, Remote evaluation, End user modification %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p137-hill/p137-hill.pdf %X PHOAKS is a system that automatically recognizes URLs recommended in Usenet messages and continuously updates a large web site that summarizes the recommendation data. We view the automatically generated pages as "rough drafts" that users help to refine. We report here on the mechanisms that allow users to do this, our rationale for these mechanisms, and the issues raised by involving thousands of remote anonymous users in the continuous design of web content. %M C.DIS.97.147 %T Designing with Ethnography: A Presentation Framework for Design %A John A. Hughes %A Jon O'Brien %A Tom Rodden %A Mark Rouncefield %A Steve Blythin %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 147-158 %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p147-hughes/p147-hughes.pdf %X Despite the growing number of ethnographic studies of work their use in design remains a matter of some debate. Acknowledging the problems designers face in utilising ethnographies, and ethnographers face in meeting commercial demands, this paper outlines a 'framework' for the presentation of field studies organised around three main dimensions; 'distributed coordination', 'plans and procedures' and 'awareness of work'; thereby facilitating effective communication and collaboration between designers and ethnographers. %M C.DIS.97.159 %T Quick But Not So Dirty Web Design: Applying Empirical Conceptual Clustering Techniques to Organise Hypertext Content %A Charles M. Hymes %A Gary M. Olson %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 159-162 %K Fast, WWW design, Hypertext structure, Conceptual structure %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p159-hymes/p159-hymes.pdf %X When the purpose of a web site is to communicate a body of information, the most common and significant problem for the user is understanding how content is organised within the site. The Rapid Empirical Clustering Approach (RECAp) was developed from cognitive science work on concept structure to help the designer represent the "modal mental model" of the users' conception of web site content. RECAp has been performed under tight time and resource constraints. None the less RECAp has been observed to substantially improve web site structure, while helping design teams maintain focus on users and usability. %M C.DIS.97.163 %T IBIS -- Convincing Concept ... But a Lousy Instrument? %A Severin Isenmann %A Wolf D. Reuter %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 163-172 %K Planning, Design, Argumentative problem solving, Computer-supported cooperative work, IBIS, HyperIBIS, Hypertext, Applications of IBIS, Experiences with IBIS %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p163-isenmann/p163-isenmann.pdf %X IBIS is a useful concept for dealing with problems in the field of planning and design. However striking is that there seems to be hardly any real world application of IBIS-like systems. In several projects we employed HyperIBIS, a hypertext-based implementation of IBIS. We experienced several difficulties, which can be categorized into three classes. First, disagreement with the discourse model as underlying theory; second, misdirected expectations about the objectives of the method; third, problems caused by methodological requirements during operation. We show that most of these difficulties are caused by the nature of planning and design problems and cannot be addressed by further improvement of computer support. However, awareness of these difficulties can help in handling them and thus increase acceptance of IBIS-like systems. %M C.DIS.97.173 %T Designing Support for Remote Intensive-Care Telehealth Using the Locales Framework %A Simon M. Kaplan %A Geraldine Fitzpatrick %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 173-184 %K Systems design, CSCW, Locales framework, Social worlds Telemedicine, Intensive care %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p173-kaplan/p173-kaplan.pdf %X We put forward the locales framework as a model for the principled understanding and analysis of systems support for cooperative work situations. By using the locales framework to identify problems and issues with existing practice and focus discussion on possible solutions, we can articulate requirements for systems design. This is illustrated through a study of inter- and intra-ICU consultation practice across three hospital intensive care units (ICUs). By applying the framework to the analysis of existing local and remote work practices, we evolve a family of requirements for a telecommunications-based remote consultation facility sketch its high-level design and discuss the current status of the project. %M C.DIS.97.185 %T Bridging the Analysis of Work Practice and System Redesign in Cooperative Workshops %A Helena Karasti %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 185-195 %K Analysis of work practice, System design, Ethnography, Participatory design, Workshops %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p185-karasti/p185-karasti.pdf %X This paper addresses the issue of bridging the analysis of work practice and systems design. It describes a case study of organising cooperative workshops in connection with an experimental teleradiology project. In planning for the workshops the issues of participation and the shared object of collaborative activities were carefully considered. Participation is reflected in terms of the participants' situated views of work practice and their distribution between the perspectives of practice, research and design. The idea of grounding the cooperative activities on the analysis of work practice makes it the shared object of interest in the workshops. Hence, it needs to be carefully considered what kind of work practice is to be used in the analysis and how it is to be represented in the workshops. The cooperative activities of analysis, comparison, evaluation, envisioning and redesign that took place in the workshops are elaborated. Further research issues are suggested. %M C.DIS.97.197 %T Expected Usability and Product Preference %A Turkka Keinonen %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 197-204 %K Usability, Attribute importance, Smart product %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p197-keinonen/p197-keinonen.pdf %X The design of smart products involves undesirable, yet frequent, cases when compromises between the quality of appearance, functionality, price and usability are required. Usability has lately been considered increasingly important for product competitiveness, but perceiving how usable a product might be prior to actual use is difficult. This paper considers the way people perceive and weight usability related product attributes in a decision making situation. The dimensions of usability are analysed from consumer attitude formation point of view. A model of evaluation criteria related to expected usability is presented. It includes consumers' beliefs concerning product characteristics, benefits and an overall emotional response. Scales to measure the dimensions are developed. The scales are applied in a case study with 91 subjects evaluating six different heart rate monitors. The results suggest that the dimensions of usability are highly interrelated in consumers' evaluation and have only a limited potential to explain product preferences. %M C.DIS.97.205 %T On the Inevitable Intertwining of Analysis and Design: Developing Systems for Complex Cooperations %A Anita Krabbel %A Ingrid Wetzel %A Heinz Zullighoven %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 205-213 %K Cooperative work, Evolutionary analysis and design, Participation, Object-oriented design %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p205-krabbel/p205-krabbel.pdf %X Developing interactive software systems requires the well known tasks of analysis, design and construction. In the context of work settings with complex cooperations these tasks and their relationship undergo drastic changes. Analysis and design have to be accomplished at different levels of complexity, the heterogeneity of users involved needs to be handled and the presentation of anticipated changes incorporating the organizational context goes beyond proven (object-oriented) techniques like prototyping. The article claims that complex cooperations require a close intertwining of analysis and design. It is accomplishable by application-oriented documents usable in different stages of the development process. Based on a document-driven evolutionary approach examples of such document types -- like Cooperation Pictures and Purpose Tables -- are given. They are discussed based on experiences from projects in different application domains. %M C.DIS.97.215 %T Network Design: Tasks & Tools %A Kyle S. Kuczun %A Mark D. Gross %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 215-222 %K Local area networks, Domain oriented design environments, Freehand drawing environment, Computer human interaction, Levels of abstraction %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p215-kuczun/p215-kuczun.pdf %X Designers often draw to produce artifacts for thinking and communicating about their designs. These artifacts (drawings) provide the designer with various levels of abstraction to conceptually frame the design problem. Because network designers traditionally make drawings throughout the design process, we propose that the computational environment should facilitate and capitalize on this activity. We describe a suite of computer based network design tools that employ freehand drawing as an interface. %M C.DIS.97.223 %T HCI, Natural Science and Design: A Framework for Triangulation Across Disciplines %A Wendy E. Mackay %A Anne-Laure Fayard %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 223-234 %K CSCW, Design, Theory, Augmented reality %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p223-mackay/p223-mackay.pdf %X Human-computer interaction is multidisciplinary, drawing paradigms and techniques from both the natural sciences and the design disciplines. HCI cannot be considered a pure natural science because it studies the interaction between people and artificially-created artifacts, rather than naturally-occurring phenomena, which violates several basic assumptions of natural science. Similarly, HCI cannot be considered a pure design discipline because it strives to independently verify design decisions and processes, and borrows many values from scientists. The purpose of this paper is to provide a simple framework that describes how the research and design models underlying HCI can be integrated. We explore the relationships among these approaches in the context of a particular research site, CENA, the Centre d'Etudes de la Navigation Aerienne, and illustrate how the various disciplines can contribute to a complex design problem: improving the interface to the French air traffic control system. The framework provides one perspective for understanding the various research approaches, and, more importantly, suggests new research directions. The resulting cross-disciplinary triangulation can increase the effectiveness of the individual research and design approaches. %M C.DIS.97.235 %T Experiences with Adding New Input Modalities to PC Desktop Computing %A Rainer Malkewitz %A Bernhard Ristow %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 235-238 %K New input devices, Speech, Gestures, User interface design %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p235-malkewitz/p235-malkewitz.pdf %X In this paper, we describe the development of a new, non-haptic user Interface for IBM-compatible PCs. The results of development itself have been demonstrated at a computer graphics conference [3]. The advanced user interface consists of a combination of spoken commands and head movements. It translates spatial and symbolic input into the traditional mouse, keyboard, and system events. %M C.DIS.97.239 %T Better or Just Different? On the Benefits of Designing Interactive Systems in Terms of Critical Parameters %A William M. Newman %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 239-245 %K Design, Critical parameters, Performance measurement %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p239-newman/p239-newman.pdf %X Critical parameters are quantitative measures of performance that may be used to determine the overall ability of a design to serve its purpose. Although critical parameters figure in almost every field of design where there is a demand for progressive improvement, they do not appear to figure significantly in the design of interactive systems. As a result, systems are designed that are recognizably different from other systems but not necessarily better at doing the job intended. This paper discusses the role of critical parameters in design, and illustrates their lack of use in interactive system design by presenting a number of examples drawn from the HCI literature. It identifies a consequent need for research to establish critical parameters for applications and to build models of the performance of designs against these parameters. Some ideas are presented on how critical parameters might be established for specific applications, and the paper concludes by summarising some of the benefits that might be gained from moving in this direction. %M C.DIS.97.247 %T Interactive Systems in Domestic Environments %A Jon O'Brien %A Tom Rodden %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 247-259 %K Ethnography, Methods, Requirements, Domestic environments, Interactive systems design %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p247-o_brien/p247-o_brien.pdf %X This paper considers the nature of interactive systems design for domestic environments. As part of this work it highlights the methodological issues faced in the design of systems for the home. The shortage of detailed knowledge of activities in the home is highlighted. A series of studies of domestic environments is presented alongside the design challenges they raise. %M C.DIS.97.261 %T The Singing Tree: Design of an Interactive Musical Interface %A William Oliver %A John Yu %A Eric Metois %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 261-264 %K Musical interface design, Voice analysis, Reward-oriented feedback systems, Music synthesis, Aural/visual feedback %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p261-oliver/p261-oliver.pdf %X This paper describes the design of the Singing Tree, a novel interactive musical interface which responds to vocal input with real-time aural and visual feedback. A participant interacts with the Singing Tree by singing into a microphone. The participant's voice is analyzed for several characteristic parameters. These parameters are then interpreted and drive a music generation engine and a video stream which are played back in real-time. Several design specifications and constraints dictated the development of the Singing Tree. The Singing Tree is used both as a personal interactive experience and, at the same time, as part of a larger coordinated interactive experience called the Brain Opera. The aural and visual feedback is used actively to lead the participant to an established goal, providing a reward-oriented relationship between the sounds one makes and the synthesized music one hears. It is an interesting musical interaction experience for both amateur and professional singers. The system software is flexible, allowing new goals, new music, or new video to be incorporated easily. The Singing Tree has been a particularly successful interactive experience at exhibitions with the Brain Opera in New York, U.S.A.; Linz, Austria; Copenhagen, Denmark; Tokyo, Japan, and West Palm Beach, U.S.A. This paper will outline our thoughts on the artistic and technical design methodology of the Singing Tree. %M C.DIS.97.265 %T Interface to Architecture: Integrating Technology into the Environment in the Brain Opera %A Maggie Orth %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 265-275 %K Design, Environment, Interface, Furniture, Physical interface, Theater, Sensor, Collaboration, Architecture, Opera %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p265-orth/p265-orth.pdf %X This paper concretely presents the design processes and results of Composer Tod Machover's Brain Opera, an interactive, multi-media, traveling opera. It will present the importance of successful collaboration between artists and scientists at the functional intersection of their research -- design. It will discuss the opposing design strategies necessary for integrating technology into the physical environment at various levels of scale, from architecture to interface. At the level of architecture flexibility in design is stressed. In interface design, the needs for specificity and detail, new materials and manufacturing processes are presented. The paper will demonstrate how the aesthetic goals of the Brain Opera's visual designers, creating an organic, humorous and unexpected technology environment, influenced audience interaction. The conflict between artistic control and interactivity will also be examined through the specific results of acoustic design in the project. The influences of quickly changing technology and funding on the design of the Brain Opera are also revealed. The prominence of the proscenium arch stage in existing music venues and its influence on new media projects is presented. Successful and unsuccessful models for audience participation are also presented. Concrete interface examples are used to counter the notion of intuitive interface design. Finally, the Brain Opera is presented as a design model for an interactive research laboratory. %M C.DIS.97.277 %T Design in the POLITeam Project: Evaluating User Needs in Real Work Practice %A Uta Pankoke-Babatz %A Gloria Mark %A Konrad Klockner %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 277-287 %K Participatory design, User advocacy, Evolutionary cycling, Groupware, CSCW, Shared workspace %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p277-pankoke-babatz/p277-pankoke-babatz.pdf %X We report on a unique design approach used in the POLITeam project, which introduces groupware into a German ministry. An existing groupware system was adapted to user and organizational needs, with the plan to improve and expand the system to a large-scale. We integrated new approaches of user advocacy and direct designer-user interaction, with an evolutionary cycling process. We focus in particular on the role of user advocacy in evaluating the users' needs during actual system use. We explain the design process, and discuss the system requirements that emerged as a result of using this method. We also report the results of interviews with the users and design team and reflect on the impact that the design process had on them. %M C.DIS.97.289 %T Collaborative Design for Virtual Team Collaboration: A Case Study of Jostling on the Web %A U. Patel %A M. J. D'Cruz %A C. Holtham %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 289-300 %K Collaborative design, Asynchronous distributed design, User involvement, Virtual teams, Internet, World Wide Web, Computer supported collaborative work %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p289-patel/p289-patel.pdf %X Virtual action teams are temporary goal directed work groups which never meet face-to-face. Technology exits to support distributed teams, however groupware is not always flexible or accessible, so there has been a wholesale adoption of World Wide Web standards. We analyse the groupware requirements of virtual teams and conclude that collaborative design is necessary to reflect the balance between structure and flexibility which characterise effective team work. A framework for asynchronous, distributed, collaborative design is presented. This consists of activities and resources. The activities follow a double iteration cycle and encapsulate requirements for structure, flexibility, monitoring and role specification. Rapid development is supported by reusable Perl CGI modules. The framework is used to develop Web software to support an international virtual action team -- the process and product are described. Preliminary comments on the utility of the framework and conclusions are reported. %M C.DIS.97.301 %T Design Case: Building Community in a Design Effort in a Decentralized, Individualistic Setting %A Judith Ramey %A David Farkas %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 301-304 %K World Wide Web, Participatory design, Collaborative design, Inductive data analysis %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p301-ramey/p301-ramey.pdf %X WebFeat is a web development effort by about 40 students, faculty, and staff in the College of Engineering at the University of Washington. The University is a decentralized organization with diverse goals and constituencies; the culture emphasizes individual autonomy, individual initiative, and individual responsibility. In this design environment, the challenges of building community among the members of the design team are substantial. We devised a suite of numerous tools and processes designed to foster a sense of community and participation in the current development process, as well as to lay the groundwork for participatory maintenance of the site in the future. Developers in other similar organizations may find this suite useful. %M C.DIS.97.305 %T The AVANTI Project: Prototyping and Evaluation with a Cognitive Walkthrough Based on the Norman's Model of Action %A Antonio Rizzo %A Enrica Marchigiani %A Alessandro Andreadis %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 305-309 %K Cognitive walkthrough, Norman's model of action, Prototyping evaluation, Web services %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p305-rizzo/p305-rizzo.pdf %X In this paper, we present a contribution to the way in which two design issues encountered by the AVANTI project in designing a Web service supporting the mobility of disabled people can be faced. The design issues are: the problems deriving from distribution of the teams collaborating to the project in several cities (sometimes different European countries); and the need to face high-level interaction problems in the evaluation process. One important action taken to face these issues was the development of a variation of the Cognitive Walkthrough based on the Norman's model of action. %M C.DIS.97.311 %T Technology Design and Mimicry %A Duncan Sanderson %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 311-313 %K Technology design, Case study, Mimicry %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p311-sanderson/p311-sanderson.pdf %X Mimicry is proposed as an analytical and empirical concept which can be used in the investigation of a relatively unexplored dimension of design work. The concept is illustrated through the presentation of observations from two case studies, one in the field of software design, the other in mechanical engineering. Implications of the concept are discussed in the conclusion. %M C.DIS.97.315 %T Designing as the World Turns %A Paulo J. Santos %A Esin O. Kiris %A Cheryl L. Coyle %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 315-321 %K User interface design, Human factors, Technology, Technology change, Process changes, Interactive design, Design reuse %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p315-santos/p315-santos.pdf %X Designers of interactive systems often work in environments that are continuously changing. External, uncontrollable change is rapidly becoming a daily impediment in many designers' lives. In this age of rapid technological progression and heightened competition, systems designers must be able to prepare for, cope with, and even perform better because of inevitable change. Because the nature of user interface design is to make complicated technology usable, user interface designers are especially affected by design changes. This paper is a chronicle of the adventures of three user interface designers while working on the design of an interactive system within a changing domain. We describe the kinds of changes that affect design, the impact of change on the design process, how a designer can prepare for change, and finally, how to respond to change. By sharing our experiences on a project fraught with change, we hope to help other designers learn to work well within a changing design environment. %M C.DIS.97.323 %T Designing User-Adapted Interfaces: The Unified Design Method for Transformable Interactions %A A. Savidis %A A. Paramythis %A D. Akoumianakis %A C. Stephanidis %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 323-334 %K Artifact-oriented design methodologies, User-adapted interaction, User interfaces for all, Polymorphic task hierarchies, Task-oriented design %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p323-savidis/p323-savidis.pdf %X In the interface design process, diverse user requirements and characteristics lead to alternative dialogue patterns. User-adapted interfaces, capable of self-adapting to individual end-user requirements, should encompass alternative dialogue components into a single implementation form. The process of designing user-adapted interactive applications necessarily engages the manipulation of alternative design artifacts, while for the implementation process a single design is needed, as opposed to alternative design versions. The unified design method is targeted towards the organization of alternative design artifacts into a single representation structure. Relationships among alternative artifacts in user-adapted design, such as exclusion, compatibility, augmentation and substitution, need to be explicitly represented. %M C.DIS.97.335 %T A New Approach to Human-Computer Interaction -- Synchronous Modelling in Real and Virtual Spaces %A Kai Schafer %A Volker Brauer %A Willi Bruns %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 335-344 %K Real reality, Data glove, Graspable user interfaces, Grasp recognition, Modelling and simulation, Programming by demonstration %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p335-schafer/p335-schafer.pdf %X Three-dimensional computer-aided modelling of dynamic processes supported by virtual reality techniques like 3D-stereo vision does not reach the usability (ease, concreteness, intuitiveness, directness) we experience in modelling with real physical objects. We propose an interface that aims at coupling two previously separated model worlds -- the real space of physical objects and the virtual space of signs and images. The basic issues of this Real Reality concept are discussed and some applications are presented. %M C.DIS.97.345 %T Design of a One to Many Collaborative Product %A Jean C. Scholtz %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 345-348 %K Design, Usability testing, User requirements, Personal conferencing, Video conferencing %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p345-scholtz/p345-scholtz.pdf %X This work describes the design of ProShare Presenter, a product that the author worked on in the Personal Conferencing Division at Intel. ProShare Presenter is an add-on to the ProShare Conferencing product and allows broadcasting of audio, video and presentation materials from one person to many over a LAN or WAN. This product is an interesting case study for several reasons. First, several usability issues arose during in-house testing that human factors engineers had not been able to anticipate during user requirements gathering and prototyping. Secondly, product testing with large groups of users uncovered usability problems that did not arise with small groups of users. Finally, usability problems arose during alpha testing because some basic user requirements were not addressed during design. We conclude that many usability problems in large-scale collaborative projects will not be discovered until large group testing can be conducted. %M C.DIS.97.349 %T Comparing Interaction Design Techniques: A Method for Objective Comparison to Find the Conceptual Basis for Interaction Design %A Mark van Setten %A Gerrit C. van der Veer %A Sjaak Brinkkemper %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 349-357 %K Interaction design techniques, Comparison of techniques, Method engineering, Situational methods %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p349-van_setten/p349-van_setten.pdf %X Part of designing the User Virtual Machine is designing the interaction between the user(s) and the system. There already exist several techniques for designing the interaction, but, once applied in practical situations, all have problems. The use of a formal comparison method combined with experience in interaction design shows that there exists a conceptual basis for interaction design. The method to find this basis is a structured approach which describes each technique objectively, compares the concepts, relations, purposes, and places in the design method. Based on this comparison the conceptual basis for interaction design can be created, which is adaptable to the design situation at hand. %M C.DIS.97.359 %T The Flower Model for Multidisciplinary Teamwork on a New Product-Market Combination -- In This Case E-Mail-on-TV %A Marc Steen %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 359-363 %K Product-market combination, Multidisciplinary teamwork, User interface demo, Early consumer research, E-mail, TV %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p359-steen/p359-steen.pdf %X A multidisciplinary team at Philips Sound and Vision's TV Lab developed an E-mail-on-TV functionality. Their objective is to offer the benefits of E-mail to people in their living environment without having to use a PC. Developing such a product-market combination requires working on the product-side and on the market-side in parallel. In order to guide that process the team developed and applied the Flower Model. This model is a framework to create synergy between the disciplines within the team, and to integrate the findings of early consumer research into the development process. The article describes the successive steps of the process, and how the Flower Model helped to work as a team and to develop and test product-market combinations. %M C.DIS.97.365 %T How to Make Software Softer -- Designing Tailorable Applications %A Oliver Stiemerling %A Helge Kahler %A Volker Wulf %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 365-376 %K Tailorability, Groupware, Participatory design, Design cases %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p365-stiemerling/p365-stiemerling.pdf %X The design of tailorable systems is an important issue for fields of application which are characterized by differentiation and dynamics. We show how tailorability can he combined with approaches of evolutionary and participative software-engineering and discuss some conceptual problems arising from this approach. Moreover, we present two case studies on how to design tailorable functionality in a groupware development project. %M C.DIS.97.377 %T A Case Study in Interactive Narrative Design %A Carol Strohecker %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 377-380 %K Narrative structure, Multimedia, Interface design %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p377-strohecker/p377-strohecker.pdf %X This paper includes lessons learned about the design of a form for interactive narrative. The lessons are based on an initial prototype and have ramifications for both a next-step implementation and for broader understanding of the form. Key lessons pertain to pacing, narrative structure, giving feedback through the interface, and contexts for use. %M C.DIS.97.381 %T A Designer's Nightmare: Designing a Reusable Information Retrieval Class Library in a Multinational Consortium %A Alistair Sutcliffe %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 381-383 %K Information retrieval, Reuse, Multinational design teams, Design process %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p381-sutcliffe/p381-sutcliffe.pdf %X In this design case we describe the experience of designing a resuable class library for information retrieval user interfaces. The design process is described with reflections on how the process was organised and the impact of the design problem on the process. %M C.DIS.97.385 %T Simple, But Cumbersome %A Kari Thoresen %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 385-394 %K Use, Work practice, Navigation, Flexibility, Grounded theory %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p385-thoreson/p385-thoreson.pdf %X What does it mean that a system is simple, but cumbersome? Through an empirical study of users' opinions of a system for material administration in a large telecommunications company, two elements of design, -- navigation and flexibility, are identified as particularly relevant in order to explain what cumbersome means. Using grounded theory, a conceptual framework is developed to clarify the various properties of navigation and flexibility. Users differ in their opinions regarding the qualities of the systems, and ways of categorizing users are explored in order to explain these differences. Conventional categories of user classification were inadequate for this purpose. However, the combination of job trajectory and work organization provided some explanatory power, and also helped in clarifying what "simple, but cumbersome" may mean. %M C.DIS.97.395 %T Searching Requirements for a System to Support Cooperative Concept Design in Product Development %A Tuomo Tuikka %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 395-403 %K Computer supported cooperative work, Concept design, Product development, Virtual prototyping %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p395-tuikka/p395-tuikka.pdf %X This paper addresses a systems design problem of what kind of support for cooperative concept design could be incorporated into a virtual reality prototyping system. We have studied and analysed how cooperative concept design is conducted in a series of multidisciplinary design meetings. This paper collects the analysis of that material and three interviews conducted simultaneously in industrial setting. The efforts of multidisciplinary designers in search toward a common understanding of the product concept during design process are reported. Thus, work done on the product concept and on coupling different interdisciplinary perspectives are studied. It is shown, e.g., that the concept can deviate very much in the early stages of concurrent engineering process. A lot of work is also required to manage the complexity of design and differing opinions of the goal. An understanding of how cooperation in these meetings was organized is presented with implications to further research with requirements of virtual reality prototyping systems. %M C.DIS.97.405 %T Capturing What is Needed in Multi-User System Design: Observations from the Design of Three Healthcare Systems %A Catherine G. Wolf %A John Karat %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 405-415 %K System design, Collaboration, Representations, Design rationale, Healthcare %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p405-wolf/p405-wolf.pdf %X The design of large-scale collaborative multi-user systems requires both a detailed understanding of the work of many individuals and an understanding of how the individual pieces fit together in the larger organizational context. In order to manage the complexity of the design task, designers develop and use various representations of work practices which selectively include some details, but omit others. This paper presents some heuristics based on our experience in the design of three healthcare systems that can help designers in determining what information needs to be included in representations for the design of multi-user systems. We present eight questions which can be used to capture important work practice information. We include a retrospective analysis of several design examples and suggest how the use of these questions can be integrated into design practice. %M C.DIS.97.417 %T A Framework for Assessing Group Memory Approaches for Software Design Projects %A Beatrix Zimmermann %A Albert M. Selvin %B DIS97 %D 1997 %P 417-426 %K Group memory, Design rationale, Organizational memory, Corporate memory %* (c) Copyright 1997 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/chi/263552/p417-zimmermann/p417-zimmermann.pdf %X While the need for group memory systems in a software development project has been argued by various researchers and practitioners, a comprehensive evaluation methodology for these systems has not been defined. The deployment of group memory systems into various software development projects at NYNEX Science & Technology has highlighted the need for a framework which can be used by software development groups to determine which system(s) would be most useful for their specific project. In this paper we describe a framework for assessing group memory systems. This framework examines the costs and benefits of these systems in the context of the assumptions and requirements of the project. It does not attempt to denounce one system as less useful than another devoid of the context of a software development project. We also define a group profile which is used to define features of a group, which can then be compared with the assumptions and requirements of the group memory system. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): DL01.BA %M C.DL.01.1 %T Integrating Automatic Genre Analysis into Digital Libraries %S Methods for Classifying & Organizing Content in Digital Libraries %A Andreas Rauber %A Alexander Muller-Kogler %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 1-10 %K SOMLib, document clustering, genre analysis, metaphor graphics, self-organizing map (SOM), visualization %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p1-rauber/p1-rauber.pdf %X With the number and types of documents in digital library systems increasing, tools for automatically organizing and presenting the content have to be found. While many approaches focus on topic-based organization and structuring, hardly any system incorporates automatic structural analysis and representation. Yet, genre information (unconsciously) forms one of the most distinguishing features in conventional libraries and in information searches. In this paper we present an approach to automatically analyze the structure of documents and to integrate this information into an automatically created content-based organization. In the resulting visualization, documents on similar topics, yet representing different genres, are depicted as books in differing colors. This representation supports users intuitively in locating relevant information presented in a relevant form. %M C.DL.01.11 %T Text Categorization for Multi-Page Documents: A Hybrid Naive Bayes HMM Approach %S Methods for Classifying & Organizing Content in Digital Libraries %A Paolo Frasconi %A Giovanni Soda %A Alessandro Vullo %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 11-20 %K Computing Methodologies -Artificial Intelligence - Learning (I.2.6); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Computing Methodologies -Document and Text Processing - Miscellaneous (I.7.m); Algorithms, Performance; hidden Markov models, multi-page documents, naive Bayes classifier, text categorization %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p11-frasconi/p11-frasconi.pdf %X Text categorization is typically formulated as a concept learning problem where each instance is a single isolated document. In this paper we are interested in a more general formulation where documents are organized as page sequences, as naturally occurring in digital libraries of scanned books and magazines. We describe a method for classifying pages of sequential OCR text documents into one of several assigned categories and suggest that taking into account contextual information provided by the whole page sequence can significantly improve classification accuracy. The proposed architecture relies on hidden Markov models whose emissions are bag-of-words according to a multinomial word event model, as in the generative portion of the Naive Bayes classifier. Our results on a collection of scanned journals from the Making of America project confirm the importance of using whole page sequences. Empirical evaluation indicates that the error rate (as obtained by running a plain Naive Bayes classifier on isolated page) can be roughly reduced by half if contextual information is incorporated. %M C.DL.01.21 %T Automated Name Authority Control %S Methods for Classifying & Organizing Content in Digital Libraries %A James W. Warner %A Elizabeth W. Brown %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 21-22 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); automation, indexing, metadata, name authority control, workflow management %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p21-warner/p21-warner.pdf %X This paper describes a system for the automated assignment of authorized names. A collaboration between a computer scientist and a librarian, the system provides for enhanced end-user searching of digital libraries without increasing drastically the cost and effort of creating a digital library. It is a part of the workflow management system of the Levy Sheet Music Project. %M C.DL.01.23 %T Automatic Event Generation from Multi-Lingual News Stories %S Methods for Classifying & Organizing Content in Digital Libraries %A Kin Hui %A Wai Lam %A Helen M. Meng %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 23-24 %K event detection, event discovery, multilingual text processing %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p23-hui/p23-hui.pdf %X We propose a novel approach for automatic generation of topically-related events from multi-lingual news sources. Named entity terms are extracted automatically from the news content. Together with the content terms, they constitute the basis of representing the story. We employ transformation-based linguistic tagging approach for named entity extraction. Two methods of gross translation on Chinese story representation into English have been implemented. The first approach uses only a bilingual dictionary. The second method makes use of a parallel corpus as an additional resource. Unsupervised learning is employed to discover the events. %M C.DL.01.25 %T Linked Active Content: A Service for Digital Libraries for Education %S Digital Libraries for Education: Technology, Services, & User Studies %A David Yaron %A D. Jeff Milton %A Rebecca Freeland %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 25-32 %K Computing Milieux -Computers and Education - Computer and Information Science Education (K.3.2); Experimentation, Human Factors; active learning, education, web authoring %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p25-yaron/p25-yaron.pdf %X A service is described to help enable digital libraries for education, such as the NSDL, to serve as collaboration spaces for the creation, modification and use of active learning experiences. The goal is to redefine the line between those activities that fall within the domain of computer programming and those that fall within the domain of content authoring. The current location of this line, as defined by web technologies, is such that far too much of the design and development process is in the domain of software creation. This paper explores the definition and use of "linked active content", which builds on the hypertext paradigm by extending it to support active content. This concept has community development advantages, since it provides an authoring paradigm that supports contributions from a more diverse audience, including especially those who have substantial classroom and pedagogical expertise but lack programming expertise. It also promotes the extraction of content from software so that collections may be better organized and more easily repurposed to meet the needs of a diverse audience of educators and students. %M C.DL.01.33 %T A Component Repository for Learning Objects: A Progress Report %S Digital Libraries for Education: Technology, Services, & User Studies %A Jean R. Laleuf %A Anne Morgan Spalter %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 33-40 %K NSDL, components, design, digital library, education, learning objects, reuse, software engineering, standards %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p33-laleuf/p33-laleuf.pdf %X We believe that an important category of SMET digital library content will be highly interactive, explorable microworlds for teaching science, mathematics, and engineering concepts. Such environments have proved extraordinarily time-consuming and difficult to produce, however, threatening the goals of widespread creation and use. One proposed solution for accelerating production has been the creation of repositories of reusable software components or learning objects. Programmers would use such components to rapidly assemble larger-scale environments. Although many agree on the value of this approach, few repositories of such components have been successfully created. We suggest some reasons for the lack of expected results and propose two strategies for developing such repositories. We report on a case study that provides a proof of concept of these strategies. %M C.DL.01.41 %T Designing E-Books for Legal Research %S Digital Libraries for Education: Technology, Services, & User Studies %A Catherine C. Marshall %A Morgan N. Price %A Gene Golovchinsky %A Bill N. Schilit %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 41-48 %K digital libraries, e-books, field study, information appliances, legal education, legal research, physical and digital information resources %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p41-marshall/p41-marshall.pdf %X In this paper we report the findings from a field study of legal research in a first-tier law school and on the resulting redesign of XLibris, a next-generation e-book. We first characterize a work setting in which we expected an e-book to be a useful interface for reading and otherwise using a mix of physical and digital library materials, and explore what kinds of reading-related functionality would bring value to this setting. We do this by describing important aspects of legal research in a heterogeneous information environment, including mobility, reading, annotation, link following and writing practices, and their general implications for design. We then discuss how our work with a user community and an evolving e-book prototype allowed us to examine tandem issues of usability and utility, and to redesign an existing e-book user interface to suit the needs of law students. The study caused us to move away from the notion of a stand-alone reading device and toward the concept of a document laptop, a platform that would provide wireless access to information resources, as well as support a fuller spectrum of reading-related activities. %M C.DL.01.49 %T The Open Archives Initiative: Perspectives on Metadata Harvesting %S Panel %A James B. Lloyd %A Tim Cole %A Donald Waters %A Caroline Arms %A Simeon Warner %A Jeffrey Young %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 49 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p49-lloyd/p49-lloyd.pdf %X The Open Archives Initiative [www.openarchives.org] has developed a metadata harvesting protocol to further its aim of efficient dissemination of content through interoperability standards. In early 2001, at meetings in the U.S. and Europe, the version of the protocol to be used for beta testing was announced. The HTTP-based protocol uses URLs for queries and XML for responses. The default metadata record structure is unqualified Dublin Core using a specified XML Schema. This simple metadata record form is intended to support cross-domain discovery; other record structures for which XML Schemas are defined can also be made available. Developments during the beta test should include the creation of OAI-compliant repositories (data providers) and harvesters (service providers). This panel will explore the purpose and evolution of the Open Archives Initiative from the point of view of various stakeholders, with emphasis on developments during 2001. %M C.DL.01.50 %T Mapping the Interoperability Landscape for Networked Information Retrieval %S Approaches to Interoperability Among Digital Libraries %A William E. Moen %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 50-51 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Systems issues; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): User issues; Standardization; interoperability, networked information discovery and retrieval, testbeds %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p50-moen/p50-moen.pdf %X Interoperability is a fundamental challenge for networked information discovery and retrieval. Often treated monolithically in the literature, interoperability is multifaceted and can be analyzed into different types and levels. This paper discusses an approach to map the interoperability landscape for networked information retrieval as part of an interoperability assessment research project. %M C.DL.01.52 %T Distributed Resource Discovery: Using Z39.50 to Build Cross-Domain Information Servers %S Approaches to Interoperability Among Digital Libraries %A Ray R. Larson %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 52-53 %K cross-domain resource discovery, distributed information retrieval, distributed search %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p52-larson/p52-larson.pdf %X This short paper describes the construction and application of Cross-Domain Information Servers using features of the standard Z39.50 information retrieval protocol[11]. We use the Z39.50 Explain Database to determine the databases and indexes of a given server, then use the SCAN facility to extract the contents of the indexes. This information is used to build "collection documents" that can be retrieved using probabilistic retrieval algorithms. %M C.DL.01.54 %T The Open Archives Initiative: Building a Low-Barrier Interoperability Framework %S Approaches to Interoperability Among Digital Libraries %A Carl Lagoze %A Herbert Van de Sompel %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 54-62 %K Software -Software Engineering - Interoperability (D.2.12); Experimentation, Standardization; digital libraries, interoperability, metadata, protocols %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p54-lagoze/p54-lagoze.pdf %X The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) develops and promotes interoperability solutions that aim to facilitate the efficient dissemination of content. The roots of the OAI lie in the E-Print community. Over the last year its focus has been extended to include all content providers. This paper describes the recent history of the OAI - its origins in promoting E-Prints, the broadening of its focus, the details of its technical standard for metadata harvesting, the applications of this standard, and future plans. %M C.DL.01.63 %T Enforcing Interoperability with the Open Archives Initiative Repository Explorer %S Approaches to Interoperability Among Digital Libraries %A Hussein Suleman %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 63-64 %K Software -Software Engineering - Interoperability (D.2.12); Computer Systems Organization -Computer-Communication Networks - Network Protocols (C.2.2); Experimentation, Reliability, Standardization, Verification; interoperability, protocol, testing, validation %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p63-suleman/p63-suleman.pdf %X The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) is an organization dedicated to solving problems of digital library interoperability by defining simple protocols, most recently for the exchange of metadata. The success of such an activity requires vigilance in specification of the protocol as well as standardization of implementation. The lack of standardized implementation is a substantial barrier to interoperability in many existing client/server protocols. To avoid this pitfall we developed the Repository Explorer, a tool that supports manual and automated protocol testing. This tool has a significant impact on simplifying development of interoperability interfaces and increasing the level of confidence of early adopters of the technology, thus exemplifying the positive impact of exhaustive testing and quality assurance on interoperability ventures. %M C.DL.01.65 %T Arc: An OAI Service Provider for Cross-Archive Searching %S Approaches to Interoperability Among Digital Libraries %A Xiaoming Liu %A Kurt Maly %A Mohammad Zubair %A Michael L. Nelson %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 65-66 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Collection; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Dissemination; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Standards; Design, Experimentation, Languages, Standardization; digital library, open archive initiative %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p65-liu/p65-liu.pdf %X The usefulness of the many on-line journals and scientific digital libraries that exist today is limited by the lack of a service that can federate them through a unified interface. The Open Archive Initiative (OAI) is one major effort to address technical interoperability among distributed archives. The objective of OAI is to develop a framework to facilitate the discovery of content in distributed archives. In this paper, we describe our experience and lessons learned in building Arc, the first federated searching service based on the OAI protocol. Arc harvests metadata from several OAI compliant archives, normalizes them, and stores them in a search service based on a relational database (MySQL or Oracle). At present we have over 165K metadata records from 16 data providers from various domains. %M C.DL.01.67 %T Managing Change on the Web %S Digital Libraries and the Web: Technology and Trust %A Luis Francisco-Revilla %A Frank Shipman %A Richard Furuta %A Unmil Karadkar %A Avital Arora %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 67-76 %K Computing Methodologies -Computer Graphics - Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism (I.3.7); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Hypertext/Hypermedia (H.5.4); Algorithms, Design, Experimentation, Management, Reliability, Verification; Walden's path, path maintenance %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p67-francisco-revilla/p67-francisco-revilla.pdf %X Increasingly, digital libraries are being defined that collect pointers to World-Wide Web based resources rather than hold the resources themselves. Maintaining these collections is challenging due to distributed document ownership and high fluidity. Typically a collections maintainer has to assess the relevance of changes with little system aid. In this paper, we describe the Waldens Paths Path Manager, which assists a maintainer in discovering when relevant changes occur to linked resources. The approach and system design was informed by a study of how humans perceive changes of Web pages. The study indicated that structural changes are key in determining the overall change and that presentation changes are considered irrelevant. %M C.DL.01.77 %T Measuring the Reputation of Web Sites: A Preliminary Exploration %S Digital Libraries and the Web: Technology and Trust %A Greg Keast %A Elaine G. Toms %A Joan Cherry %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 77-78 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Information Search and Retrieval (H.3.3); Experimentation, Measurement, Performance, Reliability; Lycos, TOPIC, Yahoo, alta vista, authority, evaluation, google, reputation, web sites %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p77-keast/p77-keast.pdf %X We describe the preliminary results from a pilot study, which assessed the perceived reputation - authority and trustworthiness - of the output from five WWW indexing/ranking tools. The tools are based on three techniques: external link structures, internal content, or human selection/indexing. Twenty-two participants reviewed the output from each tool and assessed the reputation of the retrieved sites. %M C.DL.01.79 %T Personalized Spiders for Web Search and Analysis %S Digital Libraries and the Web: Technology and Trust %A Michael Chau %A Daniel Zeng %A Hsinchun Chen %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 79-87 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Information Search and Retrieval (H.3.3); Design, Experimentation; information retrieval, internet searching and browsing, internet spider, noun-phrasing, personalization, self-organizing map %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p79-chau/p79-chau.pdf %X Searching for useful information on the World Wide Web has become increasingly difficult. While Internet search engines have been helping people to search on the web, low recall rate and outdated indexes have become more and more problematic as the web grows. In addition, search tools usually present to the user only a list of search results, failing to provide further personalized analysis which could help users identify useful information and comprehend these results. To alleviate these problems, we propose a client-based architecture that incorporates noun phrasing and self-organizing map techniques. Two systems, namely CI Spider and Meta Spider, have been built based on this architecture. User evaluation studies have been conducted and the findings suggest that the proposed architecture can effectively facilitate web search and analysis. %M C.DL.01.88 %T Salticus: Guided Crawling for Personal Digital Libraries %S Digital Libraries and the Web: Technology and Trust %A Robin Burke %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 88-89 %K business intelligence, crawling, document acquisition, personal digital library %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p88-burke/p88-burke.pdf %X In this paper, we describe Salticus, a web crawler that learns from users web browsing activity. Salticus enables users to build a personal digital library by collecting documents and generalizing over the user's choices. %M C.DL.01.90 %T Different Cultures Meet: Lessons Learned in Global Digital Library Development %S Panel %A Ching Chen %A Wen Gao %A Hsueh-hua Chen %A Li-Zhu Zhou %A Von-Wun Soo %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 90-93 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p90-chen/p90-chen.pdf %X This panel is organized to share the experience gained and lessons learned in developing cutting-edge technology applications and digital libraries when different cultures meet together. "Culture" is interpreted in different ways and different context. This include the interdisciplinary collaboration among professionals from different fields with their own cultures -- such as library/information science, computer science, humanities, social sciences, science and technology, etc; to more globally as experienced in major international collaborative projects involving R&D professionals from two or more different cultures -- the East and the West, or the North and the South. %M C.DL.01.94 %T Power to the People: End-User Building of Digital Library Collections %S Tools for Constructing and Using Digital Libraries %A Ian H. Witten %A David Bainbridge %A Stefan J. Boddie %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 94-103 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p94-witten/p94-witten.pdf %X Naturally, digital library systems focus principally on the reader: the consumer of the material that constitutes the library. In contrast, this paper describes an interface that makes it easy for people to build their own library collections. Collections may be built and served locally from the user's own web server, or (given appropriate permissions) remotely on a shared digital library host. End users can easily build new collections styled after existing ones from material on the Web or from their local files-or both, and collections can be updated and new ones brought on-line at any time. The interface, which is intended for non-professional end users, is modeled after widely used commercial software installation packages. Lest one quail at the prospect of end users building their own collections on a shared system, we also describe an interface for the administrative user who is responsible for maintaining a digital library installation. %M C.DL.01.104 %T Web-Based Scholarship: Annotating the Digital Library %S Tools for Constructing and Using Digital Libraries %A Bruce Rosenstock %A Michael Gertz %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 104-105 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3); data annotations, folk literature DL %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p104-rosenstock/p104-rosenstock.pdf %X The DL offers the possibility of collaborative scholarship, but the appropriate tools must be integrated within the DL to serve this purpose. We propose a Web-based tool to guide controlled data annotations that link items in the DL to a domain-specific ontology and which provide an effective means to query a data collection in an abstract and uniform fashion. %M C.DL.01.106 %T A Multi-View Intelligent Editor for Digital Video Libraries %S Tools for Constructing and Using Digital Libraries %A Brad A. Myers %A Juan P. Casares %A Scott Stevens %A Laura Dabbish %A Dan Yocum %A Albert Corbett %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 106-115 %K digital video editing, informedia, multimedia authoring, silver, video library %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p106-myers/p106-myers.pdf %X Silver is an authoring tool that aims to allow novice users to edit digital video. The goal is to make editing of digital video as easy as text editing. Silver provides multiple coordinated views, including project, source, outline, subject, storyboard, textual transcript and timeline views. Selections and edits in any view are synchronized with all other views. A variety of recognition algorithms are applied to the video and audio content and then are used to aid in the editing tasks. The Informedia Digital Library supplies the recognition algorithms and metadata used to support intelligent editing, and Informedia also provides search and a repository. The metadata includes shot boundaries and a time-synchronized transcript, which are used to support intelligent selection and intelligent cut/copy/paste. %M C.DL.01.116 %T VideoGraph: A New Tool for Video Mining and Classification %S Tools for Constructing and Using Digital Libraries %A Jia-Yu Pan %A Christos Faloutsos %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 116-117 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p116-pan/p116-pan.pdf %X This paper introduces VideoGraph, a new tool for video mining and visualizing the structure of the plot of a video sequence. The main idea is to "stitch" together similar scenes which are apart in time. We give a fast algorithm to do stitching and we show case studies, where our approach (a) gives good features for classification (91% accuracy), and (b) results in VideoGraphs which reveal the logical structure of the plot of the video clips. %M C.DL.01.118 %T The Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype %S Systems Design and Evaluation for Undergraduate Learning Environments %A Terence R. Smith %A Greg Janee %A James Frew %A Anita Coleman %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 118-119 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p118-smith/p118-smith.pdf %X This note summarizes the system development activities of the Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype (ADEPT) Project.5 ADEPT and the Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) are, respectively, the research and operational components of the Alexandria Digital Library Project. The goal of ADEPT is to build a distributed digital library (DL) of personalized collections of geospatially referenced information. This DL is characterized by: (1) services for building, searching, and using personalized collections; (2) collections of georeferenced multimedia information, including dynamic simulation models of spatially distributed processes; and (3) user interfaces employing the concept of a "Digital Earth". Important near-term objectives for ADEPT are to build prototype collections that support undergraduate learning in physical, human, and cultural geography and related disciplines, and then to evaluate whether using such resources helps students learn to reason scientifically. Collections and services developed by ADEPT researchers will migrate to ADL as they mature. %M C.DL.01.120 %T Iscapes: Digital Libraries Environments for the Promotion of Scientific Thinking by Undergraduates in Geography %S Systems Design and Evaluation for Undergraduate Learning Environments %A Anne J. Gilliland-Swetland %A Gregory L. Leazer %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 120-121 %K digital libraries, geography, scientific thinking, undergraduate education %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p120-gilliland-swetland/p120-gilliland-swetland.pdf %X This paper reviews considerations associated with implementing the Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype (ADEPT) in undergraduate geography education by means of Iscapes (or Information landscapes). In particular, we are interested in how Iscapes might be used to promote scientific thinking by undergraduate students. Based upon an ongoing educational needs assessment, we present a set of conceptual principles that might selectively be implemented in the design of educational digital library environments. %M C.DL.01.122 %T Project ANGEL: An Open Virtual Learning Environment with Sophisticated Access Management %S Systems Design and Evaluation for Undergraduate Learning Environments %A John MacColl %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 122-123 %K Design, Standardization; access management, authentication, virtual learning environments %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p122-maccoll/p122-maccoll.pdf %X This paper describes a new project funded in the UK by the Joint Information Systems Committee, to develop a virtual learning environment which combines a new awareness of internet sources such as bibliographic databases and full-text electronic journals with a sophisticated access management component which permits single sign-on authentication. %M C.DL.01.124 %T NBDL: A CIS Framework for NSDL %S Systems Design and Evaluation for Undergraduate Learning Environments %A Joe Futrelle %A Su-Shing Chen %A Kevin C. Chang %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 124-125 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): User issues; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Dissemination; Algorithms, Design, Standardization; SMET education, digital library, federated search %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p124-futrelle/p124-futrelle.pdf %X In this paper, we describe the NBDL (National Biology Digital Library) project, one of the six CIS (Core Integration System) projects of the NSF NSDL (National SMETE Digital Library) Program. %M C.DL.01.126 %T Automatic Identification and Organization of Index Terms for Interactive Browsing %S Systems Design and Evaluation for Undergraduate Learning Environments %A Nina Wacholder %A Dvid K. Evans %A Judith L. Klavans %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 126-134 %K browsing, genre, indexing, natural language processing, phrases %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p126-wacholder/p126-wacholder.pdf %X The potential of automatically generated indexes for information access has been recognized for several decades (e.g., Bush 1945 [2], Edmundson and Wyllys 1961 [4]), but the quantity of text and the ambiguity of natural language processing have made progress at this task more difficult than was originally foreseen. Recently, a body of work on development of interactive systems to support phrase browsing has begun to emerge (e.g., Anick and Vaithyanathan 1997 [1], Gutwin et al. [10], Nevill-Manning et al. 1997 [17], Godby and Reighart 1998 [9]). In this paper, we consider two issues related to the use of automatically identified phrases as index terms in a dynamic text browser (DTB), a user-centered system for navigating and browsing index terms: 1) What criteria are useful for assessing the usefulness of automatically identified index terms? and 2) Is the quality of the terms identified by automatic indexing such that they provide useful access to document content? The terms that we focus on have been identified by LinkIT, a software tool for identifying significant topics in text [7]. Over 90% of the terms identified by LinkIT are coherent and therefore merit inclusion in the dynamic text browser. Terms identified by LinkIT are input to Intell-Index, a prototype DTB that supports interactive navigation of index terms. The distinction between phrasal heads (the most important words in a coherent term) and modifiers serves as the basis for a hierarchical organization of terms. This linguistically motivated structure helps users to efficiently browsing and disambiguate terms. We conclude that the approach to information access discussed in this paper is very promising, and also that there is much room for further research. In the meantime, this research is a contribution to the establishment of a solid foundation for assessing the usability of terms in phrase browsing applications. %M C.DL.01.135 %T Digital Library Collaborations in a World Community %S Panel %A David Fulker %A Sharon Dawes %A Leonid Kalinichenko %A Tamara Sumner %A Constantino Thanos %A Alex Ushakov %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 135 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p135-fulker/p135-fulker.pdf %X Digital libraries and their user communities are increasingly international in nature. However - though technological progress and global education have brought American and European communities closer - cross-cultural and other crosscutting issues impede the formation of world community on larger scales. The pertinent issues include: collaboration in the presence of language and cultural barriers, international copyrights, international revenue streams, and universal access. This panel will examine notions of "community" from a variety of theoretical and practical perspectives, and discuss lessons that can be gleaned from applications of the community concept. Topics are expected to include scalability, sustainability, regenerative cycles in healthy communities, and examples of digital-library efforts that have international potential or implications. %M C.DL.01.136 %T Public Use of Digital Community Information Systems: Findings from A Recent Study with Implications for System Design %S Studying the Users of Digital Libraries: Formative and Summative Evaluations %A Karen E. Pettigrew %A Joan C. Durrance %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 136-143 %K Human Factors, Measurement, Performance, Theory; barriers, community information, community networks, information behavior, qualitative methods, sensemaking %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p136-pettigrew/p136-pettigrew.pdf %X The Internet has considerably empowered libraries and changed common perception of what they entail. Public libraries, in particular, are using technological advancements to expand their range of services and enhance their civic roles. Providing community information (CI) in innovative, digital forms via community networks is one way in which public libraries are facilitating everyday information needs. These networks have been lauded for their potential to strengthen physical communities through increasing information flow about local services and events, and through facilitating civic interaction. However, little is known about how the public uses such digital services and what barriers they encounter. This paper presents findings about how digital CI systems benefit physical communities based on extensive case studies in three states. At each site, rich data were collected using online surveys, field observation, in-depth interviews and focus groups with Internet users, human service providers and library staff. Both the online survey and the follow-up interviews with respondents were based on sense-making theory. In our paper we discuss our findings regarding: (1) how the public is using digital CI systems for daily problem solving, and (2) the types of barriers they encounter. Suggestions for improving digital CI systems are provided. %M C.DL.01.144 %T Evaluating the Distributed National Electronic Resource %S Studying the Users of Digital Libraries: Formative and Summative Evaluations %A Peter Brophy %A Shelagh Fisher %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 144-145 %K Computer Systems Organization -Computer-Communication Networks - Network Architecture and Design (C.2.1); Computer Systems Organization -Computer-Communication Networks - Distributed Systems (C.2.4); Design, Economics, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Reliability, Verification; distributed collections, evaluation, information environments %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p144-brophy/p144-brophy.pdf %X The UKs development of a Distributed National Electronic Resource (DNE R) is being subjected to intensive formative evaluation by a multi-disciplinary team. In this paper the Project Director reports on initial actions designed to characterise the DNER from multi-stakeholder perspectives. %M C.DL.01.146 %T Collaborative Design with Use Case Scenarios %S Studying the Users of Digital Libraries: Formative and Summative Evaluations %A Lynne Davis %A Melissa Dawe %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 146-147 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Design, Experimentation, Human Factors; collaboration, design, methodology, task-centered, use case %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p146-davis/p146-davis.pdf %X Digital libraries, particularly those with a community-based governance structure, are best designed in a collaborative setting. In this paper, we compare our experience using two design methods: a Task-centered method that draws upon a group's strength for eliciting and formulating tasks, and a Use Case method that tends to require a focus on defining an explicit process for tasks. We discuss how these methods did and did not work well in a collaborative setting. %M C.DL.01.148 %T Human Evaluation of Kea, An Automatic Keyphrasing System %S Studying the Users of Digital Libraries: Formative and Summative Evaluations %A Steve Jones %A Gordon W. Paynter %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 148-156 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Computing Methodologies -Artificial Intelligence - Natural Language Processing (I.2.7); Algorithms, Experimentation, Performance; author keyphrases, digital libraries, keyphrase extraction, subjective evaluation, user interface %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p148-jones/p148-jones.pdf %X This paper describes an evaluation of the Kea automatic keyphrase extraction algorithm. Tools that automatically identify keyphrases are desirable because document keyphrases have numerous applications in digital library systems, but are costly and time consuming to manually assign. Keyphrase extraction algorithms are usually evaluated by comparison to author-specified keywords, but this methodology has several well-known shortcomings. The results presented in this paper are based on subjective evaluations of the quality and appropriateness of keyphrases by human assessors, and make a number of contributions. First, they validate previous evaluations of Kea that rely on author keywords. Second, they show Kea's performance is comparable to that of similar systems that have been evaluated by human assessors. Finally, they justify the use of author keyphrases as a performance metric by showing that authors generally choose good keywords. %M C.DL.01.157 %T Community Design of DLESE's Collections Review Policy: A Technological Frames Analysis %S Digital Library Collections: Policies and Practices %A Michael Khoo %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 157-164 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Design, Human Factors; content analysis, decision making, design, digital library, ethnography, peer review, technological frames %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p157-khoo/p157-khoo.pdf %X In this paper, I describe the design of a collection review policy for the Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE). A distinctive feature of DLESE as a digital library is the DLESE community, composed of voluntary members who contribute metadata and resource reviews to DLESE. As the DLESE community is open, the question of how to evaluate community contributions is a crucial part of the review policy design process. In this paper, technological frames theory is used to analyse this design process by looking at how the designers work with two differing definitions of the peer reviewer, (a) peer reviewer as arbiter or editor, and (b) peer reviewer as colleague. Content analysis of DLESE documents shows that these frames can in turn be related to two definitions that DLESE offers of itself: DLESE as a library, and DLESE as a digital artifact. The implications of the presence of divergent technological frames for the design process are summarised, and some suggestions for future research are outlined. %M C.DL.01.165 %T Legal Deposit of Digital Publications: A Review of Research and Development Activity %S Digital Library Collections: Policies and Practices %A Adrienne Muir %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 165-173 %K Computing Milieux -Legal Aspects of Computing - General (K.5.0); Legal Aspects, Management; digital preservation, digital publications, legal deposit %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p165-muir/p165-muir.pdf %X There is a global trend towards extending legal deposit to include digital publications in order to maintain comprehensive national archives. However, including digital publications in legal deposit regulation is not enough to ensure the long-term preservation of these publications. Concepts, principles and practices accepted and understood in the print environment, may have new meanings or no longer be appropriate in a networked environment. Mechanisms for identifying, selecting and depositing digital material either do not exist, or are inappropriate, for some kinds of digital publication. Work on developing digital preservation strategies is at an early stage. National and other deposit libraries are at the forefront of research and develop in this area, often working in partnership with other libraries, publishers and technology vendors. Most work is of a technical nature. There is some work on developing policies and strategies for managing digital resources. However, not all management issues or users needs are being addressed. %M C.DL.01.174 %T Comprehensive Access to Printed Materials (CAPM) %S Digital Library Collections: Policies and Practices %A G. Sayeed Choudhury %A Mark Lorie %A Erin Fitzpatrick %A Ben Hobbs %A Greg Chirikjian %A Allison Okamura %A Nicholas E. Flores %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 174-175 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Design, Economics, Experimentation, Measurement; browsing, digital conversion, digital preservation, evaluation methods, information economics, paper manipulation, robotics %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p174-choudhury/p174-choudhury.pdf %X The CAPM Project features the development and evaluation of an automated, robotic on-demand scanning system for materials at remote locations. To date, we have developed a book retrieval robot and a valuation analysis framework for evaluating CAPM. We intend to augment CAPM by exploring approaches for automated page turning and improved valuation. These extensions will results in a more fully automated CAPM system and a valuation framework that will not only be useful for assessing CAPM specifically, but also for library services and functions generally. %M C.DL.01.176 %T Technology and Values: Lessons from Central and Eastern Europe %S Digital Library Collections: Policies and Practices %A Nadia Caidi %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 176-177 %K central and eastern europe, information infrastructure, national union catalogs, social shaping of technology %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p176-caidi/p176-caidi.pdf %X Technology does not develop independently of its social context. Rather, there is a range of social, cultural and economic factors (in addition to technical factors) that define the parameters for the development and use of technologies. This paper presents a case study of the social shaping of one aspect of digital libraries, the development of national union catalogs (NUC), in four countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). It examines the specific choices and values that are embedded in the design of a NUC, and how these might be transferred to other cultural contexts. %M C.DL.01.178 %T A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress: Discussion of the LC21 Report and the Role of the Digital Library Community %S Panel %A Alan Inouye %A Margaret Hedstrom %A Dale Flecker %A David Levy %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 178 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p178-inouye/p178-inouye.pdf %X Digital libraries challenge the core practices of libraries and archives in many respects, not only in terms of accommodating digital information and technology, but also through the need to develop new economic and organizational models. As the world's largest library, the Library of Congress (LC) perhaps faces the most profound questions of how to collect, catalog, preserve, and provide access to digital resources. LC asked the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board of the National Academies for advice in this area by commissioning the study that culminated with the publication of LC21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress. The panelists at this session will provide a brief summary of the LC21 report, review developments subsequent to the publication of LC21, and offer their thoughts on how the library community and information industry could engage LC to the benefit of the nation. %M C.DL.01.179 %T Use of Multiple Digital Libraries: A Case Study %S Studying the Users of Digital Libraries: Qualitative Approaches %A Ann Blandford %A Hanna Stelmaszewska %A Nick Bryan-Kinns %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 179-188 %K HCI, digital libraries, interaction modelling, video protocols %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p179-blandford/p179-blandford.pdf %X The aim of the work reported here was to better understand the usability issues raised when digital libraries are used in a natural setting. The method used was a protocol analysis of users working on a task of their own choosing to retrieve documents from publicly available digital libraries. Various classes of usability difficulties were found. Here, we focus on use in context - that is, usability concerns that arise from the fact that libraries are accessed in particular ways, under technically and organisationally imposed constraints, and that use of any particular resource is discretionary. The concepts from an Interaction Framework, which provides support for reasoning about patterns of interaction between users and systems, are applied to understand interaction issues. %M C.DL.01.189 %T An Ethnographic Study of Technical Support Workers: Why We Didn't Build a Tech Support Digital Library %S Studying the Users of Digital Libraries: Qualitative Approaches %A Sally Jo Cunningham %A Chris Knowles %A Nina Reeves %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 189-198 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Software -Software Engineering - Requirements/Specifications (D.2.1); Design, Human Factors; ethnography, requirements analysis, user studies %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p189-cunningham/p189-cunningham.pdf %X In this paper we describe the results of an ethnographic study of the information behaviours of university technical support workers and their information needs. The study looked at how the group identified, located and used information from a variety of sources to solve problems arising in the course of their work. The results of the investigation are discussed in the context of the feasibility of developing a potential information base that could be used by all members of the group. Whilst a number of their requirements would easily be fulfilled by the use of a digital library, other requirements would not. The paper illustrates the limitations of a digital library with respect to the information behaviours of this group of subjects and focuses on why a digital library would not appear to be the ideal support tool for their work. %M C.DL.01.199 %T Developing Recommendation Services for a Digital Library with Uncertain and Changing Data %S Studying the Users of Digital Libraries: Qualitative Approaches %A Gary Geisler %A David McArthur %A Sarah Giersch %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 199-200 %K digital library, recommender system, user services %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p199-geisler/p199-geisler.pdf %X In developing recommendation services for a new digital library called iLumina (www.ilumina-project.org), we are faced with several challenges related to the nature of the data we have available. The availability and consistency of data associated with iLumina is likely to be highly variable. Any recommendation strategy we develop must be able to cope with this fact, while also being robust enough to adapt to additional types of data available over time as the digital library develops. In this paper we describe the challenges we are faced with in developing a system that can provide our users with good, consistent recommendations under changing and uncertain conditions. %M C.DL.01.201 %T Evaluation of DEFINDER: A System to Mine Definitions from Consumer-Oriented Medical Text %S Studying the Users of Digital Libraries: Qualitative Approaches %A Judith L. Klavans %A Smaranda Muresan %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 201-202 %K automatic dictionary creation, medical digital libraries, natural language processing, text data mining %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p201-klavans/p201-klavans.pdf %X In this paper we present DEFINDER, a rule-based system that mines consumer-oriented full text articles in order to extract definitions and the terms they define. This research is part of Digital Library Project at Columbia University, entitled PERSIVAL (PErsonalized Retrieval and Summarization of Image, Video and Language resources) [5]. One goal of the project is to present information to patients in language they can understand. A key component of this stage is to provide accurate and readable lay definitions for technical terms, which may be present in articles of intermediate complexity. The focus of this short paper is on quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the DEFINDER system [3]. Our basis for comparison was definitions from Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), On-line Medical Dictionary (OMD) and Glossary of Popular and Technical Medical Terms (GPTMT). Quantitative evaluations show that DEFINDER obtained 87% precision and 75% recall and reveal the incompleteness of existing resources and the ability of DEFINDER to address gaps. Qualitative evaluation shows that the definitions extracted by our system are ranked higher in terms of user-based criteria of usability and readability than definitions from on-line specialized dictionaries. Thus the output of DEFINDER can be used to enhance existing specialized dictionaries, and also as a key feature in summarizing technical articles for non-specialist users. %M C.DL.01.203 %T Overview of the Virtual Data Center Project and Software %S Techniques for Managing Distributed Collections %A Micah Altman %A L. Andreev %A M. Diggory %A G. King %A E. Kolster %A A. Sone %A S. Verba %A Daniel Kiskis %A M. Krot %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 203-204 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Design, Management, Standardization; numeric data, open-source, warehousing %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p203-altman/p203-altman.pdf %X In this paper, we present an overview of the Virtual Data Center (VDC) software, an open-source digital library system for the management and dissemination of distributed collections of quantitative data. (see ). The VDC functionality provides everything necessary to maintain and disseminate an individual collection of research studies, including facilities for the storage, archiving, cataloging, translation, and on-line analysis of a particular collection. Moreover, the system provides extensive support for distributed and federated collections including: location-independent naming of objects, distributed authentication and access control, federated metadata harvesting, remote repository caching, and distributed virtual collections of remote objects. %M C.DL.01.205 %T Digital Libraries and Data Scholarship %S Techniques for Managing Distributed Collections %A Bruce R. Barkstrom %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 205-206 %K EOSDIS, data scholarship, digital libraries, object data references, structural data reference %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p205-barkstrom/p205-barkstrom.pdf %X In addition to preserving and retrieving digital information, digital libraries need to allow data scholars to create post-publication references to objects within files and across collections of files. Such references can serve as new metadata in their own right and should also provide methods for efficiently extracting the subset of the original data that belongs to the object. This paper discusses some ideas about the requirements for such references within the context of long-term, active archival, where neither the data format nor the institutional basis can be guaranteed to remain constant. %M C.DL.01.207 %T SDLIP + STARTS = SDARTS A Protocol and Toolkit for Metasearching %S Techniques for Managing Distributed Collections %A Noah Green %A Panagiotis G. Ipeirotis %A Luis Gravano %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 207-214 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Information Search and Retrieval (H.3.3); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Information Systems -Database Management - Systems (H.2.4): Database Manager; Information Systems -Database Management - Systems (H.2.4); Information Systems -Database Management - Systems (H.2.4): Distributed databases; Information Systems -Database Management - Heterogeneous Databases (H.2.5); Information Systems -Database Management - Heterogeneous Databases (H.2.5): Data translation**; %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p207-green/p207-green.pdf %X In this paper we describe how we combined SDLIP and STARTS, two complementary protocols for searching over distributed document collections. The resulting protocol, which we call SDARTS, is simple yet expressible enough to enable building sophisticated metasearch engines. SDARTS can be viewed as an instantiation of SDLIP with metasearch-specific elements from STARTS. We also report on our experience building three SDARTS-compliant wrappers: for locally available plain-text document collections, for locally available XML document collections, and for external web-accessible collections. These wrappers were developed to be easily customizable for new collections. Our work was developed as part of Columbia University's Digital Libraries Initiative--Phase 2 (DLI2) project, which involves the departments of Computer Science, Medical Informatics, and Electrical Engineering, the Columbia University libraries, and a large number of industrial partners. The main goal of the project is to provide personalized access to a distributed patient-care digital library. %M C.DL.01.215 %T Database Selection for Processing k Nearest Neighbors Queries in Distributed Environments %S Techniques for Managing Distributed Collections %A Clement Yu %A Prasoon Sharma %A Weiyi Meng %A Yan Qin %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 215-222 %K database selection, distributed databases, k nearest neighbors, query processing %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p215-yu/p215-yu.pdf %X We consider the processing of digital library queries, consisting of a text component and a structured component in distributed environments. The text component can be processed using techniques given in previous papers such as [7, 8, 11]. In this paper, we concentrate on the processing of the structured component of a distributed query. Histograms are constructed and algorithms are given to provide estimates of the desirabilities of the databases with respect to the given query. Databases are selected in descending order of desirability. An algorithm is also given to select tuples from the selected databases. Experimental results are given to show that the techniques provided here are effective and efficient. %M C.DL.01.223 %T The President's Information Technology Advisory Committee's February 2001 Digital Library Report and its Impact %S Panel %A Sally E. Howe %A David C. Nagel %A Ching-chih Chen %A Stephen M. Griffin %A James Lightbourne %A Walter L. Warnick %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 223-225 %K Economics, Experimentation, Human Factors, Legal Aspects, Management, Security, Standardization, Verification; digital libraries, federal government, policy, research and development %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p223-howe/p223-howe.pdf %X In February 2001 the Panel on Digital Libraries of the President's Information Technology Advisory Committee issued a report entitled "Digital Libraries: Universal Access to Human Knowledge". This JCDL panel, which consists of two members of the PITAC Panel on Digital Libraries and representatives of key Federal science and digital library agencies who had briefed the Panel, will discuss the report's findings and recommendations and how the report is and can be helpful in improving the development and use of digital libraries. %M C.DL.01.226 %T Building Searchable Collections of Enterprise Speech Data %S The Sound of Digital Libraries: Audio, Music, and Speech %A James W. Cooper %A Mahesh Viswanathan %A Donna Byron %A Margaret Chan %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 226-234 %K document display, search, speech analysis, speech retrieval, text mining %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p226-cooper/p226-cooper.pdf %X We have applied speech recognition and text-mining technologies to a set of recorded outbound marketing calls and analyzed the results. Since speaker-independent speech recognition technology results in a significantly lower recognition rate than that found when the recognizer is trained for a particular speaker, we applied a number of post-processing algorithms to the output of the recognizer to render it suitable for the Textract text mining system. We indexed the call transcripts using a search engine and used Textract and associated Java technologies to place the relevant terms for each document in a relational database. Following a search query, we generated a thumbnail display of the results of each call with the salient terms highlighted. We illustrate these results and discuss their utility. We took the results of these experiments and continued this analysis on a set of talks and presentations. We describe a distinct document genre based on the note-taking concept of document content, and propose a significant new method for measuring speech recognition accuracy. This procedure is generally relevant to the problem of capturing meetings and talks and providing a searchable index of these presentations on the web. %M C.DL.01.235 %T Transcript-Free Search of Audio Archives for the National Gallery of the Spoken Word %S The Sound of Digital Libraries: Audio, Music, and Speech %A John H. L. Hansen %A J. R. Deller %A Michael S. Seadle %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 235-236 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Data - Files (E.5); %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p235-hansen/p235-hansen.pdf %X The National Gallery of the Spoken Word (NGSW) project is creating a carefully organized on-line repository of spoken-word collections spanning the 20th century. Unprecedented technical challenges are inherent in the development of an archive of such extensive scale and diversity. This paper describes research on the development of text-free search-engine technology used to locate requested content in the audio records. A companion paper in these proceedings addresses watermarking technologies for copyright protection. %M C.DL.01.237 %T Audio Watermarking Techniques for the National Gallery of the Spoken Word %S The Sound of Digital Libraries: Audio, Music, and Speech %A J. R. Deller %A Aparna Gurijala %A Michael S. Seadle %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 237-238 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p237-deller/p237-deller.pdf %X This is one of two companion papers describing technical challenges faced in the development of the National Gallery of the Spoken Word (NGSW). The present paper describes watermarking technologies for intellectual property protection. Following an introduction to data watermarking, the paper focuses on a new algorithm called transform encryption coding (TEC) and its application to watermarking the NGSW archives. TEC has a number of flexible features that make it amenable to the NGSW development. %M C.DL.01.239 %T Music-Notation Searching and Digital Libraries %S The Sound of Digital Libraries: Audio, Music, and Speech %A Donald Byrd %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 239-246 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p239-byrd/p239-byrd.pdf %X Almost all work on music information retrieval to date has concentrated on music in the audio and event (normally MIDI) domains. However, music in the form of notation, especially Conventional Music Notation (CMN), is of much interest to musically-trained persons, both amateurs and professionals, and searching CMN has great value for digital music libraries. One obvious reason little has been done on music retrieval in CMN form is the overwhelming complexity of CMN, which requires a very substantial investment in programming before one can even begin studying music IR. This paper reports on work adding music-retrieval capabilities to Nightingale?, an existing professional-level music-notation editor. %M C.DL.01.247 %T Feature Selection for Automatic Classification of Musical Instrument Sounds %S The Sound of Digital Libraries: Audio, Music, and Speech %A Mingchun Liu %A Chunru Wan %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 247-248 %K classification, feature extraction, musical instrument, sequential forward feature selection %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p247-liu/p247-liu.pdf %X In this paper, we carry out a study on classification of musical instruments using a small set of features selected from a broad range of extracted ones by sequential forward feature selection method. Firstly, we extract 58 features for each record in the music database of 351 sound files. Then, the sequential forward selection method is adopted to choose the best feature set to achieve high classification accuracy. Three different classification techniques have been tested out and an accuracy of up to 93% can be achieved by using 19 features. %M C.DL.01.249 %T Adding Content-Based Searching to a Traditional Music Library Catalogue Server %S The Sound of Digital Libraries: Audio, Music, and Speech %A Matthew J. Dovey %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 249-250 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Algorithms, Design; Z39.50, music information retrieval %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p249-dovey/p249-dovey.pdf %X Most online music library catalogues can only be searched by textual metadata. Whilst highly effective - since the rules for maintaining consistency have been refined over many years - this does not allow searching by musical content. Many music librarians are familiar with users humming their enquiries. Most systems providing a "query by humming interface tend to run independently of music library catalogue systems and not offer similar textual metadata searching. This paper discusses the ongoing investigative work on integrating these two types of system conducted as part of the NSF/JISC funded OMRAS project (http://www.omras.org). %M C.DL.01.251 %T Locating Question Difficulty through Explorations in Question Space %S Information Search and Retrieval in Digital Libraries %A Terry Sullivan %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 251-252 %K information visualization, question classification %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p251-sullivan/p251-sullivan.pdf %X Three different search effectiveness measures were used to classify 50 question narratives as easy or hard. Each measure was then encoded onto a spatial representation of interquestion similarity. Discriminant analysis based on the resulting map was able to predict question difficulty with approximately 80% accuracy, robust across multiple measures. Implications for the design of digital document collections are discussed. %M C.DL.01.253 %T Browsing by Phrases: Terminological Information in Interactive Multilingual Text Retrieval %S Information Search and Retrieval in Digital Libraries %A Anselmo Penas %A Julio Gonzalo %A Felisa Verdejo %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 253-254 %K interaction, multilingual information access, natural language processing, terminology extraction %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p253-penas/p253-penas.pdf %X This paper present an interactive search engine (Website Term Browser) which makes use of phrasal information to process queries and suggest relevant topics in a fully multilingual setting. %M C.DL.01.255 %T Approximate Ad-Hoc Query Engine for Simulation Data %S Information Search and Retrieval in Digital Libraries %A Ghaleb Abdulla %A Chuck Baldwin %A Terence Critchlow %A Roy Kamimura %A Ida Lozares %A Ron Musick %A Nu Ai Tang %A Byung S. Lee %A Robert Snapp %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 255-256 %K data integration, data retrieval, mesh data, query, scientific data management, visualization %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p255-abdulla/p255-abdulla.pdf %X In this paper, we describe AQSim, an ongoing effort to design and implement a system to manage terabytes of scientific simulation data. The goal of this project is to reduce data storage requirements and access times while permitting ad-hoc queries using statistical and mathematical models of the data. In order to facilitate data exchange between models based on different representations, we are evaluating using the ASCI common data model that is comprised of several layers of increasing semantic complexity. To support queries over the spatial-temporal mesh structured data we are in the process of defining and implementing a grammar for MeshSQL. %M C.DL.01.257 %T Extracting Taxonomic Relationships from On-Line Definitional Sources using LEXING %S Information Search and Retrieval in Digital Libraries %A Judith Klavans %A Brian Whitman %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 257-258 %K definitions, glossaries, information retrieval, lexical knowledge bases, natural language processing, ontologies %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p257-klavans/p257-klavans.pdf %X We present a system which extracts the genus word and phrase from free-form definition text, entitled LEXING, for Lexical Information from Glossaries. The extractions will be used to build automatically a lexical knowledge base from on-line domain specific glossary sources. We combine statistical and semantic processes to extract these terms, and demonstrate that this combination allows us to predict the genus even in difficult situations such as empty head definitions or verb definitions. We also discuss the use of "linking prepositions" for use in skipping past empty head genus phrases. This system is part of a project to extract ontological information for energy glossary information. %M C.DL.01.259 %T Hierarchical Indexing and Document Matching in BoW %S Information Search and Retrieval in Digital Libraries %A Maayan Geffet %A Dror G. Feitelson %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 259-267 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p259-geffet/p259-geffet.pdf %X BoW is an on-line bibliographical repository based on a hierarchical concept index to which entries are linked. Searching in the repository should therefore return matching topics from the hierarchy, rather than just a list of entries. Likewise, when new entries are inserted, a search for relevant topics to which they should be linked is required. We develop a vector-based algorithm that creates keyword vectors for the set of competing topics at each node in the hierarchy, and show how its performance improves when domain-specific features are added (such as special handling of topic titles and author names). The results of a 7-fold cross validation on a corpus of some 3,500 entries with a 5-level index are hit ratios in the range of 89-95%, and most of the misclassifications are indeed ambiguous to begin with. %M C.DL.01.268 %T Scalable Integrated Region-Based Image Retrieval using IRM and Statistical Clustering %S Information Search and Retrieval in Digital Libraries %A James Z. Wang %A Yanping Du %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 268-277 %K clustering, content-based image retrieval, integrated region matching, segmentaton, wavelets %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p268-wang/p268-wang.pdf %X Statistical clustering is critical in designing scalable image retrieval systems. In this paper, we present a scalable algorithm for indexing and retrieving images based on region segmentation. The method uses statistical clustering on region features and IRM (Integrated Region Matching), a measure developed to evaluate overall similarity between images that incorporates properties of all the regions in the images by a region-matching scheme. Compared with retrieval based on individual regions, our overall similarity approach (a) reduces the influence of inaccurate segmentation, (b) helps to clarify the semantics of a particular region, and (c) enables a simple querying interface for region-based image retrieval systems. The algorithm has been implemented as a part of our experimental SIMPLIcity image retrieval system and tested on large-scale image databases of both general-purpose images and pathology slides. Experiments have demonstrated that this technique maintains the accuracy and robustness of the original system while reducing the matching time significantly. %M C.DL.01.278 %T The National SMETE Digital Library Program %S Panel %A Brandon Muramatsu %A Cathryn A. Manduca %A Marcia Mardis %A James H. Lightbourne %A Flora P. McMartin %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 278-281 %K National SMETE Digital Library, NSDL, Education, Teaching and Learning %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p278-muramatsu/p278-muramatsu.pdf %X "To catalyze and support continual improvements in the quality of science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (SMET) education, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has established the National Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology Education Digital Library (NSDL) program. The resulting digital library, a network of learning environments and resources for SMET education, will ultimately meet the needs of students and teachers at all levels-K-12, undergraduate, graduate, and lifelong learning-in both individual and collaborative settings, as well as formal and informal modes." -National Science Foundation, 2001 The national in the NSDL program is quickly becoming a reality with the broad reach of the currently funded projects. This panel session will provide bring together the leaders developing the National SMETE Digital Library to provide a brief background and broad overview of the NSDL program. Panelists will discuss the overall vision and broad steps underway to develop the National SMETE Digital Library. Building the National SMETE Digital Library presents many challenges: * Developing a shared vision for the form and function of the NSDL; * Meeting the needs of diverse learners and of the many disciplines encompassed by the NSDL; * Acquiring input from the community of users to ensure that the NSDL is both used and useable; * Evaluating progress and impacts; * Integrating technologies that already exist, and the development of new technologies; and * Providing mechanisms for sharing and cooperation of knowledge and resources among NSDL collaborators. %M C.DL.01.282 %T Cumulating and Sharing End Users Knowledge to Improve Video Indexing in a Video Digital Library %S Digital Video Libraries: Design and Access %A Marc Nanard %A Jocelyne Nanard %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 282-289 %K H.3.5[INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL]: Online Information Services - Data bank sharing Design; Video annotation. Video indexing. Private workspaces. Users communities. Knowledge sharing. %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p282-nanard/p282-nanard.pdf %X In this paper, we focus on a user driven approach to improve video indexing. It consists in cumulating the large amount of small, individual efforts done by the users who access information, and to provide a community management mechanism to let users share the elicited knowledge. This technique is currently being developed in the "OPALES" environment and tuned up at the "Institut National de l'Audiovisuel" (INA), a National Video Library in Paris, to increase the value of its patrimonial video archive collections. It relies on a portal providing private workspaces to end users, so that a large part of their work can be shared between them. The effort for interpreting documents is directly done by the expert users who work for their own job on the archives. OPALES provides an original notion of "point of view" to enable the elicitation and the sharing of knowledge between communities of users, without leading to messy structures. The overall result consists in linking exportable private metadata to archive documents and managing the sharing of the elicited knowledge between users communities. %M C.DL.01.290 %T XSLT for Tailored Access to a Digtal Video Library %S Digital Video Libraries: Design and Access %A Michael G. Christel %A Bryan Maher %A Andrew Begun %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 290-299 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Standards; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Dissemination; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): User issues; Design, Human Factors, Standardization; XML, XSLT, digital video library, surrogate %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p290-christel/p290-christel.pdf %X Surrogates, summaries, and visualizations have been developed and evaluated for accessing a digital video library containing thousands of documents and terabytes of data. These interfaces, formerly implemented within a monolithic stand-alone application, are being migrated to XML and XSLT for delivery through web browsers. The merits of these interfaces are presented, along with a discussion of the benefits in using W3C recommendations such as XML and XSLT for delivering tailored access to video over the web. %M C.DL.01.300 %T Design of a Digital Library for Human Movement %S Digital Video Libraries: Design and Access %A Jezekiel Ben-Arie %A Purvin Pandit %A ShyamSundar Rajaram %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 300-309 %K Computing Methodologies -Image Processing And Computer Vision - Scene Analysis (I.4.8); Computing Methodologies -Image Processing And Computer Vision - Scene Analysis (I.4.8): Motion; Computing Methodologies -Image Processing And Computer Vision - Scene Analysis (I.4.8): Tracking; Computing Methodologies -Pattern Recognition - Design Methodology (I.5.2); Computing Methodologies -Pattern Recognition - Design Methodology (I.5.2): Pattern analysis; Data - Data Storage Representations (E.2); Algorithms, Design; human activity recognition, multi dimensional indexing, sequence recognition, temporal correlation %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p300-ben-arie/p300-ben-arie.pdf %X This paper is focused on a central aspect in the design of our planned digital library for human movement, i.e. on the aspect of representation and recognition of human activity from video data. The method of representation is important since it has a major impact on the design of all the other building blocks of our system such as the user interface/query block or the activity recognition/storage block. In this paper we evaluate a representation method for human movement that is based on sequences of angular poses and angular velocities of the human skeletal joints, for storage and retrieval of human actions in video databases. The choice of a representation method plays an important role in the database structure, search methods, storage efficiency etc.. For this representation, we develop a novel approach for complex human activity recognition by employing multidimensional indexing combined with temporal or sequential correlation. This scheme is then evaluated with respect to its efficiency in storage and retrieval. For the indexing we use postures of humans in videos that are decomposed into a set of multidimensional tuples which represent the poses/velocities of human body parts such as arms, legs and torso. Three novel methods for human activity recognition are theoretically and experimentally compared. The methods require only a few sparsely sampled human postures. We also achieve speed invariant recognition of activities by eliminating the time factor and replacing it with sequence information. The indexing approach also provides robust recognition and an efficient storage/retrieval of all the activities in a small set of hash tables. %M C.DL.01.310 %T A Bucket Architecture for the Open Video Project %S Digital Video Libraries: Design and Access %A Michael L. Nelson %A Gary Marchionini %A Gary Geisler %A Meng Yang %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 310-311 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Collection; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Dissemination; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Systems issues; Design, Documentation, Experimentation, Management; buckets, digital objects, digital video, open source %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p310-nelson/p310-nelson.pdf %X The Open Video project is a collection of public domain digital video available for research and other purposes. The Open Video collection currently consists of approximately 350 video segments, ranging in duration from 10 seconds to 1 hour. Rapid growth for the collection is planned through agreements with other video repository projects and provision for user contribution of video. To handle the increased accession, we are experimenting with "buckets", aggregative intelligent publishing constructs for use in digital libraries. %M C.DL.01.312 %T The Fischlar Digital Video System: A Digital Library of Broadcast TV Programmes %S Digital Video Libraries: Design and Access %A A. F. Smeaton %A N. Murphy %A N. E. O'Connor %A S. Marlow %A H. Lee %A K. McDonald %A P. Browne %A J. Ye %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 312-313 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p312-smeaton/p312-smeaton.pdf %X Fischlar is a system for recording, indexing, browsing and playback of broadcast TV programmes which has been operational on our University campus for almost 18 months. In this paper we give a brief overview of how the system operates, how TV programmes are organised for browse/playback and a short report on the system usage by over 900 users in our University. %M C.DL.01.314 %T Design Principles for the Information Architecture of a SMET Education Digital Library %S Systems Design and Architecture for Digital Libraries %A Andy Dong %A Alice M. Agogino %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 314-321 %K Design, Human Factors; education, engineering, learning technology, mathematics, science, technology %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p314-dong/p314-dong.pdf %X This implementation paper introduces principles for the information architecture of an educational digital library, principles that address the distinction between designing digital libraries for education and designing digital libraries for information retrieval in general. Design is a key element of any successful product. Good designers and their designs, put technology into the hands of the user, making the products focus comprehensible and tangible through design. As straightforward as this may appear, the design of learning technologies is often masked by the enabling technology. In fact, they often lack an explicitly stated instructional design methodology. While the technologies are important hurdles to overcome, we advocate learning systems that empower education-driven / experiences rather than technology-driven experiences. This work describes a concept for a digital library for science, mathematics, engineering and technology education (SMETE), a library with an information architecture designed to meet learners and educators needs. Utilizing a constructivist model of learning, the authors present practical approaches to implementing the information architecture and its technology underpinnings. The authors propose the specifications for the information architecture and a visual design of a digital library for communicating learning to the audience. The design methodology indicates that a scenario-driven design technique sensitive to the contextual nature of learning offers a useful framework for tailoring technologies that help empower, not hinder, the educational sector. %M C.DL.01.322 %T Toward a Model of Self-Administering Data %S Systems Design and Architecture for Digital Libraries %A ByungHoon Kang %A Robert Wilensky %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 322-330 %K asynchronous collaboration, data access model, data management, distributed file system, file sharing, peer to peer, scalable update propagation, self-administering data %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p322-kang/p322-kang.pdf %X We describe a model of self-administering data. In this model, a declarative description of how a data object should behave is attached to the object, either by a user or by a data input device. A widespread infrastructure of self-administering data handlers is presumed to exist; these handlers are responsible for carrying out the specifications attached to the data. Typically, the specifications express how and to whom the data should be transferred, how it should be incorporated when it is received, what rights recipients of the data will have with respect to it, and the kind of relation that should exist between distributed copies of the object. Functions such as distributed version control can be implemented on top of the basic handler functions. We suggest that this model can provide superior support for common cooperative functions. Because the model is declarative, users need only express their intentions once in creating a self-administering description, and need not be concerned with manually performing subsequent repetitious operations. Because the model is peer-to-peer, users are less dependent on additional, perhaps costly resources, at least when these are not critical. An initial implementation of the model has been created. We are experimenting with the model both as a tool to aid in digital library functions, and as a possible replacement for some server oriented functions. %M C.DL.01.331 %T PERSIVAL, A System for Personalized Search and Summarization over Multimedia Healthcare Information %S Systems Design and Architecture for Digital Libraries %A Kathleen R. McKeown %A Shih-Fu Chang %A James Cimino %A Steven Feiner %A Carol Friedman %A Luis Gravano %A Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou %A Steven Johnson %A Desmond A. Jordan %A Judith L. Klavans %A Andre Kushniruk %A Vimla Patel %A Simone Teufel %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 331-340 %K Computing Methodologies -Artificial Intelligence - Natural Language Processing (I.2.7); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5): Web-based services; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5); medical digital library, multimedia, natural language, personalization, query interface, search, summarization %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p331-mckeown/p331-mckeown.pdf %X In healthcare settings, patients need access to online information that can help them understand their medical situation. Physicians need information that is clinically relevant to an individual patient. In this paper, we present our progress on developing a system, PERSIVAL, that is designed to provide personalized access to a distributed patient care digital library. Using the secure, online patient records at New York Presbyterian Hospital as a user model, PERSIVAL's components tailor search, presentation and summarization of online multimedia information to both patients and healthcare providers. %M C.DL.01.341 %T An Approach to Search for the Digital Library %S Systems Design and Architecture for Digital Libraries %A Elaine G. Toms %A Joan C. Bartlett %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 341-342 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Information Search and Retrieval (H.3.3); digital libraries, search interface, search tactics, searching %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p341-toms/p341-toms.pdf %X The chief form of accessing the content of a digital library (DL) is its search interface. While a DL needs an interface that integrates a range of options from search to browse to serendipity, in this work we focus on analytical search. We propose using Bates' search tactics as a basis for the re-design of search interfaces. We believe this approach will help to identify the types of tools that need to be supported by a DL interface. %M C.DL.01.343 %T TilePic: A File Format for Tiled Hierarchical Data %S Systems Design and Architecture for Digital Libraries %A Jeff Anderson-Lee %A Robert Wilensky %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 343-344 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p343-anderson-lee/p343-anderson-lee.pdf %X TilePic is a method for storing tiled data of arbitrary type in a hierarchical, indexed format for fast retrieval. It is useful for storing moderately large, static, spatial datasets in a manner that is suitable for panning and zooming over the data, especially in distributed applications. Because different data types may be stored in the same object, TilePic can support semantic zooming as well. It has proven suitable for a wide variety of applications involving the networked access and presentation of images, geographic data, and text. The TilePic format and its supporting tools are unencumbered, and available to all. %M C.DL.01.345 %T High Tech or High Touch: Automation and Human Mediation in Libraries %S Panel %A David Levy %A William Arms %A Oren Etzioni %A Diane Nester %A Barbara Tillett %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 345 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p345-levy/p345-levy.pdf %X There are those who now think that traditional library services, such as cataloging and reference, will no longer be needed in the future, or at least will be fully automated. Others are equally adamant that human intervention is not only important but essential. Underlying such positions are a host of assumptions - about the continued existence and place of paper, the role of human intelligence and interpretation, the nature of research, and the significance of the human element. This panel brings together experts in libraries and digital technology to uncover such issues and assumptions and to discuss and debate the place of people and machines in cataloging and reference work. %M C.DL.01.346 %T Long Term Preservation of Digital Information %S Digital Preservation: Technology, Economics, and Policy %A Raymond A. Lorie %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 346-352 %K Languages, Standardization; archival, digital documents, digital information, digital library, emulation, preservation %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p346-lorie/p346-lorie.pdf %X The preservation of digital data for the long term presents a variety of challenges from technical to social and organizational. The technical challenge is to ensure that the information, generated today, can survive long term changes in storage media, devices and data formats. This paper presents a novel approach to the problem. It distinguishes between archiving of data files and archiving of programs (so that their behavior may be reenacted in the future). For the archiving of a data file, the proposal consists of specifying the processing that needs to be performed on the data (as physically stored) in order to return the information to a future client (according to a logical view of the data). The process specification and the logical view definition are archived with the data. For the archiving of a program behavior, the proposal consists of saving the original executable object code together with the specification of the processing that needs to be performed for each machine instruction of the original computer (emulation). In both cases, the processing specification is based on a Universal Virtual Computer that is general, yet basic enough as to remain relevant in the future. %M C.DL.01.353 %T Creating Trading Networks of Digital Archives %S Digital Preservation: Technology, Economics, and Policy %A Brian Cooper %A Hector Garcia %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 353-362 %K data trading, digital archiving, fault tolerance, preservation, replication %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p353-cooper/p353-cooper.pdf %X Digital archives can best survive failures if they have made several copies of their collections at remote sites. In this paper, we discuss how autonomous sites can cooperate to provide preservation by trading data. We examine the decisions that an archive must make when forming trading networks, such as the amount of storage space to provide and the best number of partner sites. We also deal with the fact that some sites may be more reliable than others. Experimental results from a data trading simulator illustrate which policies are most reliable. Our techniques focus on preserving the "bits" of digital collections; other services that focus on other archiving concerns (such as preserving meaningful metadata) can be built on top of the system we describe here. %M C.DL.01.363 %T Cost-Driven Design for Archival Repositories %S Digital Preservation: Technology, Economics, and Policy %A Arturo Crespo %A Hector Garcia-Molina %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 363-372 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p363-crespo/p363-crespo.pdf %X Designing an archival repository is a complex task because there are many alternative configurations, each with different reliability levels and costs. In this paper we study the costs involved in an Archival Repository and we introduce a design framework for evaluating alternatives and choosing the best configuration in terms of reliability and cost. We also present a new version of our simulation tool, ArchSim/C that aids in the decision process. The design framework and the usage of ArchSim/C are illustrated with a case study of a hypothetical (yet realistic) archival repository shared between two universities. %M C.DL.01.373 %T Hermes: A Notification Service for Digital Libraries %S Scholarly Communication and Digital Libraries %A D. Faensen %A L. Faultstich %A H. Schweppe %A A. Hinze %A A. Steidinger %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 373-380 %K collaborative filtering, electronic publishing, recommender system %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p373-faensen/p373-faensen.pdf %X The high publication rate of scholarly material makes searching and browsing an inconvenient way to keep oneself up-to-date. Instead of being the active part in information access, researchers want to be notified whenever a new paper in one's research area is published. While more and more publishing houses or portal sites offer notification services this approach has several disadvantages. We introduce the Hermes alerting service, a service that integrates a variety of different information providers making their heterogeneity transparent for the users. Hermes offers sophisticated filtering capabilities preventing the user from drowning in a flood of irrelevant information. From the user's point of view it integrates the providers into a single source. Its simple provider interface makes it easy for publishers to join the service and thus reaching the potential readers directly. This paper presents the architecture of the Hermes service and discusses the issues of heterogeneity of information sources. Furthermore, we discuss the benefits and disadvantages of message-oriented middleware for implementing such a service for digital libraries. %M C.DL.01.381 %T An Algorithm for Automated Rating of Reviewers %S Scholarly Communication and Digital Libraries %A Tracy Riggs %A Robert Wilensky %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 381-387 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p381-riggs/p381-riggs.pdf %X The current system for scholarly information dissemination may be amenable to significant improvement. In particular, going from the current system of journal publication to one of self-distributed documents offers significant cost and timeliness advantages. A major concern with such alternatives is how to provide the value currently afforded by the peer review system. Here we propose a mechanism that could plausibly supply such value. In the peer review system, papers are judged meritorious if good reviewers give them good reviews. In its place, we propose a collaborative filtering algorithm which automatically rates reviewers, and incorporates the quality of the reviewer into the metric of merit for the paper. Such a system seems to provide all the benefits of the current peer review system, while at the same time being much more flexible. We have implemented a number of parameterized variations of this algorithm, and tested them on data available from a quite different application. Our initial experiments suggest that the algorithm is in fact ranking reviewers reasonably. %M C.DL.01.388 %T HeinOnline: An Online Archive of Law Journals %S Scholarly Communication and Digital Libraries %A Richard J. Marisa %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 388-394 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Collection; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Systems issues; Design, Experimentation, Management; dienst, digital library, document structure, law journals, metadata, system design %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p388-marisa/p388-marisa.pdf %X HeinOnline is a new online archive of law journals. Development of HeinOnline began in late 1997 through the cooperation of Cornell Information Technologies, William S. Hein & Co., Inc. of Buffalo, NY, and the Cornell Law Library. Built upon the familiar Dienst and new Open Archive Initiative protocols, HeinOnline extends the reliable and well-established management practices of open access archives like NCSTRL and CoRR to a subscription-based collection. The decisions made in creating HeinOnline, Dienst architectural extensions, and issues which have arisen during operation of HeinOnline are described. %M C.DL.01.395 %T Digital Libraries Supporting Digital Government %S Panel %A Gary Marchionini %A Anne Craig %A Larry Brandt %A Judith Klavans %A Hsinchun Chen %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 395-397 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p395-marchionini/p395-marchionini.pdf %X The needs of society have long been addressed through government research support for new technologies-the Internet representing one example. Today, under the rubric of digital government, federal agencies as well as state and local units of governments at all levels have begun to leverage the fruits of these research investments to better serve the needs of their constituencies. Government agencies apply these technologies in a variety of settings including emergency response, health and safety regulation, financial management, data gathering, and hosts of information dissemination needs. In addition, governments are investigating ways to use technology to encourage citizen participation. There is a growing digital government community of practice that strongly parallels the evolving digital library community. These parallel developments are not surprising because libraries and governments share service missions for their overlapping constituencies. %M C.DL.01.398 %T Designing a Digital Library for Young Children %S Designing Digital Libraries for Education: Technology, Services and User Studies %A Allison Druin %A Benjamin B. Bederson %A Juan Pablo Hourcade %A Lisa Sherman %A Glenda Revelle %A Michele Platner %A Stacy Weng %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 398-405 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Graphical user interfaces (GUI); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Screen design; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): User-centered design; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): User issues; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Information Search and Retrieval (H.3.3): Query formulation; Software -Software Engineering - Requirements/Specifications (D.2.1): Elicitation methods (e.g., rapid prototyping, interviews, JAD); Design, Human Factors; children, cooperative inquiry, digital libraries, education applications, information retrieval design techniques, intergenerational design team, participatory design, zoomable user interfaces %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p398-druin/p398-druin.pdf %X As more information resources become accessible using computers, our digital interfaces to those resources need to be appropriate for all people. However when it comes to digital libraries, the interfaces have typically been designed for older children or adults. Therefore, we have begun to develop a digital library interface developmentally appropriate for young children (ages 5-10 years old). Our prototype system we now call SearchKids offers a graphical interface for querying, browsing and reviewing search results. This paper describes our motivation for the research, the design partnership we established between children and adults, our design process, the technology outcomes of our current work, and the lessons we have learned. %M C.DL.01.406 %T Dynamic Digital Libraries for Children %S Designing Digital Libraries for Education: Technology, Services and User Studies %A Yin Leng Theng %A Norliza Mohd-Nasir %A George Buchanan %A Bob Fields %A Harold Thimbleby %A Noel Cassidy %A Noel Cassidy %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 406-415 %K collaborative writing, design partners and testers, design process, ethnography, observational study, participatory design %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p406-theng/p406-theng.pdf %X The majority of current digital libraries (DLs) are not designed for children. For DLs to be popular with children, they need to be fun, easy-to-use and empower them, whether as readers or authors. This paper describes a new children's DL emphasizing its design and evaluation, working with the children (11-14 year olds) as design partners and testers. A truly participatory process was used, and observational study was used as a means of refinement to the initial design of the DL prototype. In contrast with current DLs, the children's DL provides both a static as well as a dynamic environment to encourage active engagement of children in using it. Design, implementation and security issues are also raised. %M C.DL.01.416 %T Looking at Digital Library Usability from a Reuse Perspective %S Designing Digital Libraries for Education: Technology, Services and User Studies %A Tamara Sumner %A Melissa Dawe %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 416-425 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Systems issues; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): User issues; Computer Applications - Physical Sciences and Engineering (J.2); Computer Applications - Physical Sciences and Engineering (J.2): Earth and atmospheric sciences; Design, Human Factors; comprehension, digital libraries, educational resources, learning impact, location, modification, reuse, sharing %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p416-sumner/p416-sumner.pdf %X The need for information systems to support the dissemination and reuse of educational resources has sparked a number of large-scale digital library efforts. This article describes usability findings from one such project - the Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE) - focusing on its role in the process of educational resource reuse. Drawing upon a reuse model developed in the domain of software engineering, the reuse cycle is broken down into five stages: formulation of a reuse intention, location, comprehension, modification, and sharing. Using this model to analyze user studies in the DLESE project, several implications for library system design and library outreach activities are highlighted. One finding is that resource reuse occurs at different stages in the educational design process, and each stage imposes different and possibly conflicting requirements on digital library design. Another finding is that reuse is a distributed process across several artifacts, both within and outside of the library itself. In order for reuse to be successful, a usability line cannot be drawn at the library boundary, but instead must encompass both the library system and the educational resources themselves. %M C.DL.01.426 %T Building a Hypertextual Digital Library in the Humanities: A Case Study on London %S Applications of Digital Libraries in the Humanities %A Gregory Crane %A David A. Smith %A Clifford E. Wulfman %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 426-434 %K automatic linking, browsing, collection development, document design, reading %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p426-crane/p426-crane.pdf %X This paper describes the creation of a new humanities digital library collection: 11,000,000 words and 10,000 images representing books, images and maps on pre-twentieth century London and its environs. The London collection contained far more dense and precise information than the materials from the Greco-Roman world on which we had previously concentrated. The London collection thus allowed us to explore new problems of data structure, manipulation, and visualization. This paper contrasts our model for how humanities digital libraries are best used with the assumptions that underlie many academic digital libraries on the one hand and more literary hypertexts on the other. Since encoding guidelines such as those from the TEI provide collection designers with far more options than any one project can realize, this paper describes what structures we used to organize the collection and why. We particularly emphasize the importance of mining historical authority lists (encyclopedias, gazetteers, etc.) and then generating automatic span-to-span links within the collection. %M C.DL.01.435 %T Document Quality Indicators and Corpus Editions %S Applications of Digital Libraries in the Humanities %A Jeffrey A. Rydberg-Cox %A Anne Mahoney %A Gregory R. Crane %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 435-436 %K Design, Documentation, Languages, Standardization, Theory; automatic linking, browsing, collection development, document design, reading %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p435-rydberg-cox/p435-rydberg-cox.pdf %X Corpus editions can only be useful to scholars when users know what to expect of the texts. We argue for text quality indicators, both general and domain-specific. %M C.DL.01.437 %T The Digital Atheneum: New Approaches for Preserving, Restoring and Analyzing Damaged Manuscripts %S Applications of Digital Libraries in the Humanities %A Michael S. Brown %A W. Brent %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 437-443 %K digital libraries, digital preservation, document analysis, humanities computing, restoration %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p437-brown/p437-brown.pdf %X This paper presents research focused on developing new techniques and algorithms for the digital acquisition, restoration, and study of damaged manuscripts. We present results from an acquisition effort in partnership with the British Library, funded through the NSF DLI-2 program, designed to capture 3-D models of old and damaged manuscripts. We show how these 3-D facsimiles can be analyzed and manipulated in ways that are tedious or even impossible if confined to the physical manuscript. In particular, we present results from a restoration framework we have developed for "flattening" the 3-D representation of badly warped manuscripts. We expect these research directions to give scholars more sophisticated methods to preserve, restore, and better understand the physical objects they study. %M C.DL.01.444 %T Towards an Electronic Variorum Edition of Don Quixote %S Applications of Digital Libraries in the Humanities %A Richard Furuta %A Shueh-Cheng Hu %A Siddarth Kalasapur %A Rajiv Kochumman %A Eduardo Urbina %A Ricardo Vivancos %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 444-445 %K cervantes digital library, cervantes project, hispanic culture, humanities digital libraries %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p444-furuta/p444-furuta.pdf %X known Don Quixote. This paper gives an overview of the computer-based tools that we are using in this endeavor, and summarizes the current status of the project. The Electronic Variorum Edition will join the other content elements maintained by the project, which focuses on electronic resources in support of the study of Cervantes, his works, and his times. %M C.DL.01.446 %T Digital Music Libraries -- Research and Development %S Panel %A David Bainbridge %A Gerry Bernbom %A Mary Wallace %A Andrew P. Dillon %A Matthew Dovey %A Jon W. Dunn %A Michael Fingerhut %A Ichiro Fujinaga %A Eric J. Isaacson %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 446-448 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p446-bernbom/p446-bernbom.pdf %X Digital music libraries provide enhanced access and functionality that facilitates scholarly research and education. This panel will present a report on the progress of several major research and development projects in digital music libraries. %M C.DL.01.450 %T Content Management for Digital Museum Exhibitions %S Demonstrations %A Jen-Shin Hong %A Bai-Hsuen Chen %A Jieh Hsiang %A Tien-Yu Hsu %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 450 %K XML, content management, digital museum, multipresentation %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p450-hong/p450-hong.pdf %X An online exhibition of a digital museum often consists of a variety of multimedia objects such as webpages, animation, and video clips. Ideally, there should be different exhibitions on the same topic for users with different needs. The difficulty is that it is time-consuming to produce illustrative and intriguing online exhibitions. In this paper, we present a content management system for producing exhibitions. This framework is a novel approach for organizing digital collections and for quickly selecting, integrating, and composing objects from the collection to produce exhibitions of different presentation styles, one for each user group. A prototype based on our framework has been implemented and successfully used in the production of a Lanyu digital museum. Using our method, the Lanyu Digital Museum online exhibition has several features: (1) It provides an easy way to compose artifacts extracted from the digital collection into exhibitions. (2) It provides an easy way to create different presentations of the same exhibition content that are catered to users with different needs. (3) It provides easy-to-use film-editing capability to re-arrange an exhibition and to produce new exhibitions from existing ones. %M C.DL.01.451 %T Demonstration of Hierarchical Document Clustering of Digital Library Retrieval Results %S Demonstrations %A C. R. Palmer %A J. Pesenti %A R. E. Valdes-Perez %A M. G. Christel %A A. G. Hauptmann %A D. Ng %A H. D. Wactlar %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 451 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Information Search and Retrieval (H.3.3): Clustering; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): User issues; hierarchical document clustering %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p451-palmer/p451-palmer.pdf %X As digital libraries grow in size, querying their contents will become as frustrating as querying the web is now. One remedy is to hierarchically cluster the results that are returned by searching a digital library. We demonstrate the clustering of search results from Carnegie Mellon's Informedia database, a large video library that supports indexing and retrieval with automatically generated descriptors. %M C.DL.01.452 %T Indiana University Digital Music Library Project %S Demonstrations %A Jon W. Dunn %A Eric J. Isaacson %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 452 %K Computer Applications - Arts and Humanities (J.5): Performing arts (e.g., dance, music); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Collection; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Dissemination; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Systems issues; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): User issues; Design; music digital libraries, music instruction %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p452-dunn/p452-dunn.pdf %X The Indiana University Digital Music Library project plans to create a digital library testbed system containing music in a variety of formats, designed to support research and education in the field of music and to serve as a platform for digital library research. Prototypes of user interfaces to the system will be demonstrated. %M C.DL.01.453 %T Interactive Visualization of Video Metadata %S Demonstrations %A Mark Derthick %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 453 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Graphical user interfaces (GUI); Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; Algorithms, Human Factors; information visualization %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p453-derthick/p453-derthick.pdf %X Much current research on digital libraries focuses on named entity extraction and transformation into structured information. Examples include entities like events, people, and places, and attributes like birth date or latitude. This video demonstration illustrates the potential for finding relationships among entities extracted from 50,000 news segments from CMUs Informedia Digital Video Library. A visual query language is used to specify relationships among entities. Data populate the query structure, which becomes an interface for exploration that gives continuous feedback in the form of visualizations of summary statistics. The target user is a data analyst familiar with the domain from which the entities come, but not a computer scientist. %M C.DL.01.454 %T PERSIVAL Demo: Categorizing Hidden-Web Resources %S Demonstrations %A Panagiotis G. Ipeirotis %A Luis Gravano %A Mehran Sahami %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 454 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p454-ipeirotis/p454-ipeirotis.pdf %M C.DL.01.455 %T PERSIVAL: Personalized Summarization Over Multimedia Health-Care Information %S Demonstrations %A Noemie Elhadad %A Min-Yen Kan %A Simon Lok %A Smaranda Muresan %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 455 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p455-elhadad/p455-elhadad.pdf %X In this demonstration, we present several integrated components of PERSIVAL PErsonalized Retrieval and Summarization of Image, Video And Language)[1], a system designed to provide personalized access to a distributed digital library of medical literature and consumer health information. The global system architecture of PERSIVAL is best described as a two-stage processing pipeline. The first stage is a retrieval system that matches user queries with relevant multimedia data in the library. The second stage is a visualization system that processes the multimedia data matched by the first stage for display. Our demonstration focuses on the second stage of PERSIVAL's processing pipeline. Given a set of relevant documents for certain predefined queries, our integrated demonstration seeks to give a tailored response for either physicians or patients, featuring textual summaries, as well as relevant medical definitions. To visualize the summaries and definitions, we employ automated constraint-based layout of the user interface that allows for rich interaction between summaries and definitions. PERSIVAL's natural language processing and user interface modules make up the visualization portion of the system and illustrate state-of-the-art digital library technology. Following are the modules presented in our demonstration. %M C.DL.01.456 %T View Segmentation and Static/Dynamic Summary Generation for Echocardiogram Videos %S Demonstrations %A Shahram Ebadollahi %A Shih-Fu Chang %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 456 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p456-ebadollahi/p456-ebadollahi.pdf %X The demonstration described here is a part of the PERSIVAL system [1]. In PERSIVAL the user of the echocardiogram video archives is able to access, browse, search and interact with the echocardiogram videos efficiently and effectively. Video data is also integrated with other modalities of information and presented to the right users in the right context. %M C.DL.01.457 %T Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: A Dynamic Reference Work %S Demonstrations %A Edward N. Zalta %A Colin Allen %A Uri Nodelman %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 457 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p457-zalta/p457-zalta.pdf %X The primary goal of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy project (http://plato.stanford.edu/) is to produce an authoritative and comprehensive reference work devoted to the academic discipline of philosophy that will be kept up to date ally so as to remain useful to those in academia and the general public. To accomplish this goal we have designed and implemented web-based software by which academic philosophers can collaboratively write and maintain such a 'dynamic reference work'. Our implementation has features that are not found in any other online reference work in any discipline, and that enable the profession of philosophy to maintain such a reference work without the cost or level of staff support required for traditional reference work publishing. %M C.DL.01.458 %T A System for Adding Content-Based Searching to a Traditional Music Library Catalogue Server %S Demonstrations %A Matthew J. Dovey %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 458 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p458-dovey/p458-dovey.pdf %X Most online music library catalogues can only be searched by textual metadata. Whilst highly effective - since the rules for maintaining consistency have been refined over many years - this does not allow searching by musical content. Many music librarians are familiar with users humming their enquiries. Most systems providing a query by humming interface tend to run independently of music library catalogue systems and not offer similar textual metadata searching. This demonstration shows how we can integrate these two types of system based on work conducted as part of the NSF/JISC funded OMRAS project (http://www.omras.org). %M C.DL.01.459 %T Using the Repository Explorer to Achieve OAI Protocol Compliance %S Demonstrations %A Hussein Suleman %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 459 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p459-suleman/p459-suleman.pdf %X The Open Archives Initiative (OAI) is dedicated to solving problems of digital library interoperability by defining simple protocols, most recently the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting [2], which was unveiled in January 2001. To support the adoption of this new interoperability technology, we have developed the Repository Explorer [1], a web-based tool to enforce compliance to the same interpretation of the protocol by the various different server implementations. This demonstration will show how the Repository Explorer can be used to perform either user-driven browsing or automatic testing of an implementation of the protocol. %M C.DL.01.463 %T An Atmospheric Visualization Collection for the NSDL %S Posters %A Christopher Klaus %A Keith Andrew %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 463 %K Computing Methodologies -Image Processing And Computer Vision - General (I.4.0): Image displays; Computer Applications - Physical Sciences and Engineering (J.2): Earth and atmospheric sciences; Computing Methodologies -Computer Graphics - Picture/Image Generation (I.3.3); Algorithms, Experimentation, Human Factors, Measurement; atmospheric science, digital library, visualization education %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p463-klaus/p463-klaus.pdf %X In this poster, we describe visualization and educational efforts underway to build an Atmospheric Visualization Collection for the NSDL. %M C.DL.01.464 %T Breaking the Metadata Generation Bottleneck: Preliminary Findings %S Posters %A Elizabeth D. Liddy %A Stuart Sutton %A Woojin Paik %A Eileen Allen %A Sarah Harwell %A Michelle Monsour %A Anne Turner %A Jennifer Liddy %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 464 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p464-liddy/p464-liddy.pdf %X The goal of our 18 month NSDL-funded project is to develop Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning technology which will accomplish automatic metadata generation for individual educational resources in digital collections. The metadata tags that the system will be learning to automatically assign are the full complement of Gateway to Educational Materials (GEM) metadata tags -- from the nationally recognized consortium of organizations concerned with access to educational resources. The documents that comprise the sample for this research come from the Eisenhower National Clearinghouse on Science and Mathematics. %M C.DL.01.465 %T Building the Physical Sciences Information Infrastructure, A Phased Approach %S Posters %A Judy C. Gilmore %A Valerie S. Allen %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 465 %K federal agencies, physical sciences %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p465-gilmore/p465-gilmore.pdf %X In 2000, a vision of a Physical Sciences Information Infrastructure - an integrated network for the physical sciences - was captured and endorsed. Work continues in 2001 as partnerships are formed and strategies are formulated to move the vision forward. %M C.DL.01.466 %T Development of an Earth Environmental Digital Library System for Soil and Land-Atmospheric Data %S Posters %A Eiji Ikoma %A Taikan Oki %A Masaru Kitsuregawa %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 466 %K Experimentation; VRML, digital library, user interface %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p466-ikoma/p466-ikoma.pdf %X We propose and examine new methods for automatic data loading system and flexible user interface system with many features such as 3D visualization. We implement the earth environmental digital library and operate it on the Web. Though our system is focusing the limited users like earth environmental researchers, more than 8000 hits per month describe the practical usefulness of it. %M C.DL.01.467 %T Digital Facsimile Editions and On-Line Editing %S Posters %A Harry Plantinga %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 467 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p467-plantinga/p467-plantinga.pdf %X Digitizing a large collection of books is an expensive and time-consuming task -- but there may be volunteers all over the world who are willing to do a small portion of the task. This poster describes a system for making digital facsimile editions-e-books consisting of page images and OCRed but uncorrected text. The user can choose to view low or high resolution page images or text for each page or search the text. Authenticated users with little or no training can correct the text on-line, and the corrections are incorporated in the document. Source code is available for the described implementation, which is a part of the Christian Classics Ethereal Library (http://www.ccel.org). %M C.DL.01.468 %T DSpace at MIT: Meeting the Challenges %S Posters %A Michael J. Bass %A Margret Branschofsky %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 468 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Library Automation (H.3.6); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5); Data - Data Structures (E.1); Design, Economics, Experimentation, Legal Aspects, Management; application service platform, architecture, archive, digital libraries, digital media, federation, metadata, repository %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p468-bass/p468-bass.pdf %X DSpace is a joint development effort by HP and MIT to establish an electronic system that will enable MIT faculty and researchers to capture, preserve, manage, and disseminate their intellectual output, and that will enable the Institute to maintain its intellectual heritage. The effort further aims to facilitate sharing of intellectual content and metadata among institutions by minimizing barriers to adoption and federation. This brief paper describes the motivation behind the project, its goals, objectives, progress, and references to detailed definition & design materials. %M C.DL.01.469 %T Exploiting Image Semantics for Picture Libraries %S Posters %A Kobus Barnard %A David Forsyth %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 469 %K Information Systems - Information Storage and Retrieval (H.3); Algorithms, Human Factors, Performance; digital libraries, hierarchical image clustering %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p469-barnard/p469-barnard.pdf %X We consider the application of a system for learning the semantics of image collections to digital libraries. We discuss our approach to browsing and search, and investigate the integration both in more detail. %M C.DL.01.470 %T Feature Extraction for Content-Based Image Retrieval in DARWIN %S Posters %A K. R. Debure %A A. S. Russell %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 470 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p470-debure/p470-debure.pdf %M C.DL.01.471 %T Guided Linking: Efficiently Making Image-to-Transcript Correspondence %S Posters %A Cheng Jiun Yuan %A W. Brent Seales %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 471 %K application, digital libraries, humanities computing, image analysis, image/text correspondence %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p471-yuan/p471-yuan.pdf %X The problem of annotating unstructured images is labor intensive and difficult to automate. Linking is a type of annotation where an image region is tagged by representing a correspondence between the region and other information. Any serious effort at creating a digital edition of a manuscript from nothing but images and their associated information, such as transcripts and editorial remarks, must include the task of creating a large number of links between image regions and the related information. We present an approach to the problem of image linking, which concentrates on the fundamental and labor-intensive task of associating image regions with their textual counterparts. We assume the input to the system is a set of images representing a manuscript, and that associated data, such as a transcript, is available to provide guidance to the automated portion of the system. Our approach targets collections that are damaged and difficult-to-read, such as manuscripts that require intensive editorial annotation. It is essentially impossible to perform fully automated techniques, such as optical character recognition (OCR) or accurate handwriting analysis [2], on these kinds of manuscripts. %M C.DL.01.472 %T Integrating Digital Libraries by CORBA, XML and Servlet %S Posters %A Wing Hang Cheung %A Michael R. Lyu %A Kam Wing Ng %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 472 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p472-cheung/p472-cheung.pdf %X In this paper, we describe how we use a mediator-based architecture for integrating digital libraries. We discuss how we tackle the obstacles of firewalls in the expansion of our system by using XML and Java Servlet, which are used to achieve CORBA general communications and callback features across the firewalls. %M C.DL.01.473 %T A National Digital Library for Undergraduate Mathematics and Science Teacher Preparation and Professional Development %S Posters %A Kimberly S. Roempler %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 473 %K inservice teachers, mathematics education, pedagogy, preservice teachers, science education, teacher preparation %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p473-roempler/p473-roempler.pdf %X The primary goal of the National Digital Library for Undergraduate Mathematics and Science Teacher Preparation and Professional Development, funded through the NSF Division of Undergraduate Education National Science Digital Libraries Initiative, is to increase the use of best teaching practices by faculty by providing the resources - tools, training, and data - needed to build inquiry and discovery into all undergraduate science and mathematics courses. Improving the math and science education of future and in-service K-12 teachers is one of the most important challenges facing college and university faculties. The preparation of future teachers is a fundamental element in the improvement of the learning experience of all students, from grades K-16. As teachers know, it is natural to teach as we have been taught ourselves. The standards in mathematics and science call for greater integration of inquiry-based techniques and more rigorous mathematical and science content. Teachers at all levels will be better equipped to meet these standards if they are taught using these approaches during their own education. %M C.DL.01.474 %T Print to Electronic: Measuring the Operational and Economic Implications of an Electronic Journal Collection %S Posters %A Carol Hansen Montgomery %A Linda S. Marion %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 474 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - General (K.6.0): Economics; Economics, Measurement, Management; academic library, digital library, electronic journals %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p474-montgomery/p474-montgomery.pdf %X In this poster, we report methodology and initial results from a study of an academic library's migration to an all-electronic journal collection. %M C.DL.01.475 %T Turbo Recognition: Decoding Page Layout %S Posters %A Taku A. Tokuyasu %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 475 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p475-tokuyasu/p475-tokuyasu.pdf %M C.DL.01.476 %T Using Markov Models and Innovation-Diffusion as a Tool for Predicting Digital Library Access and Distribution %S Posters %A Bruce R. Barkstrom %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 476 %K EOSDIS, Markov models, innovation-diffusion, user access patterns, user access rates, user modeling %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p476-barkstrom/p476-barkstrom.pdf %X This paper, discusses a general approach to predicting data access rates and user access patterns for planning distribution capacities and for monitoring data usage. The approach uses a steady-state Markov model to describe user activities and innovation-diffusion to describe the rate at which a naive population adopts accessing data from a digital library. %M C.DL.01.477 %T A Versatile Facsimile and Transcription Service for Manuscripts and Rare Old Books at the Miguel de Cervantes Digital Library %S Posters %A Alejandro Bia %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 477 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p477-bia/p477-bia.pdf %X The purpose of this poster is to describe our approach to provide facsimiles of manuscripts and old books as one of our DL services publicly available by Internet. %M C.DL.01.478 %T The Virtual Naval Hospital: The Digital Library as Knowledge Management Tool for Nomadic Patrons %S Posters %A Michael P. D'Alessandro %A Richard S. Bakalar %A Donna M. D'Alessandro %A Denis E. Ashley %A Mary J. C. Hendrix %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 478 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Collection; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Dissemination; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): Systems issues; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Digital Libraries (H.3.7): User issues; Design, Human Factors, Measurement; case study, digital libraries, knowledge management, lessons learned, nomadic computing %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p478-d_alessandro/p478-d_alessandro.pdf %X To meet the information needs of isolated primary care providers and their patients in the United States (U.S.) Navy, a digital health sciences library - Virtual Naval Hospital (http://www.vnh.org) - was created through a unique partnership between academia and government. The creation of the digital library was heavily influenced by the principles of user-centered design, and made allowances for the nomadic nature of the digital library's patrons and the heterogeneous access they have to Internet bandwidth. The result is a digital library that has been in operation since 1997, that continues to expand in size, that is heavily used, and that is highly regarded by its patrons. Over time, the digital library has evolved into a knowledge-management system for the U.S. Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. A number of valuable technical, personal, and political lessons have been learned about delivering digital library and knowledge management services to nomadic patrons. They can be summarized by stating that to succeed in the design and implementation of a digital library that serves as a knowledge management tool, regardless of the field of endeavor, one must focus initially and then consistently on the population served and what their mission is, and tailor the digital library to their needs. If this is done, the result will be a tool that is heavily used and sincerely appreciated. These lessons learned will become increasingly valuable as society moves towards a ubiquitous computing environment. %M C.DL.01.479 %T Tutorial 1: Practical Digital Libraries Overview %S Tutorials %A Edward A. Fox %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 479 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p479-tutorials/p479-tutorials.pdf %M C.DL.01.479 %T Tutorial 2: Evaluating, Using, and Publishing eBooks %A Gene Golovchinsky %A Cathy Marshall %A Elli Mylonas %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 479 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p479-tutorials/p479-tutorials.pdf %M C.DL.01.479 %T Tutorial 3: Thesauri and Ontologies %S Tutorials %A Dagobert Soergel %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 479 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p479-tutorials/p479-tutorials.pdf %Y Part 1: Structure and Use in Knowledge-Based Assistance to Users Part 2: Design, Evaluation, and Development %M C.DL.01.480 %T Tutorial 4: How to Build a Digital Library Using Open-Source Software %S Tutorials %A Ian H. Witten %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 480 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p479-tutorials/p479-tutorials.pdf %M C.DL.01.480 %T Hands-On Workshop: Build Your Own Digital Library Collections %S Tutorials %A Ian H. Witten %A David Bainbridge %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 480 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p479-tutorials/p479-tutorials.pdf %M C.DL.01.480 %T Tutorial 6: Building Interoperable Digital Libraries: A Practical Guide to Creating Open Archives %S Tutorials %A Hussein Suleman %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 480 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p479-tutorials/p479-tutorials.pdf %M C.DL.01.482 %T Workshop 1: Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries -- Its Past, Present, and Future %S Workshops %A Katy Borner %A Chaomei Chen %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 482 %K cognitive psychology, digital libraries, human-computer interaction, information visualization, usability studies %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p482-borner/p482-borner.pdf %X The design of easy-to-use and informative visual interfaces to digital libraries is an integral part to the advances of digital libraries. A wide range of approaches have been developed from a diverse spectrum of perspectives that focus on users and tasks to be supported, data to be modeled, and the efficiency of algorithms. Information visualization aims to exploit the human visual information processing system, especially with non-spatial data (such as documents and images typically found in digital libraries). Generally, information visualization examines semantic relationships intrinsic to an abstract information space and how they can be spatially navigated and memorized using similar cognitive processes to those that would apply during interactions with the real world. This workshop promotes the convergence of information visualization and digital libraries. It brings together researchers and practitioners in the areas of information visualization, digital libraries, human-computer interaction, library and information science, and computer science to identify the most important issues in the past and the present, and what should be done in the future. %M C.DL.01.483 %T Workshop 2: The Technology of Browsing Applications %S Workshops %A Nina Wacholder %A Craig Nevill Manning %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 483 %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p483-wacholder/p483-wacholder.pdf %X Phrase browsing applications provide information seekers with access to text content via structured lists of index terms. These lists provide a preview of the content of a collection. The index terms, which may be identified by a variety of techniques, are phrases that represent important concepts referred to in a document or collection of documents. The browsing system supports interactive navigation and organization of the phrases. The goal of this workshop is to bring together researchers interested in any aspect of phrase browsing technology, including, but not limited to, identification of index terms, techniques for hierarchical organization of the terms, implementation of efficient systems, usability of browsing applications, and techniques for evaluating this technology. %M C.DL.01.484 %T Workshop 3: Classification Crosswalks %S Workshops %A Paul Thompson %A Traugott Koch %A John Carter %A Heike Neuroth %A Ed O'Neill %A Dagobert Soergel %B DL01 %D 2001 %P 484 %K classification schemes, controlled vocabularies, digital libraries, vocabulary integration tools %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/dl/379437/p484-thompson/p484-thompson.pdf %X Mapping between/among classification schemes is beneficial within an organization that has a number of implicit schemes, between organizations seeking to exchange information, and in a digital library context where collections are organized by different classifications. This cross scheme mapping could be done manually, but if many schemes are to be mapped, it may be desirable to provide automated tools and techniques to support the process. This workshop will present research and projects that identify the state-of-the-practice and outline the research agenda. In addition to the educational part of the program, the afternoon will be devoted to ongoing NKOS activities related to a vocabulary mark-up language, mechanisms for search and retrieval of online knowledge organization sources, and a typology for describing knowledge organization sources that supports the development of knowledge organization services on the Web. The program is available from the NKOS Web site at http://nkos.slis.kent.edu. %M C.DL.01.-1 %T Workshop 4: Digital Libraries in Asian Languages %S Workshops %A Su-Shing Chen %A Ching-chih Chen %B DL01 %D 2001 %P -- %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %M C.DL.01.-2 %T Workshop 5: Information Visualization for Digital Libraries: Defining a Research Agenda for Heterogeneous Multimedia Collections %S Workshops %A Lucy Nowell %A Elizabeth Hetzler %B DL01 %D 2001 %P -- %K heterogeneous digital libraries, human computer interaction, multimedia, visualization %* (c) Copyright 2001 ACM %X This workshop will emphasize small group discussion and brainstorming to explore issues of visualization for heterogeneous digital libraries. The power of visualization lies in its ability to convey information at the high bandwidth of the human perceptual system, facilitating recognition of patterns in the information space, and supporting navigation in large collections. How do we extend these benefits to collections that span the range of digital media? Participants will explore this issue, with the aim of identifying a research agenda. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): DOC97.BA %M C.DOC.97.1 %T Cognitive Strain as a Factor in Effective Document Design %A Michael J. Albers %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 1-6 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p1-albers/p1-albers.pdf %X People have a limited amount of cognitive resources. Coping with the increasing amount of information presented via a software interface strains a user's cognitive resources. If a person has to use the documentation, whether on-line or paper, additional cognitive resources are consumed, often overloading the user. Using several windows or multi-media elements can compound the problem. Unfortunately, as Wickens (1992) states, humans are unable to manage excessive cognitive strain and they respond by getting frustrated, committing errors, shedding tasks, or reverting to known methods. Understanding the causes of cognitive strain helps explain why seemingly well-designed and usability-tested documentation still elicits complains of being unusable. In this paper, I define cognitive strain as exceeding the amount of mental resources available to devote to problem solving. Psychology researchers have found that we have a small set of resources which must be distributed between all the cognitive tasks we simultaneously perform. When those resources are exhausted, error rates and frustration increase while performance and material retention decrease. It is important to note that cognitive strain is a short-term overload and is not the longer-term stress we associate with impending deadlines or an over-scheduled workload. However, longer-term stress factors do influence the amount of cognitive resources available. Thus it is essential that we, as technical communicators, explore effective methods which reduce cognitive strain and maximize the user's ability to extract information from the system. In this paper, I first examine the literature on cognitive strain and the signs of cognitive overload. Next, I look at current methodologies and discuss how they don't include considering cognitive stress. Finally, I explore how modifying our design methodologies to consider cognitive strain can improve the resulting documentation. %M C.DOC.97.7 %T From Document Design to Information Design %A Mark Baker %A Carol Miksik %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 7-10 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p7-baker/p7-baker.pdf %X In 1750, the textile industry worked like this: Spinsters worked at their spinning wheels in their cottages. From time to time a broker would make the circuit of the cottages, buying up the spun thread and delivering it to weavers, who worked on hand looms in their cottages. The broker would then buy finished cloth from the weavers and carry it to town. By 1830, the cottage industries, and the individualized products they created were virtually gone. Both spinning and weaving were performed by workers tending power spindles and power looms in factories. The cloth they produced was so much cheaper than before that ordinary people could begin to afford more than one set of clothing, which sparked an improvement in personal hygiene, which lowered the death rate and fed a booming population. A wide variety of cottage industries disappeared in the years that followed. Today there is perhaps only one significant one that has survived: ours. Writing is the last cottage industry. True, for many of us, our cottages are eight by eight cubicles in some vast open concept office building. But in those cubicles we still spin our own words and weave our own documents using our personal tools. But this is the information age. Our cottage industry is not economical for producing the vast array of information products in the wide variety of media that is now demanded of us. Like it or not, we are headed for the factory. Fortunately, modern factory work does not have to be production line drudgery. Modern factory workers do not tend production lines, they design and direct the machines, and the programs, that run automated production lines. If we want to have a continued role in the information factory, we must learn to design and direct the information systems and programs that will run the information production line. This is not a job for programmers who do fundamentally understand the complexity of the information. It is a job for writers who have learned new design skills. %M C.DOC.97.11 %T Moving Document Control Systems to the Corporate Intranet: One Company's Strategy %A Bill Burns %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 11-16 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p11-burns/p11-burns.pdf %X Companies are now recognizing the cost benefits to using web and Internet technology to deliver information internally using a corporate "intranet." However, often not included in these hypertext delivery systems are the controlled or proprietary documents that businesses need to document manufacturing processes, the notification systems needed to keep production employees up-to-date on procedural changes, and the approval workflows necessary for ensuring ISO compliance to process control. Changing from legacy, hard copy document control systems to web-based, online document control and delivery systems involves not only an investment in new technology on the part of management, but also a paradigm shift on the part of the people who use the information technical communicators deliver. When making this transition, companies need to consider four questions: * What should be the focus for new technologies and methods? * How does the company build support for change? * Which tools should content creators be using? * What issues should system developers expect during the transition? %M C.DOC.97.17 %T CogentHelp: A Tool for Authoring Dynamically Generated Help for Java GUIs %A David E. Caldwell %A Michael White %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 17-22 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p17-caldwell/p17-caldwell.pdf %X CogentHelp is a prototype tool for authoring dynamically generated on-line help for applications whose graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are built with the Java Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT). In this paper, we describe some of the techniques used in CogentHelp to facilitate the authoring, maintenance and customization of high-quality help systems. These include the use of (1) a "single-source" methodology for developing program code and help text; (2) small-grained, reusable "snippets" of help text instead of monolithic topics; and (3) a lightweight, extensible framework for planning and generating help topics from "snippets". %M C.DOC.97.23 %T Mobile Computing -- Beyond Laptops %A Laura Cappelletti %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 23-26 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p23-cappelletti/p23-cappelletti.pdf %X In the companion paper "Mobile Computing -- A Fact in Your Future" we discussed wireless networking technology and products and techniques that support mobile laptop users. This paper will address some of the implications to information developers in a world where the networking infrastructure is assumed (the Internet), and where World Wide Web access is pervasive among our customers and coworkers around the world. We can imagine what our lives will be like as we progress along a spectrum of increasing mobility. %M C.DOC.97.27 %T Reconstructing Minimalism %A John M. Carroll %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 27-34 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %O This is the introductory chapter for Minimalism beyond the Nurnberg Funnel (M.I.T. Press, 1997). %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p27-carroll/p27-carroll.pdf %X Seventeen years ago, I was working in a research group of young cognitive psychologists. We were young enough to be astonished by the profound difficulties people routinely experienced in using what appeared to be carefully designed documentation and self-instruction material. These initial observations propelled us down a path of investigation and analysis that we are still pursuing. In this Introduction, I will survey the emergence of minimalism as an approach to technical communication -- from my personal perspective. Although I originally coined the term as it is now applied in technical communication, and did play a role in launching and developing the minimalist approach to technical communication, I regard the minimalist movement as more a matter of zeitgeist and refinement than of radical innovation. The scientific and philosophical foundation for minimalism was well-established before 1980, indeed, it was writ large by giants like Dewey, Piaget, and Bruner. Many other investigators, including some of the authors of this book, were developing what now might be called minimalist approaches at the same time I was getting started. In this reconstruction, I will distinguish four phases in the emergence of minimalism: the very start of our project in late 1980, the early to mid-1980s when we developed the experiments, case studies, and interpretations that comprise The Nurnberg Funnel, the late 1980s when we began to extend minimalism to supporting object-oriented programming and design, and the present in which the themes of the past continue to develop and to be further reconstructed in a variety of networked information and education projects. %M C.DOC.97.35 %T Managing Hardcopy Documentation in a Multiplatform Environment %A James E. Curtis %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 35-37 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p35-curtis/p35-curtis.pdf %X It used to be that technical writers wrote computer documentation for one platform: MS-DOS, Apple, or maybe UNIX. Softcopy, or online documentation, was rarely a consideration. Today, however, technical writers face different challenges. Hardcopy documentation is shrinking, migrating to online help facilities, CBTs (computer-based training), multimedia tutorials, and electronic books. In many companies, hardcopy documentation is still a major part of the documentation suite, but it is being redefined, and that redefinition is bringing about complex challenges when managing hardcopy documentation. This paper discusses managing multiplatform, hardcopy documentation. Specifically, it is about a documentation project that I coordinated at Programart Corporation, where I, along with two other writers, managed multiplatform documentation for a multiplatform software product. %M C.DOC.97.39 %T Using Productivity Metrics to Manage Documentation Projects %A Glenn M. D'Amore %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 39-44 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p39-d_amore/p39-d_amore.pdf %X To determine productivity you need to measure your output. This is especially true when you deliver information across varying media such as paper, online help, or the Internet. There are also challenges when your documentation is highly graphical and when your help or web pages contain numerous jump links. Methods such as pages, panels, or topics per week are often used to describe productivity. At ADP Information Development Services, we've developed a custom measurement called a "publication unit" that we use to track productivity. Once you understand the development costs, efficiency, and productivity of your projects, you can begin to answer the following questions: * How much cost is attributed to a specific project? * How productive is the team? * Can I compare productivity across projects? * Are current development processes efficient? * Can I use this data to repeat successful projects? Answers to these questions prepare you to sell your services because you are managing all aspects of your project, not just your deliverables. In other words, you are treating information development as a business and not just another corporate service. %M C.DOC.97.45 %T From Documenting Design to Design By Documenting %A Alberto Faro %A Daniela Giordano %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 45-54 %K Design memories, Scenario-based design, Case-based reasoning %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p45-faro/p45-faro.pdf %X User-centered approach to Information Systems (IS) design requires documenting user interfaces in conjunction with the other design documents. The lack of this documentation increases the cost of the user-centered specifications when producing a new version of the user requirements or passing from a system to an analogous one, although in principle it is possible to take advantage from former experience. To facilitate both versioning and reuse of the IS specifications, the paper presents a new organization of the design documentation based on a story-telling theory (STT) previously proposed by the authors. STT-based specifications consist of a set of use stories, each constituted by a sequence of episodes. Within this framework, the paper proposes to structure the IS design documentation as a set of use episodes, each referred to a multimedia document, called scene, illustrating how the episode is enacted by its main character in collaboration with other actors of the story. Scenes are traced to system interface and structure, thus enabling the designer to see how episodes influence the implementation. Moreover, linking the scenes of a project to the analogous ones of former projects results in a collaboratively built design memory appropriate for a reasonable documentation of the design process that facilitates versioning and reuse. %M C.DOC.97.55 %T Defining the Roles of a Technical Communicator %A Julie Fisher %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 55-62 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p55-fisher/p55-fisher.pdf %X The scope of the profession of technical communication is difficult to define and is even more difficult to quantify the work and roles performed by technical communicators. A recent survey of Australian technical communicators, sought to define the work using a list of tasks for a similar study developed by the Society for Technical Communication in Canada. The Australian survey specifically explored the contribution of technical communicators to the development of information systems. This paper will discuss the results of the survey, compare the results with the Canadian study and describe the profile of Australian technical communicators' work in the context of information systems development. %M C.DOC.97.63 %T Mobile Computing: A Fact in Your Future %A Larry Francis %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 63-67 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p63-francis/p63-francis.pdf %X N/A %M C.DOC.97.69 %T Using User Centered Design Methods to Create and Design Usable Web Sites %A Jeanette Fuccella %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 69-77 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p69-fuccella/p69-fuccella.pdf %X With the increasing popularity of the World-Wide Web, web sites have become the central repository of information for company products and services. As a result, information developers and web site designers are being forced to assimilate large quantities of relatively unorganized content into a single web site. Primarily due to the hierarchical nature of most sites, the most common method for organizing information on the web is to group like web items into logical categories. These categories then become the primary organizing structure of the web site and are, therefore, critical to the usefulness and usability of the web site design. Because of the importance of establishing meaningful and useful web site categories, a user-centered methodology was developed. This methodology consists of a four-step process: audience definition, object identification, object organization, and validation. %M C.DOC.97.79 %T The Mythical Dream Interface: A Mythical Metaphoric Method for Redesigning an Interface %A Malcolm Graham %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 79-91 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p79-graham/p79-graham.pdf %X This paper presents a language-based method for analyzing and redesigning a user interface. The underlying theory and a practical application of the theory are presented. The practical application involves presenting an analysis and possible redesign of the user interface of the Macintosh version of the Personal Ancestral File (PAF) genealogical program. %M C.DOC.97.93 %T Web Review: A Web-Based Documentation Review Tool %A Robin Green %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 93-98 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p93-green/p93-green.pdf %X In 1996 our writing team decided to convert our information to HTML from a variety of other markup languages, because we foresaw many usability advantages. But several challenges lay ahead, one being the need to develop or obtain a review tool that allowed writers and developers to review drafts of information. Before our move to HTML we used an IBM host-based tool, Revufile, which provided an online reviewing environment for flat linear documents. This tool was not appropriate for reviewing webs of information, and no web-based review tool was available; therefore, we defined a set of requirements for such a tool, designed a prototype, and enhanced this prototype, based on comments from writers and reviewers, to create Web Review. This paper describes the requirements that led to the creation of Web Review; its implementation, and its impact on the productivity of writers and reviewers. %M C.DOC.97.99 %T Online Documentation: The Next Generation %A JoAnn T. Hackos %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 99-104 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p99-hackos/p99-hackos.pdf %X N/A %M C.DOC.97.105 %T Building Usability in from the Beginning: Analyzing Users and their Tasks %A JoAnn Hackos %A Janice (Ginny) Redish %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 105-130 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p105-hackos/p105-hackos.pdf %X N/A %M C.DOC.97.131 %T Managing Virtual Documents: Correctness by Design %A Stephen L. Harris %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 131-135 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p131-harris/p131-harris.pdf %X Over the past three years, our information design and development (IDD) team in IBM Microelectronics, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, has created a methodology for generating what we call "virtual documents." This paper presents a case study of this IDD methodology, focusing on its possibilities for producing documents that are correct by design, cheaper and faster to build, and more compliant to the IDD standards applied. %M C.DOC.97.137 %T From the Real Toward the Ideal: A Case Study in Virtual Document Development %A Jim Ingram %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 137-144 %K Conditional tagging, Content modeling, Design for reuse, Document management, Incremental development, Information modeling, Virtual documents %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p137-ingram/p137-ingram.pdf %X Computer engineers can build more powerful processors more rapidly. This exerts strong pressures on information developers, who face two serious problems: * Increased product complexity and information volumes * Rapidly shrinking product development cycles The resources and productivity of chip designers can easily overwhelm information developers using traditional tools and techniques. Information developers at a processor development laboratory are refining an information development methodology they devised to help keep pace with the engineers. At the heart of the methodology are virtual documents: structured sets of conditionally-tagged document files, book definition files, and control files. A virtual document contains all of the information necessary to describe a family of related products and to generate product-specific book images under software control. An information developer built a virtual document containing five user's manuals for related microcontroller products. The user's manuals were developed much more quickly than would have been possible using traditional methods. The benefits will continue as new products extend the family and new user's manuals are incorporated into the virtual document, which can support radically extended functionality. The virtual document methodology combines virtual documents with information and content modeling, design for reuse, document standards and templates, and incremental development and review. Except for a particular use of control files, no technique is original, nor alone provides sufficient productivity gains. Combined in the virtual document methodology, however, these techniques provide important quality improvements and dramatic productivity improvements. This paper describes the virtual document methodology and demonstrates the improvements that resulted from its use. Some of the information developers using the virtual document methodology now regard their work products as software libraries instantiated as book images to be delivered to customers. This new perspective of the end products of the information development process offers promise for increasingly automated assembly of technical information. %M C.DOC.97.145 %T Familiar Contexts, New Technologies: Adapting Online Help to Simulate an Expert System %A Hilari Kleine Jones %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 145-151 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p145-jones/p145-jones.pdf %X Expert systems are software applications that help users follow a predetermined, optimized path of decision making or problem solving. For technical communicators, they provide a method for documenting complex procedures that cannot be replicated within a traditional reference manual. Sophisticated tools are available for expert system authoring, but the hypertext functionality of ordinary Windows help files can lend itself equally well to the task. Although an older technology, WinHelp provides a simple, inexpensive means of simulating the logic that drives a true expert system. This article discusses the principles and methods involved in creating a WinHelp expert system. %M C.DOC.97.153 %T Usability Studies of WWW Sites: Heuristic Evaluation vs. Laboratory Testing %A Laurie Kantner %A Stephanie Rosenbaum %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 153-160 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p153-kantner/p153-kantner.pdf %X This paper describes the strengths and weaknesses of two usability assessment methods frequently applied to web sites. It uses case histories of WWW usability studies conducted by the authors to illustrate issues of special interest to designers of web sites. The discussion not only compares the two methods, but also discusses how an effective usability process can combine them, applying the methods at different times during site development. %M C.DOC.97.161 %T Inspection of Software Requirements Specification Documents: A Pilot Study %A Tereza G. Kirner %A Janaina C. Abib %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 161-171 %K Software requirements specification document, Inspection techniques, Empirical study %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p161-kirner/p161-kirner.pdf %X Software Requirements Specification is one of the first phases of system development. This phase results in the Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document, which must contain a complete, concise, high-quality description of the system being considered. The quality assurance of SRSs depends strongly on the use of appropriate techniques. This paper focuses on the use of inspection techniques in the quality evaluation of SRSs, presenting a pilot study on the subject. %M C.DOC.97.173 %T Designing Intentional Learning Environments %A Margaret Martinez %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 173-180 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p173-martinez/p173-martinez.pdf %X This study contributes to the discussion about self-managed learning in a computer-based environment. The result was the design for a first-generation intentional learning environment for instructional multimedia. The final product was an instructional design model for an interactive CD-ROM-delivered "Sales and Product Training" program for resellers. The model, called a System for Intentional Learning and Progress Assessment (SILPA), features six intentional learning design principles. The SILPA fosters intentional performance by focusing on three key learning processes: goal setting, task sequencing, and progress monitoring. Many theorists argue in support of self-managed learning saying that humans have an innate need to control the events in their lives. This need highly correlates with conceptions about learning and directly influences successful intentional learning performance. In this manner, the SILPA, integrated with assessment and intentional learning components, supports an individual's intentional achievement of learning goals. %M C.DOC.97.181 %T User Centered Design in Action: Developing an Intelligent Agent Application %A Jeanne Murray %A David Schell %A Cari Willis %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 181-188 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p181-murray/p181-murray.pdf %X This paper describes the User Centered Design (UCD) methodology for developing software products, and how the methodology is used within IBM to design solutions that meet customer needs. A case study, demonstrating the use of User Centered Design, describes a team's efforts to develop a user interface for an intelligent agent application. The paper discusses issues involved in designing and developing user interfaces for intelligent agent applications. The results of the IBM User Centered Design team's design phase are shared. The final section focuses techniques used by information designers and writers in IBM to apply the User Centered Design methodology to the development process for information (whether hardcopy, wizard, web, etc.). %M C.DOC.97.189 %T Web Style Guides: Who, What, Where %A Kenneth R. Ohnemus %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 189-197 %K Style guide, World Wide Web (WWW), Human-computer interaction (HCI) %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p189-ohnemus/p189-ohnemus.pdf %X This paper attempts to pull together available Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) information and web style guide resources from the World Wide Web (WWW), providing some guidance as to their value, as well as identifying some pertinent and useful books. The content of these style guides range from top 10 design considerations to a more precise, detailed orientation. A style guide serves as a basis for development and is a collection of principles, guidelines and conventions brought together into a single medium to define a unified look and feel for products and services. Many web style guides tend not to reference traditional style guides probably due to the wide diversity of web developers. Additionally, some information will be pulled together to demonstrate some of the differences between traditional and web-based style guides. The goal is to bring together a great deal of segregated information that is useful to the documentation and communication community and beyond. %M C.DOC.97.199 %T Order and Chaos: A Sociological Profile of TECHWR-L %A Bruce A. Overby %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 199-206 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p199-overby/p199-overby.pdf %X This paper is designed to help technical communicators better understand what computer-mediated communication and virtual communities are and to directly apply this understanding to the field of technical communication. The virtual forms of community traits are defined and compared to similar traits seen in traditional communities. A model paralleling the aspects of traditional communities with those of virtual communities is then presented, along with a content analysis tool that allows researchers to measure the presence of these aspects in specific computer-mediated communications such as TECHWR-L. Finally, the results from a research project that used this tool to analyze several on-line discussion forums, including TECHWR-L, are presented. These results provide vivid sociological profiles of each of these virtual communities, which, when compared with the profile of TECHWR-L, offer an insightful look into the discourse that helps define the technical communications profession. %M C.DOC.97.207 %T Active Documentation: Wizards as a Medium for Meeting User Needs %A Lori Phelps %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 207-210 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p207-phelps/p207-phelps.pdf %X Technical writer. Information developer. Help writer. The list goes on. Regardless of our titles, our jobs are roughly similar: we create information that helps users use products. Once this information included only hardcopy manuals. Then it expanded to include online books and help, utilizing media that seemed to be more integrated with the subject we were writing about. However, aside from the appropriate calls from the program, we were still separated from the task, instructing users like a director from the back of a theater: "click the Save icon," or "press the Escape key three times and then select Next." But look around: that new software you just bought is also employing new media such as electronic coaches, cue cards, and wizards, to help users reach their goals. If these new media are implemented well, they seem to be part of the interface. And when it comes to your own job -- creating information that helps users meet their goals -- you might find that using one of these media can help you and your users achieve your goals. In this paper I would like to talk about my experience using a wizard to create active documentation for a network adapter. I will first discuss what active documentation is, and then outline my own experience creating it to replace traditional documentation. %M C.DOC.97.211 %T How Electronic Outlining Can Help You Create Online Materials %A Jonathan Price %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 211-221 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p211-price/p211-price.pdf %X N/A %M C.DOC.97.223 %T Navigation Issues in Hypertext: Documenting Complex Hierarchies with HTML Frames %A Michael Priestley %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 223-235 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p223-priestley/p223-priestley.pdf %X From a hypertext design perspective, almost any body of information can be seen as a collection of isolated but inter-related modules. HTML frames provide an ideal way to preserve and present the relationships among the modules, and communicate the hierarchy of the information domain. However, there are a number of design issues involved with multi-panel user interfaces in general, and with HTML frames in particular. Frames aren't appropriate for every kind of information; and when they are appropriate, the frame design needs to be based on careful analysis of information content and relationships. The paper is divided into the following parts: * Part I provides a defense of our choice of technology (HTML in general, and frame layouts in particular). * Part II covers some general design considerations for different kinds of information. * Part III covers the evolution of our frame design for the VisualAge for Java and VisualAge for C++ class library reference information. * Part IV covers the design considerations we encountered when we implemented the design. * Part V summarizes the main points of the paper, and suggests some future directions to consider. %M C.DOC.97.237 %T Hypertext to Hypermedia and Beyond -- The Evolution Continues %A Jeffrey Rowe %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 237-241 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p237-rowe/p237-rowe.pdf %X The phenomenal growth of new forms of hypermedia, especially for the World Wide Web, has been fueled by the ability for authors to easily and cheaply publish electronic documents to a worldwide audience. As these electronic "hyper" documents have become larger and more complex, however, hardware and software vendors have experienced the limitations of their products with the new media. To address the requirements of evermore demanding users and to enable the further expansion of electronic publishing technology into new domains of distribution, primarily the World Wide Web, three technologies are among those currently leading the way to the future -- Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) 4.0; and for applications that require functionality beyond HTML, the Extensible Markup Language (XML) and the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML). This paper describes these efforts and discusses new kinds of Web applications made possible by these technologies. %M C.DOC.97.243 %T A Large-Scale Contents Publishing Architecture Based on Reliable Multicast %A Teruji Shiroshita %A Osamu Takahashi %A Shizuo Shiokawa %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 243-247 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p243-shiroshita/p243-shiroshita.pdf %X Communication networks have matured to realize online digital contents publishing. This paper proposes a contents publishing architecture which makes a large-scale contents delivery available using recent networks. Multicast is a promising network technology to provide large-scale efficient delivery. However, the issues of reliable and restricted delivery using multicast need to be solved to realize a practical contents publishing. A reliable multicast tool is proposed for error free and confirmed delivery to thousands of users. A contents publishing procedure including service access control and delivery charge is also proposed for commercial publishing. %M C.DOC.97.249 %T Seven Graphic Sins %A Ronald Shook %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 249-254 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p249-shook/p249-shook.pdf %X Graphics are very powerful. They have tremendous impact. On any given page, the graphic is the thing that readers notice first. Because of this power, graphics may either communicate information powerfully, or interfere with communication, equally powerfully. It is my contention, and the basis for this paper, that graphics are either information or noise. Noise is anything which interferes with the flow of information from page to reader. This means that graphics aren't neutral -- they're either helping or hindering. In other words, the graphics we put in our presentations and documents can do as much harm as they can good. I've categorized seven ways in which we use graphics to foul up otherwise good presentations. They are the seven graphic sins: * Using the wrong graphic for the purpose * Using color indiscriminately * Putting too much information in a graphic * Positioning the graphic poorly * Using too many bells and whistles * Using unedited photographs * Using meaningless graphics %M C.DOC.97.255 %T Add One Egg, A Cup of Milk, and Stir: Single Source Documentation for Today %A Carl Stieren %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 255-262 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p255-stieren/p255-stieren.pdf %X What happens when the software firm you work for decides it will not deliver large printed manuals any more? Then the request comes to put everything online. Six months later, user profiles shift to the World Wide Web and you're asked to deliver HTML. In the future, a database of SGML information chunks may let us deliver anything, any which way. Today, we must devise a system that allows us to "author once, publish many". Such a system is crucial for software and hardware documentation. The method I chose was to go from FrameMaker to Acrobat PDF files to HTML. I wrote the source document in Adobe FrameMaker. Then I converted to PDF files with Adobe Acrobat, and again, converted the Frame files to HTML files using Quadralay WebWorks Publisher. HTML and PDF files aren't full-bodied publishing formats, and the future will probably be written in SGML. But while we're waiting for the future, just learning SGML and diving deep into DTDs alone could be a mistake. SGML is a language which sets out structure, and most of us are concerned with content. One way to handle content is to use Information Mapping, or information types of your own devising. %M C.DOC.97.263 %T TaskGuides: Instant Wizards on the Web %A Doug Tidwell %A Jeanette Fuccella %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 263-272 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p263-tidwell/p263-tidwell.pdf %X IBM's TaskGuide technology puts the power of wizards in the hands of Information Developers and Human Factors professionals. Based on the premise that task analysis is the most difficult part of creating an effective wizard, our tools help you create world-class wizard help without writing code. This paper contrasts wizard-style help with cue cards, coaches, and agents, with a discussion of when each technology is appropriate. In addition, we outline our approach in designing the TaskGuide technology for maximum reuse. We also explain the main features of the TaskGuide Viewer, the display engine for TaskGuide scripts. Finally, we examine a recursive wizard that creates other wizards, demonstrating the flexibility of our SGML-based approach. %M C.DOC.97.273 %T Designing Documentation for the Online Environment %A Susan Topol %A Frances Mueller Roach %A Will Rhee %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 273-281 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p273-topol/p273-topol.pdf %X In September 1994, the Information Technology Division (ITD) at the University of Michigan introduced a new online documentation system: the ITD Information System. This World Wide Web-based system -- whose development and deployment were the subject of a paper presented at the 1995 SIGDOC conference -- is still the primary vehicle for online information distribution at the university today. Some features of the ITD Information System, which can be viewed at http://www.itd.umich.edu/itddoc/, include: * Contains over 190 documents and 493 keywords, and is accessed as many as 500 times a day. * Combines the X.500 Online Directory, which stores document records and related information, with links to the actual documents that are accessed on the Web. * Can be accessed using any Web browser for Macintosh, Windows 3.1, and Windows 95 platforms. * Enables users to view documents in HTML or Acrobat PDF formats on the Web, and download either Microsoft Word or Acrobat PDF formats for printing. %M C.DOC.97.283 %T Declarative Information in Software Manuals: What's The Use? %A Nicole Ummelen %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 283-296 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p283-ummelen/p283-ummelen.pdf %X Declarative information is often considered to be of little value to software manual users, for two reasons: some research results state that it is consistently skipped by users, and other research results show that declarative information does not enhance task performance. This study puts these conclusions to the test, because the research underlying them does not support such general conclusions. Two experiments are conducted to collect quantitative data about the selection and use of procedural and declarative information and to investigate whether or not the use of declarative information affects task performance and knowledge. A new technique for measuring information selection was developed for this purpose: the click & read method. %M C.DOC.97.297 %T Beyond the Rogue Writer: A Collaborative Model for Technical Documentation Production %A Melissa Whitney %A Lisa Barnett %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 297-300 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p297-whitney/p297-whitney.pdf %X N/A %M C.DOC.97.301 %T Extension of a Hypermedia System Using the External Anchor Management Method %A Jun-ichi Yokosato %A Satoshi Takeda %A Yasuhiro Suzuki %A Taiji Tsuchida %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 301-308 %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p301-yokosato/p301-yokosato.pdf %X This paper describes the extension of a hypermedia system whose node data are displayed and retrieved by applications on the market (WWW browser, word processor, video player and so on). The authors have studied the PACKAGEFRAME hypermedia system which makes it possible to configure a hypermedia system by efficiently integrating applications on the market. However, the application which PACKAGEFRAME integrates must have a function, like a macro script, to which the anchor management function can be added. This paper proposes a new hypermedia model with an independent anchor management function, the External Anchor Management Method, in the PACKAGEFRAME hypermedia models. This will make it possible to reduce requirements for the application that can display the node data in the PACKAGEFRAME. We classify applications into six types of categories. The external anchor management method connects four times as many types of application as the current PACKAGEFRAME. %M C.DOC.97.309 %T Applying Tufte's Principles of Information Design to Creating Effective Web Sites %A Beverly B. Zimmerman %B DOC97 %D 1997 %P 309-317 %K Information design, Document design, Web page design, Home pages %* (c) Copyright 1997 Academic Press %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/263367/p309-zimmermann/p309-zimmermann.pdf %X Edward Tufte's general principles of information design can be applied to effective web design. This paper discusses how to use micro/macro design, layering and separation, small multiples, color and information, integration of words and images to create effective web sites. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): DOC99.BA %M C.DOC.99.1 %T Complex Queries in Information Visualizations: Distributing Instruction Across Documentation and Interfaces %A Barbara Mirel %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 1-8 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Software -Software Engineering - Design Tools and Techniques (D.2.2): User interfaces; Software -Programming Techniques - Visual Programming (D.1.7); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Design, Documentation, Human Factors, Performance, Theory; documentation, human factors, human factors, usability, user interface design, user testing, visualizations %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p1-mirel/p1-mirel.pdf %X Successful visual querying requires users to understand what data selection means and how it works in interactive and dynamically linked graphics. Visually selecting data differs from writing query or search statements, and users who are new to visualizations have to learn this new paradigm of querying. A usability study that I conducted provides findings about problems that users encounter in visual selection when analyzing data for a realistic, complex business problem. These problems reveal the program-based support that users need in order to make accurate, complete, and efficient selections. I identify combined improvements in user interfaces and Help that address these problems. %M C.DOC.99.9 %T The Role of Experience and Culture in Computer Graphing and Graph Interpretive Processes %A Lee Brasseur %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 9-15 %K Software -Programming Techniques - Visual Programming (D.1.7); Computing Methodologies -Artificial Intelligence - General (I.2.0): Cognitive simulation; Mathematics of Computing -Discrete Mathematics - General (G.2.0); Design, Documentation, Human Factors, Performance, Theory %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p9-brasseur/p9-brasseur.pdf %X This paper supports critics of current approaches to the development of computer graphing and graph visualization programs which model the user as an individual problem solver reliant on perceptual skills. These critics argue that such a model of graphing is ill-suited to meet the complex needs of real users. This paper agrees with this criticism and provides conclusions from two bodies of literature on graphing practices which have not been traditionally cited in studies of computer development, graph production and human factors. These literature surveys are taken from the fields of the sociology of scientific and technical practices and of educational research in science and technology. Surveys of these literatures illustrate the importance of experience and culture in the successful practice of designing and interpreting graphs. %M C.DOC.99.16 %T Grappling with Distributed Usability: A Cultural-Historical Examination of Documentation Genres Over Four Decades %A Clay Spinuzzi %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 16-21 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Information Systems -Database Management - Database Applications (H.2.8): Spatial databases and GIS; Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Theory; GIS, activity theory, distributed cognition, genre ecology, genre theory, history, information systems, software documentation, usability %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p16-spinuzzi/p16-spinuzzi.pdf %X This paper describes a cultural-historical framework for investigating usability, based on activity theory and genre theory. Rather than investigating usability as the property of a single artifact or of a user-artifact dyad, the framework approaches usability as distributed across an entire activity network. The points are illustrated through a cultural-historical examination of an information system as it evolved over four decades. %M C.DOC.99.22 %T Constructing Usable Documentation: A Study of Communicative Practices and the Early Uses of Mainframe Computing in industry %A Mark Zachry %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 22-25 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Design, Documentation, Performance, Theory; computer documentation, genre, information ecologies, mainframe computing %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p22-zachry/p22-zachry.pdf %X This study suggests that computer documentation is a complex technical communication genre, encompassing all the texts that mediate between complex human activities and computer processes. Drawing on a historical study, it demonstrates that the varied forms given to documentation have a long history, extending back at least to the early days of commercial mainframe computing. The data suggests that (1) early forms of computer documentation were borrowed from existing genres, and (2) official and unofficial documentation existed concurrently, despite efforts to consolidate these divergent texts. The study thus provides a glimpse into the early experimental nature of documentation as writers struggled to find a meaningful way to communicate information about their organization's developing computer technology. %M C.DOC.99.26 %T Information Technology and Organizational Change %A Patricia Carlson %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 26-35 %K Computer Systems Organization -Computer-Communication Networks - Local and Wide-Area Networks (C.2.5); Information Systems -Database Management - General (H.2.0); Computing Milieux -Computers and Society - Organizational Impacts (K.4.3); Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Theory; information technology, intranet, workplace re-engineering %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p26-carlson/p26-carlson.pdf %X My paper considers the impact of emerging, integrated information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) for a research and development organization. Background research was conducted during the period of 15 June - 28 August, as part of an Army Summer Faculty Research and Engineering Program grant. More specifically, this document discusses the interaction of corporate culture, leadership/management, human resources, and advanced networking and web-based applications (more commonly called an Intranet) for the successful integration of new IT products into an established and well-defined organization. The study concludes with a set of recommendations focusing both on policy and practice in an environment where many needs compete for the same scarce resources. %M C.DOC.99.36 %T Technical Communications as Knowledge Management: Evolution of a Profession %A Patti Anklam %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 36-44 %K Information Systems -Database Management - General (H.2.0); Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Computing Milieux -The Computing Profession - Occupations (K.7.1); Design, Documentation, Human Factors, Management, Performance, Theory; knowledge management, technical communications %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p36-anklam/p36-anklam.pdf %X The tasks, talents, and technical capabilities of systems communications professionals have evolved over the past 30 years as the industry itself has grown and transformed the world we live in through several generations of systems. The next generation of systems will be focused on supporting the knowledge worker more effectively and efficiently by focusing on knowledge-enabling business processes. The skills, practices, and understanding of the community of systems documentation professionals are well positioned to contribute and participate in this next evolution. %M C.DOC.99.45 %T SST: Using Single-Sourcing, SGML, and Teamwork for Documentation %A Carl Stieren %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 45-52 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Computing Methodologies -Document and Text Processing - Document Preparation (I.7.2): SGML; Computing Methodologies -Document and Text Processing - Document Preparation (I.7.2): HTML; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2); Design, Documentation, Languages, Management, Performance, Theory; HTML, SGML, XML, print, single-source, teamwork %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p45-stieren/p45-stieren.pdf %X Suppose you don't have a fancy database-driven system to generate your documentation. How can you develop single-source documentation for output in multiple formats, without having to store your source in a specific format that will soon become obsolete? The answer is to use a combination of your own SGML or XML tags to mark up your documentation and a simple OmniMark program to create each output format and presentation style. There's also a third ingredient: teamwork. As much as any technology, you need a team that can manage itself, in which everyone is willing to take tasks from someone who's overloaded. At OmniMark Technologies, we developed documentation for a new product, SureSpeed, using an SGML system we designed and short programs we wrote in OmniMark. The teamwork came from innovative and co-operative individuals who made up the OmniMark documentation team. %M C.DOC.99.53 %T Dynamically Assembled Documentation %A Michael Priestley %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 53-57 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Information Search and Retrieval (H.3.3): Search process; Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Theory; dynamic documentation, reference documentation, structured information %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p53-priestley/p53-priestley.pdf %X As online information becomes more comprehensive in its scope, the sheer wealth of information can be overwhelming. Information needs to be both browsable and searchable, and both needs are best met with a structured information approach (such as SGML or XML). Browsing assumes a primary sequence of all information, which is unlikely to be appropriate for all readers. Searching assumes no primary sequence: information is sorted by relevance for a particular query, creating any number of ad hoc sequences as a result. However, the criteria for relevance specified in the search is unlikely to be reflected within the returned topics: they are usually still structured in a way that reflects the primary browsing path. For example, a search of API information for a description of a specific method returns a description of the entire class where it is declared, because API documentation is organized around classes, even though this particular search has nothing to do with classes. One way to resolve this tension (between linear display and multidimensional search) is with multiple documents that capture various useful ways of looking at the same information. However, the number of possible views and the growing size of information bases can make static generation of such views prohibitively expensive. The ideal solution would be a dynamically assembled document, in which the information base is so comprehensively structured that it can be meaningfully reconstructed into any number of relevant documents, whose derived structures reflect the needs of a particular reader and environment. This is a speculative paper that looks at what the interface to a dynamically assembled document might look like. %M C.DOC.99.58 %T Publication and Customization of Electronic Documents using PANDA %A Isabel F. Cruz %A Gerard T. McGuire %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 58-64 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Computing Methodologies -Document and Text Processing - Document Preparation (I.7.2): Format and notation; Design, Documentation, Performance, Theory %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p58-cruz/p58-cruz.pdf %X The publication of conference proceedings and technical journals generates the need for a consistent format or set of admissible formats, easily enforceable across the submissions of the authors. In this paper we present an approach for the integration of electronic documents, which is part of a system called PANDA. Our approach has benefits for editors, authors, and readers: it easily allows the editor to provide multiple user interfaces with minimal overhead, while the authors can present their submissions using any of the permitted different formats, and the readers can choose one of these formats or define their own. The customization of the layout as provided by PANDA goes beyond that provided by widely available tailorable interfaces, such as MyYahoo!. Currently our approach works on HTML files but is general enough to accommodate XML or other formats in the future. %M C.DOC.99.65 %T One Step Further: Extending Electronic Submission into the Reviewing Process %A Jochen Bern %A Christoph Meinel %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 65-69 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Computing Methodologies -Document and Text Processing - Electronic Publishing (I.7.4); Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Types of Systems (H.4.2): Decision support; Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Theory; Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science, decision support software, distributed editing, electronic submission to conferences, online reviewing process %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p65-bern/p65-bern.pdf %X As the focus of our work on electronic publishing, the department for Theoretical Computer Science at the University of Trier has developed methods and prototypical tools for use of the Internet in both kinds of publications since about mid-1994. While transfer of documents as-is can nowadays be considered everyday technology (which it wasn't, for several reasons, in 1994), and proper collection and processing of metadata is at least doable, the areas of mixed-platform document processing and support of the editorial process are still in the research phase. In this paper, we will focus on recent work in the latter area. In one of our projects -- the Electronic Colloquium on Computational Complexity (ECCC), operative since the end of 1994 -- the decision process for selection of contributions to include was radically simplified in comparison to traditional journals. As a result, ECCC has a guaranteed limit on the delay between submission and decision of two months; many electronic journals use the same decision mechanism as paper journals, and suffer the same delays of sometimes over a year because of the time spent for communication between reviewers and editors. This approach could not be used, however, in the tools we developed for electronic conference submission. Conferences have established modi operandi, usually involving distribution of the submissions for reviewing down several hierarchical levels and an actual meeting of the editors (program committee, PC) for the final decision. As a consequence, the first tools we presented did not address the decision process at all, which left a large procedural hole between the actual electronic submission and the later support of final version submission and conference attendance. In 1999, we performed electronic submissions to the Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS), and since the conference was hosted in Trier, we were able to "co-develop" certain changes in the decision process and a software implementing support for the entire process. The software performed well and demonstrated the anticipated advantages, the most memorable being publication of the list of accepted papers -- formerly taking place up to a week after the PC meeting -- while the assembled PC members watched. %M C.DOC.99.70 %T Pulling Yourself up by Your Own Bootstraps: Strategies for Advancing your Documentation Team's Position in Your Company %A Jay Lesandrini %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 70-71 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Information Systems -Database Management - General (H.2.0); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Management techniques; Design, Documentation, Human Factors, Management, Performance, Theory; management strategy, roles, team development %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p70-lesandrini/p70-lesandrini.pdf %X This paper shows several methods a manager can use to change the company's perception of his or her documentation department, which in turn can effect a change in the role of that department within the company. %M C.DOC.99.72 %T Creating Your Own Space: Strategies for Moving up in the Development Process %A C. Shannon Brown %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 72-73 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Software Management (K.6.3): Software development; Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Theory %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p72-brown/p72-brown.pdf %X This paper outlines two strategies for documentation specialists to increase their participation in the early stages of the development process. %M C.DOC.99.74 %T From the Outside in: How to Become Part of the Internal Team %A Meredith Blackwelder %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 74-77 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Management techniques; Design, Documentation, Human Factors, Management, Performance, Theory; Monterey Technologies, Thomson Consumer Electronics, barriers, contractor, documentation, inside, relationship %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p74-blackwelder/p74-blackwelder.pdf %X As a writer for Monterey Technologies, Inc. (MTI), my role in the Consumer Information Design (CID) group at the Indianapolis-based Thomson Consumer Electronics facility functions differently than that of the in-house documentation specialist. After a brief history of my and my company's relationship with Thomson, this paper presents methods I employ to establish myself as part of the internal documentation team. %M C.DOC.99.78 %T The Evolution of an Information Development Process %A Glenn M. D'Amore %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 78-85 %K Information Systems -Database Management - General (H.2.0); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Management techniques; Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Staffing; Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Theory; capability maturity model, process, project management %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p78-d_amore/p78-d_amore.pdf %X In today's business climate of thin profit margins and lean staff, a Documentation manager faces the continual challenge of proving that writers are efficient and productive. One way to do this is to follow an effective information development process with every project. As a manager, a documented process helps you: * Repeat successful project activities * Create realistic schedules * Train new staff quickly * Move writers between projects as different needs arise * Work more effectively with other departments To encourage continual innovation, however, your process must also be flexible and non-restrictive. This paper describes the challenges and opportunities of a well-defined information development process. The information is from my recent experience in leading our department's process development project at Automatic Data Processing, Inc. (ADP). %M C.DOC.99.86 %T Developing a User Information Architecture for Rational's ClearCase Product Family Documentation Set %A Mary Hunter Utt %A Robert Mathews %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 86-92 %K Information Systems -Database Management - General (H.2.0); Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Human Factors, Management; ClearCase documentation, RUP, Rational Unified Process, information architecture %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p86-utt/p86-utt.pdf %X Information architecture, like information development and delivery, has much in common with its software counterpart. This paper describes how the Rational ClearCase documentation group developed an information architecture to meet changing industry, corporate, and product requirements. During this work, it became clear that our architecture development process mapped closely to the Rational Unified Process, an iterative and incremental approach to software architecture and development. The common features are noted and extensions are proposed to enhance both user-information processes and the Rational Unified Process. %M C.DOC.99.93 %T Dynamic Views of SGML Tagged Documents %A B. Fraser %A J. Roberts %A G. Pianosi %A P. Alencar %A D. Cowan %A D. German %A L. Nova %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 93-98 %K Computing Methodologies -Document and Text Processing - Document Preparation (I.7.2): SGML; Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Information Systems -Database Management - Languages (H.2.3): SQL; Information Systems -Database Management - Systems (H.2.4): Relational databases; Design, Documentation, Languages, Management, Performance, Theory; SGML, SQL, World-Wide Web, XML, documentation, dynamic views, hyperlinks, relational databases, tagging languages, usability %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p93-fraser/p93-fraser.pdf %X Product information is more frequently being delivered as hypertext webs or documents because of the availability of the World-Wide Web and the associated communications infrastructure. However, this type of document with its large number of files and hyperlinks can become very complex and present significant usability problems for the creator, maintainer and user. Because of this complexity it becomes extremely difficult to implement and maintain dynamic views of a document, a supposed advantage of a hyperlinked structure. In this paper we analyze some of the causes for these usability issues, and then describe some approaches that are being used to make significant improvements to this situation. %M C.DOC.99.99 %T ISO 9001: Traditions Before and After %A Debbie Hysell %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 99-104 %K Computing Milieux - The Computer Industry (K.1): Standards; Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Computing Methodologies -Document and Text Processing - Electronic Publishing (I.7.4); Software -Software Engineering - Management (D.2.9): Life cycle; Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Standardization, Theory; ISO 9001, documentation, publication management, publishing life cycle, quality management %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p99-hysell/p99-hysell.pdf %X OCLC's implementation of ISO 9001 has helped the Documentation department to progress to the next level in the publishing process continuum. The implementation process is viewed positively by new staff in Documentation as well as those who worked in the pre-ISO 9001 era. %M C.DOC.99.105 %T Technical Documentation and Related Contractual Liability %A John W. Stamey %A Thomas M. Roth %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 105-109 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Computing Milieux -Legal Aspects of Computing - General (K.5.0); Design, Documentation, Legal Aspects, Performance, Theory; documentation defects, legal liability, liability, technical documentation %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p105-stamey/p105-stamey.pdf %X This paper examines major issues of liability that the Technical Writer faces in preparing documentation for the End User. The three relationships present in creation and delivery of documentation are defined, as well as the relationships between liability and defects in documentation. %M C.DOC.99.110 %T Preparing Technical Communicators for Future Workplaces: A Model that Integrates Teaming, Professional Communication Skills, and a Software Development Process %A Margaret R. Heil %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 110-119 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Management techniques; Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Software Management (K.6.3): Software development; Computer Applications - Administrative Data Processing (J.1): Education; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Computing Milieux -Computers and Education - General (K.3.0); Computing Methodologies -Simulation and Modeling - Applications (I.6.3); Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Design, Documentation, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p110-heil/p110-heil.pdf %X This paper outlines a model that uses teaming as a framework to support professional communication and process to improve student performance, as measured by the quality of output. It describes a pedagogical approach used in a computer science undergraduate senior class that integrates teaming, professional communication and a software development process. The approach demonstrates the importance of team instruction and monitoring to the overall success of projects. It discusses how effective teaming strengthens process and professional communication which, in turn, lead to the creation of a high quality product; it is believed that this model may be applied to a variety of subject areas. %M C.DOC.99.120 %T A Database of E-Commerce Terms: Implementation and Benefits in Producing Internationalized Software %A Kara Warburton %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 120-126 %K Computing Milieux -Computers and Society - Electronic Commerce (K.4.4); Computing Milieux - The Computer Industry (K.1): Standards; Information Systems -Database Management - Database Applications (H.2.8); Computing Methodologies -Document and Text Processing - General (I.7.0); Design, Documentation, Performance, Standardization, Theory; data categories, software, standards, terminology, usability %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p120-warburton/p120-warburton.pdf %X In this paper, some challenges in producing internationalized software are presented, and a pilot project involving the creation of a terminology database is described. %M C.DOC.99.127 %T Website Localization %A John W. Stanley %A W. Scott Speights %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 127-130 %K Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5): Web-based services; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): WEB; Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Theory; Internet, Website, Website localization, document localization, localization, translation %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p127-stanley/p127-stanley.pdf %X This paper presents the development of a methodology for presenting websites to an audience culturally different that the ones from which they originate. The process, called website localization, consists of far more than just textual translation of websites. The three-step procedure outlined is the first step in determining more effective techniques for website localization. Included is a case study that highlights the important aspects of localization. %M C.DOC.99.131 %T A Rhetorical Approach to Understanding Images in the New 'Visual Age' %A Beverly B. Zimmerman %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 131-137 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Graphical user interfaces (GUI); Computing Methodologies -Artificial Intelligence - General (I.2.0): Cognitive simulation; Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Theory; Web pages, graphics, information designs %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p131-zimmerman/p131-zimmerman.pdf %X This paper reviews Paul Martin Lester's six analytical perspectives for understanding all visual images and suggests that by adding an additional perspective-the rhetorical one-we can better analyze and understand web pages. %M C.DOC.99.138 %T Paper to HTML - An Automatic, Seamless Process for Documentation Production %A Virginie Ahrens %A Valerie Lecompte %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 138-143 %K Computing Methodologies -Document and Text Processing - Document Preparation (I.7.2): HTML; Software -Programming Languages - Language Classifications (D.3.2): C++; Software -Programming Languages - Language Classifications (D.3.2): Java; Design, Documentation, Languages, Performance, Theory; C++ and Java class libraries, HTML, Java Script, Web design, modularity, online documentation, page-authoring tools, portability, reusability %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p138-ahrens/p138-ahrens.pdf %X This paper describes how ILOG, a French software company designing C++ and Java class libraries, managed the transition between paper-only documentation and extensive HTML online documentation in less than two years. In this paper, we analyze the underlying reasons for making this change, describe the technological choices that were made, and walk through the various steps of the project from its beginning to final completion. %M C.DOC.99.144 %T The Developer-Documenter Relationship in Java Software Development %A Glenn McAllister %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 144-146 %K Software -Programming Languages - Language Classifications (D.3.2): Java; Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Software Management (K.6.3): Software development; Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Design, Documentation, Human Factors, Languages, Performance, Theory %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p144-mcallister/p144-mcallister.pdf %X This paper describes the developer-documenter relationship in Java API software development. The lack of trust between developer and documenter is highlighted in the issue of updating doc comments in Java source code, and two potential solutions are presented. The first, long-term solution is to work to increase the levels of trust between developers and documenters. The second, short-term solution is to use a documentation tool that creates, modifies, or removes doc comments in a source file without changing the source code. %M C.DOC.99.147 %T API Documentation from Source Code Comments: A Case Study of Javadoc %A Douglas Kramer %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 147-153 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Software -Programming Languages - Language Classifications (D.3.2): Java; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Software Management (K.6.3): Software development; Computing Methodologies -Document and Text Processing - General (I.7.0); Design, Documentation, Human Factors, Languages, Performance, Theory; API documentation, Java platform, Javadoc, doc comments, doclets, documentation comments, generated documentation, source code comments %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p147-kramer/p147-kramer.pdf %X This paper describes in a general way the process we went through to determine the goals, principles, audience, content and style for writing comments in source code for the Java platform at the Java Software division of Sun Microsystems. This includes how the documentation comments evolved to become the home of the Java platform API specification, and the guidelines we developed to make it practical for this document to reside in the same files as the source code. %M C.DOC.99.154 %T Information Design Considerations for Improving Situation Awareness in Complex Problem-Solving %A Michael J. Albers %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 154-158 %K Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Types of Systems (H.4.2): Decision support; Information Systems -Database Management - General (H.2.0); Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Theory %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p154-albers/p154-albers.pdf %X The conventional techniques for task analysis derive the basic tasks that make up user actions. However, in the complex-problem solving environment, attempts to describe step-by-step actions breakdown because no single route to a solution exists. Although individual tasks can be defined, task-analysis normally results in the tasks being divorced from context. However, to support complex problem-solving, the design must place the information within the situation context and allow users to develop and maintain situation awareness. %M C.DOC.99.159 %T Component-Based Software Development: Implications for Documentation %A Robin Green %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 159-164 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Software Management (K.6.3): Software development; Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Hypertext/Hypermedia (H.5.4): Navigation; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Training, help, and documentation; Software -Programming Languages - Language Classifications (D.3.2): Java; Design, Documentation, Languages, Management, Performance, Theory; componentization, help system, navigation %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p159-green/p159-green.pdf %X The progressive shortening of software development cycles has led software vendors to seek new ways of delivering their product to the customer. When a software product is updated every two or three months, delivering the product only on CD is not a viable alternative. For projects such as IBM VisualAge for Java, where a component-based strategy has been chosen for delivering software function, an equivalent strategy must be devised for delivering product documentation. This paper describes the approach we adopted to componentize the VisualAge for Java help system, and describes the technical challenges the approach posed to IBM writers, and the solutions chosen. %M C.DOC.99.165 %T Componentization of HTML-Based Online Help %A Luc Chamberland %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 165-168 %K Computing Methodologies -Document and Text Processing - Document Preparation (I.7.2): HTML; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Training, help, and documentation; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5): Web-based services; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): WEB; Design, Documentation, Human Factors, Languages, Management, Performance, Theory %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p165-chamberland/p165-chamberland.pdf %X This paper examines the case for componentization of HTML-based help webs. Instead of providing a single, monolithic help web for a complex software product, content providers can provide online help that is divided (or componentized) along the same functional lines as the software itself. Traditionally, online help has been chunked according to task orientation, and a component-centered approach appears to challenge task orientation. In the proposed approach, componentization is achieved without sacrificing a task-orientation; they complement one another. Componentization of online help makes the help system more usable for users, and makes the task of integrating help content more flexible for help content providers -- all without sacrificing the user's task perspective. %M C.DOC.99.169 %T CBT on the Fast Track %A Kay Palkhivala %A Cynthia Bowllan %A Thomas Barnwell %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 169-175 %K Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Project and People Management (K.6.1): Training; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Training, help, and documentation; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5); Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Design, Documentation, Human Factors, Management, Performance, Theory; computer-based training, demonstrations, interactivity, modularity, rapid updates, repurposing information, reusability %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p169-palkhivala/p169-palkhivala.pdf %X This presentation describes a strategy for creating customizable computer-based training (CBT) materials quickly. The writers of the CBT materials are expected to be familiar with document creation tools, but might have relatively little experience with CBT authoring tools. The keys to the strategy are modularity and recycling. Training materials created for print are adapted, first for passive online presentation, then for interactive computer-based training. In each adaptation, the materials are modified to suit a different environment or application of the product being described. The subject matter and educational objectives are not modified. The presentation will discuss the rationale for the recommended strategy and outline the steps in the process by which it is executed, illustrating the process with examples. %M C.DOC.99.176 %T Unifying Documentation Teams %A Karl A. Hakkarainen %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 176-184 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Computing Milieux - The Computer Industry (K.1): Standards; Computing Milieux -Management of Computing and Information Systems - Software Management (K.6.3): Software development; Software -Software Engineering - Management (D.2.9): Programming teams; Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Standardization, Theory; distributed teams, documentation standards, organizational development %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p176-hakkarainen/p176-hakkarainen.pdf %X This paper describes how a set of geographically and organizationally distributed documentation teams created the Rational Suite 1.0 documentation set. The paper covers the business operations of Rational Software, details the documentation tools and technologies used in the project and describes the evolution of the larger team as it learned how to work with a new software development methodology. The paper concludes with a summary of lessons learned and next steps. %M C.DOC.99.185 %T Groupware Support for Asynchronous Document Review %A James Miller %A John D. Ferguson %A Paul Murphy %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 185-192 %K Information Systems -Information Systems Applications - Office Automation (H.4.1): Groupware; Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Computer-supported cooperative work; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): Asynchronous interaction; Design, Documentation, Human Factors, Management, Performance, Theory; asynchrony, computer supported co-operative work, document review, groupware %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p185-miller/p185-miller.pdf %X The formal document review process has basically remained unchanged since it was first introduced by Fagan in 1976. Central to this process is the review meeting, which all participants attend. However, recent empirical work has indicated that this meeting is not necessarily effective. A review model and a prototype co-operative work tool, InspectA, that dispense totally with the need for reviewers to hold face-to-face meetings, are presented. They replace the meeting with further individual reviews combined with communication between reviewers facilitated by electronic mail. The model and tool are both compared with other existing work in the area of meetingless review. %M C.DOC.99.193 %T Role-Based Access Control in Online Authoring and Publishing Systems vs. Document Hierarchy %A Z. Zhang %A E. Haffner %A A. Heuer %A T. Engel %A Ch. Meinel %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 193-198 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Computing Methodologies -Document and Text Processing - Electronic Publishing (I.7.4); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5): Web-based services; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): WEB; Computer Applications - Administrative Data Processing (J.1): Business; Software -Operating Systems - Security and Protection (D.4.6): Access controls; Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Security, Theory; RBAC, Web authoring system, document hierarchy, online authoring and publishing, role-based access control, workflow %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p193-zhang/p193-zhang.pdf %X How to structure diverse (documentation) information sources of an enterprise and how to arrange a workflow with access control are two important issues for online authoring and publishing systems. Aim of this paper is to describe a solution for both problems, which is based on department structure, subject areas, and roles in an enterprise. Our approach will be introduced by presenting the DAPHNE system. DAPHNE provides possibilities to support collaborative authoring on a document hierarchy that reflects the diverse branches of an enterprise's organization structure and allows diverse (documentation) information sources of an enterprise to be well structured. The role-based access control (RBAC) mechanism implemented within DAPHNE is supported by the document hierarchy as well. %M C.DOC.99.199 %T There's More than One Way to Wire That: When Assembly Workers are Technically Writers %A Susan P. Hall %A Lili Fox Velez %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 199-205 %K Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Computer Applications - Administrative Data Processing (J.1): Manufacturing; Design, Documentation, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p199-hall/p199-hall.pdf %X While technical writing is becoming a more obvious part of undergraduate education, it is not uncommon for an engineer to face the task of writing documentation without much training in the craft of communication. Other members of production teams may have received even less training, and yet have an equal or greater need to have a say in how documentation is produced and what it contains. In this paper, we will examine a situation in which an assembly worker, or system integrator, demanded the opportunity to document the appropriate ways to assemble complex Test and Measurement systems (for evaluating the electronic components of products such as PC's, cars, and cellular phones), and the effects her change in roles has had on the production processes for both systems and their documentation. %M C.DOC.99.206 %T Software Demonstration: Professional Writing Online %A Jim Porter %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 206 %K Computing Milieux -Computers and Education - Computer Uses in Education (K.3.1): Distance learning; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Multimedia Information Systems (H.5.1); Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5): Web-based services; Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - Group and Organization Interfaces (H.5.3): WEB; Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Theory; World Wide Web, distance education, distance learning, instructional materials, multimedia, textbooks %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p206-porter/p206-porter.pdf %X One of the authors of a forthcoming web-based professional communication textbook (Professional Writing Online) will provide a description of its contents and a demonstration of its uses. He will talk about instructional and design issues in developing web-based training materials for use in writing courses and distance education. He will also seek input and suggestions from session participants. %M C.DOC.99.207 %T Software Demo: A Transaction Processing Information Architecture %A Kathy Haramundanis %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 207 %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p207-haramundanis/p207-haramundanis.pdf %M C.DOC.99.208 %T The CD Browser -- A New Documentation Vehicle %A Jack Massa %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 208-210 %K Information Systems -Information Interfaces and Presentation - User Interfaces (H.5.2): Interaction styles; Software -Software Engineering - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement (D.2.7): Documentation; Information Systems -Information Storage and Retrieval - Online Information Services (H.3.5); Design, Documentation, Management, Performance, Theory; CD browser, installation instructions, multimedia, online documentation %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p208-massa/p208-massa.pdf %X A CD Browser is a user-friendly front-end to a software CD ROM. This demonstration shows how CD Browsers can be used to meet documentation goals. %M C.DOC.99.211 %T Intentional Learning in an Intentional World: New Perspectives on Audience Analysis and Instructional System Design for Successful Learning and Performance %A Margaret Martinez %B DOC99 %D 1999 %P 211-220 %K Information Systems -Models and Principles - User/Machine Systems (H.1.2); Computing Milieux -Computers and Education - Computer Uses in Education (K.3.1); Design, Documentation, Experimentation, Human Factors, Measurement, Management, Performance, Theory; audience analysis, individual learning differences, instructional design, learning orientations %* (c) Copyright 1999 ACM %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/doc/318372/p211-martinez/p211-martinez.pdf %X How do we support successful, lifelong learners and performers and help them competently respond to rapidly changing opportunities in the 21st century. The answer to this challenging question lies in how well we consider diverse sources for successful learning and explain audiences differentiated by individual learning differences. After years of primarily cognitive traditions, lack of strong theoretical foundations, and imperfect one-size-fits-all designs, our cognitive-rich explanations are missing the significant, higher-order impact of affective, conative, and other factors on learning. In this study the investigator introduces learning orientation (learner-difference profiles) to examine the fundamental sources for individual learning differences from an entirely new perspective. This perspective highlights the importance of intentions and emotions and describes how these dominant factors guide, manage, and sometimes override cognitive (thinking) processes. Using multiple repeated measures univariate ANOVAs, this study exhibits how learning orientation, time, and environments account for significant variance, effects, and interactions. The results demonstrate useful ways to analyze and differentiate the audience before designing solutions and environments for more successful performance. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): ECHT92.BA %M C.ECHT.92.1 %T The Future of Electronic Literacy: Will Hypertext Ever Find Acceptance? %S Keynote Speakers %A Ian Ritchie %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 1 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p1-ritchie/p1-ritchie.pdf %X The vision of the technologies that will lead to practical interactive electronic literature was clearly expressed by Bush, Engelbart, Nelson and others several decades ago. The practical application of such technologies have been established during the last decade. Despite the fact that such hypertext technologies are now largely effective in operation we find that: * hypertext technology suppliers have not, in general, found a ready and profitable market for their wares. Many suppliers have stumbled and several have failed. * outside the limited area of arcane technical and procedural documentation it is still very difficult to identify a hypertext product which has experienced any substantial measure of success. * non-hypertext solutions, such as Document Image Processing, and Full-Text Retrieval, continue to grow despite their lower effectiveness in many practical applications. So what has gone wrong? Were we all over ambitious about the efficacy of interactive documentation? Are we still waiting for the "killer product" to kick-start the market? Can literature and electronic delivery ever mix; or will society look to the electronic device solely to deliver picture and voice? Will the public ever accept text from other than the printed page? The answer lies in a combination of circumstances: * The existence of suitable infrastructure, including such factors as high bandwidth communications channels and effective marketing channels. If our existing channels are compared to, lets say, the transport systems of two hundred years ago, how long will it take us to build the equivalents of the canals, railways, highways, and air transportation systems that we will need? Who will provide them and what will be the commercial basis of their success? As we supply solutions which, due to technological inertia, are non-optimal; how long will it take us to recover from such cul-de-sacs? * The successful new consumer electronic literature products must meet demonstrable mass-market needs. Public acceptance will be driven by the effectiveness of the product at delivering information in a way which is clearly superior to other methods. It will also be driven by factors such as style and fashion which are notoriously difficult to predict. The attitude of the public was also be damaged by highly visible failures -- and there may be several on the way! + History has shown that technology companies have been poor at predicting such changes in social behaviour, and that when supplied their products often miss the real target. What kind of companies will actually solve these problems, and what circumstances will persuade them to make the investment? * The elimination of the remaining technology and financial barriers (most pertinently the mass production of high quality, portable, low cost display devices). Although a preoccupation of the technologists this is probably the easiest of these barriers to resolve. At some point these factors will add up. When the effectiveness and transparency of the new publishing product are perceived as overcoming the change and cost required to obtain them (and, incidentally, the new product is blessed by the 'style gurus') the public will adopt it enthusiastically. The cellular telephone and the fax machine are such examples from 1980s. This presentation will consider the factors which will influence the adoption of electronic literature as a mainstream product. It will draw on the results of previous technology-led market adoption patterns and will try to predict the future of electronic literature. %M C.ECHT.92.2 %T Virtual Reality and the Future of Hypertext %S Keynote Speakers %A Jay David Bolter %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 2 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p2-bolter/p2-bolter.pdf %X Virtual Reality has been largely conceived in terms of the visual. Other senses, sound and touch, although given roles, are clearly quite secondary. What VR presents to the user is images, not texts. What role might text play in Virtual Reality? This is particularly important for exponents of hypertext, because VR threatens to become the hot new topic, and perhaps to diminish interest and research in hypertext. One could convincingly argue there is no real direct competition: VR and hypertext can evolve side by side for different purposes. VR is useful for simulation and training, for medical imaging, for telepresence, and so on. Hypertext serves for databases of text materials, pedagogy, and interactive fiction and nonfiction. But even if VR and hypertext continue to evolve side by side, it remains interesting to consider how the two might merge. Virtual Reality and hypertext are products of two different communication technologies. Virtual Reality has its closest affinity to television, which is a perceptual medium. Hypertext comes out of the tradition of writing. Both VR and hypertext claim to be new ways of expressing information, although with different emphases. In VR, one sees and touches a perceptual space; in hypertext one reads and writes in a textual space. Can the two be combined? In particular, can the space of virtual reality be hypertextualized? One way to introduce text into virtual reality would be to write upon the surfaces in the virtual space. This would give us a virtual book, whose structure is expressed architecturally in three dimensions. The book becomes a space that the reader enters and explores, a space in which the relationships among the surfaces define relationships among the verbal ideas in the text. A more radical possibility would be to turn the entire virtual space into a symbolic structure. Several hypertext systems are already moving in this direction: the concept maps in hypertext systems are examples of symbolic spaces in two dimensions. A third dimension would expand the possibilities of representation. Such a hypertextualized virtual space might allow the creation of texts unlike any that have ever been written. %M C.ECHT.92.3 %T Video Nodes and Video Webs: Uses of Video in Hypermedia %S Keynote Speakers %A Simon Gibbs %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 3 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p3-gibbs/p3-gibbs.pdf %X Digital video consists of temporally correlated audio and visual data elements. Audio elements are basically sequences of digitized audio samples, while visual elements are sequences of raster frames. In either case the sequences may not be stored explicitly, but instead stored in a compressed representation, or an alternate representation from which the sequences are produced (as when audio is synthesized from a symbolic representation, such as musical notation, or video frames are rendered from animation data). Because of the temporal nature of digital video, its production and consumption often requires specialized devices capable of the real-time handling of streams of data. Until recently this equipment was expensive and not readily available. However a number of significant advances are now taking place that are greatly increasing the use of digital video. These developments include advances in high-bandwidth networks and protocols facilitating real-time transfer of digital video; improvements in storage media such as high-capacity magnetic disks and writable CDs; faster rendering rates for graphics hardware allowing real-time animation; greater availability of special-purpose audio and video processors on workstations; and better computer interfaces to both commercial and professional video products such as camcorders, VCRs, and video mixers. Another significant development is real-time compression and decompression hardware for digital video. The compressed video has data rates comparable to bus and disk bandwidths and so opens the possibility of video recording and playback from conventional secondary storage devices. In addition, an anticipated future development having broad-impact on the use of video, will be the emergence of standards for HDTV. In light of these changes, new possibilities are arising for application developers -- in particular those who aim to enhance hypertext, or hypermedia, with video capabilities. Early interactive video systems relied on analog read-only videodisc technology. This "first generation" of video-based hypermedia provided very good video quality, but suffered from limitations imposed by the videodisc. Now digital video offers a way around many of the drawbacks of the videodisc -- digital video can be edited and modified, it can be processed, and, like any other form of data, it can be stored and retrieved from conventional storage systems. This presentation will focus on implications of digital video for hypermedia. A short overview of video technology will be provided, introducing such topics as video formats, video compression, and video editing. Several low-cost platforms for running digital video applications will be described and illustrated with short videotapes. Finally we consider a number of traditional hypertext issues in the context of digital video. Approaches to linking video with other information, techniques for structuring video and increasing interactivity during playback, and new forms of composition and navigation will be presented. Many of these techniques are now being explored in prototype systems. Examples of existing prototypes will be used to illustrate the potential of digital video when used in hypermedia systems. %M C.ECHT.92.4 %T Multicard: An Open Hypermedia System %S Systems I %A Antoine Rizk %A Louis Sauter %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 4-10 %K Muilticard, M2000, Hypermedia toolkit %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p4-rizk/p4-rizk.pdf %X This paper describes the Multicard hypermedia system which has been developed following an open systems approach. Multicard provides a hypermedia toolkit that allows programmers to create and manipulate distributed basic hypermedia structures; an interactive authoring/navigation tool which is itself based on the toolkit; an advanced scripting language; a multimedia composition editor, as well as a communication protocol that allows the integration of various editors and applications into a single hypermedia network. One of Multicard's features is that it does not itself handle the contents of the nodes. Instead, it communicates with different editors, running as separate processes, using a set of messages called the M2000 protocol. Multicard has so far been connected in this way to around five different M2000 compliant editors and applications ranging from a basic text editor and data sheet to sophisticated desktop publishing and multimedia composition systems. M2000 compliant editors automatically benefit of the Multicard linking facilities and composite structures. Using the Multicard scripting language, M2000 compliant editors can also annotate their contents with scripts and communicate with each other using event and message transmission. %M C.ECHT.92.11 %T SEPIA: A Cooperative Hypermedia Authoring Environment %S Systems I %A Norbert Streitz %A Jorg Haake %A Jorg Hannemann %A Andreas Lemke %A Wolfgang Schuler %A Helge Schutt %A Manfred Thuring %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 11-22 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p11-streitz/p11-streitz.pdf %X In this paper, we report about the design, development, and implementation of the SEPIA cooperative hypermedia authoring environment. It provides results on the following aspects of SEPIA: persistent and shared data storage, hypermedia data model with composites, sophisticated and comprehensive authoring functionality, support for a new rhetoric and for cooperative work. We start by identifying the challenge of hypermedia authoring and production which serves as the driving force for our development. Using interacting problem spaces as the vehicle for modelling the dynamic aspects of authoring, we arrive at a set of requirements answered by the concept of "activity spaces". The design of coherent hyperdocuments is facilitated by our "construction kit". Furthermore, we describe the extensions and modifications necessary to support multiple authors with the cooperative version of SEPIA. The central issue of the paper is the system architecture and its implementation. We describe the basis for access to shared hyperdocuments, the activity space browsers, the integration of multimedia functionality (audio, graphics, pictures), and the integration of a video conferencing system. %M C.ECHT.92.23 %T Combining Hypertext and Structured Documents in Grif %S Systems I %A Vincent Quint %A Irene Vatton %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 23-32 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p23-quint/p23-quint.pdf %X This paper presents the experience gained in developing and using the hypertext functions of the Grif system. Grif is a structured document editor based on the generic structure concept: each document is represented in the system by its logical structure which is an instance of a generic structure. This notion of logical structure encompasses both hierarchical structures (as is usual in structured documents) and non-hierarchical links (as is usual in hypertext). The document model on which Grif is based is presented, focusing on the different types of links. Various applications using these links are also described. It is shown that the approaches of electronic documents and hypertext, which are often opposed to each other, can be combined for building more powerful integrated systems. %M C.ECHT.92.33 %T Structural and Cognitive Problems in Providing Version Control for Hypertext %S Versioning %A Kasper Osterbye %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 33-42 %K Hypertext, Version control, Data models %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p33-osterbye/p33-osterbye.pdf %X This paper discusses issues related to providing version control in hypertext systems. Many of the software engineering issues in versioning also apply to hypertext, but the emphasis on linking and structure in hypertext raises some new problems. The issues can roughly be divided into two categories. Datamodel issues, which will be referred to as structural issues, and user interface issues, which will be referred to as cognitive issues. Both structural and cognitive issues will be described and divided into simpler problems which will be named and described, and it will be shown that composites serve as a good starting point for solving both structural and cognitive problems of versioning. %M C.ECHT.92.43 %T CoVer: A Contextual Version Server for Hypertext Applications %S Versioning %A Anja Haake %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 43-52 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p43-haake/p43-haake.pdf %X Key problems of version support for hypertext systems arise from the fine-grained, heavily interlinked structure of hyperdocuments. Integration of version support aggravates cognitive overhead problems during version creation and disorientation during version selection. Starting from the need to support versioning in our hypermedia publishing environment, we designed the CoVer hypermedia version server. CoVer maintains context information with the versions that guides version creation and in particular helps in version identification. The key concept is task tracking: Users change their network in order to perform a task. These tasks can guide meaningful, automatic version creation. Being stored persistently as contextual version information they serve version identification. Moreover, CoVer maintains the derivation history of hyperdocuments across document boundaries and tracks the influence of annotations on the creation of new versions and the start-up of new tasks. %M C.ECHT.92.53 %T Two Years before the Mist: Experiences with Aquanet %S Experiences %A Catherine C. Marshall %A Russell A. Rogers %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 53-62 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p53-marshall/p53-marshall.pdf %X Aquanet is a collaborative hypertext tool that combines elements of frame-based knowledge representation and graphical presentation. In this paper, we examine the first major application of the tool in an analysis task, a two year long technology assessment that resulted in almost 2000 nodes and more than 20 representational types. First, we cover the implications of the representational resources provided and representational decisions that were made. Then we discuss how spatial layout was used in lieu of the complex relations Aquanet's data model supports. Finally, we show how distinct regions emerged to reflect particular activities and how they were subsequently used as the basis for a later collaboration on a similar task. %M C.ECHT.92.63 %T UNIX Guide: Lessons from Ten Years' Development %S Experiences %A P. J. Brown %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 63-70 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p63-brown/p63-brown.pdf %X Development of the Guide hypertext system has been progressing at the University of Kent since 1982. The paper looks back over the mistakes and successes of the last ten years, with a view of drawing some lessons for the future development of hypertext. The reader is not assumed to be a Guide user, and the lessons learned apply to hypertext systems in general. %M C.ECHT.92.71 %T Design Strategies for Scenario-Based Hypermedia: Description of its Structure, Dynamics, and Style %S Experiences %A Ryuichi Ogawa %A Eiichiro Tanaka %A Daigo Taguchi %A Komei Harada %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 71-80 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p71-ogawa/p71-ogawa.pdf %X This paper describes design strategies for scenario-based hypermedia, which presents media composite nodes according to timed scripts. In order to translate an author's story into timed scripts within a hypermedia framework, we present a design model with four different levels of scenario specifications. In these levels an author specifies details of 1) global structure described as the hierarchy of composite nodes with sequencing relationship between them, 2) detailed structure of a composite node described as a set of subnodes and navigation flow between them, 3) content specification of multimedia data, and 4) time and spatial presentation style of media data included in each node. Design strategies based on the model were applied to the authoring of a CD-ROM based English listening course for Japanese students. The design work was accomplished as a joint project with English teachers, and our scenario-based hypermedia system, Videobook, was used as the authoring platform. This paper reports the details of the design strategies in each level and discusses how they made the authoring efficient while promoting the quality of the course. %M C.ECHT.92.81 %T An Object-Oriented Scripting Environment for the WEBSs Electronic Book System %S Systems II %A J. Monnard %A J. Pasquier-Boltuck %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 81-90 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p81-monnard/p81-monnard.pdf %X This paper presents the scripting facilities built or top of WEBSs, an interactive system for the creation and consultation of electronic books. The scripting environment relies on the same object-oriented software architecture used in the design of the WEBSs application, rendering it consistently integrated with the other components of the system. Scripts enhance the application in two ways. First, the ability to combine basic WEBSs actions allows users to easily define new high-level functions like, for example, the automatic creation of tables of contents and indexes. Secondly, the behavior of the objects that constitute an electronic book can be enriched by writing scripts that will be automatically executed each time a triggering object performs a specific action. The main originality of our scripting model resides in the fact that a script may be attached not only to an individual object, but also to all objects of a specific class, or to all objects in a certain set. %M C.ECHT.92.91 %T Matching Hypertext Models to Hypertext Systems: A Compilative Approach %S Systems II %A Andrea Caloini %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 91-101 %K Hypertext models, Hypertext systems, HDM, Hypertext engine, Compilation %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p91-caloini/p91-caloini.pdf %X Many authors have proposed sophisticated models to describe hypertexts at different levels and for different purposes and have provided in-house developed systems implementing their models. However, hypertext-hypermedia application development is often carried on using commercial hypertext systems based on a very simple model. This paper presents HCT (Hypertext Compiling Tools), a set of tools to translate hypertext-hypermedia applications designed using a high-level model (HDM, Hypermedia Design Model) into applications implemented by a commercial hypertext system (ToolBook). Although each single tool is specific to either HDM or ToolBook, the approach is presented in a more general way. Results obtained in application development are summarized. %M C.ECHT.92.102 %T Making Use of Hypertext Links when Retrieving Information %S Information Retrieval %A H. P. Frei %A D. Stieger %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 102-111 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p102-frei/p102-frei.pdf %X Hypermedia links were invented to support the manual browsing through large hypertext or hypermedia collections. However, retrieving specific portions of information in such a collection cannot be achieved by browsing only; retrieval mechanisms are necessary. In this paper we show how to use the semantic content of hypertext links for retrieval. We present special purpose indexing and retrieval algorithms that exploit the node and link content. First retrieval results in a hypertext test collection are presented: the results are clearly better than those obtained when the links are ignored. The hope is that these results can be extended to hypermedia information and that they can be improved by more sophisticated indexing algorithms. %M C.ECHT.92.112 %T Hypertext Paradigm in the Field of Information Retrieval: A Neural Approach %S Information Retrieval %A Alain Lelu %A Claire Francois %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 112-121 %K Hypertext, Information retrieval, Graphic user interface, Neural networks, Cluster analysis %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p112-alain/p112-alain.pdf %X Application of the hypertext paradigm to information retrieval requires 1) an automatic generation of hypertext links, 2) a compact graphical representation of the data. After a brief review of the family of neural algorithms required for deriving a compact and relevant representation of a documentary database, as well as links between synthetic "topics" and documents, we present a user interface based on these grounds. This representation is two-step: 1) a global topics map, 2) local topic axes, ranking both terms and documents according to the values of their "centrality index". A prototype, running in a Macintosh environment and implementing a basic version of this browser, is then described and commented. %M C.ECHT.92.122 %T Information Retrieval from Hypertext using Dynamically Planned Guided Tours %S Information Retrieval %A Catherine Guinan %A Alan F. Smeaton %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 122-130 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p122-guinan/p122-guinan.pdf %X In using any hypertext system a user will encounter many technical problems which have been well-documented in the literature. Two of the more serious problems with using hypertext are user disorientation and the retrieval of information. Another less often addressed problem is that of the logical sequencing of nodes. In the work reported in this paper we address these three problems by combining Hammond and Allinson's guided tour metaphor and Frisse's information retrieval techniques to dynamically create guided tours for users in direct response to a user's query. One of the features of our method is that we take advantage of typing of information links in the hypertext to generate a tour which has a judicious sequencing of nodes rather than a simple presentation of hypertext nodes in order of similarity to the user's query. Our method was empirically tested on a population of 125 users who generated a total 973 individual tours and all user actions and responses to questions were logged. The results of this evaluation are presented in this paper. %M C.ECHT.92.131 %T Cognitive Processing of Hyperdocuments: When Does Nonlinearity Help? %S Information Retrieval %A Jean-Francois Rouet %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 131-140 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p131-rouet/p131-rouet.pdf %X This paper presents a review of empirical research on the cognitive processing of nonlinear documents, with the purpose of understanding when and how hypertext presentation might facilitate text comprehension and learning activities. Empirical studies conducted so far have used various methods, and focused on a wide range of populations, types of documents, and reading or learning tasks. Although hypertext is generally associated with information networks, a few interesting studies address the issues of computer assistance to linear text comprehension. A second group of studies investigate the use of nonlinear documents for general learning purposes. Although these studies are mainly concerned with linear-nonlinear comparisons, some of them address the effects of different design options. Finally, a third group of studies compare information retrieval in linear versus nonlinear documents. Overall, there is no consistent evidence for the advantage of hypertext over linear presentation formats. Instead, the efficiency of nonlinear documents varies according to (a) subjects' expertise (b) interface features and (c) task requirements. In an attempt to provide an interpretative framework for these empirical findings, the notion of cognitive monitoring is briefly outlined. I conclude with a few implications for future hypertext research. %M C.ECHT.92.141 %T Imagined Conversations: The Relevance of Hypertext, Pragmatism, and Cognitive Flexibility Theory to the Interpretation of "Classic Texts" in Intellectual History %S Hypertext and the Mind %A Robert Alun Jones %A Rand Spiro %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 141-148 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p141-jones/p141-jones.pdf %X What does it mean to understand a "classic text" in the history of social thought? Recent pragmatist arguments in intellectual history suggest that it is a matter of placing the text within some larger context, viewing it from a variety of perspectives, and "using it" to satisfy one's own interests and purposes. What is the best means to "advanced knowledge acquisition"? Recent theories of learning in cognitive psychology suggest that we view "ill-structured knowledge domains" as landscapes, to be "criss-crossed" in a variety of directions, from multiple perspectives. Hypertext is a technology for doing both of these things. Quite independently, but sharing a foundation in pragmatism and the later Wittgenstein, each of these disciplines thus encourages further research in the development and implementation of hypertext systems for learning. Such research is being carried out in the Hypermedia Laboratory and the Cognitive Flexibility Laboratory at the University of Illinois, with implications for the way hypertext systems are designed and implemented, and the pedagogical problems to which they are applied. %M C.ECHT.92.149 %T Where's the Hypertext? The Dickens Web as a System-Independent Hypertext %S Hypertext and the Mind %A George P. Landow %A Paul Kahn %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 149-160 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p149-landow/p149-landow.pdf %X This paper reports the comparative evaluations by fifteen experienced hypertext users of three hypertext systems (Intermedia, Interleaf WorldView, and Storyspace) to carry out both simple information retrieval and more complex cognitive tasks. In contrast to approaches that compare hypertext versions of print documents to print documents, our research began with materials originally created for an electronic environment -- the award-winning Dickens Web. The evaluators' detailed narratives, which show that hypertext documents can exist independently of specific hypertext systems, also suggest points that designers of hypertext systems and hypertext authors must take into account. These points include the value of full-text search vs. link following, and the importance of content expertise. Finally, we report on the importance of single- vs. bi-directional thinking, multiple linking from a single point, and web views. %M C.ECHT.92.161 %T Contours of Constructive Hypertexts %S Hypertext and the Mind %A Mark Bernstein %A Michael Joyce %A David Levine %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 161-170 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p161-bernstein/p161-bernstein.pdf %X Discussion of hypertext rhetoric and criticism has focused on small, fixed hypertexts that are typically used by casual readers for comparatively short periods. Here we explore complex, constructive hypertexts, intended to inform and to influence dedicated and thoughtful readers. Recurrence and multivalence, both deplored in small hypertexts, prove from study of more complex texts to be very valuable. While static, graph-theoretic measures facilitate understanding of local hypertext structure, the structures of meaning or contours we observe in current hypertext fiction and scholarship do not appear to reside in static structures, but rather in the complex and dynamic perceptions of the engaged reader. %M C.ECHT.92.171 %T Toward a Rhetoric of Information Texts %S Hypertext and the Mind %A Stuart Moulthrop %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 171-180 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p171-moulthrop/p171-moulthrop.pdf %X This paper begins by asking why hypertext researchers publish their work in print and compose their hypertexts from previously printed sources. It argues that these practices limit the development of hypertext rhetoric by privileging a discrete or granular model of discourse: nodes as stable units connected by purely transitional links. The paper explores the limits of the node/link model, suggesting that links can take on certain properties of nodes and vice versa. Drawing on the phenomenological critique of rationalist mechanism developed by Winograd and Flores, the paper presents an alternative discourse model for hypertext which regards nodes and links in complementarity, as contingent structures subject to conceptual "breakdown." Applying this model to actual communication practices, the paper invokes Zuboff's distinction between "automating" and "informating" applications of technology, outlining a rhetoric based on a constantly evolving textual structure in which object relations remain fluid. A new term is proposed, the informand, to designate the communal, interactive discursive space created by informating systems like hypertexts and artificial realities. The paper concludes by urging experimentation with informating practices in hypertext, a move away from print models and toward all-electronic composition. %M C.ECHT.92.181 %T Towards an Integrated Information Environment with Open Hypermedia Systems %S Models for Open Systems %A Hugh Davis %A Wendy Hall %A Ian Heath %A Gary Hill %A Rob Wilkins %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 181-190 %K Open, Hypermedia, Integration, Microcosm %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p181-davis/p181-davis.pdf %X This paper examines open hypermedia systems, and presents the case that such systems provide a step forward for dealing with large, dynamic data sets in distributed, heterogeneous environments by allowing users to access and integrate information and processes in richer and more diverse ways than has previously been possible. In particular, the enhanced Microcosm model for open hypermedia is examined, and the ways in which it provides such an environment are discussed. The paper continues by investigating the advantages and the shortcomings of this model and identifies the areas in which further work must be completed before such systems can become widely adopted, such as the granularity of source and destination anchors, editing and version control. Some attempts to provide solutions to these problems are presented and discussed. %M C.ECHT.92.191 %T Design Issues for a Dexter-Based Hypermedia System %S Models for Open Systems %A Kaj Gronbaek %A Randall H. Trigg %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 191-200 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p191-gronbaek/p191-gronbaek.pdf %X This paper discusses experiences and lessons learned from the design of an open hypermedia system, one that integrates applications and data not "owned" by the hypermedia. The Dexter Hypertext Reference Model [8] was used as the basis for the design. Though our experiences were generally positive, we found the model constraining in certain ways and underdeveloped in others. For instance, Dexter argues against dangling links, but we found several situations where permitting and supporting dangling links was advisable. In Dexter, the data objects making up a component's contents are encapsulated in the component; in practice, references to objects stored apart from the hypermedia structure should be allowed. We elaborate Dexter's notion of composite component to include composites that "contain" other components and composites with structured contents, among others. The paper also includes a critique of Dexter's notion of link directionality, proposes a distinction between marked and unmarked anchors, and discusses anchoring within a composite. %M C.ECHT.92.201 %T Gram: A Graph Data Model and Query Language %S Theoretical Foundations %A Bernd Amann %A Michel Scholl %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 201-211 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p201-amann/p201-amann.pdf %X We present a model for data organized as graphs. Regular expressions over the types of the node and edges are used to qualify connected sub-graphs. An algebraic language based on these regular expressions and supporting a restricted form of recursion is introduced. A natural application of this model and its query language is hypertext querying. %M C.ECHT.92.212 %T Fishing for Clarity in Hyperdocuments with Enhanced Fisheye-Views %S Theoretical Foundations %A K. Tochtermann %A G. Dittrich %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 212-221 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p212-tochtermann/p212-tochtermann.pdf %X It is known that fisheye-views prove beneficial to users who get lost in hyperspace. Until now, the fisheye-view strategy, introduced by Furnas, is only applicable in structures where the necessary components of the fisheye-view function can be defined. Unfortunately, directed graphs are structures where the fisheye-view function of Furnas cannot be applied. Therefore the fisheye-view concept was of limited value in hyperdocuments represented by such graphs. To overcome this lack, this paper proposes an enhancement of Furnas' function to allow its application in hyperdocuments of that kind. We will begin with a short review of Furnas' well-known fisheye-view concept. Thereafter, we will discuss the problems that arise when one attempts to apply the concept in so-called "unstructured" hyperdocuments. The results of this discussion lead to the development of a function which satisfies the requirements of the concept, and allows its use in hyperdocuments of almost any structure. To show that the fisheye-view concept of Furnas remains fulfilled, an appropriate theorem is formulated. The result is that the benefits of the fisheye-view concept can now be appreciated in "unstructured" hyperdocuments. In closing, we offer a detailed example, which illustrates the behavior of the enhanced fisheye-view function. %M C.ECHT.92.222 %T An Extensible Data Model for Hyperdocuments %S Models %A Paul De Bra %A Geert-Jan Houben %A Yoram Kornatzky %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 222-231 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p222-de_bra/p222-de_bra.pdf %X We present an extensible data model for hyperdocuments. It is intended to serve as the basis for integrating hypermedia systems with other information sources, such as object-oriented database management systems, information retrieval systems, and engineering CAD tools. Hyperdocuments are described by means of a small number of powerful constructs that integrate their structural and behavioral aspects. The different instantiations and combinations of these constructs yield an open class of hyperdocuments. Nodes, anchors, and links are all considered first-class objects and modeling constructs are applicable to all of them. These constructs permit a description of the multiple levels of functionality of an object within a hyperdocument, and the packaging of the different views of an object. Composite objects range over an extensible collection of structures including networks, sets, time-lines, and three-dimensional space CAD models. %M C.ECHT.92.232 %T Towards a Better Support for Hypermedia Authoring: The HYDESIGN Model %S Models %A Michael Marmann %A Gunter Schlageter %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 232-241 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p232-marmann/p232-marmann.pdf %X Hypermedia systems are becoming an important information system class for a wide range of new and fascinating applications. But current systems still have some unpleasant restrictions. For example, only few hypermedia systems support the design of higher level hypermedia objects beyond the basic node-link paradigm. There are further restrictions concerning the modularization of the overall design and the reuse of (complex) hypermedia resources. HYDESIGN is the prototype of an extensible hypertext/hypermedia system which addresses these restrictions. The crucial part of the development is the data management component, the HYDESIGN-engine, which has been built on top of the GemStone object-oriented database management system. A first prototype of a graphical user interface, the HYDESIGN-GUI, has been developed in Smalltalk-80. This paper focuses on central features of the HYDESIGN data model representing the conceptual basis of the HYDESIGN-engine. Aggregate links of different types are introduced which allow for the creation of higher level hypermedia networks. SBL-nodes represent particular composite nodes offering the capability of defining (nested) local environments with particular behaviour. Also different options for the sharing of hypermedia resources are proposed. HYDESIGN further supports navigation as well as query based access in an integrated approach. As a whole, HYDESIGN aims at a better support for the hypermedia design process by the provision of powerful structuring facilities. %M C.ECHT.92.242 %T Using Statecharts to Model Hypertext %S Models %A Yi Zheng %A Man-Chi Pong %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 242-250 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p242-zheng/p242-zheng.pdf %X This paper describes how to use statecharts to model hypertext. Statechart is a formal graphical model based on state transition diagram and hypergraph. The statechart model is compared with other models for hypertext based on simple node-and-link graph, first-order logic formulae, hypergraph, and petri net. The features of statecharts relevant to the modeling of hypertext are described. Statecharts for the common features in frame-based and scrolling-based hypertext are given. Then statecharts are used to model the various buttons supported in a real-life production hypertext system, Guide (both the Unix version and the version marketed by Owl International Inc.). These examples illustrate that statecharts can be used to abstract the structure from the content of hypertext, and to model the structure and the browsing semantics of hypertext clearly and vividly. %M C.ECHT.92.251 %T Hyperform: Using Extensibility to Develop Dynamic, Open and Distributed Hypertext Systems %S Architecture %A Uffe Kock Wiil %A John J. Leggett %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 251-261 %K Extensible hyperbase, Hypertext platform, Object-oriented extension language %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p251-wiil/p251-wiil.pdf %X An approach to flexible hyperbase (hypertext database) support predicated on the notion of extensibility is presented. The extensible hypertext platform (Hyperform) implements basic hyperbase services that can be tailored to provide specialized hyperbase support. Hyperform is based on an internal computational engine that provides an object-oriented extension language which allows new data model objects and operations to be added at run-time. Hyperform has a number of built-in classes to provide basic hyperbase features such as concurrency control, notification control (events), access control, version control and search and query. Each of these classes can be specialized using multiple inheritance to form virtually any type of hyperbase support needed in next generation hypertext systems. This approach greatly reduces the effort required to provide high quality customized hyperbase support for distributed hypertext applications. Hyperform is implemented and operational in Unix environments. This paper describes the Hyperform approach, discusses its advantages and disadvantages, and gives examples of simulating the HAM and the Danish HyperBase in Hyperform. Hyperform is compared with related work from the HAM generation of hyperbase systems and the current status of the project is reviewed. %M C.ECHT.92.262 %T Specifying Temporal Behavior in Hypermedia Documents %S Architecture %A M. Cecelia Buchanan %A Polle T. Zellweger %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 262-271 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p262-buchanan/p262-buchanan.pdf %X We have designed and implemented a system for creating, editing, and displaying hypermedia documents. This system uses an improved document model with two major features. First, it allows authors to specify temporal synchronization constraints among events of interest within media segments. Second, it allows asynchronous material, such as user interaction, links, or programs, to be combined with richly coordinated synchronous material in a single hypermedia document. The system incorporates a linear programming algorithm to solve the temporal constraints. This process automatically constructs a schedule for displaying a document and may involve stretching or shrinking media segments. Because synchronization constraints record the author's intentions and because the system creates schedules automatically, both creating documents and maintaining them throughout their life cycles should be easier. %M C.ECHT.92.272 %T Hyperdocuments as Automata: Trace-Based Browsing Property Verification %S Architecture %A P. David Stotts %A Richard Furuta %A J. Cyrano Ruiz %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 272-281 %K Hypertext, Place/transition nets, Petri nets, Browsing semantics, Synchronization, Security, Temporal logic, Verification, Access control, Versions, Model checking %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p272-stotts/p272-stotts.pdf %X In many hypertext systems, meaningfully traversing a document depends on capabilities, features, and navigational aids that are part of the browser implementation. For example, if a reader browses to a node that has no out links, then backing up, or "warping" to the table of contents can allow the browsing session to continue. If hyperdocuments are to become interchangeable among hypertext systems, rather than being readable only on the systems from which they are authored, one obvious but complex approach is to try and standardize on (most likely, very many) browsing features and behaviors, forming some standard union of the capabilities of current major implementations. This approach molds (or perhaps restricts) future systems, since new browsing "features" must then be worked into such a standard. An alternate approach, used in this paper, is to de-emphasized browser features and emphasize inherent document structure with browsing semantics. An author should be able to create document structure so that the desired meaningful access patterns are inherently allowed by links rather than by browser capabilities. We present a method of analyzing the browsing properties of a hypertext document by examining the links alone. This method is not specific to any particular hypertext system or document authoring format. With it, an author can be certain that a document will allow particular access patterns when read on any browser implementation that has a single navigation operation: direct link following. The method requires a mental shift in how a hyperdocument is conceived abstractly. Instead of treating the links of a document as defining a static directed graph, they are thought of as defining an abstract program, termed the links-automaton of the document. A branching temporal logic notation, termed HTL*, is introduced for specifying properties a document should exhibit during browsing. An automated program verification technique called model checking is then used to verify that these specifications are met by the behavior of the links-automaton. We illustrate the generality of our technique by applying it first to a Trellis document, and then to a Hyperties document. %M C.ECHT.92.282 %T Hypermedia Production: Hand-Craft of Witchcraft? %S Panels %A Mark Bernstein %A Michael Bieber %A Richard Furuta %A Michael Kibby %A Catherine Marshall %A Paolo Paolini %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 282-283 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p282-bernstein/p282-bernstein.pdf %X Many successful hypermedia systems are hand-crafted; creating and navigating their networks of nodes and links is entirely under user control. In other systems, concern for the economics of manually linking large bodies of existing information, coupled with a desire to promote more responsive and reconfigurable interfaces, has spurred the development of automated tools, intensional or virtual structures, automatic node content generation and automatic link discovery. Some claim that, apart from annotation features such as commenting, the significant hypermedia systems of the future will be entirely automated. In this panel we explore the potential and dangers of automating hypermedia. %M C.ECHT.92.284 %T Open Hypermedia Architectures and Linking Protocols %S Panels %A Randall Trigg %A W. Ward Clark %A Wendy Hall %A Norman Meyrowitz %A Amy Pearl %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 284 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p284-trigg/p284-trigg.pdf %X Most computer users today work with heterogeneous environments that include software from many vendors, multiple platforms needing to communicate, and information bases on remote machines. Their needs are often not for increased functionality in any particular application, but integration among existing applications. In the last few years, this need has been addressed through proposals for open hypertext architectures and linking protocols. In principle, these allow linking across diverse applications and even across platforms. Rather than a monolithic hypermedia system presenting its own editors for various media, the user sees a framework into which existing editors can be "plugged" and a linking protocol with which to interconnect them. Though the framework is usually a separate program, the hope is that support for such open linking will one day migrate into the operating system. Indeed, protocols from Apple and Microsoft are steps in this direction. Though the participants on this panel bring their own perspectives and backgrounds to the problem area, all share a belief that the future of hypermedia is not with systems that "own the world", but with those that attempt to "connect the world". Furthermore, the panelists and the projects they represent have developed significant open hypermedia architectures and linking protocols and can draw on experience with real users. %M C.ECHT.92.285 %T Business Opportunities in Hypermedia Applications %S Panels %A Attilio Stajano %A Bruno Cerboni %A Giovanni Degli Antoni %A Hans Mulder %A Gerard Roucairol %A Erich Neuhold %A Eddy Odijk %A Pier Carlo Ravasio %A Jan Ritchie %A Jack Schiff %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 285 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p285-stajano/p285-stajano.pdf %X Research on hypertext and hypermedia systems has been ongoing for many years and attractive demonstrator systems have been displayed showing the potential of these technologies. Is there a real market behind the hypermedia applications? We are frequently offered a very optimistic view on the size and maturity of such a market. %M C.ECHT.92.286 %T Hypermedia Readability %S Panels %A Roberto Polillo %A Mark Bernstein %A Franca Garzotto %A Lynda Hardman %A Paul Kahn %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 286 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p286-polillo/p286-polillo.pdf %X Since the appearance of the first hypertext applications, it is customary to blame the hypertext technology for "disorienting" readers and causing "cognitive overload". On the other hand, the user interface of many hypertext and hypermedia applications on the market is often very poorly designed. Many applications show a tendency to "over-linking" or "over-buttoning", and only a few show a clearly recognizable structure. %M C.ECHT.92.287 %T Multimedia Encyclopaedia of Philosophy Sciences %S Cultural Briefings %A Renato Parascandalo %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 287 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p287-parascandalo/p287-parascandalo.pdf %X The goal of this project is the world-wide dissemination of advanced philosophy concepts, through the exploitation of new technologies. The world famous "Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici" (Italian Institute for Philosophy Studies), ensures the scientific supervision of the project; the "Encyclopaedia Treccani" and the "Poligrafico dello Stato" (the nation official printing institution) are responsible for the editorial policy; the Politecnico di Milano provides assistance for Computer technology. The core the of the project is the collection of large amount of videotapes, containing interviews with "protagonists": the most prestigious philosophers, philosophy scholars and scientists, who have warmly co-operated. Since '86 more than 400 interviews, corresponding to more than 900 hours of tapes, have been conducted. In addition, thousands of slides and more than 100 hours of video-tapes, documenting important aspects of archaeology, architecture, painting and sculpture, have been included. Five different series of video-cassettes have been prepared: The Roots of the Philosophy Thought, Philosophy and Today, The Origin of Thought in the World, The Masters of Thinking, The Universe of Knowledge. Short excerpts (5 minutes) are broadcasted everyday, nation-wide, by TV channels. Before the end of the year Radio Transmissions will start. Special editions for College and High school students are in preparation. All the different editions outline specific aspects and a specific usage of the material. A special version is supposed, in the future, to include all the previous editions: the interactive version, being prepared through the co-operation with the Department of Electronics of Politecnico di Milano. It is an Hypermedia application that allows search, queries and above all, navigation across the complex material. Guided tours and views, either predefined or created by the reader, allow personalized "reading sessions". Overall the project is a reaction to the current schizophrenic situation: as the technology advances provide more means for communication, human beings realize that they have less to say. Paul Ricoeur, a prestigious member of the scientific board of the project, considers this gap between technology of communication and cultural communication as one of the most dangerous pathologies of modern society. %M C.ECHT.92.288 %T Hypermedia for Teaching and Learning: A Multimedia Guide to the History of European Civilization (MuG) %S Cultural Briefings %A Umberto Eco %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 288 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p288-eco/p288-eco.pdf %X The MuG project has been designed and developed at "Istituto di Discipline della Comunicazione", University of Bologna, by D. Barbieri, B. Bassi, G. Blasi, A. Fogli, L. Freina, C. Marmo, M. Mattioli, P. Niccolai, D. Singer under supervision of Umberto Eco. The project has been sponsored by Olivetti. MuG is a hypermedia system providing a unitary representation of the events of European culture and history. The system is designed to cover subjects related to Political, Social and Economic history, as well as the history of Science and Technology, Arts, Literature, Philosophy and Religion enabling the user to switch easily from one cultural aspect to the other. The initial prototype partially covers European civilization in the 17th Century, but the project concerns the whole history of Europe. MuG is meant as a teaching aid for students of the first years of University curricula and the last years of secondary schools. The ultimate purpose of the system is to constitute a useful tool for historical research and presentation as well as teaching. The system is shaped into three interconnected environments: * Interactive Chronologies, an environment with information retrieval features enabling the user to navigate among graphical chronological overviews of given period regarding specific topics and places. Topics and places are represented by a large set of keywords organized into a Thesaurus. From a given Chronology, the user can zoom in and out, according to the semantic structure of the Thesaurus (temporal zooming is also handled): when zooming in, less important events can appear. The user can choose to organize the contents of the overview according to either topics or places. More expert users can also query the system by typing, or by selecting keywords from the Thesaurus. * The Cardfile, a text-only hypertext providing quick reference cards about units of historical information (plus a set of dictionary-like definitions). The Cardfile is accessible both from the Chronologies and the Books; it is an ever-present reference tool also providing an informative intermediate step from a synoptic to a narrative representation of the historical events. * The Library, a large set of hypertextual "Books" devoted to specific topics, authors or issues, presented in a multimedia fashion, including text, images, animation, speech and music. Here information appears in a more narrative form, closer to the habits of readers of paper history books. Historical-geographical atlases, textual, visual and musical anthologies are also part of the Library. MuG is implemented in Toolbook, and runs on personal computers following the MPC standard. %M C.ECHT.92.289 %T Hypertext: Beyond the End of the Book %S Cultural Briefings %A Robert Coover %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 289 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %W http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/proceedings/hypertext/168466/p289-coover/p289-coover.pdf %X For the narrative artist, hyperspace has all the charm of a starry sky in August: the weather's comfortable, the twinkle's alluring, but the vista's intimidatingly awesome. The simple linear trajectories of the earthbound, once thought confining and inflexible, are seen to have a certain reassuring structure, an "A" and a "B" between which narrative, ever on the go, might safely move, feet on the ground. It's pretty out there in infinity, but if you head out, how do you get home again? Creative artists are still fumbling in this new space, this new medium, toying with the possibilities of multidimensionality, nonlinearity, interactivity, polyvocality, and, increasingly, the incorporation of other arts, visual, kinetic, and aural, but not yet convinced that narrative, as we lovingly know it, can overcome the motionsickness associated with the absence of gravity. Most academic hypertext projects preserve a sense of gravity by allowing a body of informational satellites to circle loosely about some core subject, a poem, say, or an historical event, a social entity, a philosophical or legal problem, etc., and such models might well serve artistic projects but they cannot define or delimit them. Nor does it help to implant a line. All these centuries of resisting the tyranny of the line, and suddenly it is gone as though it never existed, but reinventing it, though an option for some, is a bit like building a road in outer space so we can take our cars out there. Most narrative artists, for the moment, prefer to stay home where the environment's friendly and there's plenty of company. They still like the familiar paths with their beginnings, middles, and ends, even if not always traveled in that order. The navigational procedures are still so demanding out there in hyperspace, that there's too little time to appreciate style, voice, eloquence, character, story. Links and maps seem more compelling than text, as though the ancillas of book culture -- the tables of contents, the indices and appendices, the designs and jackets and headers -- might have swallowed up the stuff inside. There's an appeal in interactivity -- and a threat. And, maybe worst of all, where's closure out there? How do you know when one journey's over and another can begin? So the field is largely left at present to the rash, the young, the enterprising. Flights are being made in vehicles that seem as creaky at times as the tin spaceships of the old silent movies, and few of the adventures escape the atmosphere of print technology, but with each foray something new is added to the craft, the orbits widen, the manuals expand. Perhaps the greatest stimulus to these explorations is the promise of a multimedia instrument panel. Hyperspace may always be a bit hostile to the isolated traveler. Creative projects in it may more resemble a multitalented film production than the private writing of a book or poem. %M C.ECHT.92.290 %T Combining Hypertext and Structured Documents in GRIF %S Demonstrations %A Vincent Quint %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 290 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X GRIF is a structured document editor based on the generic structure concept: each document is represented in the system by its logical structure which is an instance of a generic structure. This notion of logical structure encompasses both hierarchical structures and non-hierarchical links. The demonstration shows the integration of hypertext features in structured documents and some applications. %M C.ECHT.92.290 %T The HYTEA Project: Tools and Applications %S Demonstrations %A Jack Schiff %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 290 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X The aim of the ESPRIT project HYTEA is to build a set of tools to improve the design, the implementation, and the maintenance, of large Hypertext/Hypermedia applications. We will demonstrate the whole process of application development with the HYTEA tools, and will generate different running applications from the same conceptual design. We will also show several full size applications, in various domains, which have been previously developed with the HYTEA tools. %M C.ECHT.92.290 %T The KHS Authoring System %S Demonstrations %A Rainer Hammwohner %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 290 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X The Konstanzer Hypertext System ("KHS") has been developed as a testbed for experiments in hypertext construction and navigation support. KHS comprises an object-oriented abstract hypertext model and several generic interfaces according to different instances of this model From this generic level, concrete hypertext models and interfaces can be derived for specific domains. The use of KHS will be demonstrated, and hypertexts developed with KHS will be shown. %M C.ECHT.92.290 %T The Hypermedia Authoring Environment SEPIA %S Demonstrations %A Norbert Streitz %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 290 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X SEPIA supports groups of authors creating and revising hypermedia documents in a cooperative work context. SEPIA support the different tasks encountered when creating hyperdocuments and provides different modes of collaborative work, which allow authors to share a hyperdocument, to be aware of coauthors' actions, to share views on the hyperdocument, and to jointly edit hyperdocuments. SEPIA employs the CHS Cooperative Hypermedia Server implemented on top of the DBMS "Sybase". %M C.ECHT.92.290 %T The Hypermedia Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences %S Demonstrations %A Paolo Paolini %A Renato Parascandalo %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 290-291 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X The Hypermedia Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences is the interactive, computer based version of the Multimedia Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences, which has been produced by RAI-DSE as a set of TV and Radio Programs, and video tapes integrated with booklets for large distribution. The Hypermedia Encyclopedia stores video and text material presenting interviews to the major today's philosophers as well as related philosophical information; its information access mechanisms include and integrate navigation, guided tours, and queries. %M C.ECHT.92.291 %T A Hypertext for Learning Operational Research %S Demonstrations %A A. Colorni %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 291 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X This systems is one of the first attempt in applying hypertext to Operational Research (OR), integrating traditional material of OR classes with different instruments for didactical use. The system organizes and interrelates various elements: descriptive parts (texts), numerical exercises, a set of didactical games, and a significant number of OR applications. %M C.ECHT.92.291 %T Electronic Lecture Notes %S Demonstrations %A Paolo Paolini %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 291 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X This demo will show a number of hypertext lecture notes developed within the SSD-SIA program of Politecnico di Milano for undergraduate and graduate classes (e.g., Electrotechnics, Budget Analysis, Latin). The design of these applications share the same structured approach (based on the HDM model). Various functionalities such as self defined guided tours and annotation facilities have been specifically defined for training and learning. %M C.ECHT.92.291 %T Hypermovie: An Authoring Tool for Video-Disk Based Teaching %S Demonstrations %A Augusto Celentano %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 291 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X The demonstration presents HyperMovie, a system for the production and the fruition of interactive, videodisc-supported presentations based on pre-existing video material. HyperMovie is based on a hypermedia-based model which integrates and synchronizes the fruition of the video sequences, their ordering, their grouping in autonomous units of fruition, and the timing and the transition effects governing their displaying. %M C.ECHT.92.291 %T INFOSHARE: A Network-Based Cooperation Tool %S Demonstrations %A Giuseppe Salvato %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 291 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X Developed at ENICHEM, one of the largest chemical company worldwide, INFOSHARE is a hypertext tool that supports cooperative work. INFOSHARE has been especially designed to address the needs of people working in R&D teams, who must share data, schedules, and various types of knowledge, and in general must interact and cooperate in accumulating and retrieving knowledge and producing technical documentation. It is implemented in Hypercard. %M C.ECHT.92.291 %T MuG: Multimedia Guide to the History of European Civilization %S Demonstrations %A Bruno Bassi %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 291-292 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X The hypermedia system MuG, developed within a project coordinated by Umberto Eco, provides a unitary representation of the events of European culture and history. It covers subjects related to political, social and economic history, as well as the history of science and technology, arts, literature, philosophy and religion, enabling the user to switch easily from one cultural aspect to the other. The system is intended as a learning tool for universities and high schools, as well as a tool for historical research, presentation, and teaching. %M C.ECHT.92.292 %T The Multimedia Editor PIM %S Demonstrations %A Renato Martucci %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 292 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X PIM is an editor for building sequences of synchronized multimedia objects and for organizing pre-existing multimedia objects sequentially. Multiple sequences can be managed at the same time, through a user interface which displays multimedia objects as small rectangles on a bidimensional frame. %M C.ECHT.92.292 %T The CHE Hypermedia Environment %S Demonstrations %A Renato Martucci %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 292 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X The Common Hypermedia Environment -- CHE -- allows integrating and viewing in a uniform way, various type of heterogeneous information, thus providing a high degree of interoperability. It has been designed to support knowledge work, publishing, development of courseware and training material, and, more generally, cooperative work. %M C.ECHT.92.292 %T From Infinity to Infinity (a Multimedia History of the Universe) %S Demonstrations %A Renato Martucci %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 292 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X Sponsored by CERN in Geneva, this application describes the history of the Universe from the Big Bang to our days. From a historical map of the universe, the reader can explore the evolution of the Universe as well as investigate specific topics that are relevant in a given context. The application is available in four different languages. %M C.ECHT.92.292 %T HYPERCRESTS: A General Purpose Distributed Hypermedia System %S Demonstrations %A M. A. Pacelli %A F. Pacelli %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 292 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X Hyper CRESTS is a distributed hypermedia system based on a new abstract hypertext model and on a system software architecture able to exploit the model potentialities. The system is designed to operate in a multiplatform environment. The platform consists of an "Hypermedia Server" (RS/6000-AIX) and some "User Workstation" (PS/2-OS/2), connected through a local area network using TCP/IP as the communication protocol. %M C.ECHT.92.292 %T Coulomb and Electrostatics: A Hypermedia Approach to History of Physics in Education %S Demonstrations %A Lidia Falomo %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 292 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X "Coloumb and Electrostatics" is a hypermedia for learning and teaching Physics under an historical perspective. It has been realized both in for Macintosh platforms (HyperCard + Micromind Director) and for DOS environments (Linkway + Storyboard). It includes texts, graphics, sound, qualitative animations, interactive quantitative simulations of physical experiments, colour pictures. The system has been designed for undergraduate students and high school teachers. %M C.ECHT.92.293 %T SI.MO.N. -- A Modular Navigation System %S Demonstrations %A Giuseppe Simonetti %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 293 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X SIMON is a hypertext and hypermedia development tool. The demo will exhibit how the author can use SIMON in order to create hypertexts, and will discuss the SIMON project philosophy. We will be also show some applications developed with SIMON in the fields of education, training, and organization. %M C.ECHT.92.293 %T A Reference Manual for Hydrological Observations %S Demonstrations %A Virgilio Anselmo %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 293 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X This hypertext manual provides an organized a review of standard instruments for hydrological and agro-meteorological observations. The focus of the information available in the application is on the accuracy requirements as requested by W.M.O. The manual has been conceived as a quick reference tool for local operational services staff as well for graduate students. %M C.ECHT.92.293 %T Ecoland, a Hypermedia Prototype for Environmental Education %S Demonstrations %A Donatella Cesareni %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 293 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X Ecoland is a Hypermedia prototype for environmental education, designed for 12/15 years old students. In Ecoland there are three little towns, each one representing a topic for environmental education: air pollution, water pollution, forest protection. Students are invited to enter these towns, to visit different places, and to find as many information they can about environmental problems related to these places. %M C.ECHT.92.293 %T KWICK: the Knowledge Worker's Workbench %S Demonstrations %A Stefano Scamuzzo %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 293 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X KWICK is an environment that allows the federation of data handled by heterogeneous and distributed applications, through hypermedia links and object oriented representations. The demo shows how KWICK improves productivity and quality of knowledge workers' work in a scenario including an architect and his colleagues working on a proposal in urban construction business. %M C.ECHT.92.293 %T HTLEX: A Law Reference System %S Demonstrations %A Paolo Gasparri %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 293 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X HTLEX is a prototype system for retrieving knowledge about laws and legal references among laws. A graphic method, based on the "Hypertext Frame Model", is used to represent and organize the law references in Italian legislation on the screen. The Hypertext Frame draws its inspiration from representative methods of modern arts. %M C.ECHT.92.293 %T Multimedia HYPERAGIP %S Demonstrations %A Marco Benelli %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 293 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X HYPERAGIP is a hypermedia presentation of AGIP S.p.A., the national oil company in Italy. It contains a great deal of data on the activities in which the company is engaged, and operates on a data bank composed of films, animated drawings, written and recited texts, musical excerpts, graphics, fixed images. The system is built on Olivetti's Im-Age platform (MS Windows 3.1) and Asymmetrics Toolbook Multimedia. %M C.ECHT.92.294 %T The Complete Works of St. Thomas Aquinas on CD-ROM %S Demonstrations %A Andrea Pavanello %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 294 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X St. Thomas Aquinas CD-ROM, a commercially available product distributed by Editoria Elettronica Editel, contains the complete work of St. Thomas Aquinas in original Latin. This vast compendium has been organized into 118 units and is integrated with 61 additional selections in Medieval Latin. This huge universe of material is explicitly cross-referenced using an especially designed hypertext system. %M C.ECHT.92.294 %T The CMIF Editor %S Demonstrations %A Guido van Rossum %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 294 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X The CMIF editor is a prototype authoring system for multimedia presentations. Unlike timeline-based presentation editors, the CMIF editor calculates the timing of the document automatically. This is done by interpreting constraints placed by the author on its components, such as "play these parts simultaneously" or "start this part after that part has finished". The system also supports a simple form of hyperlinks, whereby the user can influence the flow through a presentation. %M C.ECHT.92.294 %T SIHEN: Sistema Integrado Hypertestual para ENciclopedia %S Demonstrations %A Ignacio Aedo %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 294 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X SIHEN is a hypertext system for information processing and creating encyclopedias and dictionaries. It is built on the basis of a single database, including concepts, definitions, and images, as well as relations among them. In addition to data entry and storage, the database is used for searching, linking, selecting and editing the information for any dictionary, book, article, magazine, etc., which can be put together using the initial information. %M C.ECHT.92.294 %T DARC -- Document ARchive Controller %S Demonstrations %A Hasse Haitto %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 294 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X DARC (Document ARchive Controller) is a multi-user, cross-platform (Sun SPARC/X11 & DOS/Windows 3.1) database application designed for storing, reusing, querying, and navigating, multiple SGML-coded documents. A novelty in DARC is a flexible virtual filing mechanism which allows users to tailor their own view of the database. The views can be stored, combined and shared as well. %M C.ECHT.92.294 %T Virtual Reality: Present and Future %S Demonstrations %A Pierpaolo Muzzolon %A Peter Broadwell %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 294 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X Silicon Graphics will demo State of the Art machines capable of both phenomenal graphics stunts and impressive audio and video tricks. You will hear what integrated Digital Media mean to your future and will expose yourself to tomorrow capabilities. We will also listen to your requests/desires for future products. %M C.ECHT.92.295 %T The Document Sampler %S Demonstrations %A Penny Mitsunaga %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 295 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X Presently, the online learning tools in Microsoft Word are all implemented as separate pieces. The Document Sampler is our attempt or create a unified documentation/learning package by integrating the various pieces of the online documentation. Most users know what they want to create; by displaying a variety of business documents with individual components identified, users can become aware of the pieces necessary to create a document. %M C.ECHT.92.295 %T Motif Applications + LinkWorks = Hyperenvironment %S Demonstrations %A Ward Clark %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 295 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X Digital's DECwindows Motif package includes the LinkWorks linking and navigation services that transform a suite of window-based applications into a "hyperenvironment". The LinkWorks environment demo includes DECwindows Motif applications (formal products) and several "hyperapplication" prototypes. %M C.ECHT.92.295 %T HyperWriter: An Integrated Hypermedia Architecture %S Demonstrations %A J. Scott Johnson %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 295 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X HyperWriter 3.0 provides an integrated authoring environment for creating hypermedia documents including such elements as text, graphics, audio, videos and animation. NTERGAID will demonstrate HyperWriter for DOS, HyperWriter for MS-Windows, HyperWriter for Training and the HyperWriter AutoLinker. HyperWriter for Training integrates full hypertext with computer based testing and grading facilities. The AutoLinker provides a powerful, Awk-based tool for creating hypertext documents in bulk from ASCII, Word, WordPerfect and Ventura Publisher files. %M C.ECHT.92.295 %T Hypertext Fiction and Literary Theory %S Demonstrations %A Paul Kahn %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 295 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X We will present a selection of hypertext fiction created by students of Robert Coover along with theory collections for teaching British Literature created by George Landow using Storyspace, Interleaf WorldView, and EBT DynaText. HyperCard applications for exploring American Literature by Randy Bass and interactive fiction by Michael Moser will also be shown. %M C.ECHT.92.295 %T Teaching Japanese with Hypertext %S Demonstrations %A Michael McCaskey %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 295 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X This is a demonstration of Bunpo Kyoshi, a new Japanese teaching program for the Macintosh computer using Hypercard. Each demonstration session combines an overview of Bunpo Kyoshi with step by step presentations of sample lessons. Those attending will have the opportunity to work with lessons on their own if they wish. %M C.ECHT.92.295 %T Musical Instruments of the World %S Demonstrations %A Albert O. Cordell %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 295-296 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X This demonstration uses material from various media, including text, sound, and video to cultivate an understanding of musical instruments associated with selected countries of the world. Video illustrations are accessed from a laserdisc and enhanced with sound from MIDI, waveform audio, and CD-ROM. The hypermedia environment is enriched by graphics and animation authored in Multimedia Toolbook. %M C.ECHT.92.296 %T A Hypermedia and a Hypertext Approach to a Museum Guide %S Demonstrations %A Maria Alberta Alberti %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 296 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X Two prototypes of an interactive museum guide have been developed with two different approaches: hypermedia and hypertext techniques. The museum is the Horne Museum in Florence, a collection of paintings, furniture and other art objects for the Tuscanian school of XIV-XVII century. The guide provides informations about the various collections and their dislocations in the museum building, and about their relations with the life and culture of the time. %M C.ECHT.92.296 %T Videobook %S Demonstrations %A Komei Harada %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 296 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X We present the Videobook authoring system which is aimed at developing hypermedia applications that contain time-based audiovisual data sequences. It provides an intuitive graphical user interface to edit the time-based data sequences and hypermedia data structures. We also present a Videobook application, i.e., a CD-ROM based English listening course to improve the listening skills of Japanese students. %M C.ECHT.92.296 %T Multicard: An Open Hypermedia System %S Demonstrations %A Antoine Rizk %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 296 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X This demo presents the Multicard hypermedia system which has been developed following an open system approach. Multicard provides a hypermedia toolkit that allows programmers to create and manipulate distributed basic hypermedia structures; an interactive authoring/navigation tool which is itself based on the toolkit; an advanced scripting language; a multimedia composition editor, as well as a communication protocol that allows the integration of various editors and applications into a single hypermedia network. %M C.ECHT.92.296 %T The Expanded Books %S Demonstrations %A Florian Brody %B ECHT92 %D 1992 %P 296 %* (c) Copyright 1992 Association for Computing Machinery %X Just as computers have changed the way you write, they are beginning to transform the way you read. Electronic text is a dynamic medium that enables you to become a more active reader. The Expanded Books allow you to read on the screen with comfort you are used from books on paper while offering search, mark, and annotation features as well as hyperlinks. The presentation will also include the Expanded Books Toolkit that allows everybody familiar with a Macintosh to produce their own Expanded Books. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): ECSCW89.BA %M C.ECSCW.89.19 %T Preliminary experiments with a distributed, multi-media, problem solving environment %S Human Sciences and Empirical Methods %A R. B. Smith %A T. O'Shea %A C. O'Malley %A E. Scanlon %A J. Taylor %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 19-34 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X We report on studies of pairs of subjects using a system called SharedARK (for "Shared Alternate Reality Kit"). In SharedARK, users at separate workstations interact in real time with the same world of simulated physical objects. In the experiments, two users are in separate rooms with a workstation each, and communicate through a high fidelity, hands-free audio and a camera-monitor device called a "video tunnel" which enables eye contact. For comparison, we have removed the video tunnel for some subjects, and have placed other subject pairs in the same room, giving them only a workstation each. Within SharedARK, subjects are given a "microworld" within which to solve a problem in everyday physics. Subjects are videotaped and monitored from a remote room. The protocols have been submitted to a preliminary analysis, in which we categorise activities as they relate to use of the interface, task performance and social interaction. We also catalogue eye glances and eye contact in terms of their relation to these activities. Our primary purpose has been to assess the learnability and usability of this technology, and to identify factors that are important in facilitating collaborative problem solving by directly comparing remote, electronically mediated communication with physical co-presence. We find the system is easily learned and fairly easily used. Subjects normally find the task engaging, and usually work together through largely unarticulated task division to obtain at least a partial understanding of the solution space. Our observations have led us to the hypothesis that this technology can bring subjects in some ways closer together than if they were to engage in a similar task in the real world. We present evidence suggesting that this artificially enhanced proximity may play a positive role in supporting non-interface specific discourse and task division negotiation. %M C.ECSCW.89.35 %T Mechanisms of cognitive change in peer interaction: Implications for the design of computer supported cooperative learning environments %S Human Sciences and Empirical Methods %A R. Joiner %A A. Blaye %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 35-44 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X In this paper it is argued that existing accounts of mechanisms of cognitive change in joint problem solving are inadequate for several reason. In particular explanations based on sociocognitive conflict do not tell us how the resolution of inter individual conflicts leads to cognitive change. It is argued that a more effective approach is to analyse the dialogue processes involved. A model is presented which explains change in terms of the relation between dialogue focus and task focus moves. An experiment is reported which explores this relationship. The implications for designing computer supported cooperative learning environments are then reported. %M C.ECSCW.89.45 %T The dynamics of small group decision making over the e-mail channel %S Human Sciences and Empirical Methods %A D. Fafchamps %A D. Reynolds %A A. Kuchinsky %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 45-58 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X The coding scheme of Benne & Sheats (1948) was used to explore the dynamics of electronic mail discussions in a team five co-located system designers who used the technology as a support to decision making. The results show that the discussions display (1) similar group task activities but few of the group-centered strategies documented in face-to-face meetings; (2) verbal devices that may serve a different function when used in electronic mail discussions. The study identifies a profile of the discussion leader that is consistent with findings of research on computer conferencing. Implications for research in remote collaboration are considered. %M C.ECSCW.89.59 %T Co-operatives in the USSR %S Human Sciences and Empirical Methods %A A. Vershkov %A A. Roussakov %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 59-62 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X This paper describes the problems of development of co-operative movement in the USSR. The computerisation process in this country requires an entirely new approach to information service of the society. New opportunities in mastering the Soviet market through the promotion of modern information technologies arise for foreign partners. %M C.ECSCW.89.63 %T Automatic information processes in document reading. A study of information handling in two intensive care units. %S Human Sciences and Empirical Methods %A E. Pettersson %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 63-72 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X A study was made of information handling in intensive care units in two hospitals. In one of the units, the information about the patients was read from paper documents whereas in the other unit the same kind of information was read from computer screens. In both units cooperative work was being done with documents or forms containing data regarding seriously ill patients. The results show that in the paper-based environment there is a reason to believe that a number of information activities can be automatized in human cognition sense. In the computerized environment however, these same activities seem to require conscious attention thus leading to high attentional demand. %M C.ECSCW.89.73 %T Working in harmony: An examination of computer technology in air traffic control %S Human Sciences and Empirical Methods %A R. R. Harper %A J. A. Hughes %A D. Z. Shapiro %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 73-86 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X This paper will examine how computers support - and sometimes hinder - cooperative working. It will be argued that the design - and any attempt to re-design or re-specify - computerised information resources has to take into account the social organisational setting of cooperative work. Failure to do so may lead to developments that have little or no practical benefits, and may undermine the harmonious functioning of working groups. The argument will be illustrated by reference to a computerised enhancement of Air Traffic Control technology called 'RD3'. Data for the paper was collected during a joint SERC-ESRC research project into Social Aspects of the Automation of Air Traffic Control. Research methods included observation of sector team work in situ; extensive interviewing of London Air Traffic Control Centre operations and management personnel; and transcriptions of audio tapes of sector team activities. %M C.ECSCW.89.87 %T Experiences in designing the Hohenheim CATeam room %S Human Sciences and Empirical Methods %A T. Ferwagner %A Y. Wang %A H. Lewe %A H. Krcmar %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 87-101 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X While developing alternatives for the design of the Hohenheim CATeam Room, offering a computer supported meeting environment, a round room and conference table design were found to be most useful for the given facility layout and the requirements for the room at issue. The paper describes the design process and the experiences gained thereby by describing the evolution of the different design alternatives and specific fundamental issues concerning seating for teamwork and the arrangement of public screens, media usage flexibility and conference room workspace ergonomics. %M C.ECSCW.89.102 %T Group working in the DHSS large demonstrator project %S Human Sciences and Empirical Methods %A G. Storrs %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 102-120 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X Policy making in the UK's Department of Social Security (DSS) provides an interesting example of co-operative working. The manual procedures for policy making in this organisation are effective despite the physically and temporally dispersed nature of the groups involved. However, the size and complexity of the task and the constraints under which policy groups work means that there is considerable scope for improving efficiency in this area. The Policy Application of the Alvey DHSS Large Demonstrator Project, which this paper describes, has sought to provide computer support for DSS policy makers in ways which preserve the effectiveness of their present organization whilst increasing its efficiency. Policy makers in the DSS are concerned with the monitoring and continuing development of the policy of the Department. This involves the explanation of existing social security legislation in terms of the policy that it implements, the development of new legislation when it is discovered that the existing legislation does not properly implement it, and the development of new policy when this becomes necessary to reflect the will of the Minister. Policy makers are not decision makers but make recommendations to the Minister. These recommendations are supported by closely-reasoned arguments. The development of legislation and of the policy arguments behind it is a group process which we have sought to support with a computer-based group decision support system which contains knowledge based elements. The nature of the group processes in the DSS which are involved in policy formulation are discussed and a policy support system which has been designed specifically to suit this style of group working is described. The system provides mechanisms and formalisms for group communication tailored to the dynamics of the policy development process. The system comprises support for the structuring of policy problems, for detailed argumentation around policy issues, for text, argument and legislation retrieval and for the use of a logical model of the social security legislation in order to enquire about the effects of legislation on target groups, to model changes to the legislation so as to assess their efficacy as solutions to policy problems, and to check for unexpected interactions with other parts of the legislation. It also provides facilities for the distribution, collection, review, evaluation and amalgamation of policy argumentation among the group. Small scale evaluations - which have led to very positive reactions from DSS policy workers - are described. %M C.ECSCW.89.121 %T Adding audio and video to an office environment %S Human Sciences and Empirical Methods %A S. Gale %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 121-130 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X The aim of the VISION project was to determine the value added to an office system by incorporating audio and video. The performance, feelings and perceptions of work groups were measured while they carried out cooperative tasks in a controlled environment using an experimental video communication system. The results showed no significant differences in the quality of the output, or the time taken to complete the tasks, under three conditions: data sharing plus audio; data sharing plus audio and video. The results suggest that high bandwidth communication is particularly effective for social, informal, communication. %M C.ECSCW.89.133 %T AI techniques for supporting human to human communication in CHAOS %S Applications %A C. Bignoli %A C. Simone %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 133-147 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X Communication among group's members can be problematic being often difficult to interpret ambiguous messages in a correct way. The paper describes the main features of a human to human communication support, called CHAOS, for what concerns the help it provides to its users both in preventing misunderstandings and in allowing message disambiguation. These functionalities are implemented in a specific module (the Group Language Expert module), which makes use of Natural Language Processing techniques. Their application is illustrated together with some possible improvements of the implemented functionalities. %M C.ECSCW.89.148 %T Supporting the design of office procedures in the domino system %S Applications %A F. Victor %A E. Sommer %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 148-159 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X In this paper, we show how a graphical interactive planner is used to support the design of specifications for an office procedure system. In a first phase, a plan is designed relying on a knowledge base which describes the given organization. This plan is represented as a modified Petri net and can be tested and revised using simulation. In the second phase, the plan is transformed automatically into a formal specification of an office procedure, in our case a CoPlan-S procedure for the DOMINO system. In the first part of the paper we briefly describe the planning system VIPS and the office procedure system DOMINO. Then we explain the transformation process and illustrate the generation of a procedure specification with the help of an example. %M C.ECSCW.89.160 %T The activity model environment: An object-oriented framework for describing organisational communication %S Applications %A H. T. Smith %A P. A. Hennessy %A G. A. Lunt %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 160-173 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X The paper outlines a framework for modelling organisational communication. It also describes an object oriented environment (the AME) that has been used to explore such models. The AME consists of a database that holds a description of the structure of an organisation and its on-going activities. A rule interpreter makes use of the database to assist in the processing of activity related messages and their routing between organisational roles. %M C.ECSCW.89.174 %T The impact of case tools on teamwork of information systems developers %S Applications %A S. Wrycza %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 174-189 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X The influence of CASE (computer-aided software engineering) tools on style of work of information system designing teams is investigated. Therefore, the concept of information system development methodology and its constituents as well as the idea of an analyst workbench are considered. CASE tools are characterized and classified. First the effects and benefits of CASE packages use by individual designers for information systems development are discussed. Than two basic spheres of cooperative application of CASE tools. i.e. cooperation of different professionals in course of system life cycle accomplishment and integration of local conceptual models into a global model are analyzed in detail. They are related with three forms of group work - coordination, cooperation and reflective communication. %M C.ECSCW.89.190 %T Building conversations using mailtrays %S Applications %A R. Rodden %A I. Sommerville %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 190-203 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X Current project support environments provide little direct support for group working. This paper postulates an architecture for future project support environments and describes an interaction metaphor appropriate for such an environment. Techniques for exploiting this metaphor in order to provide support for cooperative working are described. Finally a means of describing cooperation patterns within the environment is discussed and an editor which supports the construction of these descriptions is introduced. %M C.ECSCW.89.204 %T A design tool for autonomous group agents %S Applications %A T. Kreifelts %A F. Victor %A G. Woetzel %A M. Woitass %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 204-214 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X Autonomous group agents coordinate cooperative activities in spatially distributed groups of people who communicate via electronic mail. The highly asynchronous nature of remote communication poses a problem for the design of such programmed agents. This paper describes a tool supporting the consistent design of the communication behaviour of autonomous group agents. The tool will support the designer in detecting possible deadlocks, inconsistent terminations, or unforeseen situations. The approach chosen is based on a conversational model of cooperation. Essential parts of the tool have been successfully implemented in Prolog. %M C.ECSCW.89.215 %T Experiences in building a configurable CSCW system %S Applications %A J. Dollimore %A S. Wilbur %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 215-225 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X The purpose of the Cosmos project is to design a system to support co-operative tasks based on asynchronous message passing. The real-world model for our design is based on the idea of each user participating in group tasks by playing one or more roles within activities. One of the primary aims was to provide a configurable system, based on the notion of communication structure, and we have developed two notations for abstract definition of the structural elements of group activities. The functionality of a particular Cosmos system will be determined by the communication structures represented in it, each structure describing a particular class of group activity. By establishing a library of suitable structures, the system may configured to meet the needs of the organisation in which it operates. Cosmos system design models are described, including the system model and user's conceptual model on which the User Interface design is based. The Cosmos software has been designed as a set of components that mirror the properties of group communication activities reflected in the design model. A working prototype based on these models has been built, and we have completed trials based on some structures we have created. The project ends in November of this year, and we take this opportunity to reflect on our design approach. Finally, some areas are discussed where further research and development is required. %M C.ECSCW.89.226 %T CoAUTHOR: A hypermedia group authoring environment %S Applications %A U. Hahn %A M. Jarke %A K. Kreplin %A M. Farusi %A F. Pimpinelli %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 226-244 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X The CoAUTHOR system provides a real time oriented environment for multiple authors who wish to collaborate on the production of hypermedia documents. In this report, we describe a model of hypermedia document authoring, consider the group aspects of co-authoring, and the technical communication and coordination tools we are using for the implementation of a CoAUTHOR prototype. The interactions among the members of the authoring team concerning idea processing document design and generation as well as group specific activities such as critiquing issues, negotiating divergent opinions, and treating inconsistent or incomplete specifications are shown to be fairly knowledge-intensive and thus require maintenance facilities provided by a sophisticated knowledge base management system underlying the hypermedia surface. %M C.ECSCW.89.247 %T Aspects of cooperation in a distributed problem solving environment %S Organisational Issues in CSCW %A A. Nylund %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 247-260 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X A great deal of our daily activity involves some form of cooperation. This paper identifies general problem solving situations and show their applicability as metaphors for computer problem solving. Scientific communities and organizational theory are examples of such metaphors. Distributed Problem Solving is discussed, and main aspects such as coordination of agents, communication among agents, local agent sophistication, uncertainty and coherence are addressed. %M C.ECSCW.89.261 %T Inter-organizational information systems as a tool for computer supported cooperative work %S Organisational Issues in CSCW %A R. Suomi %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 261-275 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X Business enterprises and other organizations use more and more outside services to support the conducting of their business activities. Increased efficiency and a more professional way of working can many times be achieved by using these services than by doing everything in house. Examples of this "externalization" of business can be seen in all kind of services, from cleaning services to core functions of companies such as advertising, marketing in general, warehouse functions, etc. This means that working is no more conducted as a group work inside companies. Most activities needing group work actually occur between organizations. Techniques for supporting co-operation between people in different organizations must clearly be developed. The concept of inter-organizational information systems offers an excellent basis for this kind of analysis. Inter-organizational information systems can be seen as tools for enterprises and their employees to conduct cooperative work. This study reports results of an empirical study conducted in a large insurance company. To evaluate the information systems of the company a framework based on the transaction cost theory is developed. In this framework, computer based systems are supposed to lower the transaction costs involved in the work. %M C.ECSCW.89.276 %T Requirements of activity management %S Organisational Issues in CSCW %A S. Benford %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 276-286 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X Recent years have witnessed the development of several theoretical models of cooperative group working based on the concept of role playing within structured activities. This paper proposes that the widespread implementation and adoption of products based on these models is critically dependent on a framework for managing and integrating activities within working environments. The term activity management is introduced to refer to the process of planning, administrating and executing activities according to the various management policies defined within local environments. The requirements of activity management are then discussed with particular emphasis on two key concepts: the use of a high-level notation for expressing management requirements and the need for an activity management activity architecture supporting the management of activities within distributed computer systems. The overall goal of this paper is therefore to define a program of research to progress activity based models of group working towards viable and useful implementations. %M C.ECSCW.89.289 %T Relevance of the X.500 directory to CSCW applications %S Underlying Technologies %A W. Prinz %A P. Pennelli %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 289-302 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X In 1988 the standardization bodies ISO and CCITT released the first international standard of a distributed Directory Service (8). The purpose of the Directory as it is described by the standard is to supply a global nameserver and an application independent management and information service. But these applications are not exhausting the possibilities of a Directory usage. It is the intention of this paper to present the possibilities and chances the Directory offers to applications in the CSCW area. Our investigation focuses on CSCW models and applications that support and coordinate communications in groups (15). first the paper identifies and analyses components which most of these applications have in common. For the analysis we introduce the classification of activity oriented models and conversation oriented models. Then, after a brief introduction into the X.500 Directory Service, it is shown in which way the identified components can be represented by the Directory Service. The paper concludes with a discussion of desirable improvements on the Directory Service. %M C.ECSCW.89.303 %T Conference toolkit: A framework for real time conferencing %S Underlying Technologies %A A. Bonfiglio %A G. Malatesta %A F. Tisato %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 303-316 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X This paper introduces Conference Toolkit, a system layer supporting multimedia, real time cooperation among users via shared applications. Conference Toolkit allows both to integrate standard applications in a conference environment and to develop "conference aware" applications. It is based on a concurrent object-oriented scheme. Conference Desk, a prototype based on the Conference Toolkit model, is described. %M C.ECSCW.89.317 %T Knowledge based office automation and CSCW %S Underlying Technologies %A M. Tueni %A J. Li %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 317-327 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X The cooperative aspect of office work entails developing OIS systems which support office tasks that have to be executed in a collaborative manner. In particular, many systems have been developed using speech act elements as the theoretical underpinnings. Instead of using speech act elements, we use operators (e.g. send, request and acknowledge) as basic building blocks. We have developed a knowledge-based system called AMS (Activity Management System) that is specifically tailored to support CSCW. The system embodies the syntax and operational semantics of the various office operators. These operators can then be concatenated in the same manner as speech act elements to support CSCW. %M C.ECSCW.89.331 %T Information domains in CSCW %S General Issues in CSCW %A P. Hennessy %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 331-342 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X Most abstract models of cooperative work concentrate on the procedural and structural aspects of group working. However, one of the fundamental processes that occurs when people work together is that of information sharing. This paper suggests that a complete model of cooperative work would benefit from explicitly incorporating the concept of information sharing. It is proposed that this can be achieved by including information domains in such a model. Two projects (MacAll II and AMIGO MHS+) that have addressed this issue to a limited extent are outlined and compared. Finally, four areas of consideration are identified and discussed, and areas for further research are highlighted. %M C.ECSCW.89.343 %T Cooperative prototyping experiments %S General Issues in CSCW %A S. Bodker %A K. Gronbaek %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 343-357 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X This paper describes experiments with a design technique that we denote cooperative prototyping. The experiments consider design of a patient case record system for municipal dental clinics in which we used HyperCard, an off the shelf programming environment for the Macintosh. In the experiments we tried to achieve a fluent work-like evaluation of prototypes where users envisioned future work with a computer tool, at the same time as we made on-line modifications of prototypes in cooperation with the users when breakdowns occur in their work-like evaluation. The experiments showed that it was possible to make a number of direct manipulation changes of prototypes in cooperation with the users, in interplay with their fluent work-like evaluation of these. However, breakdowns occurred in the prototyping process when we reached the limits of the direct manipulation support for modification. From these experiences we discuss problems in the process, requirements for design tools, and issues involved in getting going with cooperative prototyping with active user involvement. %M C.ECSCW.89.358 %T CSCW: Four characters in search of a context %S General Issues in CSCW %A L. J. Bannon %A K. Schmidt %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 358-372 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X The title of this paper was chosen to highlight the fact that the label CSCW, although widely adopted as the acronym for the field of Computer Supported Cooperative Work, has been applied to computer applications of very different ilk. It is not at all clear what are the unique identifying elements of this research area. This paper provides a framework for approaching the issue of cooperative work and its possible computer support. The core issues are identified and prospects for the field are outlined. %M C.ECSCW.89.373 %T The psychology of cooperation - consequences of descriptions %S General Issues in CSCW %A U. Holand %A T. Danielsen %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 373-385 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X This paper contains a discussion on different ways of describing the phenomenon cooperation. These perspectives are in turn used in understanding the descriptions of cooperation as given in different contexts. From one of the perspectives one sees those aspects of cooperation which shows some resemblance with those of a creative dialogue. On the basis of a discussion of these aspects we may give some guidelines for the development of computer-based systems supporting cooperation. %M C.ECSCW.89.389 %T The elementary pragmatic model: A possible approach for setting up user model %S Paper Fair %A I. Bison %A L. Colazzo %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 389-401 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X This article sets out a quantitative theory of the interaction among "subjects" which allows a description of the pragmatic aspects of communication. Within a system of interacting subjects each individual is described by means of a set of interaction parameters. In this way an interaction pattern relative to each subject can be defined. The model provides a "change law" which describes the evolution of individual patterns as a consequence of different communication events. This allows interaction deficiencies to be identified and suggests possible strategies for dealing with them. The theory was first developed in the area of clinical psychiatry and underwent two kinds of external verification: one psychometric-diagnostic, the other clinical. The theory was then applied to an economic environment in the behavioral study of decision-making processes. In this paper we suggest that it may be applied to the development of user models in computerized environments for cooperation support. %M C.ECSCW.89.402 %T CoNeX Coordination and negotiation support for expert teams in project management %T Modelling group communication structures: Analysing four European projects %S Paper Fair %A U. Hahn %A M. Jarke %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 402-405 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X Current technologies for group decision support only rarely account for the qualitative mechanisms underlying problem solving processes of multiple persons, i.e. on-going task negotiations, debates of contradictory issues, alterations of commitment-based contracts, e.g., redefining tasks due to resource allocation constraints or dynamic changes in the project environment. The CoNEX system (COoperation and NEgotiation among eXperts) currently under development is particularly dedicated to integrate these qualitative aspects of group work. The application scenario considers the problem solving activities of physically distributed experts in the field of information system design, development, and maintenance under the perspective of software project management. %M C.ECSCW.89.406 %T Modelling group communication structures: Analysing four European projects %S Paper Fair %A P. Hennessy %A S. Benford %A J. Bowers %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 406-420 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X This paper was first published in the Singapore International Conference on Networks '89, pages 56-61. It describes the COSMOS, AMIGO MHS+, AMIGO Advanced, and MacAll II models of group communication, and compares them from four key perspectives. The need for an integrated approach to modelling group working is stated, and features that should be included in any model are identified. %M C.ECSCW.89.421 %T Considerations for a framework for CATeam research %S Paper Fair %A H. Krcmar %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 421-435 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X This document discusses the goal of productivity improvement for groups and ways to obtain that goal. It addresses the terminology used for this concept and issues related to CATeam (Computer Aided Team). The paper describes the assumptions that determine the outlined framework of research for CATeam that is used to guide the Hohenheim research programme in Computer Aided Teams (CATeam). The framework is presented as a springboard for discussion rather than a final ending point of CSCW research. %M C.ECSCW.89.436 %T Computer aided modelling of costs in the road haulage transport %S Paper Fair %A B. Kubiak %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 436-448 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X This note provides a concise summary of the author's work entitled "Problems concerning the variability of costs in the road haulage industry". Analysis of a large number of variables about which data might reasonably be expected to be available is used to develop cost models containing relatively few variables. Linear and log-linear models are fitted by regression according to a taxonomic procedure in which a criterion based on a measure of distance between standardised variables is used in deciding which variables to include. Use of the resulting estimated costs in the context of break-even analysis in the management of road haulage undertakings is discussed. %M C.ECSCW.89.449 %T Approaching group communication by means of an office building metaphor %S Paper Fair %A C. M. Madsen %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 449-460 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X This is a description of what one might call an environment for cooperative work. The work falls in two parts: First a conceptual framework for cooperative work is approached by way of the transaction cost theory of organizations [4]. The rest of the paper describes ideas for a system that supports cooperation as it is outlined in the first part. %M C.ECSCW.89.461 %T A theory of document processing machines - praxiological and cybernetical approach to information systems %S Paper Fair %A T. Rawinki %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 461-468 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X The practice of information systems application and development is definitely in need of sound theoretical foundations - the task to develop them was formulated and undertaken by IFIP. The document processing machines /dcpm/ theory is an attempt to accomplish the task. The paper presents the theory in a very condensed way and discusses: task formulated by IFIP, environment and scope of dcpm usage, activities of dcpm users, architecture and organization of full utility dcpms. The theory has originated of the practice. %M C.ECSCW.89.469 %T Multimedia conference across wide-area networks %S Paper Fair %A J. Rugelj %A A. Endrizzi %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 469-475 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X The design of a multimedia interactive conferencing system based on wide area networks as a communication infrastructure is discussed. Co-operation activities take place by sharing application packages installed in remote servers and workstations. The necessary upgrades to the existing communication protocols which make them support multicast connections are described in detail. %M C.ECSCW.89.476 %T The 'laboratory for cooperation technologies' and italian initiatives on computer-supported cooperative work %S Paper Fair %A T. Schal %A B. Zeller %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 476-488 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X The 'Laboratory for Cooperation Technologies' is the first Italian activity in forthcoming cooperation technologies. It has the aim to observe, evaluate and test technologies in this area of research and company-developments. A group of private and public Italian organizations participates in this circle which was founded in 1988. Promoters of the initiative are a consultancy company, a service-company for information and communication technologies and a software-house. Other subscribers for the laboratory are, at present, producers and suppliers of information technology, banks, regional governments, service-companies for information and communication technologies, research centres, manufacturing, chemical and consultancy companies. The program consists of seminars, workshops, study tours and product tests. An Electronic Workgroup is going to be started based on a geographical network with 'The Coordinator'. The Laboratory is actually addressing Italian companies. Future plans are to develop relationships at European level for the 1990's. Some members of the Laboratory have started with projects on cooperative work. One of the developed applications is a hyper-text-based management reporting system. Another member of the Laboratory is using hypertexts for the accumulation and presentation of information, especially on Artificial Intelligence. Beside the more editorial applications for the creation of documents and information by a group of persons, there are projects to support the communication. In an Italian industrial group the communication technology is re-defined in the project 'Message Handling System' to support groupwork. A geographical network should support the communication and coordination of regional departments in a European project for the economical development of the territory. A consultancy company has developed a methodology to analyse and understand cooperative networks and to design them by choosing supporting tools and defining the required skills of human beings. %M C.ECSCW.89.489 %T Identifying decision makers for large-scale group decisions %S Paper Fair %A C. Stary %B ECSCW89 %D 1989 %P 489-496 %* (c) Copyright 1989 Computer Sciences House %X Important and complex decisions need large groups of decision makers. Linking decision makers along decision links constitutes and essential element for the operation of such groups. Unfortunately, the overhead of message passing becomes prohibitive in a flat organization. Models of group decisions are discussed in context with addressing and message passing algorithms. A hierarchical network representation scheme for decision makers is proposed to solve the linking problem. The two key features of the modeling approach are the hierarchical addressing mechanism and the adaptive message passing algorithm. fpack:!@#$%^&*(): ECSCW99.B %M C.ECSCW.99.1 %T Taking the work out of workflow: Mechanisms for document-centered collaboration %A Anthony LaMarca %A W. Keith Edwards %A Paul Dourish %A John Lamping %A Ian Smith %A Jim Thornton %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 1 %M C.ECSCW.99.21 %T The Manufaktur: Supporting work practice in (landscape) architecture %A Monika Buscher %A Preben Mogensen %A Dan Shapiro %A Ina Wagner %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 21 %M C.ECSCW.99.41 %T Six roles of documents in professionals' work %A Morten Hertzum %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 41 %M C.ECSCW.99.61 %T AREA: A cross-application notification service for groupware %A Ludwin Fuchs %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 61 %M C.ECSCW.99.81 %T Moving out of the meeting room: Exploring support for mobile meetings %A Jens Bergqvist %A Per Dahlberg %A Fredrik Ljungberg %A Steinar Kristoffersen %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 81 %M C.ECSCW.99.99 %T Activity Awareness: Framework for sharing knowledge of people, projects, and places %A Koichi Hayashi %A Tan Hazama %A Takahiko Nomura %A Toshifumi Yamada %A Stephan Gudmundson %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 99 %M C.ECSCW.99.119 %T The properties of mixed reality boundaries %A Boriana Koleva %A Steve Benford %A Chris Greenhalgh %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 119 %M C.ECSCW.99.139 %T The adoption and use of BABBLE: A field study of chat in the workplace %A Erin Bradner %A Wendy A. Kellogg %A Thomas Erickson %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 139 %M C.ECSCW.99.159 %T Meeting at the desktop: An empirical study of virtually collocated teams %A Gloria Mark %A Jonathan Grudin %A Steven E. Poltrock %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 159 %M C.ECSCW.99.179 %T Broadcasting on-line social interaction as inhabited television %A Steve Benford %A Chris Greenhalgh %A Mike Craven %A Graham Walker %A Tim Regan %A Jason Morphett %A John Wyver %A John Bowers %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 179 %M C.ECSCW.99.199 %T A groupware's life %A Volkmar Pipek %A Volker Wulf %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 199 %M C.ECSCW.99.219 %T The network communities of SeniorNet %A Elizabeth D. Mynatt %A Annette Adler %A Mizuko Ito %A Charlotte Linde %A Vicky L. O'Day %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 219 %M C.ECSCW.99.239 %T GestureLaser and GestureLaser Car: Development of an embodied space to support remote instruction %A Keiichi Yamazaki %A Akiko Yamazaki %A Hideaki Kuzuoka %A Shinya Oyama %A Hiroshi Kato %A Hideyuki Suzuki %A Hiroyuki Miki %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 239 %M C.ECSCW.99.259 %T Exploring support for knowledge management in mobile work %A Henrik Fagrell %A Fredrik Ljungberg %A Steinar Kristoffersen %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 259 %M C.ECSCW.99.277 %T Dynamics in wastewater treatment: A framework for understanding formal constructs in complex technical settings %A Olav W. Bertelsen %A Christina Nielsen %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 277 %M C.ECSCW.99.291 %T WebDAV: A network protocol for remote collaborative authoring on the Web %A E. James Whitehead, Jr. %A Yaron Y. Goland %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 291 %M C.ECSCW.99.311 %T Informing collaborative information visualisation through an ethnography of ambulance control %A John Bowers %A David Martin %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 311 %M C.ECSCW.99.331 %T Moving document collections online: The evolution of a shared repository %A Randall H. Trigg %A Jeanette Blomberg %A Lucy Suchman %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 331 %M C.ECSCW.99.351 %T PSI: A Platform for Shared Interaction %A Kevin Palfreyman %A Tom Rodden %A Jonathan Trevor %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 351 %M C.ECSCW.99.371 %T An experiment in interoperating heterogeneous collaborative systems %A Prasun Dewan %A Anshu Sharma %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 371 %M C.ECSCW.99.391 %T NESSIE: An awareness environment for cooperative settings %A Wolfgang Prinz %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 391 %M C.ECSCW.99.411 %T Meaning-making across remote sites: How delays in transmission affect interaction %A Karen Ruhleder %A Brigitte Jordan %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 411 %M C.ECSCW.99.431 %T Augmenting the workaday world with Elvin %A Geraldine Fitzpatrick %A Tim Mansfield %A Simon Kaplan %A David Arnold %A Ted Phelps %A Bill Segall %B ECSCW99 %D 1999 %P 431 fpack:!@#$%^&*(): EWHCI93.BA %T HyperLecture: A Self-Organizing Lecture Presentation and Revision System %S Teaching and Learning %A Damian Conway %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.11 %P 334 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 11-26 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X This paper presents an overview of HyperLecture, a hypertextual, gesturally-controlled lecture presentation system originally designed for teaching introductory computer programming. HyperLecture provides genuinely user-friendly mechanisms with which a presenter can quickly produce linear and non-linear presentations, hard-copy hand-outs, audio and textual annotations, complete self-driving interactive tutorials and graphical programming code simulations. %T Towards an Adaptive Hypermedia Component for an Intelligent Learning Environment %S Teaching and Learning %A Peter Brusilovsky %A Leonid Pesin %A Mikhail Zyryanov %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.27 %P 348 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 27-38 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X This paper discusses the problem of integration of hypermedia and Intelligent Learning Environments (ILEs) technologies and the problem of creating an adaptive hypermedia component for ILEs. Our experience of creating an adaptive on-line help facilities for ITEM/IP system is described. This experience forms a background for our hypermedia work and provides some good ideas for it. We also present our approach to integration of a hypermedia component into internal structure of ILE and illustrate it with two examples of adaptive hypermedia components for the most recent versions of our ILEs ISIS-Tutor and ITEM/PG. Finally, we summarize main features of this approach, provide some references to related works, and consider some issues of adaptive hypermedia in general. %T Teaching Art History through Multimedia Systems: Museum's Experience %S Teaching and Learning %A Olga Kissel %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.38 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 38-44 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X N/A %T An Intelligent Interface for Computer Assisted Language Learning %S Teaching and Learning %A Eve Wilson %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.45 %P 359 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 45-58 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X This paper begins by contrasting teacher directed computer assisted language learning with the student directed approaches of recent hypertext learning programmes. It concludes that what is needed is an approach where the level and order of the exercises can be tailored to the needs and requirements of individual students. To do this requires: 1. a means of constructing an original user profile and of updating this in the light of student performance in the tutorial exercises, and 2. a means of generating exercises of an appropriate level from text databases. The paper next looks at how texts may be automatically assigned a readability grade based on Gunning's Fog Index or Information Density, and how this can be used to generate exercises of varying levels of difficulty. The paper emphasizes the importance of giving students feedback to win their co-operation in devising and adhering to a tuition programme. It concludes by discussing the work still to be done. %T Optimum Teaching System -- Illusion or Reality? %S Teaching and Learning %A Yuriy Souldin %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.59 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 59-78 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X N/A %T The Challenge of Effectively Integrating Graphics into Hypertext %S Hypertext %A Keith Instone %A Erik Brown %A Laura Leventhal %A Barbee Teasley %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.78 %P 290 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 78-86 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X It is important that designers of hypertext do not assume that the way information is presented in traditional media such as paper books will necessarily be effective in hypertext. Several studies have shown that graphics presented with text on a screen are not necessarily used effectively, or even used at all. In our study, we explored three ways of presenting textual and graphical information about geographical locations and objects. In all cases, the user had to point with a mouse to a item name in order to see text, and the text appeared near the mouse cursor. In one presentation style, no graphic was present. In a second style, a graphic was present, but the text appeared as a caption. In the hypertext style, the user pointed to item names on the graphic. The results showed that the hypertext style resulted in about 20% better learning of both spatial information (which was illustrated by the graphic) and of information not illustrated by the graphic. %T A Hypertext Model with Partly Defined Nodes %S Hypertext %A Nicholas Sidorov %A Svetlana Gorobets %A Vladimir Kopach %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.87 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 87-92 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X From the predicate approach is presented a model of hypertext that admits of creation and treating of nodes which are using the partly defined information objects. The described model of hypertext is realized and good used in the technology of the software recovery for the solution of the problem of understanding the source code for example for autobuilding of hypertext representance of the source programmes' texts. %T INTELTEXT: Producing Coherent Linear Texts While Navigating in Large Non-Hierarchical Hypertexts %S Hypertext %A Martin Subbotin %A Dmitry Subbotin %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.93 %P 281 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 93-102 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X Inteltext is a new software technology able to construct automatically a unified text from separate text items. The main advantage of Inteltext is its ability to support those whose main work is thinking and exposing thoughts in textual form. Inteltext is capable to draw out of large heap of information and represent in logical form text items which can complement or confirm your thought. The paper describes the underlying approach being developed in Russia since 70-s and the software product implementing it. %T Coherent Navigation in Hypertext Environments: Using a Computer-Shared Macrocontrol Based on Structural Strategies of Discourse Comprehension and Production (The SMIsC Conception) %S Hypertext %A Valery M. Chelnokov %A Victoria L. Zephyrova %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.103 %P 298 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 103-122 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X The key usability problem in hypertext and hypermedia is the Navigation Problem being subdivided into the problem of disorientation and the problem of cognitive overhead. We believe that one systematic approach to the NP consists in developing mechanisms assisting users to navigate coherently, i.e. to blaze trails imitating semantically coherent discourses in hypertext/hypermedia networks. The main purpose of a mechanism of such kind is maintenance the macrocontrol over local transitions among nodes of information during a navigational (interactive) session. This macrocontrol should provide trail's global (thematic) coherence, that is its meaning integrity. Basing theoretical part of our work upon the works by such known psycholinguists as van Dijk, Kintsch and Levelt, we demonstrate that a good portion of macrocontrol maintenance may be placed onto computer -- namely, the portion we describe as navigational strategies which are content-independent, being formulated in terms of network's graph node-link structure only, and are expressible in the form of machine instructions. The mechanisms of strategies we have developed aids users to move in the network, maintaining trail's global coherence in relation to a chosen theme and imitating a so called canonically ordered discourse from the network's nodes. With this mechanism, the macrocontrol becomes shared among computer and user and this makes the user's burden being significantly eased. We use the term 'System of Meaning Integrities structural Creation', or SMIsC, to denote a hypertext system with such shared macrocontrol. %T HyperMethod: An Intelligent Interface for Hypertext %S Hypertext %A Igor V. Kotelnikov %A Dmitry L. Krechman %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.123 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 123-131 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X The basis for human (mode of) thinking is formed by several foreformal mechanisms which manifest themselves in the form of algorithms and specifications in any sphere of human activity. The purpose of the paper is to suggest realization models for some of mechanisms and to show that hypertext may be a special non-program shell or environment inside which a user can solve a wide range of specific problems. %K Hypertext, Graph, Object oriented programming, Logic programming, Relation algebra %T Historical Analysis and Conflicting Perspectives -- Contextualizing HCI %S Foundations of HCI %A Susanne Bodker %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.132 %P 1 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 132-142 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X This paper develops two ways of analyzing the human-computer interaction of a computer application in use in an organization. The techniques, historical analyses and conflicting perspectives analysis, and the interplay between them, are used in providing the basis for a more detailed analysis. Historical analyses focus on the historical development of artifacts and their use. Conflicting perspectives analysis reflects on the roles of the artifact in use, as system, tool, or medium. Combined, the two types of analysis allow for a focus in particular on conflicts between the roles of a specific artifact in use. The techniques are based on human activity theory. They are illustrated by means of a case study of a computer application from a project with the Danish National Labour Inspection Service. %T A Brief Look at the Psychological and Linguistic Foundations of HCI %S Foundations of HCI %A Boris Enikeev %A Yuriy Kaganov %A Dmitriy Zhuk %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.143 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 143-159 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X In this paper the HCI is regarded as humanities problem. At this time IT and HCI is one of the most important component of the contemporary civilization. Its importance determines orientation to human activities. Because IT and HCI requires humanities analysis. We are going to use some of the concepts cognitive psychology, semiotics, structural linguistics for analysis HCI. %T Visual User Interfaces: A Psychophysiologist's Perspective %S Foundations of HCI %A Vladimir M. Krol %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.159 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 159-163 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X In report describe theoretical thesis and experimental results demonstrating necessity using in advanced user's interface of the knowledge about input characteristics of the visual system of the man. The new generation of the visual user's interface should be based also on knowledges about work of the inherent mechanisms visual thinking. %T Hierarchical Components of Human-Computer Systems: Issues %S Foundations of HCI %A Mark Sh. Levin %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.163 %P 37 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 163-179 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X This paper describes the hierarchical components of human-computer system (HCS). The development and utilization of three packages for IBM PC, i.e., DSS 'COMBI' for multicriteria ranking, hierarchical hypertext system 'HHS' with main orientation for multicriteria evaluation and the DSS for hierarchical design 'SED' are under consideration. The study is based on an analysis of HCS components (information, user, techniques) and major operations (development, representation, correction, learning and using). %T Iconic Signs and Languages in User Interface Design %S Foundations of HCI %A Vladimir Andreev %A Gennady Uzilevsky %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.180 %P 115 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 180-190 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X Various aspects of complex problem of icon construction for user interface design are considered, ergosemiotic requirements to icons design are revealed, features and functions of iconic languages are defined. %T Impediments to the Process of Group Work %S Foundations of HCI %A Beth Adelson %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.191 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 191-207 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X In this paper we begin by presenting a taxonomy of impasses in group work situations. The taxonomy includes factors such as goal conflicts and resource limitations. We then present a prescriptive theoretical framework designed to support negotiation during these impasses. We also describe NegotiationLens, a system which embodies the framework by supporting the actions prescribed by the theory. We then analyze the adequacy of the framework which stresses a collaborative form of negotiation. From this analysis we suggest a line of research which would lead to an expanded taxonomy. We hypothesize the expanded taxonomy would include interpersonal factors such as inequalities in the power of negotiating parties. We then discuss the framework and tools which would be useful given this expanded view of causes of group work impasses. Lastly we suggest the relevance of these factors to other classes of groupware. %K Group work/CSCW, Interaction architectures, Structure of organizations, Negotiation support tools/environments %T Computer-Aided Support of Cooperative Group Design %S Foundations of HCI %A I. V. Kotenko %A O. E. Ryabov %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.207 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 207-218 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X N/A %T Interacting with Proprietary Software Users: An Application for Activity Theory? %S Foundations of HCI %A Insiah Bourke %A Irina Verenikina %A Edward Gould %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.219 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 219-226 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X A much neglected but vitally important section of software users are demanding to be noticed. These can be loosely defined as proprietary users and range in skill from computer novices to experts. This paper looks at the characteristics of this group and asks if Activity Theory offers them, and those who manage them, any hope for a better deal. %T Query Composition: Why Does It Have to be So Hard? %S Empirical Studies %A Lucy Terry Nowell %A Deborah Hix %A Eric D. Labow %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.226 %P 196 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 226-241 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X Project Envision, a large research effort at Virginia Tech, focuses on developing a user centered, multimedia database from the computer science literature, with full-text searching and full-content retrieval capabilities. User interviews indicate that people have trouble composing queries. Widely available boolean retrieval systems present problems with both syntax and logic. Natural language queries for vector space retrieval systems are easier to compose, but users complain that they do not understand the matching principles used; users also complain that they have too little control over the search and fear being overwhelmed by an enormous retrieval set. We describe the Envision query window, which has as a usability goal making query composition easy while increasing user control. Results of formative usability evaluation and subsequent redesign are discussed. %T Interface Semantics and Procedural Knowledge: A Study of Novice Understanding of MacDraw %S Empirical Studies %A M. V. Springett %A A. S. Grant %A A. G. Sutcliffe %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.1.241 %D 1993 %V 1 %P 241-256 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X This paper presents an analysis of issues affecting the choice of usability evaluation strategies for highly interactive Direct Manipulation interfaces. It reports memory tests on novice users of MacDraw I which investigate the degree of reliance on the interface for cueing, and the sources of information, both within the interface and outside, that may be utilized. A study of the novice subjects' (verbalised) reasoning during experimental task-performance on MacDraw is then reported. Examples of subjects reasoning are used to illustrate the nature of Direct Manipulation evaluation. Issues affecting the selection and development of evaluation methods are then discussed. %T Language Expressiveness in Software Visualization Systems %S Information Visualization/Navigation %A V. L. Averbukh %A I. V. Tarskikh %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.5 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 5-8 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X The conceptions of the visual expressiveness and the user interface expressiveness are suggested. Problems of Software Visualization system evaluating are discussed. %T E{cubed}: Towards the Metrication of Graphical Presentation Techniques for Large Data Sets %S Information Visualization/Navigation %A Ying K. Leung %A Mark D. Apperley %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.9 %P 125 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 9-26 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X Rapid advances in communications and computer technologies in recent years have provided users with greater access to large volumes of data from computer-based information systems. Whilst researchers have developed many novel techniques to overcome the problems associated with the presentation and navigation of large data sets on a limited display surface, the choice of a technique in a particular application remains very subjective. This paper proposes an evaluation framework E{cubed} which aims to provide a basis for the comparison of different presentation techniques, given the nature and characteristics of the data to be presented, and the interpretation required. E{cubed} focuses on three aspects of graphical data presentation: expressiveness, efficiency, and effectiveness. This framework lays the foundation for the development of a set of metrics to facilitate an objective assessment of presentation techniques. %T Navigating in a Process Landscape %S Information Visualization/Navigation %A Haakon Tolsby %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.26 %P 141 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 26-38 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X User interfaces in process control systems are often organized as landscapes -- usually a process chart -- where the display is a window into the landscape. The window can move over the landscape and view different segments of the process. Normally there is no overlap between the views -- they are discretely organized. Operators often claim they get lost in such interfaces. I suggest that the problem is a matter of how the operator moves in the landscape -- how one changes ones view of the process. Two different interactive methods of movement -- discrete vs. continuous -- are tested. The results of the experiments are discussed. %T Visualisation of Complex Information %S Information Visualization/Navigation %A Matthew Chalmers %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.38 %P 152 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 38-50 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X In information retrieval, sets of documents are stored and categorised in order to allow for search and retrieval. The complexity of the basic information is high, with representations involving thousands of dimensions. Traditional interaction techniques for such complex information therefore hide much of its complexity and structure, and offer access to it by means of isolated queries and word searches. Bead is a system which takes a complementary approach, as it builds and displays an approximate model of the document corpus in the form of a map or landscape constructed from the patterns of similarity and dissimilarity of the documents making up the corpus. In this paper, emphasis is given to the influences on and principles behind the design of the landscape model and the abandonment of a 'point cloud' model used in an earlier version of the system, rather than the more mathematical aspects of model construction. %T Three-Dimensional Visualisation of Knowledge Structures: Prototyping for Design Evaluation %S Information Visualization/Navigation %A U. K. Patel %A A. G. Sutcliffe %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.50 %P 163 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 50-70 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X A conceptual framework for specification of 3D visualisations is introduced, and a task knowledge modelling approach to designing 3D visualisations of knowledge structures is described. Using this approach, a three-dimensional interactive graphical user interface to a medical diagnosis knowledge based system has been designed and specified. The design has been implemented as a prototype and evaluated. We found that there are individual differences in the way users explore three dimensional visualisations, and that usability is dependent on both the morphology (visualisation) and manipulations (interface functionality). Implications of these findings for the design of 3D visualisations are discussed. %T Visual Programming in R-Technology: Concepts, Systems and Perspectives %S Information Visualization/Navigation %A Igor Ushakov %A Igor Velbitskiy %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.71 %P 181 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 71-88 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X This paper represents the efficient framework for software development environments based on a R-charts and gives main concepts and aims of a project directed to the development of the visual user interface for C++ programming language. R-charts are structured graphs which are used for visual specifications of algorithms, visual programming and debugging. They have been applied to different languages and have adopted by ISO as an alternative charting notation for the program constructs in ISO/IEC 8631. The user interface for C++ described in this paper incorporates the R-charts, OO diagrams and other visualization methods for visual specifications, data browsing and control flow visualization. %T Coupling Interaction Specification with Functionality Description %S Interface Design: Techniques, Tools and Paradigms %A A. Kameas %A S. Papadimitriou %A G. Pavlides %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.88 %P 21 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 88-97 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X In this paper, the solution used in the context of SEPDS (a Software Development Environment) to the problem of combining interactive behavior specification with functionality description of a distributed interactive application is presented. This solution consists of combining two specification models: IDFG to describe the interactive aspects of applications developed with the system and EDFG to describe their functionality. Both these models are data flow graph based and can be classified as process models. They use "actors" to represent performers of processes and "links" to represent data buffering and exchange, as well as roles and different perspectives. Although the two models have many semantical differences, they also have many common properties, that is why they can be straightforwardly combined in a process that enables designers think in users terms. To this end, action actors are used to represent the functions supported by the application, and context actors to represent the application user interface functions. In addition, links are used to represent the events that take place in the system (these may be user or system actions), the effects that these have on the screen, the context into which these take place and the goals that may be achieved using the application. Furthermore, the reusability and prototyping tools of SEPDS can be used to construct and test the application design. %T WYSIWYG Editors: And What Now? %S Interface Design: Techniques, Tools and Paradigms %A Eddy Boeve %A Lon Barfield %A Steven Pemberton %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.98 %P 68 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 98-115 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X Most editors nowadays are said to be WYSIWYG ('What you see is what you get'). Although this implies that the effects of user actions are made immediately visible to the user, this does not usually include the effects of other causes. This a logical consequence of the fact that the user edits a copy of the document, rather than the document itself. These kind of systems then, can better be classified as 'What you see is what you will get' systems. This report describes an editor model that is a further extension of the WYSIWYG principle: 'Things are exactly as they appear', or TAXATA for short. In these kind of systems, the user carries out every action by editing, and what is more important, by editing the object directly. Furthermore, modifications made to objects by the system are made immediately visible to the user. Amongst other things, the reports describes the underlying model and the necessary editing concepts to construct such a TAXATA editor environment, based on general user-interface principles. Finally the design of one particular edit command has been described, to give an impression of the specific design issues in such an environment. %K Software engineering, Tools and techniques, User interfaces, Software engineering, Program coding, Program editors, Software engineering, Programming environments, Interactive, User-interfaces, Syntax directed editors, Editor design %T An Extension to the Human-Computer Interaction Paradigm %S Interface Design: Techniques, Tools and Paradigms %A R. C. MacGregor %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.115 %P 29 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 115-123 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X This paper suggests that the focus of user support has moved from a simple system-user interface to a need to consider a variety of potential interfaces at the work-setting. It argues that the current HCI paradigm still only addresses user support in terms of a technological interface, but that this must be extended to include a number of other alternatives. %T Designing Multimedia Interfaces %S Interface Design: Techniques, Tools and Paradigms %A Alistair Sutcliffe %A Peter Faraday %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.123 %P 105 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 123-133 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X Multimedia interfaces are currently created by intuition. Development of a method for analysis and design of multimedia presentation interfaces is described. The study investigates task based information analysis, persistence of information, selection attention and concurrency in presentation. The method gives an agenda of issues, diagrams and techniques for specification, and guidelines for media selection and presentation scripting. Use of the method is illustrated with a case study of shipboard emergency management. %T Synthesis-Oriented Situational Analysis in User Interface Design %S Interface Design: Techniques, Tools and Paradigms %A Kevin A. Mayo %A H. Rex Hartson %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.134 %P 53 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 134-150 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X Analytic evaluation is a term describing a class of techniques for examining a representation of a user interface design, and discovering design flaws and/or predicting user task performance. In our work with analytic evaluation, we have observed limitations on the effectiveness and efficiency of analytic techniques for formative evaluation supporting the iterative design and re-design cycle. Here we support those observations with arguments based on theoretical limitations of the models underlying these techniques. By way of comparison we discuss desirable characteristics for an alternative approach. In our search for such an alternative, we have developed the Task Mapping Model, a substantively different approach to analysis for supporting the user interface design. We briefly describe the Task Mapping Model and give some examples illustrating its desirable characteristics. %K User interface design, User interface design requirements, User interface evaluation, Task description, Task analysis %T Architecture Elements for Highly-Interactive Business-Oriented Applications %S Interface Design: Techniques, Tools and Paradigms %A Francois Bodart %A Anne-Marie Hennebert %A Jean-Marie Leheureux %A Benoit Sacre %A Isabelle Provot %A Jean Vanderdonckt %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.151 %P 83 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 151-173 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X It is now widely recognized that powerful architecture elements are needed for implementing the whole lifecycle (specification and design) od interactive applications. In this paper, we deal with the application model of the TRIDENT project which introduces three components: the application component, the dialog component and the presentation component. This hierarchical object-oriented architecture rests on the use of four kinds of objects: application objects, dialog objects (whose one particular includes the supervisory object) and interaction objects. An abstract data model and selection rules for choosing appropriate interaction objects according to the application's semantic and to the user level are given. %T Three Interface Levels %S Interface Design: Techniques, Tools and Paradigms %A M. V. Donskoy %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.174 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 174-176 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X N/A %T Personal Counselor: A Hybrid Adaptive User Interface %S Customizing Interfaces %A Max M. North %A Sarah M. North %B EWHCI93 %M C.EWHCI.93.2.177 %D 1993 %V 2 %P 177-193 %* (c) Copyright 1993 Intl. Centre for Scientific & Technical Information %X This paper discusses a hybrid adaptive interface, called Personal Counselor, for tolerating an individual user's error behavior. The fusion of different adaptive interface techniques, such as adaptive scheduling, self-adaptive, and teaming agent, can provide a powerful hybrid adaptive interface for many domain-specific problems. Specifically, Personal Counselor adapts itself to individuals by observing their actions and receiving direct feedback. At the beginning, Personal Counselor requires minimal background knowledge, but gradually this knowledge becomes more sophisticated and more reliable. The authors present an application of Personal Counselor to Unix operating system commands. The preliminary results of the pilot studies suggest subjects who utilize Personal Counselor perform at higher level (t=6.85, df=78, p